NO305256B1 - Sentreringsanordning for br°nnforinger - Google Patents
Sentreringsanordning for br°nnforinger Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO305256B1 NO305256B1 NO922736A NO922736A NO305256B1 NO 305256 B1 NO305256 B1 NO 305256B1 NO 922736 A NO922736 A NO 922736A NO 922736 A NO922736 A NO 922736A NO 305256 B1 NO305256 B1 NO 305256B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- centering device
- band
- spring
- piston
- casing
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003351 stiffener Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003128 head Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013270 controlled release Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009991 scouring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
- E21B17/1014—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well
- E21B17/1021—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well with articulated arms or arcuate springs
- E21B17/1028—Flexible or expansible centering means, e.g. with pistons pressing against the wall of the well with articulated arms or arcuate springs with arcuate springs only, e.g. baskets with outwardly bowed strips for cementing operations
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B23/00—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing or removing tools, packers or the like in boreholes or wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B29/00—Cutting or destroying pipes, packers, plugs or wire lines, located in boreholes or wells, e.g. cutting of damaged pipes, of windows; Deforming of pipes in boreholes or wells; Reconditioning of well casings while in the ground
- E21B29/02—Cutting or destroying pipes, packers, plugs or wire lines, located in boreholes or wells, e.g. cutting of damaged pipes, of windows; Deforming of pipes in boreholes or wells; Reconditioning of well casings while in the ground by explosives or by thermal or chemical means
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Pipe Accessories (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Physical Deposition Of Substances That Are Components Of Semiconductor Devices (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB909001007A GB9001007D0 (en) | 1990-01-17 | 1990-01-17 | Centralizers for oil well casings |
DE19904024000 DE4024000C2 (de) | 1990-07-28 | 1990-07-28 | Rohrzentrierkorb mit Spanneinrichtung |
PCT/GB1991/000065 WO1991010806A1 (fr) | 1990-01-17 | 1991-01-17 | Dispositifs de centrage pour tubage de puits de petrole |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO922736D0 NO922736D0 (no) | 1992-07-10 |
NO922736L NO922736L (no) | 1992-07-10 |
NO305256B1 true NO305256B1 (no) | 1999-04-26 |
Family
ID=25895437
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO922736A NO305256B1 (no) | 1990-01-17 | 1992-07-10 | Sentreringsanordning for br°nnforinger |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5261488A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0511254B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE119234T1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2073332C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69107833T2 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO305256B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1991010806A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (77)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5097905A (en) * | 1991-01-28 | 1992-03-24 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Centralizer for well casing |
US5411049A (en) * | 1994-03-18 | 1995-05-02 | Weatherford U.S., Inc. | Valve |
GB9405679D0 (en) * | 1994-03-22 | 1994-05-11 | Weatherford Lamb | Fill valve |
US5836395A (en) * | 1994-08-01 | 1998-11-17 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Valve for wellbore use |
US5909771A (en) * | 1994-03-22 | 1999-06-08 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Wellbore valve |
US5680902A (en) * | 1994-03-22 | 1997-10-28 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Wellbore valve |
GB9419313D0 (en) * | 1994-09-24 | 1994-11-09 | Weatherford Lamb | Centralisers |
GB9425240D0 (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 1995-02-08 | Head Philip | Dissoluable metal to metal seal |
GB2299598B (en) * | 1995-04-07 | 1999-03-17 | Weatherford Lamb | Apparatus for use in a wellbore |
US5575333A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-11-19 | Weatherford U.S., Inc. | Centralizer |
US6220350B1 (en) * | 1998-12-01 | 2001-04-24 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | High strength water soluble plug |
US6374918B2 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 2002-04-23 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | In-tubing wellbore sidetracking operations |
US6533034B1 (en) | 2000-05-15 | 2003-03-18 | Flotek Industries, Inc. | Centralized stop collar for floating centralizer |
EG22932A (en) * | 2000-05-31 | 2002-01-13 | Shell Int Research | Method and system for reducing longitudinal fluid flow around a permeable well tubular |
US7182131B2 (en) * | 2000-09-06 | 2007-02-27 | Casetech International, Inc. | Dual diameter and rotating centralizer/sub and method |
US7156171B2 (en) * | 2000-09-06 | 2007-01-02 | Casetech International, Inc. | Dual diameter and rotating centralizer/sub |
US6679325B2 (en) | 2002-02-08 | 2004-01-20 | Frank's International, Inc. | Minimum clearance bow-spring centralizer |
US7168494B2 (en) * | 2004-03-18 | 2007-01-30 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Dissolvable downhole tools |
GB0413042D0 (en) * | 2004-06-11 | 2004-07-14 | Petrowell Ltd | Sealing system |
GB0423992D0 (en) | 2004-10-29 | 2004-12-01 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved plug |
GB0507237D0 (en) * | 2005-04-09 | 2005-05-18 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved packer |
GB2479085B (en) | 2006-03-23 | 2011-11-16 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved packer |
US20070284097A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 | 2007-12-13 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Consumable downhole tools |
US20080257549A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 | 2008-10-23 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Consumable Downhole Tools |
US7341105B2 (en) | 2006-06-20 | 2008-03-11 | Holcim (Us) Inc. | Cementitious compositions for oil well cementing applications |
GB0622916D0 (en) * | 2006-11-17 | 2006-12-27 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved tree plug |
US20080202764A1 (en) | 2007-02-22 | 2008-08-28 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Consumable downhole tools |
US20080264629A1 (en) * | 2007-04-24 | 2008-10-30 | Frank's International, Inc. | Field-Assemblable Bow-Spring Casing Centralizer and Method of Making A Centralizer |
US7845061B2 (en) * | 2007-05-16 | 2010-12-07 | Frank's International, Inc. | Low clearance centralizer and method of making centralizer |
US8763690B2 (en) | 2007-05-16 | 2014-07-01 | Antelope Oil Tool & Mfg. Co., Llc | Casing centralizers having flexible bow springs |
US8701783B2 (en) * | 2007-07-26 | 2014-04-22 | Antelope Oil Tool & Mfg. Co., Llc | Apparatus for and method of deploying a centralizer installed on an expandable casing string |
US7878241B2 (en) * | 2007-05-16 | 2011-02-01 | Frank's International, Inc. | Expandable centralizer for expandable pipe string |
US9771763B2 (en) | 2007-05-16 | 2017-09-26 | Antelope Oil Tool & Mfg. Co. | Low-clearance centralizer |
US8196654B2 (en) | 2007-05-16 | 2012-06-12 | Frank's International, Inc. | Expandable centralizer for expandable pipe string |
WO2008144249A2 (fr) * | 2007-05-16 | 2008-11-27 | Frank's International, Inc. | Centreur extensible destiné à une colonne de tubes dilatables |
GB0711871D0 (en) * | 2007-06-20 | 2007-07-25 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved activation device |
US7967065B2 (en) * | 2007-11-30 | 2011-06-28 | Frank's Casing Crew And Rental Tools, Inc. | Caisson system |
GB0723607D0 (en) * | 2007-12-03 | 2008-01-09 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved centraliser |
AU2014277766B2 (en) * | 2007-12-03 | 2016-04-21 | Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc | Improved centraliser |
AU2016204890B2 (en) * | 2007-12-03 | 2018-05-10 | Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc | Improved centraliser |
US8733453B2 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2014-05-27 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Expandable structure for deployment in a well |
US8291781B2 (en) * | 2007-12-21 | 2012-10-23 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | System and methods for actuating reversibly expandable structures |
US7766580B2 (en) | 2008-02-14 | 2010-08-03 | National Oilwell Varco, L.P. | Energy managing keel joint |
GB0803123D0 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2008-03-26 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved tubing section |
GB0804961D0 (en) * | 2008-03-18 | 2008-04-16 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved centraliser |
US8327926B2 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2012-12-11 | Robertson Intellectual Properties, LLC | Method for removing a consumable downhole tool |
US8235102B1 (en) | 2008-03-26 | 2012-08-07 | Robertson Intellectual Properties, LLC | Consumable downhole tool |
GB0805719D0 (en) * | 2008-03-29 | 2008-04-30 | Petrowell Ltd | Improved tubing section coupling |
US20090308615A1 (en) * | 2008-06-11 | 2009-12-17 | Frank's International, Inc. | Modular Low-Clearance Centralizer and Method of Making Modular Low-Clearance Centralizer |
US8245777B2 (en) * | 2008-07-25 | 2012-08-21 | Stephen Randall Garner | Tubing centralizer |
US8235109B2 (en) * | 2008-09-26 | 2012-08-07 | Schlumberger Technology Corporatio | Instrument centralizer configurable for use with cement evaluation well logging instruments |
EP2340350B1 (fr) * | 2008-09-29 | 2016-09-07 | Frank's International, LLC | Actionneur de dispositif de fond de puits et procédé |
US20120073803A1 (en) | 2009-06-08 | 2012-03-29 | Shantanu Dalmia | Dual rotary centralizer for a borehole |
US20110042102A1 (en) * | 2009-08-18 | 2011-02-24 | Frank's International, Inc. | Method of and kit for installing a centralizer on a pipe segment |
US8408287B2 (en) * | 2010-06-03 | 2013-04-02 | Electro-Petroleum, Inc. | Electrical jumper for a producing oil well |
WO2013135297A1 (fr) * | 2012-03-15 | 2013-09-19 | Statoil As | Dispositif de centrage pour un tubage pouvant être déployé |
EP2828467B1 (fr) * | 2012-03-20 | 2018-04-25 | Blackhawk Specialty Tools, LLC | Centralisateur de puits |
US8991487B2 (en) | 2012-06-04 | 2015-03-31 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Pull through centralizer |
US8960278B2 (en) * | 2012-06-04 | 2015-02-24 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Pull through centralizer |
US9580976B1 (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2017-02-28 | Sandia Corporation | Deployable centralizers |
CA2919190A1 (fr) | 2013-07-24 | 2015-01-29 | Bp Corporation North America Inc. | Centreurs destines a centrer des tubages de puits |
WO2015017568A2 (fr) * | 2013-07-30 | 2015-02-05 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Centreur |
US10280695B2 (en) | 2014-06-27 | 2019-05-07 | Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc | Centralizer |
NO338218B1 (no) | 2014-07-02 | 2016-08-08 | Moonshine Solutions As | Utløserinnretning og fremgangsmåte for utplassering av brønnhullkomponent i borehull |
US10161198B2 (en) | 2015-07-08 | 2018-12-25 | Weatherford Technology Holdings, Llc | Centralizer with integrated stop collar |
US20180298699A1 (en) * | 2015-12-16 | 2018-10-18 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Energized Downhole Standoff |
WO2018085102A1 (fr) * | 2016-11-03 | 2018-05-11 | Terves Inc. | Dispositif à actionnement automatique pour la centralisation d'un objet |
GB201806327D0 (en) | 2018-04-18 | 2018-05-30 | Downhole Products Ltd | Centraliser assembly |
US20210270092A1 (en) | 2018-08-10 | 2021-09-02 | Downhole Products Limited | Centralizer having atmospheric chamber for expansion in response to hydrostatic pressure |
US10895117B2 (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2021-01-19 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and methods for improved centralization and friction reduction using casing rods |
CN110043200B (zh) * | 2019-04-22 | 2020-07-24 | 中国农业大学 | 一种磁信号激活的可变径扶正器 |
US11125024B2 (en) * | 2019-07-26 | 2021-09-21 | Innovex Downhole Solutions, Inc. | Centralizer with dissolvable retaining members |
CA3149300A1 (fr) | 2019-08-01 | 2021-02-04 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Centreur de dynamique de rotor a grande vitesse |
US11459846B2 (en) * | 2019-08-14 | 2022-10-04 | Terves, Llc | Temporary well isolation device |
CN112412354A (zh) * | 2019-08-23 | 2021-02-26 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | 扶正器的外径调整装置及可变径扶正器 |
CN115110903A (zh) * | 2021-03-17 | 2022-09-27 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种侧钻井大通径套管扶正器及其完井管柱和施工方法 |
GB2604930B (en) * | 2021-03-19 | 2023-09-13 | Vulcan Completion Products Uk Ltd | Centraliser |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2490350A (en) * | 1943-12-15 | 1949-12-06 | Claude C Taylor | Means for centralizing casing and the like in a well |
US2656890A (en) * | 1951-08-02 | 1953-10-27 | Arthur H Brandon | Adjustable belly spring |
US3343608A (en) * | 1966-08-10 | 1967-09-26 | B & W Inc | Two-stage centralizer |
US4543998A (en) * | 1983-11-17 | 1985-10-01 | Regal International, Inc. | Protector clamp for well control lines |
US4523640A (en) * | 1984-01-23 | 1985-06-18 | Dresser Industries, Inc. | Arm release system for well logging apparatus |
US4688636A (en) * | 1986-04-11 | 1987-08-25 | Albert Hennessey | Non-weld casing centralizer |
US4651823A (en) * | 1986-05-19 | 1987-03-24 | Antelope Oil Tool & Mfg. Company | Centralizer |
-
1991
- 1991-01-17 US US07/910,135 patent/US5261488A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-01-17 EP EP91902218A patent/EP0511254B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-01-17 CA CA002073332A patent/CA2073332C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-01-17 AT AT91902218T patent/ATE119234T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-01-17 DE DE69107833T patent/DE69107833T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-01-17 WO PCT/GB1991/000065 patent/WO1991010806A1/fr active IP Right Grant
-
1992
- 1992-07-10 NO NO922736A patent/NO305256B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO922736D0 (no) | 1992-07-10 |
EP0511254B1 (fr) | 1995-03-01 |
DE69107833T2 (de) | 1995-11-09 |
ATE119234T1 (de) | 1995-03-15 |
WO1991010806A1 (fr) | 1991-07-25 |
EP0511254A1 (fr) | 1992-11-04 |
CA2073332A1 (fr) | 1991-07-18 |
NO922736L (no) | 1992-07-10 |
US5261488A (en) | 1993-11-16 |
CA2073332C (fr) | 1999-09-28 |
DE69107833D1 (de) | 1995-04-06 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
NO305256B1 (no) | Sentreringsanordning for br°nnforinger | |
US2373006A (en) | Means for operating well apparatus | |
NO325652B1 (no) | Ventil- og posisjonskontroll ved a bruke magnetoreologiske fluider | |
NO334119B1 (no) | Apparat og fremgangsmåte for automatisk verktøyfrigjøring | |
NO337074B1 (no) | Fremgangsmåte for å installere en rørformig struktur i en brønnboring | |
NO326030B1 (no) | Avstengbar tilbakeslagsventil for kveileror | |
NO178410B (no) | Trinnmansjett for trinnvis sementering av brönnforingsrör i et borehull, samt skifteverktöy for manövrering av slik trinnmansjett | |
WO2020093414A1 (fr) | Dispositif de carottage | |
NO339967B1 (no) | System, anordning og fremgangsmåte for aktivering av et verktøy for bruk i en borebrønn | |
NO332590B1 (no) | Konsentrisk, ekspanderbart utvidelsesbor | |
NO327297B1 (no) | Apparat og fremgangsmate for a operere et nedihullsverktoy ved ekspandering av et bronnror | |
NO344072B1 (no) | Sikkerhetsventilasjonsanordning for perforeringssystem | |
NO313153B1 (no) | Anordning og fremgangsmåte for tetting av overgangen mellom et förste borehull og et andre borehull som utgår fra det förste | |
NO322851B1 (no) | Fleksibel senke og fremgangsmate for omforming av en deformert kobling for en bronnboring. | |
NO312254B1 (no) | Omlöpsventil og fremgangsmåte | |
NO172073B (no) | Fluidtrykkaktivert tennanordning for bruk med et broennperforeringssystem | |
NO309288B1 (no) | Ledekile-anordning | |
NO319786B1 (no) | System og fremgangsmate for boring og logging av et borehull hvor et loggeverktoy fremfores gjennom en borestreng | |
NO20131470A1 (no) | Bropluggverktøy | |
NO345862B1 (no) | Trykksyklusuavhengig indekseranordning, brønnhullverktøy, og fremgangsmåte for å drive en brønnhullventil | |
NO20130187A1 (no) | Forskyvningsbasert aktuator til bruk nedhulls | |
NO346877B1 (no) | Ekspanderbare utvidelsesbor og fremgangsmåter for bruk av ekspanderbare utvidelsesbor | |
NO340210B1 (no) | Låsemekanisme for et skjæreverktøy og fremgangsmåte til operering av en låsemekanisme for et skjæreverktøy | |
BRPI0911149B1 (pt) | Aparelho de liberção de tampão e sistema de tampão para uso em um furo de poço, e, método para ativar um aparelho de liberação de tampão | |
NO345309B1 (no) | Plugg- og oppgivelsessystem |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MK1K | Patent expired |