NO20151448A1 - Method for separation of non-polar organic compounds from a material - Google Patents
Method for separation of non-polar organic compounds from a material Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO20151448A1 NO20151448A1 NO20151448A NO20151448A NO20151448A1 NO 20151448 A1 NO20151448 A1 NO 20151448A1 NO 20151448 A NO20151448 A NO 20151448A NO 20151448 A NO20151448 A NO 20151448A NO 20151448 A1 NO20151448 A1 NO 20151448A1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- additive
- drill cuttings
- organic substance
- water
- organic
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 42
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title description 17
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 title description 8
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 alicyclic alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011538 cleaning material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 45
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 41
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 23
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 21
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 16
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001256 steam distillation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCAYPVUWAIABOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IIYFAKIEWZDVMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC IIYFAKIEWZDVMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 6
- LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hydroxypropoxy)propoxy]propan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(O)COC(C)COC(C)CO LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 5
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 4
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CC(C)(C)O SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical compound CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Histamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CN=CN1 NTYJJOPFIAHURM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylformamide Chemical compound CNC=O ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FZERHIULMFGESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-phenylacetamide Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 FZERHIULMFGESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001924 cycloalkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- QWVGKYWNOKOFNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-cresol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1O QWVGKYWNOKOFNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M (2r)-2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCC[C@@H](CC)C([O-])=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-QPJJXVBHSA-N (E)-cinnamaldehyde Chemical compound O=C\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-QPJJXVBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LTMRRSWNXVJMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2,2-diethylpropanedioate Chemical compound CCC(CC)(C([O-])=O)C([O-])=O LTMRRSWNXVJMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001413 acetanilide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930188620 butyrolactone Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940117916 cinnamic aldehyde Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnamic aldehyde Natural products O=CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IWYBVQLPTCMVFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2,2-dichloroacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(Cl)Cl IWYBVQLPTCMVFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004508 fractional distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001087 glyceryl triacetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001340 histamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000647 material safety data sheet Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- ANGDWNBGPBMQHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl cyanoacetate Chemical compound COC(=O)CC#N ANGDWNBGPBMQHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004391 petroleum recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC#N IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000009482 yaws Diseases 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D11/00—Solvent extraction
- B01D11/02—Solvent extraction of solids
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/06—Arrangements for treating drilling fluids outside the borehole
- E21B21/063—Arrangements for treating drilling fluids outside the borehole by separating components
- E21B21/065—Separating solids from drilling fluids
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
- E21B21/06—Arrangements for treating drilling fluids outside the borehole
- E21B21/068—Arrangements for treating drilling fluids outside the borehole using chemical treatment
Description
METHOD FOR SEPARATION OF NON-POLAR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM A MATERIAL
There is provided a method for separation of organic compounds from a material. More precisely the method concerns separation of non-polar organic compounds from the material. The material may be contaminated with an organic pollutant and the pollutant is removed by the method. Even more precisely the method concerns a heat treatment of the material. An organic polar additive that preferably has a bolling temperature above 100°C is added to the material prior to the heat treatment. An example of material is drill cuttings from the petroleum industry.
During drilling operations in connection with petroleum recovery, significant amounts of oil-based drilling mud are used. The drilling mud flows to surface entraining cuttings from the drilling operation in the borehole. A significant proportion of the drilling mud is immediately separated from the drill cuttings, whilst the drill cuttings with the remaining proportion of oil-based drilling mud is treated separately.
Relatively stringent statutory requirements prevent the drill cuttings from being discharged into the surroundings. It is known to reintroduce drill cuttings in a slurrified state into a borehole, but a significant proportion of the drill cuttings are shipped to treatment facilities for such cuttings.
According to prior art, the drill cuttings are cleaned further via centrifuging, washing by means ofChemicals, or via thermal treatment. During thermal treatment water and organic material evaporates from the drill cuttings. The organic material may decompose if the temperature is too high. Decomposed organic material cannot be reused. Steam treatment is a more gentle thermal treatment that avoid decomposition of organic material including oils. Current statutory requirements require that the residual proportion of oil must be less than 10 g/kg of dry substance for allowing the cuttings to be disposed into the surroundings.
It is obvious, particularly when offshore drilling operations are in vol ved, that transport and subsequent treatment of the drill cuttings are costly and environmentally dubious, insofar as transport and at least some of the known cleaning operations require significant amounts of energy.
It is known to heat drill cuttings directly and mechanically with a hammermill where the mechanical energy provided by the rota ting hammers, heat the material. It is also known to heat drill cuttings indirectly in a rotary kiln where the material is exposed to a hot surface.
It is known to remedy polluted soils by heat treatment. This is commonly done in thermal desorption units co m prising a heated flo w through chamber with a conveying screw. The chamber wall may be heated or the conveying screw may be heated or both. The contaminated material is thereby exposed to at least one hot surface. Drill cuttings may also be cleaned by this method.
Many of these cleaning techniques rely on steam distillation. Water is added to the material if the material to be cleaned is too dry. As an example, experience has shown that the use of a hammermill will not work with dry material. Addition of water is contributes to a less efficient process due to the heat capacity of water and to the relative high enthalpy of evaporation of water.
In addition to the effect of steam distillation, some compounds are also removed by the entrainment effect of water in the material when the water evaporates.
In addition to the effect of steam distillation, some compounds are also separated by entrainment. Entrainment is the effect of a fluid bolling inside the pores of the material creating small droplets of fluid in addition to the steam (shock poaching). The steam and small droplets are separated from the substrate.
It is known to use microwave ovens for heating of food items. Consumer microwave ovens usually operates at 2.45 GHz (12.2 cm wave length). Industrial and commercial microwave ovens operate at 915 MHz (32.8 cm wave length). Molecules that are electric di poles, such as water, absorb energy from the microwaves. Such molecules rotate as they try to align themselves with the alternating electric field of the microwaves.
Heating oil contaminated drill cuttings with microwave radiation has been performed for a numbers of years by different institutions. The University of Nottingham successfully built a drill cuttings treatment plant that utilizes a 100 kW magnetron supplying microwaves at 896 MHz. Nitrogen gas is used as sweep gas in order to increase the entrainment process. The pilot treatment plant manage to treat around 800 kg drill cuttings per hour while reducing the retained oil on cuttings (ROC) to below one percent. (Pereira IS. 2013. Microwave processing of oil contaminated drill cuttings. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham). A commercial plant is provided by the company Rota wave Ltd.
It is known to use heating by infrared radiation in addition to heating with microwaves. The purpose of the IR radiation is to further heat and separate oil from drill cuttings when all the water has evaporated. When all water on drill cuttings has been removed, microwave radiation has no heating effect in principle. This is valid if the oil or drill cuttings has no dipole moment. The IR radiation, which is in principle heat radiation at a certain frequency, would allow for heat generation and thus further evaporate oil from the drill cuttings. The combination of microwave radiation and IR radiation is a technology that has previously been utilized by other industries (Kowalski SJ, Mierzwa D. 2009. Convective drying in combination with microwave and IR drying for biological materials. Drying Technology, 27:1292-1301).
The principle of steam distillation applies for two immiscible fluids (e.g. water and oil) in accordance with Dalton's law. As a result each fluid will start bolling at a reduced temperature and the vapour pressure of the two fluids will be shared.
Antoine's equation describes the rel a ti on between vapour pressure and temperature for pure compounds:
P is the vapour pressure, T is temperature (°C) and A, B, and C
are component specific constants. Values for a particular component may be found in C. Yaws. 2007.<w>The Yaws Handbook of Vapor Pressure: Antoine Coeff ici ents", lst Edition. Gulf Publishing Company.
Da I ton's law represents the law of partial pressure. It states that in a mixture of nonreactive gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of partial pressures of the individual gases:
where pu p2, ..., pnrepresent the partial pressure of
each component.
The ideal gas law: PV = nRT, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the amount of substance of the gas (number of moles), R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature.
For a mixture of two gases:
where "pol" represents any polar compound and "org"
represents any non-polar compound in vapour phase.
As the gases occupy the same volume l/poi= V„ Tq. The temperature is also the same as the two compounds boil at the same temperature. Eq. 1 than simplifies to:
The major advantage of håving a high temperature is the increased partial pressure contribution from the oil on the cuttings. This will in practical terms mean that significantly less polar liquid is required to evaporate the oil from the cuttings.
It is well known in the art that fluids have different specific heat capacities and different enthalpy of vaporization. Examples are shown in Table 1.
The invention has for its object to remedy or to reduce at least one of the drawbacks of the prior art, or at least provide a useful alternative to prior art.
The object is achieved through features, which are specified in the description below and in the claims that follow.
The invention is defined by the independent patent claims. The dependent claims define advantageous embodiments of the invention.
The invention increases the treatment capacity and energy efficiency of heat treatment of oil contaminated drill cuttings. According to the invention water is replaced with environmental friendly polar organic compounds in a steam distillation process. Examples of such compounds are, but not limited to, ethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG), glycerol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol and citric acid. As many polar organic compounds have a boiling point above 100°C at 1 atmospheric pressure, the distillation process will occur at a higher temperature compared to a mixture of water and oil.
The polar organic compound has advantageous a boiling point above 120°C. More advantageous the organic compound has a boiling point above 150°C. Even more advantageous the organic compound has a boiling point above 175°C. Even further more advantageous the organic compound has a boiling point above 190°C. It is advantageous to choose a polar organic compound that has a boiling point that is in the range of the boiling point of the compound or mixture of compound that is to be removed from the contaminated material. The polar organic compound may have a boiling point that is higher than the boiling point of the compound or mixture of compound that is to be removed from the contaminated material.
It is general known that water has a high specific heat capacity. Small polar organic compounds by example MEG have a significantly lower heat capacity. Although the boiling temperature of MEG is 197.3°C which is much higher than the boiling temperature of water, the energy required to bring MEG to its boiling temperature from ambient temperature (20°C) is comparable to water. Water requires 334.5 kJ/kg while MEG requires 408 kJ/kg.
Enthalpy of vaporization is the energy required to transfer a liquid to its gas phase. Water has strong hydrogen bonding between the molecules and a high enthalpy of vaporization. MEG and TEG have significantly lower enthalpy of vaporization.
Combining the effect of increased process temperature achieved with a mixture of oil and polar solvents compared to a mixture of water and oil, with significantly lower specific heat capacity and significantly lower enthalpy of vaporization, the energy efficiency and treatment capacity in a heat treatment plant may be significantly improved. Under ideal conditions were all the water is replaced with TEG, the energy consumption is approximately 5 times less based on the enthalpy of vaporization presented in Table 1. A further advantage is that due to the improved efficiency compared to water, there is required less TEG on a weight basis. This is due to the increased vapour pressure contribution from the oil as a result of the higher process temperature. As an example, assuming that only half of TEG is needed compared to water on a weight basis, the energy consumption drops to some 1/10 of the energy consumption. In practical terms some water will be present in the oil contaminated drill cuttings at the start of the heat treatment, but the numbers i nd i ca te the advantage of replacing water with a polar organic compound.
In addition to the organic compounds shown in Table 1, suitable polar organic compounds may be alcohols, such as 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol and o-cresol; aldehydes, such as cinnamaldehyde; amides, such as acetamide, acetanilide and N-methylformamide; amines, such as histamine and ethanolamine; carboxylic acids, such as 2-ethylhexanoic acid and benzoic acid; ethers, such as polytetramethylene glycol, ethanoic anhydride and butyrolactone; esters, such as diethyl malonate, ethyl dichloroacetate, methyl cyanoacetate and triacetin; ketones, such as acetone; and nitriles, such as succinonitrile and octanitrile. This is not an extensive list of possible polar additives that may be used according to the invention.
The choice of polar additive is based on among other things physical properties as specific heat capacity and boiling point. The choice is also based on price and availability of the additive. In addition the choice is based on work hazard and environmental considerations, and on the nature of the substance that is to be removed from the material to be cleaned.
Indirect or convential heating is a method where the heat is generated externally and heat is transferred to the material through its surface. Heat transfer may be by conduction, convection or by infrared radiation. Direct heating is a method in which heat is generated within the product itself. Heat may be generated by a radio frequency technique, a microwave technique and friction on a powdery material such as in a hammermill.
In a first aspect the invention relates more particularly to a method for cleaning material contaminated with an organic pollutant by direct heat treatment, wherein an additive comprising an organic substance is added to and mixed with the material prior to the heat treatment.
The additive may be an alcohol. The alcohol may be chosen from a group comprising monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, aliphatic alcohol and alicyclic alcohols. The alcohols may be ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol or glycerol.
The additive may be an aldehyde, an amide, an amine, an ether, an ester, a ketone, a nitrile or an organic acid.
A gaseous phase released from the heat treated material may be condensed and separated into a first fraction comprising the additive and a second fraction comprising a residue.
The contaminated material may comprise pre-treated drill cuttings. The second fraction may comprise oil.
The contaminated material may contain water prior to adding the additive to the contaminated material. The water may comprise a third fraction after condensation and separation of the gaseous phase.
Recovered additive may be added back to the process by mixing with contaminated material.
The heat treatment may be a mechanical heat treatment. The mechanical heat treatment may comprise the use of a hammermill. The heat treatment may be by contacting the material with a hot surface. The heat may be generated by electrical induction, an electrical heating coil, hot fluids and by open fla me.
In a second a speet the invention relates more particularly to a use of an organic substance as an additive to be mixed with material contaminated with an organic pollutant prior to direct heat treatment of the material.
The additive may be an alcohol. The alcohol may be chosen from a group comprising monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, aliphatic alcohol and alicyclic alcohols. The alcohols may be ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol or glycerol.
The additive may be an aldehyde, an amide, an amine, an ether, an ester, a ketone, a nitrile or an organic acid.
A gaseous phase released from the heat treated material may be condensed and separated into a first fraction comprising the susceptor and a second fraction comprising a residue.
The contaminated material may comprise pre-treated drill cuttings.
It is also described a method for cleaning material contaminated with an organic pollutant by heat treatment, where the heat may be generated by microwave radiation in a microwave oven, wherein a susceptor comprising an organic substance with an electric dipole characteristic is added to and mixed with the material prior to the heat treatment.
A susceptor is a material that absorbs electromagnetic energy and convert the energy to heat.
The susceptor may be an alcohol. The alcohol may be chosen from a group comprising monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, aliphatic alcohol and alicyclic alcohols. The alcohols may be ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol or glycerol.
The susceptor may be an aldehyde, an amide, an amine, an ether, an ester, a ketone, a nitrile or an organic acid.
A gaseous phase released from the heat treated material may be condensed and separated into a first fraction comprising the susceptor and a second fraction comprising a residue.
The contaminated material may comprise pre-treated drill cuttings. The second fraction may comprise oil. Pre-treated drill cuttings have been treated mechanically and chemical ly to separate some of the water and oil from the material. Mechanical treatment may be by a centrifuge and chemical treatment by addition of su rf acta n ts.
The contaminated material may contain water prior to adding the susceptor to the contaminated material. The water may comprise a third fraction after condensation and separation of the gaseous phase.
Recovered susceptor may be added back to the process by mixing with contaminated material. Recovered susceptor may also be used as a sweep gas in the microwave oven.
It is also described a use of an organic substance with an electric dipole characteristic as a susceptor to be mixed with material contaminated with an organic pollutant prior to heat treatment of the material with microwave radiation.
The susceptor may be an alcohol. The alcohol may be chosen from a group comprising monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, aliphatic alcohol and alicyclic alcohols. The alcohols may be ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol or glycerol.
The susceptor may be an aldehyde, an amide, an amine, an ether, an ester, a ketone, a nitrile or an organic acid.
A gaseous phase released from the heat treated material may be condensed and separated into a first fraction comprising the susceptor and a second fraction comprising a residue.
The contaminated material may comprise pre-treated drill cuttings.
Examples
A regular household microwave oven was used in all the examples. The oven had a nominal effect of 700 W.
The oil contaminated drill cuttings were clay based drill cuttings collected from a commercial drilling operation in the North Sea. A batch of drill cuttings was pre-treated in a lab swing-out centrifuge in order to separate as much oil and water from the drill cuttings as possible. The centrifuge was set at 3000 rpm (1740 x g) for 6 min. After pre-treatment the cuttings were homogenized by mixing. Aliquots of the homogenized cuttings were used in the tests.
Test material was either placed on a glass plate or placed in a glass beaker and thereafter positioned in the microwave oven. The door to the oven was opened at intervals to measure the surface temperature of the drill cuttings and the glass plate if present. Surface temperature was measured by a hand held IR heat measuring device.
In the experiments where TEG was added to the drill cuttings, it was observed that smoke was released when opening the microwave door to perform a temperature measurement. This smoke was only present when the temperature of the drill cuttings was 180 -190 °C. After each experiment, the stove was cleaned for condensed oil and TEG. The condensate was present on the stove walls, roof and glass plate due to the colder surfaces. Condensate was in addition removed from the stove walls, roof and glass plate during the experiments if needed.
Experiment 1
The drill cuttings were heated in a retort at 480 °C to evaporate water and organic compounds. A retort analysis or retort test is a well established analysis in the petro leum industry. The dried clay was spread onto a glass plate and heated in the microwave oven.
Conclusion: Heating the dried clay with microwave radiation had a modest heating effect. As seen the glass plate became hotter than the clay. This indicates that the glass plate adsorbed most of the heat and transferred heat to the clay.
Experiment 2
Triethylene glycol (TEG) was added to an aliquot of homogenized dried drill cuttings from Experiment 1 in the ratio of 12 g TEG to 52 g dried drill cuttings. The mixture was placed in a glass beaker and heated in the microwave oven. The beaker was positioned on a glass plate.
It was observed that after 1 minute the TEG started to evaporate and form a white smoke. At termination of the experiment some areas of the drill cuttings still contained TEG. This was seen as darker areas in the light grey dry oil cuttings. This was due to imperfect distribution of microwaves inside the stove.
Conclusion: Addition of TEG to the drill cuttings had a significant effect on the heating of the drill cuttings due to the adsorption of microwave energy by the TEG. The temperature rise of the glass plate was comparable to Experiment 1. It is necessary to stir the drill cuttings during the drying process.
Experiment 3
Triethylene glycol (TEG) was added to an aliquot of homogenized drill cuttings containing 12.5% oil and 8.3% water, in the ratio of 21 g TEG to 150 g drill cuttings. The mixture was distributed over a glass plate and heated in the microwave oven for 8 minutes. The drill cuttings were heated to approximately 200 °C. A sample of the treated drill cuttings was collected for retort analysis.
It was observed that some areas of the drill cuttings still contained TEG. This was seen as darker areas in the light grey dry oil cuttings. This was due to imperfect stirring during the drying process. It was also observed that the process temperature did increase after the water was evaporated after approximately 7 minutes.
Conclusion: Addition of TEG to the drill cuttings had a significant effect on the heating of the drill cuttings. The temperature rise of the glass plate was comparable to Experiment 1.
Experiment 4
Triethylene glycol (TEG) was added to an aliquot of homogenized drill cuttings containing 12.5% oil and 8.3% water, in the ratio of 42 g TEG to 150 g drill cuttings. The mixture was placed in a glass beaker and heated in the microwave oven for approxi mately 12 minutes. Due to insufficient penetration of microwaves with depth, the drill cuttings were manually mixed with a spatula approximately every 4 minutes. Temperature of the oil cuttings were registered prior to and after mixing. A sample of the treated drill cuttings was collected for retort analysis.
It was observed that the process temperature did increase after the water was evaporated after approximately 5 minutes. There was a higher degree of separation achieved with the use of TEG as a susceptor to impose steam distillation at higher process temperatures.
Experiment 5
Triethylene glycol (TEG) was added to an aliquot of homogenized drill cuttings containing 12.5% oil and 8.3% water, in the ratio of 21 g TEG to 150 g drill cuttings. The mixture was placed in a glass beaker and heated in the microwave oven. An additional amount consisting of 33 g of TEG was added after most of the initial amount of TEG had evaporated. A sample of the treated drill cuttings was collected for retort analysis. It was observed that after the water was separated, the temperature increased. The oil and TEG evaporated and formed a thick layer of smoke in the stove. The smoke was ventilated during mixing in addition to that TEG and oil condensed on the inside of the microwave oven.
Conclusion: Addition of TEG to the drill cuttings allowed for a higher process temperature which gave a better degree of separation. Increased process temperature correlates to the theory of Dalton and to Antoin's equation which will result in higher mole-fraction of oil evaporated with less use of TEG compared to water. This is a result of the increased vapour pressure contribution from the oil reta i ned on the cuttings.
Experiment 6
Water was added to an aliquot of homogenized drill cuttings containing 12.5% oil and 8.3% water, in the ratio of 40 ml water to 150 g drill cuttings. The mixture was placed in a glass beaker and heated in the microwave oven. The beaker was mixed by hand with a spatula every 2 minute and the temperature was registered. A sample of the treated drill cuttings was collected for retort analysis.
It was observed that the drill cuttings appeared free of water.
Conclusion: Addition of water resulted in a process temperature in the range of the boiling temperature of water. As water evaporated, the process temperature increased. However, the energy efficiency of the energy transfer is considered to be low as the temperature did increase significantly slower than when TEG was used as a susceptor.
Experiment 6
Steam distillation with polar organicChemicals
Sipdrill is a commercial available oil used in drilling fluid. Clairsol is another oil. Sipdrill has a boiling point between 210 and 260°C and contains aliphatic hydrocarbons (C10-C13).
Clairsol has a boiling point between 230 and 335°C and contains according to the provided material safety data sheet approximately 98% n-alkanes, iso-alkanes and cyclic alkanes (C14-C18).
Literature values for the vapour pressure at different temperatures for the two oils were not available. For the purpose of estimating the expected vapour pressure of Sipdrill and Clarisol versus temperature, tridecane (Ci3H28) and hexadecane (Ci6H34) were chosen as substitutes for Sipdrill and Clairsol, respectively. Tridecane has a boiling point in the range of 232-236°C, which is approximately in the middle of the range of Sipdrill. The same argument applies to hexadecane which has a boiling point of 287<<>>C.
Based on Antoine's equation the temperature versus the compound's individual vapour pressure can be determined.
A standard laboratory distillation apparatus set up was used for the experiment. The boiling flask was a 500 ml glass flask and the receiving flask was a 100 ml round bottom glass flask. An aluminium sheet covered the heating mantle and the boiling flask to avoid fractional distillation. After completed distillation, the collected distillate was transferred to a graded glass tube for reading of the volumes.
The results presented in Tablell are conservative. A maximum amount of 1 and
1.5 ml glycerol is required to evaporate 10 ml of Sipdrill and Clairsol, respectively. There was a surplus of glycerol and some glycerol was evaporated and collected after all the oil was evaporated from the boiling flask.
Compared to the theoretical calculations presented in table 10, the observed ratio of Clairsol : glycerol of 10 : 1.5 corresponds well with the calculated ratio of 6 : 1. The observed ratio of Sipdrill : glycerol of 10 : 1 deviates somewhat from the calculated value of 17 :1. This is at least partly due to the positive capillary force between the glycerol and the glass wall and the negative capillary force between the Sipdrill and the glass wall, which made precise readings difficult. In addition a surplus of glycerol was distilled after the oil was separated as explained above.
In conclusion, the use of calculated values for tridecane and hexadecane was representative for experimental achieved values for Sipdrill and Clairsol, respectively.
It should be noted that in this experiment glycerol has a boiling point of 290°C which is above the boiling point of Sipdrill and above some of the fractions of Clairsol.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the invention, and that those skilled in the art will be able to design many alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. Use of the verb "comprise" and its conjugations does not exclude the presence of elements or steps other than those stated in a claim. The article "a" or "an" preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements.
The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
Claims (26)
1. Method for cleaning material contaminated with an organic pollutant by direct heat treatment,characterised in thatan additive comprising an organic substance is added to and mixed with the material prior to the heat treatment.
2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is an alcohol.
3. Method according to claim 2, wherein the alcohol is chosen from a group comprising monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, aliphatic alcohol and alicyclic alcohols.
4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is an aldehyde.
5. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is an amide.
6. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is an amine.
7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is an ether.
8. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is an ester.
9. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is a ketone.
10. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is a nitrile.
11. Method according to claim 1, wherein the additive is an organic acid.
12. Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein a gaseous phase released from the heat treated material is condensed and separated into a first fraction comprising the additive and a second fraction comprising a residue.
13. Method according to any of the preceding claims wherein the material comprises pre-treated drill cuttings.
14. Method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the second fraction comprises oil.
15. Use of an organic substance as an additive to be mixed with material contaminated with an organic pollutant prior to direct heat treatment of the material.
16. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is an alcohol.
17. Use of an organic substance according to claim 16, wherein the alcohol is chosen from a group comprising monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, aliphatic alcohol and alicyclic alcohols.
18. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is an aldehyde.
19. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is an amide.
20. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is an amine.
21. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is an ether.
22. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is an ester.
23. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is a ketone.
24. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is a nitrile.
25. Use of an organic substance according to claim 15, wherein the additive is an organic acid.
26. Use of an organic substance according to any of claims 15 to 25, wherein the material comprises pre-treated drill cuttings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20151448A NO343432B1 (en) | 2015-10-26 | 2015-10-26 | Method for separation of non-polar organic compounds from a material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20151448A NO343432B1 (en) | 2015-10-26 | 2015-10-26 | Method for separation of non-polar organic compounds from a material |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO20151448A1 true NO20151448A1 (en) | 2017-04-27 |
| NO343432B1 NO343432B1 (en) | 2019-03-04 |
Family
ID=61800059
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20151448A NO343432B1 (en) | 2015-10-26 | 2015-10-26 | Method for separation of non-polar organic compounds from a material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NO (1) | NO343432B1 (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110108466A1 (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2011-05-12 | Robert Petcavich | Method of separating hydrocarbons from oil rocks using ionic liquids |
| EP2578285A1 (en) * | 2011-10-04 | 2013-04-10 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Analogue ionic liquids for the separation and recovery of hydrocarbons from particulate matter |
-
2015
- 2015-10-26 NO NO20151448A patent/NO343432B1/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20110108466A1 (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2011-05-12 | Robert Petcavich | Method of separating hydrocarbons from oil rocks using ionic liquids |
| EP2578285A1 (en) * | 2011-10-04 | 2013-04-10 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Analogue ionic liquids for the separation and recovery of hydrocarbons from particulate matter |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| H. Shang et al. Microwave treatment of oil-contaminated North Sea drill cuttings in a high power multimode cavity/Separation and Purification Technology 49 (2006) 84-90, Dated: 01.01.0001 * |
| J. Reuss et al. Desorption by microwaves: mechanisms of multicomponent mixtures. /Chem. Eng. Technol. 25(2002) 4., Dated: 01.01.0001 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO343432B1 (en) | 2019-03-04 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US20200306662A1 (en) | Method for Thermal Separation of Non-Polar Organic Compounds from a Material by Steam Distillation | |
| Taylor et al. | High vacuum distillation of ionic liquids and separation of ionic liquid mixtures | |
| Pereira et al. | Microwave treatment of drilled cuttings contaminated by synthetic drilling fluid | |
| Robinson et al. | Microwave processing of oil sands and contribution of clay minerals | |
| WO2008089937A3 (en) | Microwave integrated soxhlet | |
| Cioni et al. | Petroleum products removal from contaminated soils using microwave heating | |
| KR20140069972A (en) | Separation and recovery device for wet waste including radionuclide, and the separation and recovery method using the same | |
| NO20151448A1 (en) | Method for separation of non-polar organic compounds from a material | |
| CA2536440C (en) | Compositions based on fluorinated hydrocarbons and secondary butanol for defluxing electronic boards | |
| Pereira et al. | Decontamination of drilled cuttings by microwave drying: Kinetics aspects | |
| Hathazi et al. | The extraction of volatile oils from parsley leaves in microwave field | |
| Bulba et al. | Experimental study of liquid evaporation rate from coniferous biomass | |
| Nygård | Treatment and Optimization of Drill Cuttings for a Global Application | |
| Rødne | Treating Drill Cuttings with Susceptors in a Single-mode Cavity Microwave | |
| Silva et al. | Assessment of triazine herbicides in soil by microwave-assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection | |
| JP5052027B2 (en) | Method for separating and treating PCB contaminants | |
| Reilly | Treatment and Optimization of Drill Cuttings on NCS | |
| TW201946891A (en) | Ternary and quaternary azeotrope and azeotrope-like compositions comprising perfluoroheptene | |
| PL238209B1 (en) | Method for distilling off volatile compounds from raw materials with low moisture content | |
| ITMI20120073A1 (en) | PROCEDURE AND RELATIVE PLANT FOR THE SAFE AND FAST DECONTAMINATION OF POROUS AND NON-CONTAMINATED PCB MATERIALS | |
| JP2004074032A (en) | Method of removing deposit | |
| AU2015265420B2 (en) | Novel design of multiple microwave/radiofrequency (MW/RF) magnetrons heated single vessel/reactor/chamber and its various applications including a novel dehydration process employing solvent extraction and solvent recovery | |
| Ha et al. | A study on the thermal desorption process of oil-contaminated soil by microwave | |
| US1948267A (en) | Process of incorporating oil and resinous bodies | |
| Fan | Microwave treatment of organic contaminated soil |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| CHAD | Change of the owner's name or address (par. 44 patent law, par. patentforskriften) |
Owner name: NORWEGIAN TECHNOLOGY AS, NO |