NO161787B - LITTLE BATH WITH FALLABLE HULL. - Google Patents

Abstract

A boat having a pair of bottom banels provided with respective flaps to cause the stern of the boat to ride relatively high in the water when the boat is driven forwardly in the water by an outboard motor. In one embodiment, the flaps pivot downwardly and provide drag for the stern in response to forward movement of the boat. In two other embodiments, the flaps provide planing surfaces near the stern. The boat can be collapsible in which case the bottom panels mate with resilient side panels to form, when collapsed, a flat sandwich configuration which, by the means of improved straps, can be carried on the top of a vehicle or can be hand-carried. An improved bracket for the stern of the boat is used to permit positive attachment of an outboard motor to the boat.

Description

Products for the treatment of wood.

This invention relates to new aqueous products for wood treatment with a wood preservative and/or fire retardant effect.

When treating wood to make it fire retardant or resistant to attack by fungi or insects, a useful method is to pressure impregnate the wood with an aqueous wood preservative and/or fire retardant. Among the most effective preservative products are those of the copper-chromium-arsenate type, which are usually used in solutions of strength between 1 and 5 per cent and at pH between 1.8 and 3.0. After the treatment, reducing substances in the wood transfer the hexavalent chromium to trivalent, which results in a rise in pH and the precipitation of an insoluble cobalt-chromium-arsenate complex inside the wood.

The more effective fire retardant products are usually based on ammonium salts, e.g. ammonium phosphate or sulphate, and/or borax, and are generally used in solutions of relatively high strength, e.g. in the range 10-20 weight/vol.pst., e.g. the impregnation of cellulose-containing materials with an emulsion of tall oleic acid esters as described in Norwegian patent 90 469. It has also been proposed in Norwegian patent

93,434 to use a mixture of a synthetic

resin and wax to impregnate materials such as wall-board and plywood. However, such fire-retardant products can wear out or be washed out if they are not exposed to water for a long time and are normally only intended for indoor use.

Although the above products have been found to be effective, they lack the ability of conventional tar oil preservatives to impart a degree of water repellency to the wood. US Patent 3,061,508 describes the impregnation of wood with a preservative product comprising a solution of a preservative and a wax in an oil solvent. Water-repellent ability improves the wood's weather resistance, and in particular preserves its dimensional stability by preventing swelling caused by water absorption and shrinkage during drying. Water repellants have only a negligible effect on the degree of absorption of water vapor in wood and have little effect on the equilibrium moisture content of the wood, but they are normally effective when it comes to reducing absorption of liquid water.

It has been proposed to use wax emulsions to give cellulose-containing materials such as hard pressed cardboard, fiber insulation boards etc. and also certain textiles water-repellent ability. In many of these processes, the wax emulsions have been used in a concentration of around 5 per cent, and a subsequent heat treatment has usually been necessary to achieve the desired degree of water repellency. Furthermore, previously described wax emulsions are unstable in the presence of various wood preservative and fire retardant salts, so that a combined treatment has been unsatisfactory.

The purpose of the present invention is to obtain stable emulsion products comprising wax and one or more wood preservatives and/or fire retardants, and which are particularly useful for achieving water-repellent ability at the same time as preservative and/or fire retardant properties in wood, hard-pressed cardboard and fibreboard.

According to the foregoing, the invention relates to products suitable for treating wood to give it fire-retardant properties and/or preservative properties as well as water-repellent properties, which comprise an aqueous emulsion of a hydrophobic wax together with one or more wood preservatives and/or fire retardants, and the characteristic of the new products is that the emulsion also contains a non-ionic surfactant that contains one or more polyoxyethylene chains or a mixture of such surfactants and that said agent or mixture of agents has a HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic imbalance) -Number of between 12 and 22, preferably between 14 and 18.

A long-chain fatty alcohol with 10 to 18 carbon atoms or an alkylphenol condensate with at least 25 ethylene oxide units in the condensed ethylene oxide chain is particularly advantageously used as a surfactant.

Other features of the invention will be apparent from the further description.

The products according to the invention have a wood-preserving and/or fire-retardant effect and, due to the wax emulsion, increase the wood's water-repellent ability and therefore help to maintain the wood's dimensional stability when it is exposed to water and weather under extreme climatic conditions. The water repellency also prevents the soluble fire retardant salts from leaching out or being washed out.

It has been found that by using nonionic surfactants with long chains of ethylene oxide as referred to above, the emulsions remain stable in the presence of preservative or fire retardant substances even at the relatively high salt concentrations required for the fire retardant and wood preservative products. In particular, they are able to withstand the high oxidation potential of the hexavalent chromium in the conventional chromium preservatives. Other wax emulsions that have been tried in the presence of the conventional copper-chromium-arsenate wood preservatives and ammonium salt-based fire retardants have been found to be too unstable for practical use. According to the invention, the most preferred products are stable for at least 12 weeks if they contain hexavalent chromium at pH 1.8 to 3.0.

The surfactant's HLB (hydrophilic-lipofimbalance) number is preferably between 14 and 18. HLB values for a number of different non-ionic surfactants are described in the textbook "Physical Pharmacy" (E.W. Martin).

The emulsifier used can comprise a mixture of different emulsifiers provided that the total HLB of the mixture lies within the specified range.

The wax in the wax emulsions is preferably paraffin wax and it has been found that while waxes with a high melting point give greater water-repellent ability, waxes with a lower melting point give emulsions with greater stability. Waxes with a melting point in the range 40 to 50°C, preferably around 45°C, are generally preferred.

It has also been found that the stability of the emulsion in the products according to the invention can be increased by using liquid or semi-solid paraffins in mixture with the solid wax, e.g. conventional liquid paraffin or petroleum jelly. If petroleum jelly is used, it should preferably have a melting point in the range 38 to 56°C (measured in accordance with British Standard Specification No. 894 of 1956), advantageously around 40°C, especially when used together with a paraffin wax with a melting point of around 45 °C.

The weight ratio of wax to liquid or semi-solid paraffin is advantageously between 45:55 and 70:30, preferably around 55:45.

The ethylene oxide condensates which according to the invention are used as surfactants are preferably long-chain fatty alcohol condensates or alkylphenol condensates, where the condensed ethylene oxide chain advantageously contains at least 25 ethylene oxide units. The hydroxyl part is preferably derived from a long-chain fatty alcohol with from 10 to 18 carbon atoms or any alkylphenol with from 7 to 11 carbon atoms in its alkyl group, advantageously a nonylphenol. Particularly useful commercial surfactants include "Lubrol W" (30 ethylene oxide groups) and "Ethylan HP" (25 ethylene oxide groups) and "Ethylan HA" (35 ethylene oxide groups). The products according to the invention are suitably prepared by first making an aqueous wax emulsion concentrate containing the surfactant(s), the concentrate being added to an aqueous solution of the wood preservative and/or fire retardant compounds.

The concentration of paraffins in the emulsion concentrate, before incorporation into the wood treatment products according to the invention, is advantageously lower than 70 wt/vol.pst., the higher concentrations being more suitable in practice, e.g. about. 50 per cent. The concentration of the surfactant in the wax emulsion concentrate is advantageously in the range of 4-6 weight/vol. per cent, preferably approx. 5 percent

The wood treatment products according to the invention preferably contain 0.1 to 3.0 weight/weight percent wax, especially 0.3 to 1.5 weight/weight percent, corresponding to a content of 0.2 to 6.0 weight/weight percent . of a 50 percent wax emulsion. Since the wax emulsion concentrates mentioned above advantageously contain from 4 to 6 wt/vol. surface-active substance, the concentration of surface-active substance in the final wood treatment products according to the invention is thus preferably in the range 0.008 to 0.36 wt/vol.%, especially 0.05% when using e.g. a 50 percent wax emulsion. The relatively diluted wax emulsions according to the invention are preferred because they allow the aqueous preservatives or fire retardants to penetrate well into the wood when using the pressure impregnation method, and yet the wax particles, by a filtration effect, are concentrated in the wood's outer cell structure, whereby a continuous protective layer is obtained.

The wood preservation components in the present products are preferably of a type containing one or more hexavalent chromium compounds at a pH in the range 1.8-8.0 together with salts of metals such as copper or zinc, e.g. in the form of sulphates, and which advantageously contain arsenates. Hexavalent chromium can e.g. be present as a water-soluble dichromate, e.g. potassium or sodium dichromate, or as a water-soluble chromate, e.g. sodium chromate, or as chromic acid. Copper or zinc may be present as sulfates or arsenates. Commercially available products of this type include

"Tanalith C" or "CA", "Boliden K." 33 and "Celcure A". The invention is also applicable to emulsions comprising wax and chromium fluoroarsenate products (e.g. those based on sodium chromate arsenic pentoxide, and sodium fluoride, such as "Basilit UAS") and copper chromium borate products (such as Tanalith CBC”). In general, the wood preservation products according to the invention will contain from 1 to 10% by weight. wood preservative.

The fire-retardant components are preferably ammonium phosphates and/or other ammonium salts, with or without borates. Commercially available products include e.g. "Pyrolith", "Minalith" and "Celcure F". They preferably comprise between 10 and 30 weight percent. of the entire product.

Minalith has e.g. composition: Diammonium phosphate 10% Ammonium sulphate 60% Sodium tetraborate 10% Boric acid 20%

The products according to the invention give particularly good results when they are used in pressure impregnation processes, e.g. in conventional systems such as Full Cell, Lowry and Reuping Systems. A protection against water that far exceeds the expected is often achieved after such pressure impregnation. In such processes, a slow filtration of emulsion particles in the depth of the wood structure apparently takes place, which effectively blocks the capillaries between the wood cells, especially inside the parenchyma rays.

In order that the invention may be well understood, the following examples are given as illustrations:

Example 1.

The emulsions were made using paraffin wax with a melting point of 45°C and petroleum jelly with a composition as illustrated in Table 1.

<*> "Lubrol W." A long-chain fatty alcohol-ethylene oxide condensate with 30 ethylene oxide groups H.L.B, number 14.9. The stability of these emulsions and of 1 wt/wt. dispersion in 3 wt/vol-pst. "Tanalith C" solution together with the water repellency of treated samples of wood are given in Table 2. "Tanalith C" has the following composition:

The method for testing the water-repellent ability of treated wood was as follows:

The test pieces are cut from straight-grained Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood and are 6.3 mil sections taken from a piece 2.9 cm. x 4.2 cm. in transverse cross-section, the annual rings run parallel to 4.2 cm. the dimension. Five pairs of test pieces are cut, each pair consisting of adjacent sections from the same piece. The samples are conditioned to an equilibrium moisture content of 12 per cent. A sample from each pair is placed in a beaker, the five samples are loaded and subjected to a vacuum of 6.5 cm. Hg for 15 min in a vacuum desiccator. The treatment solution is then allowed to flow through a tube leading into the beaker, after which the vacuum is released and the test pieces are allowed to soak for 30 minutes. Excess liquid is then drained off and the treated test pieces placed in suitable racks that allow free air circulation until an equilibrium moisture content of 12 percent is achieved. Each test piece is then immersed in water of 25°C for 30 minutes, and the swelling in the tangential direction is measured using a suitably modified micrometer to the nearest 0.025 mm. The percentage water repellency of the treated sample is then calculated according to the following formula:

where a = swelling of untreated test piece and ta = swelling of treated test piece.

When using this modified method for evaluation of. effective water repellency for water-borne preservatives and/or fire retardants that include a wax emulsion system, we consider a water repellency above 50 per cent to be satisfactory.

Example 2.

Samples of Parana Pine (Pinus araucaria an-gustifolia) of transverse cross-section 2.5 x 5 cm. and 10 cm. length was pressure treated with a 15% solution of "Pyrolith" incorporating 1% of a wax-emulsion system with the following composition:

"Pyrolith" has the following weight composition: The following treatment cycle was used: I

An absorption of 8.6 liters per 28.3 liters which gives a net retention of dry salt of 1.24 kg. per 28.3 litres, and an average wax charge of 0.86 kg. per 28.3 litres, which for the most part was concentrated in the outer cells of

wood by filtration during the pressure treatment.

It was confirmed that as a result of this treatment, the wood had a water repellency of 62 per cent, and by leaving the end rings of the treated wood submerged for 13 mm. water, it was confirmed that the repellency of the high charge of unfixed fire retardant salt was greatly reduced compared to a corresponding sample treated under the same conditions with "Pyrolith" salts without the emulsion additive.

Example 3.

Samples of Radiata Pine (Pinus radiata) of dimensions 2.5 x 5 x 10 cm. was pressure treated with a 3% solution of "Tanalith" C incorporating a 1% wax emulsion system with the following composition:

The following treatment cycle was used: Vacuum 15 min. at 65 cm Hg. Press for 1 hour at 5.6 kg/cm<2>

An absorption of 16.8 liters per 28.3 litres, which gives a net retention of dry salt of 0.51 kg. per 28.3 litres, and an average wax charge of 0.86 kg. per 28.3 litres. It was confirmed that as a result of this treatment the wood had a water repellency of 53 per cent.

Example 4.

Emulsions were made exactly as described in example <9> except that instead of "Lubrol W" the following combinations of surfactants were used: a) "Texafor A90" + "Pluronic L81" in the weight ratio 4 : 1. Total H.L.B. number = 16.4. b) "Ethomid HR/60" + "Ethofat 60/2" in the weight ratio 1 : 1, total H.LB. number = 15.8. c) "Lubrol W" + "Pluronic L81" in the weight ratio 4 : 1, total H.L.B, number = 12.5.

These emulsions showed good stability when mixed with a 3% solution of "Tanalith C" in a ratio of 1%.

Example 5.

Corresponding samples of beech (Fagus sylvatica) 30 cm. x 10 turns. x 2.5 cm. was produced and marked

alternatively A and B. The B samples were retained as blanks and the A samples were pressure treated with a 3% "Tanalith" CA solution containing 1% of a wax emulsion of the following composition:

"Tanalith" CA has the following weight composition:

The following treatment cycle was used:

Vacuum — 30 min. at 65 cm Hg.

Pressure — 2 hours at 10.5 kg/cm<2>.

An absorption of 11.8 liters per 28.3 liters which gives an average wax charge of 64 g per 28.3 litres.

All samples were conditioned to 12% moisture content, placed in a weatherproofing test fixture and, during a 6 hour cycle, each sample was subjected to: a) Complete soaking by water jets; b) Partial drying by means of an air stream; c) Exposure to heat which gives a surface temperature of 75-90°C by means of a radiant heater and reflector; and

d) Exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

After 20 days of such exposure, the samples were

removed and examined for deterioration. The treated B samples showed severe twisting and cracking and had buckled.

Example 6.

Corresponding samples of Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) 30 x 10 x 2.5 cm. were prepared and labeled alternatively A and B. The B samples were retained as blanks and the A samples were treated with a 3 per cent solution of "Tanalith" C incorporating 1 per cent of a wax emulsion of the following composition:

The following treatment cycle was used:

Vacuum — 30 min. at 65 cm Hg.

Pressure — 2 hours at 14 kg/cm<2>.

An absorption of 10.9 liters per . 28.3 litres, which gives an average wax charge of 65 g per 28.3 litres.

All the samples were conditioned to 12 per cent moisture content and exposed to influences in the test device for weather resistance described in example 5. After 20 days of such exposure, the samples were removed and examined for deterioration. The treated samples A showed no deterioration, while the untreated samples B showed extensive cracking and cracking.

Example 7.

Two samples of Redwood (Pinus sylvestris) 1.9 x 15 x 15 cm. was produced from a piece 1.9 x 15 x 30 cm. and labeled A and B. The B sample was used as a blank and the A sample was pressure treated with a 3 percent solution of the preservative composition described below containing 1 percent of a wax emulsion of composition:

The following treatment cycle was used:

Vacuum — 30 min. at 65 cm Hg.

Pressure — 2 hours at 10.5 kg/cm<2>.

An absorption of 15 liters per 28.3 litres, which gives an average wax charge of 85 g per 28.3 litres.

Both samples were conditioned to 12 percent moisture content, after which they were sprayed with water for 1 hour. The untreated B sample absorbed 3.7 times more water than the treated A sample.

Example 8.

Two specimens of Parana Pine (Araucaria an-gustifolia) were prepared from a piece 1.9 x 15 x 36 cm. These were labeled A and B; sample B was used as an untreated blank sample and sample A was pressure treated with a 3 per cent solution of the wood preservation solution described below containing 1 per cent of a wax emulsion of composition:

I Weight composition of the preservative:

The following treatment cycle was used:

Vacuum — 30 min. at 65 cm Hg.

Press for 2 hours at 10.5 kg/cm2.

An absorption of 14.4 liters per 28.3. liter which gives an average wax charge of 82 g per 28.3 litres.

A standard water drop of 0.04 ml. was placed on the surface of both samples. On sample A, the height of the drop fell by 28 percent in 30 min. calculated from measurements with a moving microscope. On sample B, the drop was completely absorbed into the wood after 4 minutes.

Claims (4)

1. Products for treating wood to give it fire-retardant properties and/or preservative properties as well as water-repellent properties, comprising an aqueous emulsion of a hydrophobic wax together with one or more wood preservatives and/or fire-retardant agents, characterized in that the emulsion also contains a non-ionic surfactant containing one or more polyoxyethylene chains or a mixture of such surfactants, and that said agent or mixture of agents has an HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) number of between 12 and 22, preferably between 14 and 18. 2. Products as specified in claim 1, characterized in that the surfactant is a condensate of a long-chain fatty alcohol, containing 10 to 18 carbon atoms, or an alkylphenol condensate, where the condensed ethylene oxide chain contains at least 25 ethylene oxide units. 3. Products as stated in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the alkylphenol contains 7 to 11 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, and the alkylphenol is preferably nonylphenol. 4. Products as specified in any • of the preceding claims, characterized in that the concentration of the surfactant is approx. 0.008-0.36 wt/vol-percent, preferably 0.05 wt/vol-percent.