NO149506B - FUEL EMULSION FOR DIESEL ENGINES. - Google Patents
FUEL EMULSION FOR DIESEL ENGINES. Download PDFInfo
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- NO149506B NO149506B NO803499A NO803499A NO149506B NO 149506 B NO149506 B NO 149506B NO 803499 A NO803499 A NO 803499A NO 803499 A NO803499 A NO 803499A NO 149506 B NO149506 B NO 149506B
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- emulsion
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- fuel
- water
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- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims description 74
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 23
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 78
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 71
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 71
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010771 distillate fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- XZIIFPSPUDAGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-chloro-2-n,2-n-diethylpyrimidine-2,4-diamine Chemical class CCN(CC)C1=NC(N)=CC(Cl)=N1 XZIIFPSPUDAGJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000847 nonoxynol Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- -1 petrol Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- MUHFRORXWCGZGE-KTKRTIGZSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCO MUHFRORXWCGZGE-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003398 denaturant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940035044 sorbitan monolaurate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000012258 stirred mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N (R)-(-)-Propylene glycol Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-GSVOUGTGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonylphenol Natural products CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WERKSKAQRVDLDW-ANOHMWSOSA-N [(2s,3r,4r,5r)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl] (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO WERKSKAQRVDLDW-ANOHMWSOSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008431 aliphatic amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanol Chemical compound OC1CCCCC1 HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000021588 free fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004668 long chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
Description
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører en brennstoffemulsjon av vann-i-olje type for dieselmotorer, inneholdende et vanlig dieselbrennstoff, vann, metanol og/eller etanol samt en emulgatorblanding. The present invention relates to a fuel emulsion of the water-in-oil type for diesel engines, containing a normal diesel fuel, water, methanol and/or ethanol as well as an emulsifier mixture.
Anvendelsen av erstatningsbrennstoffer for å minske forbruket av råolje er blitt betydelig i de senere år. Forsknings-arbeidet på dette område er rettet spesielt mot bensinmotorer eller motorer med tenning ved hjelp av tennplugger. En attraktiv løsning består i å anvende blandinger av bensin og alkohol. Metanol og etanol kan blandes med bensin i alle forhold,.og de The use of substitute fuels to reduce the consumption of crude oil has become significant in recent years. The research work in this area is aimed particularly at petrol engines or engines with ignition using spark plugs. An attractive solution consists in using mixtures of petrol and alcohol. Methanol and ethanol can be mixed with petrol in any ratio, and they
har et høyt oktantall (87-90). has a high octane number (87-90).
Imidlertid medfører tilsetning av alkohol i dieselbrenn-stof f visse vanskeligheter. Det er kjent at en problemfri kjø-ring av dieselmotorer, eller motorer med selvantennelse, krever brennstoff med et cetantall på minst 26, mens cetantallene for metanol og etanol er lave, henholdsvis 3 og 8, cetantallet for et dieselbrennstoff, nærmere bestemt gassolje og lette brensel-oljer, ligger på mellom 34 og 55. De blandinger av dieselbrennstoff og en alkohol som har et egnet cetantall er derfor rela-tivt få. Dessuten er metanol og etanol praktisk talt uløselige i dieselbrennstoff, og blandinger av disse kan ikke fremstilles på forhånd. Den eneste løsning som er foreslått består i å anvende et bimodalt motorsystem, som imidlertid krever visse meka-niske modifikasjoner, f.eks. to tanker, en kontrollanordning for alkoholen etc. However, the addition of alcohol to diesel fuel causes certain difficulties. It is known that trouble-free running of diesel engines, or engines with self-ignition, requires fuel with a cetane number of at least 26, while the cetane numbers for methanol and ethanol are low, 3 and 8 respectively, the cetane number for a diesel fuel, more specifically gas oil and light fuel oils, are between 34 and 55. The mixtures of diesel fuel and an alcohol which have a suitable cetane number are therefore relatively few. Moreover, methanol and ethanol are practically insoluble in diesel fuel, and mixtures of these cannot be prepared in advance. The only solution that has been proposed consists of using a bimodal motor system, which however requires certain mechanical modifications, e.g. two tanks, a control device for the alcohol etc.
I BRD of f. skrift 2.52 . 671 er det ikke angitt i kravene hvilke overflateaktive stoffer som anvendes, men ifølge eksemp-lene er sorbitolmonooleat benyttet som eneste overflateaktive stoff. In BRD of f. letter 2.52. 671, it is not stated in the claims which surfactants are used, but according to the examples, sorbitol monooleate is used as the only surfactant.
Fra US-patentskrift 4.002.435 er det kjent en brennstoffemulsjon som inneholder en blanding av hydrokarboner, f.eks. bensin, vann, en vannløselig alkohol som metanol samt en spesiell kombinasjon av overflateaktive stoffer som omfatter ammoniumsalt av langkjedet fettsyre eller en blanding av ammonium- og natrium-salt. I patentskriftet er det angitt at stabile emulsjoner ikke kan oppnås uten ammonium- og/eller ammonium- og natriumsalter. From US patent 4,002,435, a fuel emulsion is known which contains a mixture of hydrocarbons, e.g. petrol, water, a water-soluble alcohol such as methanol as well as a special combination of surfactants comprising the ammonium salt of a long-chain fatty acid or a mixture of ammonium and sodium salt. In the patent it is stated that stable emulsions cannot be obtained without ammonium and/or ammonium and sodium salts.
US-patentskrift 3.876.391 vedrører emulsjoner som inneholder en petroleumfraksjon, vann, en blanding av et petroleum-løselig overflateaktivt stoff og spesielle vannløselige tilset-ningsmidler som er alifatiske dioler, alifatiske amider, alkanol-aminer, polyaminer eller alifatiske aldehyder. Emulsjonene ifølge patentskriftet inneholder imidlertid ikke alkoholer. US patent 3,876,391 relates to emulsions containing a petroleum fraction, water, a mixture of a petroleum-soluble surfactant and special water-soluble additives which are aliphatic diols, aliphatic amides, alkanolamines, polyamines or aliphatic aldehydes. However, the emulsions according to the patent do not contain alcohols.
Ifølge US-patentskrift 4.083.698 inngår ikke alkohol som en obligatorisk bestanddel. Men som ifølge nevnte US-patentskrift 4.002.435 er det anført at ionisk fettsyresalt er vesent-lig for å oppnå en stabil .emulsjon. Dessuten må det foreligge fri fettsyre for at emulsjonen skal bli stabil (spalte 3, linjer 33-36 og spalte 21, linjer 57-60). I patentskriftet er det videre anført at større mengder metanol er ugunstig for emulsjonens stabilitet, og at det bør tilsettes andre stabilisatorer, såsom isopropanol eller en cykloheksanol/cykloheksanonblanding dersom emulsjonen har et høyt metanolinnhold. According to US patent 4,083,698, alcohol is not included as a mandatory ingredient. But as according to the aforementioned US patent 4,002,435, it is stated that ionic fatty acid salt is essential to obtain a stable emulsion. In addition, free fatty acid must be present for the emulsion to be stable (column 3, lines 33-36 and column 21, lines 57-60). In the patent, it is further stated that larger amounts of methanol are unfavorable for the emulsion's stability, and that other stabilizers should be added, such as isopropanol or a cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone mixture if the emulsion has a high methanol content.
Formålet med den foreliggende oppfinnelse er å frembringe en brennstoffemulsjon som ikke har ovennevnte ulemper og som har egnet cetantall. The purpose of the present invention is to produce a fuel emulsion which does not have the above-mentioned disadvantages and which has a suitable cetane number.
Dette er oppnådd med en brennstoffemulsjon som er. kjenne-tegnet ved at den inneholder a) 97-90 voluml av en blanding med dieselbrennstoffet som hovedbestanddel, valgt blant gassolje og lett brenselolje og en mindre del på minst 5 volum%, regnet av emulsjonens volum, av en vandig løsning av metanol og/eller etanol, og b) 3-10 volum% av en blanding av sorbitanmonooleat og et vannløselig, etoksylert, ikke-ionisk overflateaktivt stoff som emulgeringsblanding. This has been achieved with a fuel emulsion which is characterized by the fact that it contains a) 97-90 voluml of a mixture with the diesel fuel as the main component, chosen from among gas oil and light fuel oil and a smaller part of at least 5 vol%, calculated from the volume of the emulsion, of an aqueous solution of methanol and/ or ethanol, and b) 3-10% by volume of a mixture of sorbitan monooleate and a water-soluble, ethoxylated, non-ionic surfactant as emulsifying mixture.
Ifølge en utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen hvor gassolje anvendes som dieselbrennstoff inneholder emulsjonen 55-92 volum% av gassoljen, 5-35 volum% av en vandig løsning av metanol og/ eller etanol, hvor volumprosenten vann i løsningen varierer mellom 43 + 0, 20 S og 74, hvor S er volum<»>» etanol regnet av totalt alkoholvolum, samt 3-10 volum! av en emulgeringsblanding med en hydrofil-lipofil balanse på 5-6,5. According to an embodiment of the invention where gas oil is used as diesel fuel, the emulsion contains 55-92% by volume of the gas oil, 5-35% by volume of an aqueous solution of methanol and/or ethanol, where the volume percentage of water in the solution varies between 43 + 0.20 S and 74, where S is volume<»>» ethanol calculated from total alcohol volume, as well as 3-10 volume! of an emulsifying mixture with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of 5-6.5.
Ifølge en annen utførelsesform hvor dieselbrennstoffet According to another embodiment where the diesel fuel
er lett brenselolje inneholder emulsjonen 45-92 volum% av den lette brenselolje, 5-45 volum% av en vandig løsning av metanol og/eller etanol, ,hvor volumprosenten vann i løsningen varierer mellom 45,7 + 0,229 S og 74,3, hvor S er volum% etanol regnet av totalt alkoholvolum, samt 3-10 volum* av en emulgeringsblanding med en hydrofil-lipofil balanse på 5-7. is light fuel oil, the emulsion contains 45-92% by volume of the light fuel oil, 5-45% by volume of an aqueous solution of methanol and/or ethanol, where the volume percentage of water in the solution varies between 45.7 + 0.229 S and 74.3, where S is volume% ethanol calculated from total alcohol volume, as well as 3-10 volume* of an emulsification mixture with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of 5-7.
Alkoholene kan inneholde en mindre mengde annen alifatisk alkohol med lav molekylvekt eller et denatureringsmiddel som metyletylketon. Således kan denaturerte alkoholer med vanligvis opptil 3% denatureringsmiddel anvendes i emulsjonen ifølge oppfinnelsen. The alcohols may contain a smaller amount of other low molecular weight aliphatic alcohol or a denaturant such as methyl ethyl ketone. Thus, denatured alcohols with usually up to 3% denaturant can be used in the emulsion according to the invention.
Emulsjonen har lav viskositet og egnet cetantall. Den kan derfor anvendes som erstatningsbrennstoff i dieselmotorer og for oppvarmingsformål. Videre er den stabil og medfører ikke utfelling og avsetning av vann i bunnen på tankene, noe som er en stor ulempe idet vannet da er det som først sprøytes inn i motoren eller brenneren og stopper denne. Begrepet "stabil emulsjon" innebærer at det praktisk talt ikke foregår noen utfelling i et tidsrom på minst 72 timer. En ring av dieselbrennstoff kan imidlertid oppstå idet mengden utfelt brennstoff ikke er mer enn 3 volum% av brennstoffet i emulsjonen. Ved utfelling gjen-opprettes emulsjonen lettvint ved omrøring. The emulsion has a low viscosity and a suitable cetane number. It can therefore be used as a replacement fuel in diesel engines and for heating purposes. Furthermore, it is stable and does not result in precipitation and deposition of water at the bottom of the tanks, which is a major disadvantage as the water is then what is first injected into the engine or burner and stops it. The term "stable emulsion" implies that practically no precipitation takes place for a period of at least 72 hours. A ring of diesel fuel can, however, occur if the amount of precipitated fuel is not more than 3% by volume of the fuel in the emulsion. In case of precipitation, the emulsion is easily recreated by stirring.
Stabiliteten til emulsjonen ifølge oppfinnelsen er avhengig av mange faktorer, f.eks. type dieselbrennstoff, type og mengde emulgator, HLB (hydrofil-lipofil balanse) for emulgeringsblandingen, respektive mengder av alkohol og vann, samt fremstillings-måte . The stability of the emulsion according to the invention depends on many factors, e.g. type of diesel fuel, type and amount of emulsifier, HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) for the emulsifying mixture, respective amounts of alcohol and water, as well as method of production.
Idet emulsjonen anvendes i dieselmotorer, er den øvre grense for mengden vandig alkoholløsning i emulsjonen bestemt av cetantallhensyn. Mengder på 45 volum% kan anvendes, men vanligvis er mengder på høyst 40 volum% mer egnet når brennstoffet er en lett brenselolje. Når emulsjonen fremstilles av gassolje bør vanligvis mengden vandig alkoholløsning ikke overstige 35 volum%. Når emulsjonen anvendes for oppvarmingsformål er kalori-verdien den begrensende hovedfaktor, og emulsjoner med opp imot 45 volum% vandig alkoholløsning kan anvendes. På den annen side er emulsjoner med mindre enn 5 volum% vandig alkoholløsning ikke attraktive på grunn av den dårlige brennstofføkonomi. Emulgeringsblandingens HLB spiller også en rolle når det gjelder emulsjonens stabilitet. Fortrinnsvis er HLB minst 5, men overstiger vanligvis ikke 7 når brennstoffet for emulgering er lett brenselolje eller sogar ca..6,5 for gassolje. Typen emulgeringsblanding er en annen faktor, og blandingen inneholder fortrinnsvis sorbitanmonooleat sammen med et vannløselig, ikke-ionisk, etoksylert overflateaktivt stoff. Eksempler på overflateaktive stoffer er etoksylert sorbitanmonooleat med 20-40 mol etylenoksyd (EO), etoksylert sorbitanmonolaurat med 11-40 EO, etoksylert nonylfenol med 8-50 EO, etoksylerte fettalkoholer med 6-50 EO, samt monooleat av polyetylenglykol med en molekylvekt på 480-1200. Valget av overflateaktivt stoff er avhengig av visse faktorer som tilgang,■pris og.virkning. Emulsjonens stabilitet er også avhengig av den type brennstoff som emulgeres. F.eks. er emulsjoner av gassolje mer stabile enn tilsvarende emulsjoner av lett brenselolje når etoksylerte fettalkoholer anvendes som overflateaktive stoffer. As the emulsion is used in diesel engines, the upper limit for the amount of aqueous alcohol solution in the emulsion is determined by cetane number considerations. Amounts of 45% by volume can be used, but usually amounts of no more than 40% by volume are more suitable when the fuel is a light fuel oil. When the emulsion is made from gas oil, the amount of aqueous alcohol solution should not normally exceed 35% by volume. When the emulsion is used for heating purposes, the caloric value is the main limiting factor, and emulsions with up to 45% by volume aqueous alcohol solution can be used. On the other hand, emulsions with less than 5% by volume aqueous alcohol solution are not attractive because of the poor fuel economy. The HLB of the emulsifying mixture also plays a role in the stability of the emulsion. Preferably, the HLB is at least 5, but usually does not exceed 7 when the fuel for emulsification is light fuel oil or even about 6.5 for gas oil. The type of emulsifying mixture is another factor, and the mixture preferably contains sorbitan monooleate together with a water-soluble, non-ionic, ethoxylated surfactant. Examples of surfactants are ethoxylated sorbitan monooleate with 20-40 mol of ethylene oxide (EO), ethoxylated sorbitan monolaurate with 11-40 EO, ethoxylated nonylphenol with 8-50 EO, ethoxylated fatty alcohols with 6-50 EO, as well as monooleate of polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 480 -1200. The choice of surfactant depends on certain factors such as access, price and effect. The stability of the emulsion also depends on the type of fuel that is emulsified. E.g. emulsions of gas oil are more stable than corresponding emulsions of light fuel oil when ethoxylated fatty alcohols are used as surfactants.
Nødvendig HLB kan oppnås ved å variere mengden sorbitanmonooleat respektivt overflateaktivt stoff. Mengden som skal anvendes bestemmes lettvint av fagfolk på området. The required HLB can be achieved by varying the amount of sorbitan monooleate or surfactant. The amount to be used is easily determined by professionals in the field.
Emulsjonens stabilitet er også avhengig av vannmengden The stability of the emulsion also depends on the amount of water
i den vandige alkoholløsning. Denne mengde varierer med alkoholen (metanol, etanol eller blandinger av disse) og typen brennstoff for emulgering. Til fremstilling av lette brenseloljebaserte emulsjoner ligger volum%, vann i. den vandige løsning vanligvis på mellom 45,7 + 0,229 S og 74,3, hvor S er volum% etanol regnet av alkoholens totale volum. For gassoljebaserte emulsjoner er volum% vann vanligvis mellom 43 + 0,20 S og 74. Vandige løs-ninger av.alkohol utenfor disse verdier er mindre egnet til fremstilling av stabile emulsjoner. in the aqueous alcohol solution. This quantity varies with the alcohol (methanol, ethanol or mixtures of these) and the type of fuel for emulsification. For the production of light fuel oil-based emulsions, the volume % water in the aqueous solution is usually between 45.7 + 0.229 S and 74.3, where S is volume % ethanol calculated from the total volume of the alcohol. For gas oil-based emulsions, volume % water is usually between 43 + 0.20 S and 74. Aqueous solutions of alcohol outside these values are less suitable for producing stable emulsions.
Fremgangsmåten til fremstilling av emulsjonen ifølge oppfinnelsen har vist seg å påvirke denne stabilitet. Emulsjonen fremstilles ved en fremgangsmåte som omfatter a) fremstilling av en første blanding av dieselbrennstoff og emulgeringsblanding, b) fremstilling av vandig alkoholløsning, samt c) tilsetning under omrøring av den vandige løsning til den første blanding. Andre fremstillingsmetoder har visse ulemper. F.eks. resulterer tilsetning av den første blanding til den vandige alkoholløs-ning i mindre stabile emulsjoner. Tilførsel av separate vann-og alkoholstrømmer til den første blanding krever anvendelse The method for producing the emulsion according to the invention has been shown to affect this stability. The emulsion is produced by a method which comprises a) preparation of a first mixture of diesel fuel and emulsification mixture, b) preparation of an aqueous alcohol solution, and c) addition, while stirring, of the aqueous solution to the first mixture. Other manufacturing methods have certain disadvantages. E.g. addition of the first mixture to the aqueous alcohol solution results in less stable emulsions. Supply of separate water and alcohol streams to the first mixture requires application
av et røreverk med høye skjærkrefter, noe som medfører en økning of a mixer with high shear forces, which causes an increase
av blandingens temperatur og noe fordampning av alkoholen. of the temperature of the mixture and some evaporation of the alcohol.
Oppfinnelsen vil bli nærmere beskrevet i de etterfølgende eksempler. The invention will be described in more detail in the following examples.
Eksempel 1 Example 1
Det ble fremstilt forskjellige emulsjoner ved tilsetning under omrøring av en vandig løsning av 15 cm metanol i 20 cm vann til en blanding som inneholdt 61 cm^ lett brenselolje og 4 cm^ emulgeringsblanding. Various emulsions were prepared by adding with stirring an aqueous solution of 15 cc of methanol in 20 cc of water to a mixture containing 61 cc of light fuel oil and 4 cc of emulsifying mixture.
Emulgeringsblandingene var: The emulsifying mixtures were:
A: sorbitanmonooleat+etoksylert sorbitanmonooleat (20 EO) B: " + " sorbitanmonolaurat (20 EO) A: sorbitan monooleate+ethoxylated sorbitan monooleate (20 EO) B: " + " sorbitan monolaurate (20 EO)
C: " tmonooleat av polyetylenglykol (molekylvekt:600) D: " tetoksylert nonylfenol (15 EO). C: " tmonooleate of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight: 600) D: " tetoxylated nonylphenol (15 EO).
HLB for disse blandinger lå mellom 4,3 og 8,5..Disse forskjellige HLB ble oppnådd ved å variere mengdene av de respektive bestanddeler i blandingene. The HLB for these mixtures was between 4.3 and 8.5. These different HLBs were obtained by varying the amounts of the respective components in the mixtures.
Stabiliteten til de oppnådde emulsjoner ble bestemt 96 timer etter at de var fremstilt. Resultatene er angitt i den etterfølgende tabell 1. The stability of the obtained emulsions was determined 96 hours after they were prepared. The results are shown in the following table 1.
blandinger: mixtures:
X: monooleat av polyetylénglykol med molekylvekt 200 + monooleat av polyetylenglykol med molekylvekt 600, X: monooleate of polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 200 + monooleate of polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 600,
Y: etoksylert fettalkohol (2 EO) + etoksylert fettalko ( 5 EO ) . Y: ethoxylated fatty alcohol (2 EO) + ethoxylated fatty alcohol (5 EO).
Forskjellige blandinger hvor mengdene overflateaktive stoffer blir regulert for å dekke et bredt område av HLB ble fremstilt. Emulsjoner ble fremstilt av disse blandinger, men de var ikke stabile. Different mixtures where the amounts of surfactants are regulated to cover a wide range of HLB were prepared. Emulsions were prepared from these mixtures, but they were not stable.
Eksempel 2 Example 2
Fremgangsmåten ifølge eksempel 1 ble gjentatt til.fremstilling av emulsjoner med forskjellige innhold av emulgeringsblandinger og varierende HLB. The procedure according to example 1 was repeated to produce emulsions with different contents of emulsifying mixtures and varying HLB.
Totalvolumet for hver emulsjon var 100 cm"^ og sammensetningene følgende: The total volume of each emulsion was 100 cm"^ and the compositions the following:
metanol: 15 cm^ methanol: 15 cm 2
vann: 2 0 cm water: 2 0 cm
emulgeringsblanding:, 1-10 cm^ (blanding A i eksempel 1) lett brenselolje: 55-64 cm^. emulsifying mixture:, 1-10 cm^ (mixture A in Example 1) light fuel oil: 55-64 cm^.
resultatene av stabilitetsforsøkene var som følger (tabell 2): the results of the stability tests were as follows (Table 2):
Eksempel 3 Example 3
Til en omrørt blanding av 61 cm av lett brenselolje og 4 cm"^ emulgeringsblanding A-(HLB=6) ble det tilsatt en vandig To a stirred mixture of 61 cm of light fuel oil and 4 cm"^ of emulsifying mixture A-(HLB=6) was added an aqueous
3 3 3 3
løsning av 15 cm metanol i 20 cm vann. solution of 15 cm methanol in 20 cm water.
■ Den oppnådde emulsjon var stabil etter 96 timer. ■ The obtained emulsion was stable after 96 hours.
En annen del av denne emulsjon ble holdt avkjølt i 96 time: ved -20°C og ble værende stabil. Another portion of this emulsion was kept refrigerated for 96 hours: at -20°C and remained stable.
Som sammenlikning ble det anvendt samme mengder bestanddeler, men andre f remstillingsmetode.r : a) separate strømmer av metanol og vann ble tilført til den omrørte blanding av brennstoff og emulgeringsblanding, total As a comparison, the same amounts of components were used, but a different production method: a) separate streams of methanol and water were added to the stirred mixture of fuel and emulsification mixture, total
utfelling etter 72 timer, precipitation after 72 hours,
b) en blanding av brennstoff og emulgeringsblanding ble tilsatt til den omrørte vandige løsning av metanol, total utfelling etter 24 timer. b) a mixture of fuel and emulsifying mixture was added to the stirred aqueous solution of methanol, total precipitation after 24 hours.
Eksempel 4 Example 4
Det ble fremstilt forskjellige emulsjoner med forskjellige mengder metanol og vann, men totalmengden metanol+vann var den samme i hver emulsjon. Different emulsions were prepared with different amounts of methanol and water, but the total amount of methanol+water was the same in each emulsion.
Emulgeringsblandingen (blanding A i eksempel 1) hadde en HLB på 6. The emulsifying mixture (mixture A in Example 1) had an HLB of 6.
Emulsjonenes sammensetninger (i volum%) og stabilitets-forsøkene er anført i tabell 3. The compositions of the emulsions (in volume%) and the stability tests are listed in table 3.
Eksempel 5 Example 5
Det ble fremstilt emulsjoner med forskjellige mengder lett brenselolje. I hver emulsjon var vannmengden i den vandige metanolløsning 57,1 volum*. Emulsions were prepared with different amounts of light fuel oil. In each emulsion, the amount of water in the aqueous methanol solution was 57.1 volumes*.
Emulgeringsblandingen (blanding A i eksempel 1) hadde en HLB på 6. The emulsifying mixture (mixture A in Example 1) had an HLB of 6.
Emulsjonenes sammensetning i volum% og resultatene av stabilitetsforsøkene er angitt i tabell 4. The composition of the emulsions in volume % and the results of the stability tests are given in table 4.
Eksempel 6 Example 6
Det ble fremstilt forskjellige blandinger av 61 cm 3 lett brenselolje og 4 cm av de respektive emulgeringsblandinger A-D i eksempel 1. HLB for disse blandinger lå på fra 4,3 til 8,5. Different mixtures were prepared of 61 cm 3 of light fuel oil and 4 cm of the respective emulsifying mixtures A-D in example 1. The HLB for these mixtures was from 4.3 to 8.5.
En vandig løsning av etanol ble fremstilt av 25 volum% vann og 10 volum* etanol. An aqueous solution of ethanol was prepared from 25 vol% water and 10 vol* ethanol.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge eksempel 1 ble benyttet ved fremstilling av emulsjonene, hvis totale volum var 100 cm^. The method according to example 1 was used in the preparation of the emulsions, the total volume of which was 100 cm 2 .
Resultatene av stabilitetsforsøkene (etter 96 timer) er angitt i tabell 5. The results of the stability tests (after 96 hours) are given in table 5.
Eksempel 7 Example 7
Forskjellige emulsjoner ble fremstilt av lett brenselolj emulgeringsblanding A i eksempel 1 (HLB: 5-7), vann samt etano Det .totale volum for hver emulsjon var 100 cm 3. Emulsjonene in Different emulsions were prepared from light fuel oil emulsification mixture A in example 1 (HLB: 5-7), water and ethanol. The total volume for each emulsion was 100 cm 3. The emulsions in
3 3 3 3 3 3
holdt 25 cm vann, 10 cm etanol, 1-10 cm emulgeringsblanding samt 54-64 cm brennstoff. held 25 cm of water, 10 cm of ethanol, 1-10 cm of emulsifying mixture and 54-64 cm of fuel.
Stabilitetsresultatene er angitt i tabell 6. The stability results are given in Table 6.
Eksempel 8 Example 8
Det ble fremstilt forskjellige emulsjoner av lett brenselolje, emulgeringsblanding A i eksempel 1 (HLB=7) samt en rvandig løsning av etanol (volum% vann: 73,4). Different emulsions of light fuel oil, emulsification mixture A in example 1 (HLB=7) and an aqueous solution of ethanol (volume% water: 73.4) were prepared.
Sammensetningene i volum% og resultatene av stabilitets-forsøkene er angitt i tabell 7. The compositions in volume % and the results of the stability tests are given in table 7.
Eksempel 9 Example 9
Det ble fremstilt forskjellige emulsjoner under anvendelse av vandige løsninger av metanol og etanol. Various emulsions were prepared using aqueous solutions of methanol and ethanol.
Volumet av de respektive bestanddeler og resultatene av The volume of the respective constituents and the results of
stabilitetsforsøkene er angitt i tabell 8. the stability tests are listed in table 8.
Forsøk 3 og 8 er sammenlikningsforsøk. Vannmengden er lavere enn nødvendig minstemengde. I forsøk 3 er vannmengden i den vandige løsning av alkoholer 50%, mens minstemengden skal være 45,7 + (0,229x30) eller 50,28%. I forsøk 8 er vannmengden i den vandige løsning av alkoholer 60%, mens minstemengden skal være 45,7 + (0,229,75) eller 62,87%. Trials 3 and 8 are comparison trials. The amount of water is lower than the required minimum amount. In experiment 3, the amount of water in the aqueous solution of alcohols is 50%, while the minimum amount must be 45.7 + (0.229x30) or 50.28%. In experiment 8, the amount of water in the aqueous solution of alcohols is 60%, while the minimum amount must be 45.7 + (0.229.75) or 62.87%.
Eksempel 10 Example 10
Det ble fremstilt forskjellige emulsjoner. For hver emulsjon ble det under omrøring tilsatt en blanding av 36 cm^ metanol og 16 cm 3 vann til en blanding av 64 cm 3 gassolje og Different emulsions were prepared. For each emulsion, a mixture of 36 cm 3 of methanol and 16 cm 3 of water was added with stirring to a mixture of 64 cm 3 of gas oil and
4 cm 3 emulgeringsblanding. 4 cm 3 of emulsifying mixture.
Emulgeringsblandingene A-D i eksempel 1 samt blanding E med sorbitanmonooleat og etoksylert fettalkohol (9 EO) ble anvendt. HLB for disse blandinger (5-12) ble oppnådd ved å variere mengdene av de respektive bestanddeler. The emulsifying mixtures A-D in example 1 as well as mixture E with sorbitan monooleate and ethoxylated fatty alcohol (9 EO) were used. The HLB for these mixtures (5-12) was obtained by varying the amounts of the respective constituents.
Resultatene fremgår av tabell 9. The results appear in table 9.
For sammenlikning ble det anvendt følgende emulgeringsblandinger til fremstilling av liknende emulsjoner. For comparison, the following emulsification mixtures were used to produce similar emulsions.
F: sorbitanmonooleat + monooleat av polyetylenglykol F: sorbitan monooleate + polyethylene glycol monooleate
(molekylvekt: 300, ikke løselig i vann). (molecular weight: 300, not soluble in water).
G: sorbitanmonooleat + etoksylert nonylfenyl (4 EO, uløse-lig).. G: sorbitan monooleate + ethoxylated nonylphenyl (4 EO, insoluble)..
H: sorbitanmonooleat + etoksylert fettalkohol (3 EO, uløse-lig). H: sorbitan monooleate + ethoxylated fatty alcohol (3 EO, insoluble).
I: sorbitanmonolaurat / etoksylert sorbitanmonolaurat I: sorbitan monolaurate / ethoxylated sorbitan monolaurate
(20 EO, løselig). (20 EO, soluble).
J: monooleat av polyetylenglykol (molekylvekt: 200) + J: monooleate of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight: 200) +
monooleat av polyetylenglykol (molekylvekt: 600, løse-lig). polyethylene glycol monooleate (molecular weight: 600, soluble).
K: etoksylert nonylfenol- (4 EO) + etoksylert nonylfenol K: ethoxylated nonylphenol-(4 EO) + ethoxylated nonylphenol
(15 EO). (15 EO).
L: etoksylert fettalkohol (3 EO) + etoksylert fettalkohol L: ethoxylated fatty alcohol (3 EO) + ethoxylated fatty alcohol
(9 EO). (9 EO).
Emulsjonene fremstilt ved hjelp av disse emulgeringsblandinger var ikke stabile. The emulsions produced using these emulsifying mixtures were not stable.
Eksempel 11 Example 11
Det ble fremstilt en emulsjon av 64 volum% gassolje, 4 volum* av emulgeringsblanding A i eksempel 1, 16 volum* metanol samt 16 volum* vann. An emulsion of 64 vol% gas oil, 4 vol* of emulsifying mixture A in example 1, 16 vol* methanol and 16 vol* water was prepared.
Emulsjonens cetantall var 26. The cetane number of the emulsion was 26.
Emulsjonen ble innført i en dieselmotor. The emulsion was introduced into a diesel engine.
En veiprøve (80 km) ble utført, og emulsjonsforbruket var 48,3 1 eller oljeforbruket 30,9 1. Samme prøve ble utført ved å mate dieselmotoren utelukkende med gassolje. Forbruket var derved 39,3 1. A road test (80 km) was carried out and the emulsion consumption was 48.3 1 or the oil consumption 30.9 1. The same test was carried out by feeding the diesel engine exclusively with gas oil. The consumption was therefore 39.3 1.
Eksempel 12 Example 12
Det ble fremstilt emulsjoner med forskjellig mengde emulgeringsblanding (blanding A, HLB 5,5-6,5). Emulsions were prepared with different amounts of emulsifying mixture (mixture A, HLB 5.5-6.5).
Hver emulsjon hadde et totalt volum på 100 cm . Den inneholdt 22,5 cm 3 vann og 12,5 cm 3 etanol. Mengden emulgeringsblanding varierte mellom 1 og 10 cm 3, og gassoljemengden var 55-64 Each emulsion had a total volume of 100 cm. It contained 22.5 cm 3 of water and 12.5 cm 3 of ethanol. The amount of emulsification mixture varied between 1 and 10 cm 3, and the amount of gas oil was 55-64
3 3
cm . cm.
Resultatene fra stabilitetsprøvene fremgår av tabell 10. The results from the stability tests appear in table 10.
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| LU81921A LU81921A1 (en) | 1979-11-22 | 1979-11-22 | FUEL COMPOSITIONS FOR A DIESEL ENGINE AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME |
| LU82566A LU82566A1 (en) | 1980-06-27 | 1980-06-27 | FUEL COMPOSITIONS AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO803499L NO803499L (en) | 1981-05-25 |
| NO149506B true NO149506B (en) | 1984-01-23 |
| NO149506C NO149506C (en) | 1984-05-02 |
Family
ID=26640259
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO803499A NO149506C (en) | 1979-11-22 | 1980-11-20 | FUEL EMULSION FOR DIESEL ENGINES |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AT (1) | AT370764B (en) |
| CH (1) | CH644889A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3042124A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK468980A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES496995A0 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2470153A1 (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1134401B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8006041A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO149506C (en) |
| PT (1) | PT72085B (en) |
| SE (1) | SE8008173L (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT379611B (en) * | 1981-12-23 | 1986-02-10 | Kong Hsu | HEAVY OIL BLEND AND METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION |
| FR2688225B1 (en) * | 1992-03-09 | 1994-05-13 | Ecotec | LOW POLLUTION EMULSION FUELS. |
| WO1993018117A1 (en) * | 1992-03-09 | 1993-09-16 | Ecotec (Sarl) | Emulsified fuels |
| WO1998056878A1 (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 1998-12-17 | Donald Murray Craig | Additives enabling blending of polar and non-polar fuel components |
| ES2392402T3 (en) * | 2000-11-08 | 2012-12-10 | O2 Diesel Europe Limited | Fuel composition |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2542671C3 (en) * | 1975-09-25 | 1979-12-06 | Kawasaki Jukogyo K.K., Kobe | Process for burning an emulsion oil |
| DE2854437A1 (en) * | 1978-12-16 | 1980-06-26 | Bayer Ag | FUELS, METHOD FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR USE |
-
1980
- 1980-11-05 NL NL8006041A patent/NL8006041A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-11-05 DK DK468980A patent/DK468980A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-11-07 DE DE19803042124 patent/DE3042124A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-11-11 AT AT0552780A patent/AT370764B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-11-11 CH CH835180A patent/CH644889A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-11-13 FR FR8024146A patent/FR2470153A1/en active Granted
- 1980-11-20 PT PT72085A patent/PT72085B/en unknown
- 1980-11-20 NO NO803499A patent/NO149506C/en unknown
- 1980-11-20 ES ES496995A patent/ES496995A0/en active Granted
- 1980-11-21 SE SE8008173A patent/SE8008173L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-11-21 IT IT8026147A patent/IT1134401B/en active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO149506C (en) | 1984-05-02 |
| NO803499L (en) | 1981-05-25 |
| NL8006041A (en) | 1981-06-16 |
| FR2470153A1 (en) | 1981-05-29 |
| PT72085A (en) | 1980-12-01 |
| ATA552780A (en) | 1982-09-15 |
| AT370764B (en) | 1983-05-10 |
| DE3042124A1 (en) | 1981-06-11 |
| PT72085B (en) | 1981-09-29 |
| IT1134401B (en) | 1986-08-13 |
| ES8200716A1 (en) | 1981-11-16 |
| IT8026147A0 (en) | 1980-11-21 |
| DK468980A (en) | 1981-05-23 |
| CH644889A5 (en) | 1984-08-31 |
| FR2470153B1 (en) | 1985-02-01 |
| SE8008173L (en) | 1981-05-23 |
| ES496995A0 (en) | 1981-11-16 |
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