NO142125B - POLYESTER SPARKLE MASS WHICH WITHOUT CONTENT PIGMENTS INCLUDE TRANSPARENT LAYER ON CURATION WITH ULTRAPHIOLET LIGHT - Google Patents
POLYESTER SPARKLE MASS WHICH WITHOUT CONTENT PIGMENTS INCLUDE TRANSPARENT LAYER ON CURATION WITH ULTRAPHIOLET LIGHT Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO142125B NO142125B NO404/73A NO40473A NO142125B NO 142125 B NO142125 B NO 142125B NO 404/73 A NO404/73 A NO 404/73A NO 40473 A NO40473 A NO 40473A NO 142125 B NO142125 B NO 142125B
- Authority
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- polyester
- curing
- mass
- content
- unsaturated polyester
- Prior art date
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- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 title claims description 7
- 229920006305 unsaturated polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 238000001723 curing Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 10
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 7
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011093 chipboard Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 4
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 4
- -1 petrol Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003847 radiation curing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004972 Polyurethane varnish Substances 0.000 description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920006337 unsaturated polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 3
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZNQVEEAIQZEUHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxyethanol Chemical compound CCOCCO ZNQVEEAIQZEUHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003848 UV Light-Curing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001338 aliphatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl propanoate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC=C UIWXSTHGICQLQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RCHKEJKUUXXBSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-benzyl-2-(3-formylindol-1-yl)acetamide Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C(C=O)=CN1CC(=O)NCC1=CC=CC=C1 RCHKEJKUUXXBSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 231100000489 sensitizer Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- JMHCCAYJTTWMCX-QWPJCUCISA-M sodium;(2s)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoate;pentahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.[Na+].IC1=CC(C[C@H](N)C([O-])=O)=CC(I)=C1OC1=CC(I)=C(O)C(I)=C1 JMHCCAYJTTWMCX-QWPJCUCISA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/34—Filling pastes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F283/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G
- C08F283/01—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G on to unsaturated polyesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L67/06—Unsaturated polyesters
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
- Paints Or Removers (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Optical Filters (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Description
Gjenstanden for oppfinnelsen er sparkelmasse på basis av UV-herdbar, umettet polyester, kopolymeriserbare monomerer og eventuelt ikke-reaktive oppløsningsmidler som uten å inneholde dekkende pigmenter eller fyllstoffer gir ugjennomsiktige, dekkende skikt ved herdning, og sparkelmassen er karakterisert ved at The object of the invention is putty compound based on UV-curable, unsaturated polyester, copolymerizable monomers and possibly non-reactive solvents which, without containing covering pigments or fillers, give opaque, covering layers upon curing, and the putty compound is characterized by
A. vektforholdet mellom polyester og summen av A. the weight ratio of polyester to the sum of
a) kopolymeriserbare monomerer og a) copolymerizable monomers and
b) ikke reaktive oppløsningsmidler b) non-reactive solvents
er fra 10:13,5 til 10:40, is from 10:13.5 to 10:40,
idet de ikke-reaktive oppløsningsmidler utgjør 0-95% with the non-reactive solvents constituting 0-95%
av summen av a) og b), of the sum of a) and b),
B. massens innhold av ikke-dekkende fyllstoffer er lik eller B. the pulp's content of non-covering fillers is equal to or
større enn innholdet av umettet polyester, og greater than the content of unsaturated polyester, and
C. massen ikke inneholder bestanddeler som opphever uforlike-ligheten mellom de to faser som dannes under herdningen. C. the mass does not contain components that cancel the incompatibility between the two phases formed during curing.
Skiktene ifølge oppfinnelsen har utmerket dekkraft på forskjellige underlag. De har også til oppgave å fylle ut fordypninger og ujevnheter når man senere skal lakkere. The layers according to the invention have excellent covering power on different substrates. They also have the task of filling in depressions and unevenness when painting later.
Det er kjent å anvende fylte og pigmenterte polyester-sparkelmasser som overflateformings-middel for de forskjelligste underlag. Disse kjente polyestersparkelmasser inneholder som binde-middel umettet polyester og kopolymeriserbare monomerer. De herdes ved ko<p>olymerisasjon av komponentene ved hjelp av egnede herdesystemer, såsom peroksyder + tungmetall- eller amin-akseleratorer. Det dreier seg imidlertid oftest om vanskelig håndterbare tokomponent-materialer. Den nødvendige tid for fremstillingen av de herdede skikt er betydelig. Fordi de dekkende pigmenter, som er tilstede i disse masser, hindrer inn-trengning av de ultrafiolette stråler, er herding ved hjelp av UV-lys eller sol-lys ikke mulig. It is known to use filled and pigmented polyester putty compounds as a surface forming agent for the most diverse substrates. These known polyester fillers contain unsaturated polyester and copolymerizable monomers as binder. They are cured by copolymerization of the components using suitable curing systems, such as peroxides + heavy metal or amine accelerators. However, this most often concerns difficult-to-handle two-component materials. The time required for the production of the hardened layers is considerable. Because the covering pigments, which are present in these masses, prevent the penetration of the ultraviolet rays, curing with the help of UV light or sunlight is not possible.
Transparente og gjennomsiktige, umettede polyestermasser lar Transparent and translucent, unsaturated polyester masses allow
seg herde ved hjelp av UV-bestråling når de inneholder en spe-siell sensibilisator. Man erholder på denne måte gjennomsiktige overtrekk som kan anvendes som klar-lakk ved lakkering av tre , hvorved tremønsteret forblir synlig. harden with the help of UV radiation when they contain a special sensitiser. In this way, transparent covers are obtained which can be used as a clear varnish when varnishing wood, whereby the wood pattern remains visible.
Fra den søknad som har ført til norsk patent nr. 131,842, er From the application that has led to Norwegian patent no. 131,842, is
det kjent UV-herdbare polyester-sparkelmasser i hvilke innholdet av ikke-dekkende fyllstoffer er større enn innholdet av umettet polyester, se især side 14, nederst. the known UV-curable polyester putty compounds in which the content of non-covering fillers is greater than the content of unsaturated polyester, see especially page 14, bottom.
Herdingen av umettede polyestere og kopolymeriserbare monomerer ved hjelp av UV-stråler muliggjør p.g.a. den meget korte herde-tid en rasjonell og enkel fremstilling av lakkerte materialer. Fordi man hittil bare har kunnet herde transparente (gjennomsiktige) overtrekk, var imidlertid anvendelsen av UV-herding be-grenset . The curing of unsaturated polyesters and copolymerizable monomers by means of UV rays enables the very short curing time a rational and simple production of lacquered materials. However, because until now it has only been possible to cure transparent (transparent) covers, the application of UV curing was limited.
Ved denne oppfinnelse og ved oppfinnelsen ifølge søkerens foran-liggende søknad nr. 403/73 (N0-patent 140.109) har man i vesentlig grad utvidet anvendelsesområdet av UV-herding. Også dette patentskrift omhandler UV-herdbare beleggmaterialer på basis av umettede polyestere, hvilke beleggmaterialer uten innhold av dekkende fyllstoffer eller pigmenter gir dekkende skikt ved herding, idet dekkevnen skyldes at det oppstår uforlikelige faser. I disse materialer er imidlertid innholdet av fyllstoffer mindre enn innholdet av umettet polyester. With this invention and with the invention according to the applicant's previous application no. 403/73 (N0 patent 140.109), the area of application of UV curing has been significantly expanded. This patent document also deals with UV-curable coating materials based on unsaturated polyesters, which coating materials without the content of covering fillers or pigments provide a covering layer upon curing, as the covering ability is due to the formation of incompatible phases. In these materials, however, the content of fillers is less than the content of unsaturated polyester.
Fra norsk patentskrift nr. 129.048 er det kjent en fremgangs-måte til fremstilling av ugjennomsiktige filmer, hvor man går ut fra en oppløsning av en polymer i en væskeblanding. Denne består av to blandbare væsker, hvorav bare den ene er et løs-ningsmiddel for polymeren. Av disse væsker er løsningsmidlet det mest flyktige, og etter påføring på et underlag fordamper dette først, slik at det blir tilbake to uforlikelige faser. "Ikke-oppløsningsmidlet" utfelles som små dråper - i det vesent-lige under 1 pm - og etter at også dette er fordampet, blir det tilbake mikrohulrom som forårsaker den hvite fargen. From Norwegian patent document no. 129,048, a method for the production of opaque films is known, which starts from a solution of a polymer in a liquid mixture. This consists of two miscible liquids, only one of which is a solvent for the polymer. Of these liquids, the solvent is the most volatile, and after application to a substrate this evaporates first, leaving two incompatible phases. The "non-solvent" is precipitated as small droplets - essentially less than 1 pm - and after this too has evaporated, microvoids remain which cause the white colour.
Med "polyester-sparkelmasser" skal man i det følgende forstå alle former av sparkelmaterialer som anvendes for fremstilling av skikt på overflater. Skiktene dekker underlaget helt eller delvis. De kan anvendes for utfylling av hulrom, fordypninger og for fremstilling av glatte skikt som senere skal lakkeres. Det er også mulig å påføre sparkelmassene på allerede foreliggende lakkskikt. In the following, "polyester putty compounds" shall mean all forms of putty materials used for the production of layers on surfaces. The layers cover the substrate in whole or in part. They can be used for filling cavities, recesses and for the production of smooth layers which will later be varnished. It is also possible to apply the putty compounds to an already existing varnish layer.
Uttrykket "UV-herdbar" skal omfatte herdbarhet ved hjelp av sol-lys . The term "UV-curable" shall include curability with the help of sunlight.
For litteraturhenvisninger angående umettede polyestere og strå-lingsherding av dem, vises til det forannevnte norske patent nr. 140.109. For literature references regarding unsaturated polyesters and their radiation curing, reference is made to the aforementioned Norwegian patent no. 140,109.
Sparkelmassen ifølge oppfinnelsen kan i tillegg inneholde farge-stoffer eller svakt dekkende pigmenter. The putty compound according to the invention can also contain dyes or slightly covering pigments.
Det var overraskende at man med sparkelmassene ifølge oppfinnelsen skulle få herdede skikt som ikke lenger var transparente eller gjennomskinnelige, men totalt ugjennomsiktige, hvite av utseende og med en høy dekkevne. Det var videre overraskende at hvithetsgraden av de herdede skikt til og med var høyere enn den hvithetsgrad som man erholder av vanlige sparkelmasser som inneholder titandioksyd. De hvite skikt oppviser teknologiske egenskaper som man hittil bare har kunnet få av høypigmen-terte polyestersparkelmasser under anvendelse av andre herdings-fremgangsmåter enn stråleherding . Det tekniske fremskritt som er oppnådd, er altså betydelig. Således kan stråleherdingen av polyester-sparkelmasser betydelig utvides, og man kan spare på dyre pigmenter som f.eks. titandioksyd. Den overraskende effekt som oppnåes ved at en transparent polyestersparkelmasse blir ugjennomsiktig under stråleherdingen utgjør således kjer-nen i oppfinnelsen. It was surprising that with the putty compounds according to the invention, hardened layers should be obtained which were no longer transparent or translucent, but totally opaque, white in appearance and with a high hiding power. It was also surprising that the degree of whiteness of the hardened layers was even higher than the degree of whiteness that is obtained from ordinary putty compounds containing titanium dioxide. The white layers exhibit technological properties that have so far only been possible to obtain from highly pigmented polyester fillers using curing methods other than radiation curing. The technical progress that has been achieved is therefore significant. Thus, the radiation curing of polyester putty compounds can be significantly extended, and you can save on expensive pigments such as e.g. titanium dioxide. The surprising effect achieved by a transparent polyester putty compound becoming opaque during the radiation curing thus forms the core of the invention.
De ugjennomsiktige, dekkende skikt fåes(som det fremgår av The opaque, covering layers are obtained (as can be seen from
det foregående) ved at man velger et spesielt forhold mellom umettet polyester, kopolymeriserbare monomerer og ikke-reaktive løsningsmidler. Det enkleste tilfelle foreligger når bare umettet polyester og kopolymeriserbare monomerer er tilstede. Da er forholdet mellom umettet polyester og kopolymeriserbare monomerer fra 10 : 13,5 til 10 : 40. Den høyeste hvithetsgrad erholdes når forholdet mellom umettet polyester og summen av kopolymeriserbare monomerer og ikke-reaktive løsningmidler er fra 10 : 13,5 til 10 : 16. Også i dette tilfelle kan de ikke-reaktive løsningsmidler utelates. Hvis forholdet mellom komponentene ligger utenfor de angitte grenser, fåes transparente overtrekk. the foregoing) by choosing a particular ratio between unsaturated polyester, copolymerizable monomers and non-reactive solvents. The simplest case exists when only unsaturated polyester and copolymerizable monomers are present. Then the ratio between unsaturated polyester and copolymerizable monomers is from 10 : 13.5 to 10 : 40. The highest degree of whiteness is obtained when the ratio between unsaturated polyester and the sum of copolymerizable monomers and non-reactive solvents is from 10 : 13.5 to 10 : 16 Also in this case the non-reactive solvents can be omitted. If the ratio between the components lies outside the specified limits, transparent overlays are obtained.
Opptil 95 % av monomerene kan som sagt vare erstattet med ikke-reaktive løsningsmidler. As mentioned, up to 95% of the monomers can be replaced with non-reactive solvents.
Egnede, ikke-reaktive løsningsmidler er f.eks. alifatiske og aromatiske hydrokarboner, såsom bensin, toluen, xylen, videre alifatiske alkoholer, glykoler, etere og estere av alifatiske fettsyrer med enverdige alifatiske alkoholer. Suitable non-reactive solvents are e.g. aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as petrol, toluene, xylene, further aliphatic alcohols, glycols, ethers and esters of aliphatic fatty acids with monovalent aliphatic alcohols.
Sparkelmassene ifølge oppfinnelsen er ikke bundet til bestemte typer av umettet polyester. Alle i handelen vanlig forekommende typer er brukbare. The putty compounds according to the invention are not bound to specific types of unsaturated polyester. All commercially available types are usable.
Som kopolymeriserbare monomerer egner seg de vanlige etylen-unettede kopolymeriserbare substansene, som man kan anvende en-keltvis eller i blanding med hverandre, som f.eks. styren, vi-nyltoluen, metylmetakrylat, etylakrylat, etylmetrakrylat, allyl-forbindelser og divinylbenzen. Generelt egner seg alle kopolymeriserbare monomerer som er beskrevet i den litteratur som det innledningsvis er henvist til. As copolymerizable monomers, the usual ethylene-uncrosslinked copolymerizable substances are suitable, which can be used individually or in a mixture with each other, such as e.g. styrene, vinyltoluene, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, allyl compounds and divinylbenzene. In general, all copolymerizable monomers are suitable which are described in the literature referred to at the outset.
Herdingen av de fremstilte skikt skjer som sagt ved hjelp av. kunstig ultrafiolett lys, eventuelt sollys. I samsvar med det kjente prinsipp inneholder herved de herdbare masser såkalte fotosensibilisatorer, som på fotokjemisk vei og under innvirk-ning av stråleenergi innleder polymerisasjonsreaksjonen ved avspaltning av radikaler, og denne reaksjon fører til gjennom-herdning av skiktene. Generelt er alle vanlige fotosensibilisa-torer anvendbare. The hardening of the manufactured layers takes place, as said, with the help of artificial ultraviolet light, possibly sunlight. In accordance with the known principle, the curable masses here contain so-called photosensitizers, which photochemically and under the influence of radiation energy initiate the polymerization reaction by breaking off radicals, and this reaction leads to through-hardening of the layers. In general, all common photosensitizers are applicable.
Brukbare kilder for UV-stråling er som regel kvikksølv-damp-høytrykkslamper, kvikksølvdam<p->lavtrykkslamper og superaktiniske lysstoffrør. Den nødvendige tid for fullstendig herdning av skiktene er vanligvis meget kort, men avhenger av reaktiviteten av den umettede polyester, monomerene, sammensetningen av massen, fotosensibilisatoren og kvaliteten og mengden av lysenergi. Det er videre mulig å akselerere herdningen ved i tillegg å anvende infrarød bestråling, høyfrekvensenergi eller høyere tem-peratur. Usable sources of UV radiation are usually mercury-vapor high-pressure lamps, mercury pond<p->low-pressure lamps and superactinic fluorescent tubes. The time required for complete curing of the layers is usually very short, but depends on the reactivity of the unsaturated polyester, the monomers, the composition of the pulp, the photosensitizer and the quality and quantity of light energy. It is also possible to accelerate the curing by additionally using infrared radiation, high-frequency energy or a higher temperature.
Det er mulig å variere de teknologiske egenskaper av de erholdte, ugjennomsiktige skikt. Således kan man helt generelt på-virke hardhet, utseende, overflateegenskaper, glans, alt etter anvendt polyestertype, anvendte monomerer, inaktive løsnings-midler og fyllstoffer. De stråleherdbare masser kan videre inneholde vanlige tilsetningsstoffer, som antiskummiddel, flyt-middel,("Verlaufmittel") , parafin, voks, silikonolje osv.. De erholdte skikt kan etterbearbeides ved hjelp av mekaniske frem-gangsmåter såsom pussing, sliping og polering. En ytterligere utførelsesform som fører til spesielt fordelaktige resultater består i at man tilsetter ytterligere, fra umettede polyestere forskjellige, men med disse forlikelige kunstharpikser. Som eksempler skal nevnes nitrocellulose, celluloseacetobutyrat, alkylharpikser, ketonharpikser, lineære mettede polyestere, epoksyharpiks, polyuretan, amin/aldehyd-harpiks, urea/form-aldehydharpiks, melamin/formaldehydharpiks, fenolhårpiks, akry-lat- og/eller metakrylatharpiks, homo- og kopolymerisater av vinylklorid, vinylacetat, vinylpropionat og andre vinylforbin-delser, samt polyolefiner. It is possible to vary the technological properties of the opaque layers obtained. Thus, hardness, appearance, surface properties, gloss can be generally influenced, depending on the type of polyester used, monomers used, inactive solvents and fillers. The radiation-curable masses can also contain common additives, such as antifoam, flow agent, paraffin, wax, silicone oil, etc. The layers obtained can be post-processed using mechanical methods such as sanding, grinding and polishing. A further embodiment which leads to particularly advantageous results consists in adding further, from unsaturated polyesters different, but with these compatible synthetic resins. Examples include nitrocellulose, cellulose acetobutyrate, alkyl resins, ketone resins, linear saturated polyesters, epoxy resin, polyurethane, amine/aldehyde resin, urea/formaldehyde resin, melamine/formaldehyde resin, phenol hair wax, acrylate and/or methacrylate resin, homo- and copolymers of vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate and other vinyl compounds, as well as polyolefins.
Som egnede, ikke-dekkende fyllstoffer anvendes finpulveriserte stoffer hvis brytningsindeks ikke avviker vesentlig fra bryt-ningsindeksen til op<p>løsningen av umettet polyester i kopolymeriserbare monomerer, som f.eks. siliciumdioksyd, kalsiumkar-bonat, bariumsulfat, talkum, glimmer, dolomitt, kaolin, kvartsmel, stenmel, glasspulver eller fiberformede mikrosubstra-ter av asbest, kunstharpiks, glass eller tekstilprodukter. De-res brytningsindeks skal ikke overstige 1,70. Finely powdered substances whose refractive index does not deviate significantly from the refractive index of the solution of unsaturated polyester in copolymerizable monomers, such as e.g. silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, barium sulphate, talc, mica, dolomite, kaolin, quartz flour, stone flour, glass powder or fibrous microsubstrates of asbestos, artificial resin, glass or textile products. Their refractive index must not exceed 1.70.
Sparkelmassene påføres på vanlig måte. Således kan f.eks. en val-sepåføringsmaskin eller en sparkelkniv anvendes. Underlagene som skal overtrekkes, kan bestå av trematerialer, press-stoffer, plast, papir, lær, papp, metall, asbest eller glass. The filler compounds are applied in the usual way. Thus, e.g. a roller application machine or a trowel knife is used. The substrates to be coated can consist of wood materials, pressed materials, plastic, paper, leather, cardboard, metal, asbestos or glass.
Den mengde av sparkelmasse som påføres pr. flateenhet av underlaget, varierer alt etter underlagstype og det tilsiktede for-mål. Hvis man vil fremstille jevne skikt, så er skikttykkelsen som regel mellom 50 og 400 pm. Men også tynnere eller tykkere skikt kan fremstilles. Når det gjelder tykkelser på under 50 pm,-så er dekkevnen naturligvis forholdsvis liten. The amount of filler that is applied per surface area of the substrate varies depending on the type of substrate and the intended purpose. If you want to produce even layers, then the layer thickness is usually between 50 and 400 pm. But thinner or thicker layers can also be produced. When it comes to thicknesses of less than 50 pm, the coverage is naturally relatively small.
De etterfølgende eksempler skal anskueliggjøre oppfinnelsen. The following examples shall illustrate the invention.
De nevnte deler er vektsdeler, og prosentangivelsene henfører seg til vektsprosent. Dette gjelder også for kravet. The parts mentioned are parts by weight, and the percentages refer to percentage by weight. This also applies to the claim.
EKSEMPEL 1 EXAMPLE 1
A. Man fremstiller på vanlig måte en umettet polyesterharpiks av: A. An unsaturated polyester resin is normally produced from:
Til satsen tilsettes: To the rate is added:
0,003 deler hydrokinon 0.003 parts hydroquinone
som stabilisator, og harpiksen fortynnes ved temperaturer mellom 90 og 95°C med styren inntil man får et faststoffinnhold på 65%. Den erholdte polyesterharpiks har et syretall på 35. as a stabilizer, and the resin is diluted at temperatures between 90 and 95°C with styrene until a solids content of 65% is obtained. The obtained polyester resin has an acid value of 35.
B. Man fremstiller en sparkelmasse av følgende bestanddeler: B. A putty compound is made from the following ingredients:
Av denne sparkelmassen påfører man 130 g/m på en sponplate ved hjelp av en sparkelpåføringsmaskin. Deretter blir sponpla-ten ført gjennom en tørkekanal hvori kvikksølvdamp-høytrykks-lamper (HTQ 7 Phillips) er anordnet etter hverandre med 25 cm's mellomrom. Avstanden fra kvikksølvdamp-høytrykkslampen til skiktet som skal herdes, er 25 - 30 cm, og herdetiden er 40 sekunder. Man får et rent hvitt, ugjennomsiktig skikt som kan slipes. Dette tjener som underlag for lakkering. 130 g/m of this putty mass is applied to a chipboard using a putty application machine. The chipboard is then passed through a drying channel in which mercury vapor high-pressure lamps (HTQ 7 Phillips) are arranged one after the other at 25 cm intervals. The distance from the mercury vapor high-pressure lamp to the layer to be cured is 25 - 30 cm, and the curing time is 40 seconds. You get a pure white, opaque layer that can be sanded. This serves as a base for varnishing.
EKSEMPEL 2 EXAMPLE 2
Den ifølge eksempel IA fremstilte umettede polyesterharpiks fortynnes ikke med styren, men med "etylglykol" til et fast-stoff innhold på 65%. Av denne løsning anvendes som før 21,5 deler. Polyestermassen inneholder videre: The unsaturated polyester resin produced according to example IA is not diluted with styrene, but with "ethyl glycol" to a solids content of 65%. Of this solution, 21.5 parts are used as before. The polyester mass also contains:
Av denne massen påføres 120 g/m 2 på en sponplate ved hjelp av en sparkelpåføringsmaskin. Deretter blir overtrekket herdet som beskrevet i eksempel 1. Dette resulterer i et hvitt sparkelskikt som kan slipes med slipepapir av middels kornstørrel-se. Of this mass, 120 g/m 2 is applied to a chipboard using a trowel application machine. The coating is then cured as described in example 1. This results in a white putty layer that can be sanded with sandpaper of medium grain size.
Dette skikt kan overtrekkes med nitrocelluloselakker, umettede polyesterlakker og polyuretanlakker, uten at det sveller og løsner fra substratet. Skiktet angripes ikke av etanol, metanol etylacetat, metylacetat, xylen og n-heksan. This layer can be coated with nitrocellulose varnishes, unsaturated polyester varnishes and polyurethane varnishes, without it swelling and detaching from the substrate. The layer is not attacked by ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, xylene and n-hexane.
EKSEMPEL 3 EXAMPLE 3
Den ifølge eksempel IA fremstilte umettede polyesterharpiks fortynnes igjen ikke med styren, men med "etylglykol" til et faststoffinnhold på 65%. Av denne løsning anvendes som før 21,5 deler. Polyestermassen inneholder videre: The unsaturated polyester resin produced according to example IA is again diluted not with styrene, but with "ethyl glycol" to a solids content of 65%. Of this solution, 21.5 parts are used as before. The polyester mass also contains:
Av denne masse påføres 120 g/m" ■ > på en sponplate ved hjelp av en sparkelpåføringsmaskin. Deretter blir overtrekket herdet som beskrevet i eksempel 1. Dette resulterer likeledes i et hvitt sparkelskikt som kan slipes og lakkeres. Of this mass, 120 g/m" ■ > is applied to a chipboard using a putty application machine. The coating is then cured as described in example 1. This also results in a white putty layer which can be sanded and varnished.
Dette skikt kan overtrekkes med nitrocelluloselakker, umettede polyesterlakker og polyuretanlakker, uten at det sveller og løsner fra substratet. Skiktet angripes ikke av etanol, metanol, etylacetat, metylacetat, xylen og n-heksan. This layer can be coated with nitrocellulose varnishes, unsaturated polyester varnishes and polyurethane varnishes, without it swelling and detaching from the substrate. The layer is not attacked by ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, xylene and n-hexane.
EKSEMPEL 4 EXAMPLE 4
Man fremstiller en sparkelmasse av følgende bestanddeler: A putty compound is made from the following ingredients:
Av denne masse påføres 130 g/m på en sponplate ved hjelp av 130 g/m of this mass is applied to a chipboard using
en sparkelpåføringsmaskin. Herdningen skjer som angitt i eksempel 1. Dette resulterer i et jevnt brunfarget, ugjennomsiktig og dekkende overtrekk. a trowel application machine. Curing takes place as indicated in example 1. This results in a uniform brown-coloured, opaque and covering coating.
Dette skikt kan overtrekkes med nitrocelluloselakker, umettede polyesterlakker og polyuretanlakker, uten at det sveller og løsner fra substratet. Skiktet angripes ikke av etanol, metanol, etylacetat, metylacetat, xylen og n-heksan. This layer can be coated with nitrocellulose varnishes, unsaturated polyester varnishes and polyurethane varnishes, without it swelling and detaching from the substrate. The layer is not attacked by ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, xylene and n-hexane.
EKSEMPEL 5 EXAMPLE 5
Man fremstiller en sparkelmasse av følgende bestanddeler: A putty compound is made from the following ingredients:
5,0 deler av en med isobutanol delvis foretret melamin/ 5.0 parts of a melamine partially etherified with isobutanol/
formaldehyd-harpiks (som 55%'ig løsning i isobutanol), formaldehyde resin (as 55% solution in isobutanol),
10,0 deler høydispergert kiselsyre, 10.0 parts highly dispersed silicic acid,
20,0 deler bariumsulfat 20.0 parts barium sulfate
10,0 deler asbest med gjennomsnittlig kornstørrelse 15 jum, 20,0 deler talkum med gjennomsnittlig partikkelstørrelse mellom 5 og 10 pm. 10.0 parts asbestos with an average grain size of 15 µm, 20.0 parts of talc with an average particle size between 5 and 10 µm.
På en sponplate påføres 2 50 - 300 g pr. m 2 av denne blanding ved hjelp av en sparkelpåføringsmaskin. Herdningen skjer som angitt i eksempel 1. Dette resulterer i et dekkende, hvitt overtrekk som er godt slipbart. On a chipboard, apply 2 50 - 300 g per m 2 of this mixture using a trowel application machine. The curing takes place as indicated in example 1. This results in a covering, white coating which is easy to sand.
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE2229637A DE2229637C3 (en) | 1972-06-19 | 1972-06-19 | Filler based on unsaturated polyesters curable by UV rays |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO142125B true NO142125B (en) | 1980-03-24 |
| NO142125C NO142125C (en) | 1980-07-02 |
Family
ID=5848025
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO404/73A NO142125C (en) | 1972-06-19 | 1973-01-31 | POLYESTER SPARKLE MASS WHICH WITHOUT CONTENT PIGMENTS INCLUDE TRANSPARENT LAYER ON CURATION WITH ULTRAPHIOLET LIGHT |
Country Status (16)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS4935433A (en) |
| AT (1) | AT337851B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU469068B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE796559A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR7301730D0 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1027065A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH586745A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2229637C3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES412384A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2189443B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1406742A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT981263B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7301127A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO142125C (en) |
| SE (1) | SE386684B (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA731676B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3347374A1 (en) * | 1983-12-29 | 1985-07-11 | Herberts Gmbh, 5600 Wuppertal | POLYESTER LACQUER CONTAINING MATERIAL |
| GB2159066B (en) * | 1984-05-25 | 1987-10-07 | Aryan Group Limited | A method of, and apparatus for, continuously forming sheeting and the manufacture of building panels from such sheeting |
| EP2069441A1 (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2009-06-17 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Uv curable putty compositions |
-
1972
- 1972-06-19 DE DE2229637A patent/DE2229637C3/en not_active Expired
-
1973
- 1973-01-25 CH CH103473A patent/CH586745A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-01-26 NL NL7301127A patent/NL7301127A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1973-01-31 NO NO404/73A patent/NO142125C/en unknown
- 1973-02-07 GB GB604473A patent/GB1406742A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-02-19 AU AU52300/73A patent/AU469068B2/en not_active Expired
- 1973-03-07 FR FR7308149A patent/FR2189443B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1973-03-07 ES ES412384A patent/ES412384A1/en not_active Expired
- 1973-03-09 BE BE128614A patent/BE796559A/en unknown
- 1973-03-09 BR BR731730A patent/BR7301730D0/en unknown
- 1973-03-09 SE SE7303362A patent/SE386684B/en unknown
- 1973-03-09 IT IT21400/73A patent/IT981263B/en active
- 1973-03-09 ZA ZA731676A patent/ZA731676B/en unknown
- 1973-03-09 AT AT208673A patent/AT337851B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1973-03-09 CA CA165,942A patent/CA1027065A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-03-12 JP JP48028893A patent/JPS4935433A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU469068B2 (en) | 1976-02-05 |
| FR2189443B1 (en) | 1976-06-11 |
| CH586745A5 (en) | 1977-04-15 |
| DE2229637B2 (en) | 1980-02-28 |
| ZA731676B (en) | 1973-11-28 |
| IT981263B (en) | 1974-10-10 |
| NO142125C (en) | 1980-07-02 |
| AU5230073A (en) | 1974-08-22 |
| NL7301127A (en) | 1973-12-21 |
| ATA208673A (en) | 1976-11-15 |
| CA1027065A (en) | 1978-02-28 |
| DE2229637A1 (en) | 1974-01-10 |
| ES412384A1 (en) | 1976-01-16 |
| JPS4935433A (en) | 1974-04-02 |
| DE2229637C3 (en) | 1980-10-16 |
| BR7301730D0 (en) | 1974-07-25 |
| FR2189443A1 (en) | 1974-01-25 |
| SE386684B (en) | 1976-08-16 |
| BE796559A (en) | 1973-07-02 |
| GB1406742A (en) | 1975-09-17 |
| AT337851B (en) | 1977-07-25 |
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