NO140149B - JOINT HEAT BODY IN PLASTIC. - Google Patents
JOINT HEAT BODY IN PLASTIC. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO140149B NO140149B NO752011A NO752011A NO140149B NO 140149 B NO140149 B NO 140149B NO 752011 A NO752011 A NO 752011A NO 752011 A NO752011 A NO 752011A NO 140149 B NO140149 B NO 140149B
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- Prior art keywords
- salt
- zirconium
- sodium chloride
- per
- moles
- Prior art date
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- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 55
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 43
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000003754 zirconium Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001692 EU approved anti-caking agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 saline salt Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims 3
- OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium nitrate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O OERNJTNJEZOPIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- CMOAHYOGLLEOGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxozirconium;dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.[Zr]=O CMOAHYOGLLEOGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- HELHAJAZNSDZJO-OLXYHTOASA-L sodium L-tartrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C([O-])=O HELHAJAZNSDZJO-OLXYHTOASA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium oxalate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZNCPFRVNHGOPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229940039790 sodium oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000001433 sodium tartrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960002167 sodium tartrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000011004 sodium tartrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002744 anti-aggregatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001661 cadmium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940039748 oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005185 salting out Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
- F28F21/06—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material
- F28F21/062—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material the heat-exchange apparatus employing tubular conduits
- F28F21/063—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of plastics material the heat-exchange apparatus employing tubular conduits for domestic or space-heating systems
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
- Steam Or Hot-Water Central Heating Systems (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
- Domestic Hot-Water Supply Systems And Details Of Heating Systems (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
- Shaping Of Tube Ends By Bending Or Straightening (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Abstract
Leddvarmelegeme i kunststoff.Articulated heating element in plastic.
Description
Fremgangsmåte til å oppnå natriumklorid med minsket tilbøyelighet til å bake seg sammen. Process for obtaining sodium chloride with a reduced tendency to caking.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører The present invention relates to
en fremgangsmåte til å oppnå natriumklorid med minsket tilbøyelighet til å bake seg sammen, ved hjelp av små mengder sammenbaklngshindrende midler som enten settes direkte til fast natriumklorid eller til inatriumkl-oridoppløsninger som skal inndampes. a process for obtaining sodium chloride with a reduced tendency to stick together, by means of small amounts of anti-caking agents which are either added directly to solid sodium chloride or to sodium chloride solutions to be evaporated.
Man vet at sammenbaJkingen av krystal-linske stoffer kan føres tilbake på dannelsen av en mettet oppløsning på krystalle-nes overflate ved at en viss del av stoffet oppløses i for eksempel fuktighet som kon-denseres ut fra atmosfæren, og senere av-dunsting av denne mettete oppløsning. Dette forårsaker dannelsen av «broer» mellom de enkelte krystaller og endelig at de forenes med hverandre til et fast agglomerat. It is known that the aggregation of crystalline substances can be traced back to the formation of a saturated solution on the surface of the crystals by a certain part of the substance dissolving in, for example, moisture that condenses from the atmosphere, and later evaporation of this saturated solution. This causes the formation of "bridges" between the individual crystals and finally that they unite with each other to form a solid agglomerate.
Det er i mellomtiden kjent, — I. Whet-stone, Discussions of the Faraday Society, 1949, No. 5, side 266 — at stoffer som er istand til å modifisere et stoff krystall-struktur også gjør det mulig å kontrollere og å unngå at dette stoff baker seg sammen under påvirkningen av endringer i temperaturen og fuktighetsgraden. I ram-men av denne tankegang vet man også, se fransk patent nr. 1 013 620, at forbindel-ser med oktaedrisk koordinerte komplek-sjoner, særlig ferrocyanidene og ferricy-anidene av alkalimetaliler, er meget aktive midler til å modifisere natriumklorids kry-stallstruktur, så at det ved inndampning av mettete saltoppløsninger i nærvær av disse komplekse cyanider danner seg et lettflytende dendritisk salt med lav tilsynelatende volumvekt. Imidlertid er de herved oppnådde dendritiske krystaller overordentlig skjøre og faller sammen ved sammentrykking, så at den tilsynelatende volumvekt vokser med tiden. Man har der-for foreslått i fransk patent nr. 1 097 493 å hindre sammenbakingen hos fast natriumklorid, som vanligvis forekommer i van-lig kubisk krystalltilstand, ved at man besprøyter saltet med en lav mengde av en oppløsning av oppløselige ferrocyanider eller ferricyanider eller kadmiumsalter, og deretter homogeniserer blandingen på egnet måte. Det herved behandlete natriumklorid baker seg ikke mere sammen. It is meanwhile known, — I. Whet-stone, Discussions of the Faraday Society, 1949, No. 5, page 266 — that substances capable of modifying a substance's crystal structure also make it possible to control and prevent this substance from caking under the influence of changes in temperature and humidity. In the framework of this line of thinking, it is also known, see French patent no. 1,013,620, that compounds with octahedrally coordinated complexes, especially the ferrocyanides and ferricyanides of alkali metals, are very active agents for modifying sodium chloride's crystal structure. stable structure, so that when saturated salt solutions are evaporated in the presence of these complex cyanides, a free-flowing dendritic salt with a low apparent bulk density is formed. However, the dendritic crystals thus obtained are extremely fragile and collapse under compression, so that the apparent volume weight increases with time. It has therefore been proposed in French patent no. 1 097 493 to prevent the caking of solid sodium chloride, which usually occurs in the normal cubic crystal state, by spraying the salt with a small amount of a solution of soluble ferrocyanides or ferricyanides or cadmium salts , and then homogenizes the mixture in a suitable manner. The sodium chloride treated in this way no longer sticks together.
Anvendelsen av komplekse cyanider for dette formål byr imidlertid på visse ulemper. Særlig oppstår det i et således behandlet salt av og til blå misfarginger, som forårsakes av spor av jern eller rust. However, the use of complex cyanides for this purpose presents certain disadvantages. In particular, a salt treated in this way sometimes shows blue discoloration, which is caused by traces of iron or rust.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse unngår de angitte ulemper og muliggjør oppnåel-sen av et natriumklorid som ikke er til-bøyelig til misfarginger og har minsket tendens til sammenbaking. The present invention avoids the stated disadvantages and makes it possible to obtain a sodium chloride which is not prone to discoloration and has a reduced tendency to caking.
Fremgangsmåten for fremstilling iføl-ge oppfinnelsen av et slikt salt består 1 at det som sammeinbatoingshindrende midler anvendes vannoppløselige salter av zirkonium hvor det sistnevnte fortrinsvis tilsettes i mengder fra omtrent 0,005 til 1 g zirkoniumsalt pr. kg oppløsning, eller også at et salt som foreligger i fast tilstand og The method for producing such a salt according to the invention consists 1 in that water-soluble salts of zirconium are used as anti-aggregation agents, where the latter is preferably added in amounts from approximately 0.005 to 1 g of zirconium salt per kg solution, or that a salt that exists in a solid state and
kan ha den vanlige kubiske krysitallstiruk-tur behandles med en liten mengde av et can have the usual cubic crystal stiruk ture is treated with a small amount of et
zirkoniumsalt. Herved fastslo man den overraskende kjennsgjerning at zirkoni-umsaltenes tydelige virkning som middel til å hindre sammenbakingen kan forbed-res meget sterkt, hvis man samtidig an-vender den sammen med visse ytterligere stoffer som anvendt for seg har en rik-tignok vesentlig lavere anbibakingsvirk-ning, særlig slike som er nevnt ved siden av andre som bestanddeler av anti-bake-midler i fransk patent nr. 1 241 909. zirconium salt. In doing so, the surprising fact was established that the clear effect of the zirconium salts as a means of preventing caking can be greatly improved if it is used at the same time together with certain additional substances which, when used on their own, have a considerably lower anti-caking effect. ning, especially those mentioned alongside others as components of anti-bake agents in French patent no. 1 241 909.
Blant de stoffer som kan tilsettes .sammen med zirkoniumsaltene og an-tageligvis ved kompleksdannelse øker disses aktivitet, eir oxycarbonsyrer såsom vinsyre, cibronsyre samt særlig alkalisal-tene av slike syrer, og dessuten blandinger av disse syrer med alkalihydroxyd. På samme måte kan det også anvendes oxalsyre, riktignok bare i tilfelle hvor dette stoffs toksisitet ikke forstyrrer. Among the substances that can be added together with the zirconium salts and presumably by complex formation their activity increases, are oxycarboxylic acids such as tartaric acid, cibronic acid and especially the alkali salts of such acids, and also mixtures of these acids with alkali hydroxide. In the same way, oxalic acid can also be used, albeit only in cases where the toxicity of this substance does not interfere.
Ved tilsetning til fast salt andrar til-setningsmengden av zirkoniumsalt, bereg-net som Zr, til omtrent 0,005 til 0,1 vektsprosent av det salt som skal behandles. Særlig egnet som tilsetningsmiddel er zirkoniumoxyklorid, men også andre zirkoniumsalter som for eksempel sulfater eller basiske nitrater kommer i betraktning. When added to solid salt, the addition amount of zirconium salt, calculated as Zr, changes to approximately 0.005 to 0.1% by weight of the salt to be treated. Zirconium oxychloride is particularly suitable as an additive, but other zirconium salts such as sulphates or basic nitrates are also taken into consideration.
Tiilsetningsmidlet kan blandes sammen med det faste salt på forskjellige måter. Man kan fremstille en oppløsning av til-setningsmidlet og besprøyte saltet med dette. Men man kan eventuelt også tilsette komponentene som tilsetningsstof-fet kan dannes av, i adskilte oppløsninger til saltet og derved la det egentlige additiv dannes på stedet. Endelig er det også mulig å innblande tilsetningsstoffene eller deres eventuelle dannelseskomponenter til saltet i fast tilstand, for eksempel til et salt som kommer ut av en centrifuge. The additive can be mixed with the solid salt in different ways. You can prepare a solution of the additive and spray the salt with this. But one can optionally also add the components from which the additive can be formed, in separate solutions to the salt and thereby allow the actual additive to be formed on the spot. Finally, it is also possible to mix the additives or their possible formation components to the salt in a solid state, for example to a salt that comes out of a centrifuge.
Fordi zirkoniumsaltene er fargeløse, blir også det natriumklorid som er behandlet med disse ufarget, og på grunn av zir-koniumsalteines uglftighet — se for eksempel foringsforsøkene til Richet, Gardner, Goodbody C. r. Acad. Seie. Paris, 181 (1925) S. 1105, eller til Handbuch der experimen-tellen Pharmakologie Bd. 3, fra side 1555 —fargebestandigheten for saltet behandlet ifølge oppfinnelsen er også av fordel ved andre bruksformål, for eksempel ut-sailtning av organisk-kjemlske produkter, og regenerering av ioneutbyttere. Because the zirconium salts are colorless, the sodium chloride treated with them also becomes colorless, and because of the impermeability of the zirconium salts — see, for example, the lining experiments of Richet, Gardner, Goodbody C. r. Acad. Say. Paris, 181 (1925) S. 1105, or to Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie Bd. 3, from page 1555 — the color fastness of the salt treated according to the invention is also advantageous for other purposes, for example the salting out of organic chemical products , and regeneration of ion exchangers.
Oppfinnelsen er i ytterligere utstrakt grad beskrevet i de etterfølgende utførel-seseksempler. Disse eksempler tjener til nærmere forklaring og begrenser ikke opp-finnelsens ramme, innenfor hvilken det finnes tallrike variasj onsmuligheter. The invention is further described in more detail in the following examples. These examples serve for further explanation and do not limit the scope of the invention, within which there are numerous variation possibilities.
I eksemplene ble aktiviteten for de forskjellige tilsetningsmidler til å hindre sammenbakingen bestemt på følgende måte: Man målte det trykk som var nød-vendig for å ødelegge svakt koniske, kjeg-lestumpformete prøvestykker med målene: grunnflate 29,2 cm2, dekkflate 28,3 cm2, høyde 6 cm, hvor prøvestykkene besto av enten behandlet eller ubehandlet salt. Disse prøvestykker ble oppnådd ved hjelp av kj eglestumpformete metallformer. Her tilsatte man saltprøvene 3 vektsprosent vann og tørket dem i formene omtrent 40 timer ved 90° C. Deretter kunne prøve-stykkene tas ut av formene, og man be-stemte det trykk som de brakk istykker med, ved hjelp av en hydraulisk presse. In the examples, the activity of the various additives to prevent caking was determined as follows: The pressure necessary to destroy slightly conical, truncated cone-shaped test pieces with the dimensions: base area 29.2 cm 2 , cover area 28.3 cm 2 was measured , height 6 cm, where the samples consisted of either treated or untreated salt. These test pieces were obtained using frustoconical metal molds. Here, the salt samples were added with 3% by weight of water and dried in the molds for approximately 40 hours at 90° C. The test pieces could then be taken out of the molds, and the pressure at which they broke into pieces was determined using a hydraulic press.
Eksempel 1. Example 1.
Et steinsaltpudder ble behandlet med 500 mg zirkoniumoxyklorld pr. kg salt. Zirkoniumsaltet ble oppløst i det vann som var tilsatt til saltprøven. Etter tørkingen i formen kreves det et trykk på omtrent 4,2 kg/ems for å ødelegge prøvestykket, mens et prøvestykke fremstillet av et salt av samme beskaffenhet under de samme betingelser, men ubehandlet, trengte et trykk på 27 kg/cm2 for å ødelegges. A rock salt powder was treated with 500 mg of zirconium oxychloride per kg of salt. The zirconium salt was dissolved in the water that had been added to the salt sample. After drying in the mold, a pressure of about 4.2 kg/ems is required to destroy the specimen, while a specimen made from a salt of the same nature under the same conditions, but untreated, required a pressure of 27 kg/cm2 to destroy .
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
Steinsaltet av en korningsgrad mellom 0,15 og 0,5 mm tilsettes zirkoniumoxyklorld i en mengde av 50 mg ZrOClg pr. kg NaOl og dessuten natriiumoxalat, idet det ble opprettholdt et molforhold oxalat/ ZrOO!2 lik 1:1. Tilsetningsstoffene kan innblandes enten i fast tilstand eller i opp-løsning. Men man kan også tilsette de to komponenter i form av adskilte løsninger, hvorved det egentlige additiv danner seg på stedet. Etter egnet homogenisering fremstiller man på den angitte måte ut fra det behandlete salt prøvestykker og bestemmer bruddbelastningen etter 40 timers tørketid. Det ble fastslått at et trykk på 2 kg/cm2 måtte utøves for å ødelegge prøvene, mens det var nødvendig med et trykk på 12,2 kg/cm2 for å trykke istykker prøvestykker av ubehandlet salt som var blitt fremstillet under de samme betingelser. Samme resultater oppnåes når man bruker et annet zirkoniumsalt, for eksempel nitratet. Zirconium oxychloride is added to the rock salt with a grain size of between 0.15 and 0.5 mm in an amount of 50 mg ZrOClg per kg NaOl and also sodium oxalate, maintaining a molar ratio of oxalate/ZrOO!2 equal to 1:1. The additives can be mixed in either in a solid state or in solution. But you can also add the two components in the form of separate solutions, whereby the actual additive is formed on the spot. After suitable homogenisation, test pieces are prepared in the indicated manner from the treated salt and the breaking load is determined after a drying time of 40 hours. It was determined that a pressure of 2 kg/cm 2 had to be applied to destroy the samples, while a pressure of 12.2 kg/cm 2 was required to crush samples of untreated salt which had been prepared under the same conditions. The same results are obtained when using another zirconium salt, for example the nitrate.
Eksempel 3. Example 3.
Steinsalt av en korniingsgrad mellom 0,15 og 0,5 mm ble behandlet med en opp-løsning av zirkoniumoxyklorid og natrium-oxalat. De to komponenter ble herunder anvendt i molforholdet 1:1, og zirkonium-oxykloridet på sin side i en mengde av 150 mg/kg. Saltet med tilsetningene ble blan-det på egnet måte, og det trykk som var nødvendig for ødeleggelse av prøvestykkene ble bestemt etter 40 timers tørking. Det andro til 1,3 kg/cm2 i sammenlikning med 15,0 kg/cm2 ved prøvestykker av ubehandlet salt. Rock salt of a grain size between 0.15 and 0.5 mm was treated with a solution of zirconium oxychloride and sodium oxalate. The two components were used below in a molar ratio of 1:1, and the zirconium oxychloride in turn in an amount of 150 mg/kg. The salt with the additives was mixed in a suitable manner, and the pressure necessary to destroy the test pieces was determined after 40 hours of drying. It was 1.3 kg/cm2 compared to 15.0 kg/cm2 for samples of untreated salt.
Eksempel 4. Example 4.
Et koksalt blir behandlet ifølge oppfinnelsen med zirkoniumoxyklorid i kom-binasjon med natriumtartrat. Den føl-gende tabell viser den beverkelsesverdige bakningsforhindrende virkning som addi-tivet oppviser, uavhengig av hvorvidt det ble tilført i forhåndsfremstillet oppløsning eller i fast tilstand, eller hvorvidt man lar det oppstå 1 selve saltet ved å tilsette det i adskilte oppløsninger av kompoentene. A common salt is treated according to the invention with zirconium oxychloride in combination with sodium tartrate. The following table shows the appreciable anti-baking effect that the additive exhibits, regardless of whether it was added in a pre-prepared solution or in a solid state, or whether the salt itself is allowed to form by adding it in separate solutions of the components.
Eksempel 5. Example 5.
Ved 'tilsetninger av zirkoniumoxyklorid og natriumtartrat (vinsyre + NaOH) til By 'additions of zirconium oxychloride and sodium tartrate (tartaric acid + NaOH) to
steinsalt av korningsgrad 0,15 til 0,5 mm (tilsetning av komponentene i felles opp-løsning, 30 cm3 vann på i kg salt) ble føl-gende resultater iakttatt: rock salt with a grain size of 0.15 to 0.5 mm (adding the components in common solution, 30 cm3 of water to i kg of salt), the following results were observed:
Eksempel 6. Example 6.
Dette eksempel vedrører tilsetningen av zirkoniumoxyklorid sammen med si-tronsyre eller natriumcitrat. Citratet ble ved forsøkene tilsatt 1 form av en oppløs-ning oppnådd ved nøytralisering av sitron-syre med IN natronlut, adskilt fra zirkoniumsaltet. Tilsetningsmengdene samt de iakttatte verdier for bruddbelastningen (det trykk som trenges for å ødelegge prø-vestykkene) er sammenstilt i tabellen. This example relates to the addition of zirconium oxychloride together with citric acid or sodium citrate. In the experiments, the citrate was added to 1 form of a solution obtained by neutralizing citric acid with 1N caustic soda, separated from the zirconium salt. The addition amounts as well as the observed values for the breaking load (the pressure needed to destroy the test pieces) are compiled in the table.
Man ser av forsøksresultatene at det i mange tilfelle er gunstigere ved steinsalt, formentlig på grunn av de deri alltid til-stedeværende ledsagerstoffer, å tilsette al-kalisaltet av de komipleksdannende syrer istedenfor de frie syrer. It can be seen from the experimental results that in many cases it is more favorable with rock salt, probably because of the accompanying substances always present in it, to add the alkali-potassium salt of the complex-forming acids instead of the free acids.
Sammenlikningsforsøk. Comparison test.
For å bedømme aktiviteten for zirkoniumsaltene med eller uten tilsetning av kompleksdannende organiske syrer sam-menliknet med kjente og tidligere i spise-salt allerede anvendte tilsetninger for å hindre sammenbakingen ble det foretatt ytterligere bestemmelser av bruddbelastningen for prøvestykker av steinsalt (opp-rinnelig kornlngsgrad 0,15 til 0,5 mm). Prøvestykkene ble herunder på den allerede foran angitte måte oppnådd ved be-fuktning av saltet med 3 vektsprosent vann og 40 timers tørking i formen ved omtrent 90° C. In order to assess the activity of the zirconium salts with or without the addition of complex-forming organic acids compared to known and previously already used additives in table salt to prevent caking, further determinations of the breaking load were made for test pieces of rock salt (original grain length grade 0, 15 to 0.5 mm). The test pieces were obtained below in the manner already stated above by wetting the salt with 3% by weight of water and drying in the mold for 40 hours at approximately 90°C.
Claims (8)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19742427715 DE2427715C3 (en) | 1974-06-08 | Sectional radiators made from joined, single-piece components |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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NO752011L NO752011L (en) | 1975-12-09 |
NO140149B true NO140149B (en) | 1979-04-02 |
NO140149C NO140149C (en) | 1979-07-11 |
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NO752011A NO140149C (en) | 1974-06-08 | 1975-06-06 | JOINT HEAT BODY IN PLASTIC. |
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JP (1) | JPS517554A (en) |
AT (1) | AT342249B (en) |
BE (1) | BE830018A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1048491A (en) |
CH (1) | CH589268A5 (en) |
DD (1) | DD118712A5 (en) |
DK (1) | DK255975A (en) |
FI (1) | FI751674A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2274011A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1500609A (en) |
IT (1) | IT1038767B (en) |
NL (1) | NL7506551A (en) |
NO (1) | NO140149C (en) |
PL (1) | PL104930B1 (en) |
SE (1) | SE7506500L (en) |
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DE2911893C2 (en) * | 1979-03-27 | 1984-09-27 | WSW Planungsgesellschaft mbH, 4355 Waltrop | Device for cooling air, in particular for cooling dusty weather in underground mining |
IT1305868B1 (en) * | 1998-12-15 | 2001-05-21 | Ocean Spa | CONDENSER FOR A REFRIGERATOR, A FREEZER, THEIR SIMILAR COMBINATIONS |
GB0815027D0 (en) * | 2008-08-16 | 2008-09-24 | Benham Paul | Property enhanced polymer radiator |
CN102313458B (en) * | 2011-02-28 | 2013-02-06 | 吴志祥 | Heat radiator for hydrophily heating and manufacturing method thereof |
-
1975
- 1975-06-03 NL NL7506551A patent/NL7506551A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-06-04 CH CH720375A patent/CH589268A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-06-05 FI FI751674A patent/FI751674A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-06-06 IT IT24115/75A patent/IT1038767B/en active
- 1975-06-06 NO NO752011A patent/NO140149C/en unknown
- 1975-06-06 AT AT431775A patent/AT342249B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-06-06 DD DD186496A patent/DD118712A5/xx unknown
- 1975-06-06 JP JP50067718A patent/JPS517554A/ja active Pending
- 1975-06-06 PL PL1975181021A patent/PL104930B1/en unknown
- 1975-06-06 CA CA75228694A patent/CA1048491A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-06-06 GB GB24448/75A patent/GB1500609A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-06-06 DK DK255975A patent/DK255975A/en unknown
- 1975-06-06 SE SE7506500A patent/SE7506500L/en unknown
- 1975-06-09 FR FR7517887A patent/FR2274011A1/en active Granted
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NL7506551A (en) | 1975-12-10 |
BE830018A (en) | 1975-12-09 |
GB1500609A (en) | 1978-02-08 |
ATA431775A (en) | 1977-07-15 |
NO752011L (en) | 1975-12-09 |
DE2427715B2 (en) | 1977-06-08 |
FR2274011A1 (en) | 1976-01-02 |
JPS517554A (en) | 1976-01-21 |
PL104930B1 (en) | 1979-09-29 |
NO140149C (en) | 1979-07-11 |
CA1048491A (en) | 1979-02-13 |
DD118712A5 (en) | 1976-03-12 |
FI751674A (en) | 1975-12-09 |
SE7506500L (en) | 1975-12-09 |
DK255975A (en) | 1975-12-09 |
IT1038767B (en) | 1979-11-30 |
AU8190275A (en) | 1976-12-09 |
FR2274011B1 (en) | 1978-12-08 |
AT342249B (en) | 1978-03-28 |
DE2427715A1 (en) | 1975-12-18 |
CH589268A5 (en) | 1977-06-30 |
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