NO127015B - - Google Patents

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Publication number
NO127015B
NO127015B NO02197/68A NO219768A NO127015B NO 127015 B NO127015 B NO 127015B NO 02197/68 A NO02197/68 A NO 02197/68A NO 219768 A NO219768 A NO 219768A NO 127015 B NO127015 B NO 127015B
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crude oil
oil
polymers
pour point
waxy
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NO02197/68A
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Norwegian (no)
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Johannes Hermanus Choufoer
Willem Jan Van Kerkvoort
Pieter Hendrikus Van Der Mey
Thomas Schreuder
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Shell Int Research
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    • C10L10/00Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C10L10/08Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
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    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuels
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    • C10L1/1963Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
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    • C10L1/1966Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
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    • C10L1/1973Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
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    • Y10T137/0391Affecting flow by the addition of material or energy

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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
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Description

Råoljeblanding med forbedrede flyteegenskaper. Crude oil mixture with improved flow characteristics.

Oppfinnelsen vedrorer forbedring av flyteegenskapene til The invention relates to improving the flow properties of

voksaktige råoljer. waxy crude oils.

Beroende på produksjonsområdet kan råoljer inneholde be» Depending on the production area, crude oils may contain

tydelige mengder voks. Denne voks skiller seg gradvis ut når oljen avkjoles til under en viss temperatur. Sammenhengen av de utskilte vokskrystaller i romstrukturer gir oljen en viss stivhet. clear amounts of wax. This wax gradually separates when the oil cools below a certain temperature. The cohesion of the secreted wax crystals in space structures gives the oil a certain stiffness.

Ved tilstrekkelig lave temperaturer kan oljen til og med stivne At sufficiently low temperatures, the oil can even solidify

fullstendig. Som det skal forklares nedenunder har nærværet av krystallisert voks i råolje en skadelig virkning på oljens flyte- complete. As will be explained below, the presence of crystallized wax in crude oil has a detrimental effect on the flowability of the oil.

egenskaper og på håndteringen av den. properties and on its handling.

Når råoljen kommer fra en kilde som passerer gjennom jord- When the crude oil comes from a source that passes through soil-

lag med lavere temperaturer enn i den oljebærende formasjon, kan oljen idet den kommer i kontakt med den kalde veggen i oljekilden, layers with lower temperatures than in the oil-bearing formation, the oil, as it comes into contact with the cold wall of the oil source, can

stivne> og dette har innflytelse på oljens transport til overflaten. solidify> and this has an influence on the oil's transport to the surface.

Hvis produksjonen avbrytes midlertidig, kan oljen til og med stivne fullstendig, noe som medforer alvorlige problemer når produksjonen gjenopptas. If production is temporarily interrupted, the oil may even solidify completely, causing serious problems when production resumes.

Når olje lagres i tanker som ikke er forsynt med anordninger for pppvarmning eller isolasjon, vil oljen når den kommer i kontakt med de kalde veggene og bunnen i tanken, avkjoles og,som resultat av dette, stivne. Dette forer til vanskeligheter ved pumping av oljen fra tanken. Det kan til og med bli igjen betydelige mengder av stivnet olje i tanken som reduserer tankens effektive kapasitet. When oil is stored in tanks that are not equipped with ppp heating or insulation devices, when the oil comes into contact with the cold walls and bottom of the tank, it will cool off and, as a result, solidify. This leads to difficulties when pumping the oil from the tank. Significant amounts of congealed oil may even remain in the tank, reducing the tank's effective capacity.

Dette problem blir enda viktigere ved transport av voksaktig råolje i uoppvarmede tankskip hvor veggene i lasterommene delvis er formet av skipets skrog som er i direkte kontakt med det kalde sjovannet. Store mengder av stivnet olje blir igjen når tankskipet losses, og dette reduserer skipets fraktesevne» Dessuten kan de påfolgende råolje-laster bli forurenset. This problem becomes even more important when transporting waxy crude oil in unheated tankers where the walls of the holds are partly formed by the ship's hull which is in direct contact with the cold sea water. Large amounts of congealed oil remain when the tanker is unloaded, and this reduces the ship's carrying capacity." Furthermore, the subsequent crude oil cargoes can be contaminated.

Oljens dårligere flyteegenskaper ved lavere temperatur vil The oil's poorer flow properties at lower temperatures will

også i betydelig grad ha innvirkning på transporten av oljen gjennom en rorledning, enten ved pumping eller ved stromning under innflytelse av fremherskende trykk eller nivå-forskjeller. also significantly affect the transport of the oil through a pipeline, either by pumping or by flow under the influence of prevailing pressure or level differences.

Når voksaktige råoljer pumpes gjennom en rorledning, kan det bygge seg opp store stromningsmotstander og således gjore det nod-vendig med meget hoy pumpekraft. Dette kan fore til store transport-omkostninger, spesielt ved rørledninger over store avstander. Hvis motstanden er meget hoy, kan pumpens oppnåelige lossetrykk eller det maksimalt tillate trykk som bestemmes av rorledningens styrke, være utilstrekkelig slik at råoljen ikke kan pumpes. When waxy crude oils are pumped through a pipeline, large flow resistances can build up and thus make it necessary to use very high pumping power. This can lead to large transport costs, especially with pipelines over long distances. If the resistance is very high, the pump's achievable discharge pressure or the maximum allowable pressure determined by the strength of the rudder line may be insufficient so that the crude oil cannot be pumped.

Hvis pumpingen avbrytes mens den voksaktige råolje er i rorledningen, vil oljen som ofte er varmere enn omgivelsene, avkjoles. Voksen som skiller seg ut under avkjølingen, kan uhindret danne romstruktur, hvilket kan bre seg over hele tverr*isnittet i roret og kreve et meget hoyt pumpetrykk for å brytes. Hvis dette trykket overstiger det oppnåelige eller tillatte lossetrykk, kan transporten ikke gjenopptas. If pumping is interrupted while the waxy crude oil is in the rudder line, the oil, which is often warmer than the surroundings, will cool. The wax that separates during cooling can form a space structure unhindered, which can spread over the entire cross-section of the rudder and require a very high pump pressure to break. If this pressure exceeds the achievable or permissible unloading pressure, transport cannot be resumed.

Når en voksaktig råolje pumpes gjennom en rorledning, og også når den er i ro, kan oljen stivne på den kalde rorveggen og danne en avsetning som blir der. Dette reduserer rorledningens kapasitet og medforer risiko for forurensning av etterfølgende batcher råolje som skal pumpes gjennom rorledningen. When a waxy crude oil is pumped through a rudder, and also when it is at rest, the oil can solidify on the cold rudder wall and form a deposit that stays there. This reduces the rudder line's capacity and entails a risk of contamination of subsequent batches of crude oil that must be pumped through the rudder line.

Visse operasjoner i raffineringen av råolje, f.eks. separasjon av vann eller bunnfall, f.eks. ved hjelp av bunnsetting, sentri-fugerings filtrering eller sammenballing, krever at oljen er tynt-flytende. Hvis stromningen av oljen på grunn av nærvær av krystallisert voks er utilstrekkelig, er det mulig at disse operasjoner ikke kan utføres i det hele tatt eller bare i begrenset omfang. Certain operations in the refining of crude oil, e.g. separation of water or sediment, e.g. by means of settling, centrifugation filtration or agglomeration, requires the oil to be thin-flowing. If the flow of the oil due to the presence of crystallized wax is insufficient, it is possible that these operations cannot be carried out at all or only to a limited extent.

Gode strømningsegenskaper hos en råolje er ønskelig, ikke Good flow properties of a crude oil are desirable, not

bare for transport og lagring, men også av mange andre grunner. only for transport and storage, but also for many other reasons.

I denne forbindelse kan f.eks. nevnes prøve-taking, overføring In this connection, e.g. sampling, transfer are mentioned

av trykksignaler gjennom trange ledninger og en fullgod funksjo-nering av automatisk utstyr som er installert i raffinerier og langs rørledninger for slike formål som temperatur- og tetthets-målinger. of pressure signals through narrow lines and a perfect functioning of automatic equipment that is installed in refineries and along pipelines for such purposes as temperature and density measurements.

Som det fremgår av det ovenstående, spiller en råoljes flyteegenskaper en stor rolle både under produksjon og ved lag- As can be seen from the above, a crude oil's flow properties play a major role both during production and when

ring, transport og raffinering av oljen. Det er derfor meget viktig å redusere voksens ugunstige virkning på oljens flyteegenskaper. ring, transport and refining of the oil. It is therefore very important to reduce the wax's unfavorable effect on the oil's flow properties.

For å forutsi en råoljes strømningsoppførsel under drifts-betingelsene, utføres målinger i laboratorie-skala av mengder som kan betraktes som karakteristiske for strømningsoppførselen til oljen, nemlig hellepunkt, viskositet og flytegrense. Helle- In order to predict the flow behavior of a crude oil under operating conditions, laboratory-scale measurements are made of quantities that can be considered characteristic of the flow behavior of the oil, namely pour point, viscosity and yield point. Pour-

punktet er et kriterium på den lavest tillatte temperatur under lagring eller transport eller under en mulig avbrytelse i transporten. Flytegrensen er et uttrykk for skjærspenningene som kan ventes hvis en stillestående olje settes i bevegelse igjen. Viskositeten står spesielt i forhold til den motstand som oljen møter under pumpingen. The point is a criterion for the lowest permitted temperature during storage or transport or during a possible interruption in transport. The yield point is an expression of the shear stresses that can be expected if a stagnant oil is set in motion again. The viscosity is particularly related to the resistance that the oil encounters during pumping.

Generelt kan det sies at når en råolje har et lavere hellepunkt, en lavere flytegrense og en lavere viskositet, vil den i praksis være lettere å håndtere. In general, it can be said that when a crude oil has a lower pour point, a lower yield point and a lower viscosity, it will be easier to handle in practice.

Fra teknikkens stand på området er det kjent å anvende hellepunktønedsettende midler, f. eks. fra NP 118 198, DP 1 162 630, From the state of the art in the area, it is known to use pour point depressants, e.g. from NP 118 198, DP 1 162 630,

USP 2 666 746. Ingen av disse patentskrifter beskriver imidlertid hellepunktsnedsettelse i voksaktige råoljer. USP 2,666,746. However, none of these patents describe pour point lowering in waxy crude oils.

Det er nå funnet at voksaktige råoljers strømningsegenskaper kan forbedres på en enkel måte ved å tilsette til oljen en liten mengde polymere forbindelser med spesiell struktur. Det har nemlig vist seg at polymere som inneholder alifatiske hydrokarbon-sidekjeder med minst 14 karbonatomer, polymere som kan betraktes som oppnådd ved polymerisering av olefinisk umettede forbindelser, selv i lav konsentrasjon er i stand til å bevirke en betydelig reduksjon i hellepunkt, flytegrense og viskositet hos voksaktige råoljer. It has now been found that the flow properties of waxy crude oils can be improved in a simple way by adding to the oil a small amount of polymeric compounds of special structure. Namely, it has been shown that polymers containing aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains with at least 14 carbon atoms, polymers which can be considered obtained by the polymerization of olefinically unsaturated compounds, even in low concentration are able to effect a significant reduction in pour point, yield point and viscosity in waxy crude oils.

Oppfinnelsen vedrører derfor en råoljeblanding med forbedrede flyteegenskaper som er karakterisert ved at den inneholder en voksaktig råolje og 0,001 til 2,0 vekt%, fortrinnsvis fra 0,002 til 0,2 vekt%, av homo- eller kopolymerer av C^_2Q-alkylestere av umettede karboksylsyrer og/eller homo- eller kopolymerer av ^o-^kyl-vinyletere, idet disse polymerer har en gjennomsnittlig molekylvekt på mellom 1 000 og 1 000 000 og fortrinnsvis mellom 4 000 og 100 000. The invention therefore relates to a crude oil mixture with improved flow properties which is characterized in that it contains a waxy crude oil and 0.001 to 2.0% by weight, preferably from 0.002 to 0.2% by weight, of homo- or copolymers of C₂₂₂ alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids and/or homo- or copolymers of alkyl vinyl ethers, these polymers having an average molecular weight of between 1,000 and 1,000,000 and preferably between 4,000 and 100,000.

For korthets skyld vil uttrykkene "lange hydrokarbon-kjeder" og "lange hydrokarbon-sidekjeder" heretter brukes i betydningen henholdsvis alifatiske hydrokarbon-kjeder og alifatiske hydrokarbon-sidek jeder med minst 14 karbonatomer. For the sake of brevity, the terms "long hydrocarbon chains" and "long hydrocarbon side chains" will hereafter be used in the sense of respectively aliphatic hydrocarbon chains and aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains with at least 14 carbon atoms.

Da polymerene i henhold til oppfinnelsen er i stand til å forbedre voksaktige råoljers flyteegenskaper, kan de forannevnte problemer som oppstår under produksjon, lagring, transport og raffinering av voksaktige råoljer på grunn av utilstrekkelig flyt, løses effektivt ved at disse polymere innarbeides i den voksaktige råolje. I det følgende skal noen utførelsesformer av oppfinnelsen disku-teres. As the polymers according to the invention are able to improve the flow properties of waxy crude oils, the aforementioned problems that arise during the production, storage, transport and refining of waxy crude oils due to insufficient flow can be effectively solved by incorporating these polymers into the waxy crude oil . In the following, some embodiments of the invention will be discussed.

Ved skipning av voksaktig råolje er det vanlig å holde lasten ved forhøyet temperatur under transport, f.eks. ved hjelp av damp-coiler. Oppfinnelsen gjør det mulig å skipe voksaktige råoljer uten at det er nødvendig med oppvarmning på turen. Dette betyr ikke bare en betydelig besparelse for eksisterende tankskip hvor den oppnåelige energi helt ut kan nyttiggjøres for å drive skipet, men spesielt ved konstruksjon av nye tankskip kan installasjonen av kostbart utstyr for oppvarmning av lasten unngås. Til tross for det kalde vareparti kan det opprettholdes et lavt utpumpningstap. Skipning av uoppvarmet voksaktig råolje som inneholder polymere i henhold til oppfinnelsen, tillater bruken av høyere lossehastigheter. When shipping waxy crude oil, it is common to keep the cargo at an elevated temperature during transport, e.g. using a steam coiler. The invention makes it possible to ship waxy crude oils without the need for heating on the trip. This not only means a significant saving for existing tankers where the obtainable energy can be fully utilized to drive the ship, but especially in the construction of new tankers, the installation of expensive equipment for heating the cargo can be avoided. Despite the cold product lot, a low pump-out loss can be maintained. Shipping of unheated waxy crude oil containing polymers according to the invention allows the use of higher unloading rates.

En av de mest alvorlige avbrytelser som kan inntreffe under transport av råolje gjennom en rørledning, er blokkering av ledningen etter pumpning ved lave temperaturer eller etter at oljen i ledningen har vært i ro. Denne risiko er på ingen måte imaginær, spesielt når voksaktige råoljer pumpes. I denne forbindelse stilles det ved råoljer som skal transporteres gjennom rørledninger, strenge krav med hensyn til flyteegenskaper. Det var av denne grunn at det tidligere ikke kunne tillates transport gjennom rørledninger av diverse voksaktige råoljer, slik at disse oljer måtte transporteres på en annen måte. Oppfinnelsen, som har som mål å forbedre flyteegenskapene til voksaktige råoljer, er fremragende egnet med hensyn til å redusere en eventuell risiko under transporten av slike oljer. Oppfinnelsen ikke bare presenterer muligheten ved å redusere den nødvendige pumpekraft, som vil redusere omkostningene ved pumpningen, men ved anvendelse av oppfinnelsen kan transport-kapasiteten til rørledningen økes med samme pumpekraft. Voksaktige råoljer som hittil ble betraktét som uakseptable for transport i rørledninger på grunn av flyteegenskapene, kan nå gjøres egnet for dette formål ved anvendelse av oppfinnelsen. One of the most serious interruptions that can occur during the transportation of crude oil through a pipeline is blockage of the pipeline after pumping at low temperatures or after the oil in the pipeline has been at rest. This risk is by no means imaginary, especially when pumping waxy crudes. In this connection, crude oils to be transported through pipelines are subject to strict requirements with regard to flow properties. It was for this reason that previously transport of various waxy crude oils through pipelines could not be permitted, so that these oils had to be transported in a different way. The invention, which aims to improve the flow properties of waxy crude oils, is eminently suitable with regard to reducing any risk during the transport of such oils. The invention not only presents the possibility of reducing the required pumping power, which will reduce the costs of pumping, but by applying the invention the transport capacity of the pipeline can be increased with the same pumping power. Waxy crude oils which were hitherto considered unacceptable for transport in pipelines due to their flow properties, can now be made suitable for this purpose by application of the invention.

I sammenligning med kjente teknikker for å gjøre voksaktige råoljer egnet for transport i rørledninger, som omfatter fortynning av den voksaktige råolje med et relativt stort kvantum av en tynt-flytende olje med lavt voksinnhold, har fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen den fordel at den voksaktige råolje som det dreier seg om, siden det bare er nødvendig med meget små mengder polymer for å opp- In comparison with known techniques for making waxy crude oils suitable for transport in pipelines, which comprise diluting the waxy crude oil with a relatively large quantity of a thin-flowing oil with a low wax content, the method according to the invention has the advantage that the waxy crude oil which is about, since only very small amounts of polymer are needed to

nå formålet, ankommer praktisk talt i sin opprinnelige tilstand på bestemmelsesstedet. Bruken av bærer-oljer som senere ikke kan skilles fra den opprinnelige olje, og som således kan foranledige uønsket forurensning, elimineres således. reach its purpose, arriving practically in its original state at its destination. The use of carrier oils which later cannot be separated from the original oil, and which can thus cause unwanted contamination, is thus eliminated.

Noen av polymerene i henhold til oppfinnelsen har det karakteristiske trekk at de forblir som de er i råoljens destillasjons- Some of the polymers according to the invention have the characteristic feature that they remain as they are in the crude oil's distillation

rest og er også i stand til å forbedre flyteegenskapene til denne destillasjons-rest. Dette er et viktig trekk ved oppfinnelsen, da disse destillasjons-rester f.eks. anvendes som brenselolje for opp-varmningsformål og som brennstoff for lav hastighets-dieselmotorer. residue and is also able to improve the flow properties of this distillation residue. This is an important feature of the invention, as these distillation residues e.g. used as fuel oil for heating purposes and as fuel for low-speed diesel engines.

Ved disse anvendelser spiller flyteegenskapene en meget viktig rolle. In these applications, the flow properties play a very important role.

De polymere forbindelser som kan anvendes som hellepunkt-nedsettende midler i henhold til oppfinnelsen, består av en hoved-kjede som er bygget opp av karbonatomer, og denne ho(vedkjede har lange hydrokarbon-sidekjeder. Disse lange hydrokarbon-sidekjeder kan være festet enten direkte eller indirekte til hovedkjeden. I det første tilfelle er det ikke ytterligere atomer mellom det første karbonatom i den lange hydrokarbon-sidekjede og karbonatomet i hovedkjeden som sidekjeden er festet til. Hvis den lange hydrokarbon-sidek jede er festet indirekte til hovedkjeden, er ett eller flere andre atomer, f.eks. karbon, oksygen, svovel, nitrogen eller fosfor, tilstede mellom det første karbonatom i den lange hydrokarbon-sidekjede og karbonatomet i hovedkjeden som sidekjeden er festet til. The polymeric compounds which can be used as pour point depressants according to the invention consist of a main chain which is built up of carbon atoms, and this main chain has long hydrocarbon side chains. These long hydrocarbon side chains can be attached either directly or indirectly to the main chain. In the first case, there are no additional atoms between the first carbon atom of the long hydrocarbon side chain and the carbon atom of the main chain to which the side chain is attached. If the long hydrocarbon side chain is attached indirectly to the main chain, one or several other atoms, eg carbon, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen or phosphorus, present between the first carbon atom of the long hydrocarbon side chain and the carbon atom of the main chain to which the side chain is attached.

Det foretrekkes slike polymere hvor de lange hydrokarbon-sidekjeder Such polymers are preferred where the long hydrocarbon side chains

er festet indirekte til hovedkjeden via ett eller flere oksygen-og/eller karbonatomer. Noen eksempler på polymere hvor de alifatiske hydrokarbon-sidekjeder er festet indirekte til hovedkjeden via ett eller flere oksygen- og/eller karbonatomer, er polymere hvor de is attached indirectly to the main chain via one or more oxygen and/or carbon atoms. Some examples of polymers where the aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains are attached indirectly to the main chain via one or more oxygen and/or carbon atoms are polymers where the

alifatiske hydrokarbon-sidekjeder er festet til hovedkjeden via en karboksylgruppe eller via et oksygenatom. aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains are attached to the main chain via a carboxyl group or via an oxygen atom.

Fremstillingen av slike polymere kan grunnleggende utføres på The production of such polymers can basically be carried out on

to måter. For det første kan disse polymere fremstilles ved polymerisasjon av olefinisk umettede forbindelser, hvorav minst en del består av olefinisk umettede forbindelser som i tillegg til en poly-meriserbar ^C=C ^ -gruppe inneholder en lang hydrokarbon-k jede. Olefinisk umettede forbindelser av denne type skal heretter betegnes som olefinisk umettede forbindelser som inneholder en lang hydrokarbon-kjede. Den andre måten som disse polymere kan fremstilles på, er ved polymerisasjon av olefinisk umettede forbindelser som ikke inneholder noen lang hydrokarbon-kjede, og etter-behandling av polymeren ved hvilken disse lange hydrokarbon-kjeder innføres i polymeren som sidekjeder. two ways. Firstly, these polymers can be produced by polymerisation of olefinically unsaturated compounds, at least a part of which consists of olefinically unsaturated compounds which, in addition to a polymerisable ^C=C^ group, contain a long hydrocarbon chain. Olefinically unsaturated compounds of this type shall hereafter be referred to as olefinically unsaturated compounds containing a long hydrocarbon chain. The other way in which these polymers can be produced is by polymerization of olefinically unsaturated compounds that do not contain any long hydrocarbon chain, and post-treatment of the polymer by which these long hydrocarbon chains are introduced into the polymer as side chains.

Hvis fremstillingen av polymere som er anvendelige som helle-punktsnedsettende midler i henhold til oppfinnelsen, utføres ved direkte polymerisasjon, dvs. uten etter-behandling, bør det materiale som skal polymeriseres, uvegerlig inneholde olefinisk umettede forbindelser med lange hydrokarbon-kjeder.• Hvis homo-polymere fremstilles på denne måte, er utgangsmåterialet en spesifikk olefinisk umettet monomer med en lang hydrokarbon-kjede. Hvis ko-polymere fremstilles på denne måte, er utgangsmåterialet en monomer-blanding som i tillegg til en.spesifikk olefinisk umettet monomer med en lang hydrokarbon-kjede, inneholder en eller flere andre monomere som kan inneholde en lang hydrokarbon-kjede. If the production of polymers which are applicable as pour-point depressants according to the invention is carried out by direct polymerisation, i.e. without post-treatment, the material to be polymerised should inevitably contain olefinically unsaturated compounds with long hydrocarbon chains.• If homo -polymers are produced in this way, the starting material is a specific olefinically unsaturated monomer with a long hydrocarbon chain. If copolymers are produced in this way, the starting material is a monomer mixture which, in addition to a specific olefinically unsaturated monomer with a long hydrocarbon chain, contains one or more other monomers which may contain a long hydrocarbon chain.

Hvis fremstillingen utføres ved indirekte polymerisasjon, dvs. inklusive en etter-behandling, behøver det materiale som skal polymer iseres, ikke å inneholde noen olefinisk umettede forbindelser med lange hydrokarbonkjeder. Når homo-polymere fremstilles på denne måte, er utgangsmåterialet en spesifikk olefinisk umettet monomer fra hvilken det kan fremstilles en polymer som er egnet for den ønskede etter-behandling. Når ko-polymere fremstilles slik, er utgangsmåterialet f.eks. en blanding av monomere som i tillegg til en spesifikk monomer fra hvilken det kan fremstilles en polymer som er egnet for den ønskede etter-behandling, inneholder en eller flere andre monomere som kan inneholde en lang hydrokarbon-kjede. If the production is carried out by indirect polymerisation, i.e. including a post-treatment, the material to be polymerised need not contain any olefinically unsaturated compounds with long hydrocarbon chains. When homopolymers are prepared in this way, the starting material is a specific olefinically unsaturated monomer from which a polymer suitable for the desired post-treatment can be prepared. When copolymers are produced in this way, the starting material is e.g. a mixture of monomers which, in addition to a specific monomer from which a polymer suitable for the desired post-treatment can be produced, contains one or more other monomers which may contain a long hydrocarbon chain.

Molekylvekten til de polymere som er anvendelige som flyt-forbedrere ifølge oppfinnelsen, kan variere innen vide grenser. For anvendelse i praksis er det å foretrekke å velge polymere hvis gjennomsnittlige molekylvekt (antallsmidlere M^) varierer The molecular weight of the polymers which are usable as flow improvers according to the invention can vary within wide limits. For use in practice, it is preferable to choose polymers whose average molecular weight (number average M^) varies

mellom 1.000 og 1.000.000, spesielt mellom 4.000 og 100.000. between 1,000 and 1,000,000, especially between 4,000 and 100,000.

Beroende på naturen av parafinvoksene som er til stede i råoljen, kan det være å foretrekke å innarbeide i denne råoljen polymere i henhold til oppfinnelsen hvor de lange hydrokarbon-sidekjeder.. varierer i kjedelengde med flere karbonatomer. Depending on the nature of the paraffin waxes present in the crude oil, it may be preferable to incorporate into this crude oil polymers according to the invention where the long hydrocarbon side chains vary in chain length by several carbon atoms.

Noen eksempler på olefinisk umettede forbindelser som inneholder lange hydrokarbon-kjeder egnet for fremstillingen av dé polymere forbindelser i henhold til oppfinnelsen, er vinylestre og allylestre av mettede monokarboksylsyrer, f.eks. vinylestre og allylestre av arakinsyre og behensyre, alkylestre av umettede monokarboksylsyrer, f.eks. n-oktadecylakrylat og n-eicosylmetakrylat, alkylamider av umettede monokarboksylsyrer, f.eks. n-eicosylakryl-amid og n-docosylmetakrylamid, dialkylestre av umettede dikarboksylsyrer, f.eks. di-n-oktadecylmaleat og di-n-tetracosylfumarat, di-alkylamider av umettede dikarboksylsyrer, f.eks. di-n-eicosylmalein-syre-diamid og di-n-docosylfumarsyre-diamid, imider av umettede dikarboksylsyrer, f.eks. n-oktadecylmaleinsyre-imid og n-eicosylmalein-syre-imid, alkylvinyletre, f.eks. n-docosylvinyleter og n-tetracosyl-vinyleter og mono-olefiner, f.eks. l«oktacosen og 1-docosen. Some examples of olefinically unsaturated compounds containing long hydrocarbon chains suitable for the production of the polymeric compounds according to the invention are vinyl esters and allyl esters of saturated monocarboxylic acids, e.g. vinyl esters and allyl esters of araic acid and behenic acid, alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, e.g. n-octadecyl acrylate and n-eicosyl methacrylate, alkyl amides of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, e.g. n-eicosyl acrylamide and n-docosyl methacrylamide, dialkyl esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g. di-n-octadecyl maleate and di-n-tetracosyl fumarate, di-alkylamides of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g. di-n-eicosylmaleic acid diamide and di-n-docosylfumaric acid diamide, imides of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g. n-octadecylmaleic acid imide and n-eicosylmaleic acid imide, alkyl vinyl ethers, e.g. n-docosyl vinyl ether and n-tetracosyl vinyl ether and mono-olefins, e.g. l«octacose and 1-docose.

Noen eksempler på olefinisk umettede forbindelser som ikke har noen lange hydrokarbon-kjeder og ved hjelp av hvilke de forbindelser som! har slike lange hydrokarbon-kjeder kan kopoly-meriseres, er f.eks. vinylestre av umettede monokarboksylsyrer, Some examples of olefinically unsaturated compounds that do not have long hydrocarbon chains and by means of which those compounds! have such long hydrocarbon chains can be copolymerized, are e.g. vinyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids,

f.eks. vinylacetat, dlkylestre av umettede mono- og dikarboksylsyrer, f.eks. metylmetakrylat og dietylmaleat, alkylvinyletre, f.eks. oktyl- - vinyleter og mono-olefiner, f.eks. eten og isobuten. V e.g. vinyl acetate, decyl esters of unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids, e.g. methyl methacrylate and diethyl maleate, alkyl vinyl ether, e.g. octyl vinyl ether and mono-olefins, e.g. ethene and isobutene. V

Noen eksempler på polymere som oppnåes ved direkte polymerisasjon av olefinisk umettede forbindelser av hvilke minst en del består av olefinisk umettede forbindelser med lange hydrokarbon-kjeder9 er i Some examples of polymers obtained by direct polymerization of olefinically unsaturated compounds of which at least a part consists of olefinically unsaturated compounds with long hydrocarbon chains9 are in

Kopolymere av vinylestre av mettede monokarboksylsyrer med hverandre. Copolymers of vinyl esters of saturated monocarboxylic acids with each other.

Kopolymere av allylestre av mettede monokarboksylsyrer med hverandre. Copolymers of allyl esters of saturated monocarboxylic acids with each other.

Homopolymere av alkylestre av umettede monokarboksylsyre» Kopolymere av alkylestre av umettede monokarboksylsyrer med hverandre. Homopolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids» Copolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with each other.

Kopolymere av alkylestre av umettede monokarboksylsyrer med dialkylestre av umettede dikarboksylsyrer eller med mono-olefiner. Copolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with dialkyl esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids or with mono-olefins.

Homopolymere av dialkylestre av umettede dikarboksylsyrer. Kopolymere av dialkylestre av umettede dikarboksylsyrer med mono-olefiner. Homopolymers of dialkyl esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids. Copolymers of dialkyl esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with mono-olefins.

Homopolymere av alkylvinyletre. Homopolymers of alkyl vinyl ethers.

Kopolymere av alkylvinyletre med hverandre. Copolymers of alkyl vinyl ethers with each other.

Hvis de polymere forbindelser er kopolymere, kan de være If the polymeric compounds are copolymers, they may be

bygget opp enten av to eller av flere enn to forskjellige monomere. built up either from two or from more than two different monomers.

Eksempler på terpolymére er terpolymere som er oppnådd ved kopolymerisasjon av en vinylester av en mettet monokarboksylsyre med en dialkylester av en umettet dikarboksylsyre og en alkylester av en umettet monokarboksylsyre. Examples of terpolymers are terpolymers obtained by copolymerization of a vinyl ester of a saturated monocarboxylic acid with a dialkyl ester of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and an alkyl ester of an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid.

Noen eksempler på polymere som oppnåes ved polymerisasjon av olefinisk umettede forbindelser som ikke inneholder noen hydrokarbon-kjeder og hvor lange hydrokarbon-kjeder ved etter-behandling av polymeren innfores i polymeren som sidekjeder, er5 Some examples of polymers that are obtained by polymerization of olefinically unsaturated compounds that do not contain any hydrocarbon chains and where long hydrocarbon chains are introduced into the polymer as side chains during post-treatment of the polymer are5

Kopolymere av umettede monokårboksylsyreij» dikarboksylsyrer, eller anhydrider av disse med mono-olefiner, vinylestre av mettede monokarboksylsyrer eller dialkylestre av umettede dikarboksylsyrer, idet disse polymere er etter-behandlet med en alifatisk alkohol som inneholder en lang hydrokarbon-kjede. Copolymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids, or anhydrides thereof with mono-olefins, vinyl esters of saturated monocarboxylic acids or dialkyl esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, these polymers being post-treated with an aliphatic alcohol containing a long hydrocarbon chain.

Homopolymere av umettede alkoholer som er blitt etter-behandlet med en alifatisk karboksylsyre eller et alifatisk karboksylsyre-klorid som inneholder en lang hydrokarbon-kjede. Homopolymers of unsaturated alcohols which have been post-treated with an aliphatic carboxylic acid or an aliphatic carboxylic acid chloride containing a long hydrocarbon chain.

Homopolymere av alkylestre av umettede monokarboksylsyrer eller kopolymere av alkylestre av umettede monokarboksylsyrer med hverandre eller med mono-olefiner, som er etter-behandlet med et alifatisk amin som inneholder en lang hydrokarbon-kjede. Homopolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or copolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with each other or with mono-olefins, which are post-treated with an aliphatic amine containing a long hydrocarbon chain.

Kopolymere av anhydrider av umettede dikarboksylsyrer med mono-olefiner eller andre olefinisk umettede forbindelser, som er etter-behandlet med et alifatisk amin som inneholder en lang hydrokarbon-kjede. Copolymers of anhydrides of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids with mono-olefins or other olefinically unsaturated compounds, which are post-treated with an aliphatic amine containing a long hydrocarbon chain.

Selv om polymere som inneholder alifatiske hydrokarbon-sidekjeder med minst 14 karbonatomer, og som kan antas å være oppnådd ved polymerisasjon av olefinisk umettede forbindelser, vanligvis er egnet for å forbedre flyteegenskapene til voksaktige råoljer, foretrekkes polymere som antas å være oppnådd ved polymerisasjon av olefinisk umettede forbindelser som består i det minste delvis av olefinisk umettede alifatiske forbindelser som inneholder en mettet hydrokarbon-kjede med minst 14 karbonatomer. Although polymers containing aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains of at least 14 carbon atoms, which can be assumed to be obtained by polymerization of olefinically unsaturated compounds, are generally suitable for improving the flow properties of waxy crude oils, polymers that are assumed to be obtained by polymerization of olefinically unsaturated compounds consisting at least in part of olefinically unsaturated aliphatic compounds containing a saturated hydrocarbon chain of at least 14 carbon atoms.

Gunstige resultater kan oppnåes ved anvendelsen av de polymere som er omtalt nedenunder. Favorable results can be obtained by the use of the polymers discussed below.

Homo- eller kopolymere av alkylestre av umettede karboksylsyrer, f.eks. homo- eller kopolymere av alkylestre av umettede monokarboksylsyrer, spesielt homo- ellet kopolymere av alkylakrylater. Eksempler på godt egnede homopolymere av alkylakrylater er homopolymere av n-tetradecylakrylat,. homopolymere av n-heksadecylakrylat, homopolymere av n-oktadecylakrylat og homopolymere av n-eicosylakrylat. Homo- or copolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, e.g. homo- or copolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, especially homo- or copolymers of alkyl acrylates. Examples of suitable homopolymers of alkyl acrylates are homopolymers of n-tetradecyl acrylate. homopolymers of n-hexadecyl acrylate, homopolymers of n-octadecyl acrylate and homopolymers of n-eicosyl acrylate.

Homo- eller kopolymere av alkylvinyletere, særlig homopolymere av n-oktadecylvinyleter. Homo- or copolymers of alkyl vinyl ethers, especially homopolymers of n-octadecyl vinyl ether.

Kopolymere av en mono-olefin og en dialkylester av en umettet dikarboksylsyre med minst 14 karbonatomer i alkylgruppene, spesielt kopolymere av etylen og di-n-oktadecylmaleat. Copolymers of a mono-olefin and a dialkyl ester of an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid with at least 14 carbon atoms in the alkyl groups, especially copolymers of ethylene and di-n-octadecyl maleate.

Homo- eller kopolymere av vinylestere av mettede monokarboksylsyrer, særlig kopolymere av vinylestere av hydrogenerte rapsfrøolje-fettsyrer. Homo- or copolymers of vinyl esters of saturated monocarboxylic acids, in particular copolymers of vinyl esters of hydrogenated rapeseed oil fatty acids.

Det foretrekkes homo- eller kopolymere av alkylestere av umettede kårboksylsyrer, f.eks. homo- eller kopolymere av alkylestere av umettede monokarboksylsyrer, særlig homo- eller kopolymere av alkylakrylater. Spesielt foretrekkes homo- eller kopolymere av alkylakrylater med 18 til 26 karbonatomer i alkylgruppen, særlig homopolymer av n-oktadecylakrylat og en homopolymer av n-eicosylakrylat. Homo- or copolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids are preferred, e.g. homo- or copolymers of alkyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, in particular homo- or copolymers of alkyl acrylates. Particularly preferred are homopolymers or copolymers of alkyl acrylates with 18 to 26 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, particularly homopolymer of n-octadecylacrylate and a homopolymer of n-eicosylacrylate.

Polymerene ifølge oppfinnelsen er hittil betegnet som flyt-forbedrere for voksaktige råoljer. Deres kjennetegn omfatter egenskaper for reduksjon av hellepunktet, viskositeten og flytegrensen av voksaktige råoljer. Med hensyn til hver av disse egenskaper separat kan de om ønskes også betegnes som hellepunkts-nedsettende midler, viskositets-nedsettende midler og flytegrense-nedsettende midler. I denne forbindelse bør det iakttas at en forbindelse vanligvis kan betraktes som tilhørende klassen av hellepunktsned-settende midler bare hvis den er i stand til å bevirke en hellepunkt -re duk sjon på minst 6°C når den anvendes i en konsentrasjon av høyst 0,2 vektprosent. The polymers according to the invention have so far been designated as flow improvers for waxy crude oils. Their characteristics include properties for reducing the pour point, viscosity and yield point of waxy crude oils. With respect to each of these properties separately, if desired, they can also be referred to as pour point depressants, viscosity depressants and pour point depressants. In this connection, it should be noted that a compound can usually be considered as belonging to the class of pour point depressants only if it is capable of effecting a pour point reduction of at least 6°C when used in a concentration of no more than 0, 2 percent by weight.

En voksaktig råolje som inngår i råoljeblandingen i henhold til oppfinnelsen, kan være én voksaktig råolje eller en blanding av voksaktige råoljer. Om ønskes kan de polymere også innarbeides i blandinger som består av en eller flere voksaktige råoljer og en eller flere ikke-voksåktige råoljer. A waxy crude oil included in the crude oil mixture according to the invention can be one waxy crude oil or a mixture of waxy crude oils. If desired, the polymers can also be incorporated into mixtures consisting of one or more waxy crude oils and one or more non-waxy crude oils.

De polymere forbindelser i henhold til oppfinnelsen, som er spesielt viktige som additiver for å lette transporten av voksaktige råoljer gjennom rorledninger, ved tankskip eller på annen måte, kan også være godt egnet for anvendelse i oljekilder som produserer voksaktig råolje, for å hindre dannelsen av voksaktige avleiringer eller for å opplose slike avleiringer som har dannet seg på veggene i kilden. The polymeric compounds according to the invention, which are particularly important as additives to facilitate the transport of waxy crude oils through pipelines, by tankers or otherwise, may also be well suited for use in oil wells that produce waxy crude oil, to prevent the formation of waxy deposits or to dissolve such deposits that have formed on the walls of the spring.

Oppfinnelsen skal i det folgende belyses ved hjelp av eksempler. In the following, the invention will be explained with the help of examples.

Syv polymere forbindelser i henhold til oppfinnelsen er blitt anveindt i forskjellige konsentrasjoner i de folgende 6 råoljer. Seven polymeric compounds according to the invention have been used in different concentrations in the following 6 crude oils.

Råolje I Crude oil I

En råolje fra Syd-Amerika» med en kinematisk viskositet på A crude oil from South America" with a kinematic viscosity of

8,8 cS ved 37,8°C, et voksinnhold på 9,7 vektprosent (voksens stivnepunkt 58,5°C) og hellepunkt -10°C, bestemt i henhold til metode A» samt hellepunkt -4°C, bestemt i henhold til metode C. 8.8 cS at 37.8°C, a wax content of 9.7% by weight (solidification point of the wax 58.5°C) and pour point -10°C, determined according to method A» and pour point -4°C, determined in according to method C.

Råolje II Crude oil II

En råolje fra Syd-Amerika, med kinematisk viskositet 1,82jcS ved 60°C, et voksinnhold på 17,5 vektprosent (stivnepunkt for voksen 54,5°C) og hellepunkt 26°C, bestemt i henhold til metode A, samt hellepunkt 29°C, bestemt i henhold til metode C. A crude oil from South America, with a kinematic viscosity of 1.82jcS at 60°C, a wax content of 17.5% by weight (adult pour point 54.5°C) and a pour point of 26°C, determined according to method A, and a pour point 29°C, determined according to method C.

Råolje III Crude oil III

En råolje fra Nord-Afrika, med kinematisk viskositet 5,13 cS ved 37,8°C, et voksinnhold på 7,0 vektprosent (voksens stivnepunkt 58,0°C) og hellepunkt -4°C, bestemt i henhold til metode A, samt hellepunkt +2°C, bestemt i henhold til metode C. A crude oil from North Africa, with a kinematic viscosity of 5.13 cS at 37.8°C, a wax content of 7.0% by weight (the pour point of the wax 58.0°C) and a pour point of -4°C, determined according to Method A , and pour point +2°C, determined according to method C.

Råolje IV Crude oil IV

Råolje fra Nord-Afrika, med kinematisk viskositet 3,66 cS Crude oil from North Africa, with kinematic viscosity 3.66 cS

ved 37,8°C, et voksinnhold på 7,8 vektprosent (voksens stivnepunkt 51,5°C) og hellepunkt +2°C, bestemt i henhold til metode A, samt hellepunkt +5°C, bestemt i henhold til metode C. at 37.8°C, a wax content of 7.8% by weight (solidification point of the wax 51.5°C) and pour point +2°C, determined according to method A, and pour point +5°C, determined according to method C .

Råolie V Raw oil V

Råolje fra Vest-Afrika, med kinematisk viskositet 15,0 cS ved 50°C, et voksinnhold på 17,8 vektprosent (voksens stivnepunkt 56,0°c) og hellepunkt 20°C, best&nt i henhold til metode B, samt hellepunkt 32°C, bestemt i henhold til metode D. Crude oil from West Africa, with a kinematic viscosity of 15.0 cS at 50°C, a wax content of 17.8% by weight (solidification point of the wax 56.0°c) and a pour point of 20°C, determined according to method B, and a pour point of 32 °C, determined according to method D.

Råolie VI Crude oil VI

Råolje fra Vest-Afrika, med kinematisk viskositet 2,70 cS Crude oil from West Africa, with a kinematic viscosity of 2.70 cS

ved 50°C, et voksinnhold på 7,0 vektprosent (voksens stivnepunkt at 50°C, a wax content of 7.0% by weight (solidification point of the wax

54,0°C) og hellepunkt 11°C, bestemt i henhold til metode A> samt hellepunkt 14°C, bestemt i henhold til metode C. 54.0°C) and pour point 11°C, determined according to method A> and pour point 14°C, determined according to method C.

Med hensyn til bestemmelsesmetodene for hellepunktet til voksaktige råoljer skal folgende påpekes. With regard to the methods for determining the pour point of waxy crude oils, the following should be pointed out.

En voksaktig råoljes hellepunkt er ofte avhengig av den termiske for-behandling som oljen er blitt utsatt for. A waxy crude oil's pour point is often dependent on the thermal pre-treatment to which the oil has been subjected.

Alt ettersom en termisk forbehandling er utfort eller ikke, kan de metoder som egner seg for bestemmelse av hellepunktet til voksaktige råoljer, deles opp i 2 grupper, nemligJ (1) metoder hvor hellepunktet bestemmes på en prove som ikke gjenoppvarmes for bestemmelsen; (2) metoder hvor proven oppvarmes til 46°C like for bestemmelsen. Depending on whether a thermal pre-treatment has been carried out or not, the methods suitable for determining the pour point of waxy crude oils can be divided into 2 groups, namely (1) methods where the pour point is determined on a sample that is not reheated for the determination; (2) methods where the sample is heated to 46°C just before the determination.

Selv om varme-behandlingen i noen tilfelle resulterer i et hoyere hellepunkt, er den kanskje mindre realistisk, da angjeldende råolje ikke utsettes for denne varme-cyklus i praksis. Although the heat treatment in some cases results in a higher pour point, it is perhaps less realistic, as the crude oil in question is not subjected to this heat cycle in practice.

Av eksemplene i denne beskrivelse fremgår det at de polymere forbindelser ifolge oppfinnelsen er i stand til å nedsette hellepunktet i generell betydning, dvs. uavhengig av om en termisk for-behandling er utfort eller ikke. From the examples in this description, it appears that the polymeric compounds according to the invention are capable of lowering the pour point in a general sense, i.e. regardless of whether a thermal pre-treatment has been carried out or not.

Metodene A, B, C og D for bestemmelse av hellepunktet, omtalt i eksemplene, ble utfort på folgende måte. Methods A, B, C and D for determining the pour point, discussed in the examples, were carried out in the following way.

Metode A Method A

To prover av en råolje oppvarmes til 65°C, ved hvilken temperatur den onskede mengde polymer tilsettes til en av provene. Etter avkjoling av provene til romtemperatur bestemmes hellepunktet som beskrevet i ASTM D 97-66/IP 15/67, men uten gjenoppvarmningen til 46°C. Two samples of a crude oil are heated to 65°C, at which temperature the desired amount of polymer is added to one of the samples. After cooling the sample to room temperature, the pour point is determined as described in ASTM D 97-66/IP 15/67, but without reheating to 46°C.

Metode B Method B

Som beskrevet under metode A, men i forste linje les 100°C i stedet for 65°C. As described under method A, but in the first line read 100°C instead of 65°C.

Metode C Method C

To prover av en råolje oppvarmes til 65°C, ved hvilken temperatur den onskede mengde polymer tilsettes til en av provene. Etter avkjoling til romtemperatur lagres provene ved romtemperatur i minst 24 timer. Deretter bestemmes hellepunktet som beskrevet i ASTM D 97-66/IP 15/67. Dette hellepunkt spesifiseres vanligvis som ASTM-maksimums-hellepunktet eller som IP-maksimums-hellepunktet. Two samples of a crude oil are heated to 65°C, at which temperature the desired amount of polymer is added to one of the samples. After cooling to room temperature, the sample is stored at room temperature for at least 24 hours. The pour point is then determined as described in ASTM D 97-66/IP 15/67. This pour point is usually specified as the ASTM maximum pour point or as the IP maximum pour point.

Metode D Method D

Som beskrevet under metode C, men i forste linje les 100°C i stedet for 65°C. As described under method C, but in the first line read 100°C instead of 65°C.

Resultatene av forsokene er gjengitt i tabell I, hvor det The results of the experiments are reproduced in Table I, where

er angitt antall grader celsius som hellepunktet nedsettes i henhold til metodene A-D, etter tilsetning av de forskjellige polymere. is the number of degrees Celsius that the pour point is lowered according to methods A-D, after adding the different polymers.

For sammenligningensskyld ble to beslektede polymere (et poly-n-C^Q-alkylmetakrylat og et poly-n-Gj^-alky Imet akry lat) undersokt som hellepunkt-neds et tende midler i råolje III. Resultatene av disse forsok (med polymere utenfor oppfinnelsens ramme) er også innarbeidet i tabell I. For the sake of comparison, two related polymers (a poly-n-C₁₂ alkyl methacrylate and a poly-n-C₁₂ alkyl Imet acrylate) were investigated as pour point depressants in crude oil III. The results of these trials (with polymers outside the scope of the invention) are also incorporated in table I.

Flytegrense Flow limit

En prove av råolje oppvarmes til 65°C, ved hvilken temperatur den onskede mengde polymer tilsettes til proven. Etter avkjoling til romtemperatur fylles et U«r6r av metall med lengde 54 cm og inn-vendig diameter 3,8 mm med den olje som skal undersokes. Deretter avkjoles oljen i roret til bestemmelses-temperaturen, hvoretter trykket på et av U-rorets ben gradvils heves. A sample of crude oil is heated to 65°C, at which temperature the desired amount of polymer is added to the sample. After cooling to room temperature, a metal U«r6r with a length of 54 cm and an internal diameter of 3.8 mm is filled with the oil to be examined. The oil in the rudder is then cooled to the target temperature, after which the pressure on one of the legs of the U-rudder is gradually raised.

Trykket (PQ) ved hvilket den forste stromning observeres, brukes for beregning av flytegrensen. Flytegrensen (definert som den skjære-styrke som trenges for å sette en stivnet olje i bevegelse) beregnes av det observerte PQ, ved hjelp av ligningen: The pressure (PQ) at which the first flow is observed is used for calculating the yield strength. The yield point (defined as the shear force required to set a solidified oil in motion) is calculated from the observed PQ, using the equation:

hvor where

TQ<=> flytegrense, dyn/cm TQ<=> yield strength, dyn/cm

PQ = trykket ved hvilket den forste stromning observeres, PQ = the pressure at which the first flow is observed,

dyn/cm2 dynes/cm2

D ** rorets diameter, cm D ** rudder diameter, cm

L = rorets lengde, cm L = rudder length, cm

Flytegrensen til en prove av råolje VI til hvilken det er tilsatt 0,005 vektprosent poly-n-C^g-alkylakrylat> ble bestemt ved to forskjellige temperaturer på den ovenfor beskrevjSe] måte og ble sammenlignet med flytegrensen for en prove av råolje VI som var utsatt for en lignende termisk forbehandling uten noe additiv. De oppnådde resultater er gjengitt nedenunder» The yield point of a sample of crude oil VI to which 0.005% by weight of poly-n-C 2 -alkyl acrylate has been added was determined at two different temperatures in the manner described above and was compared with the yield point of a sample of crude oil VI which was exposed to a similar thermal pretreatment without any additive. The results obtained are reproduced below»

Råolje VLjt Crude oil VLjt

flytegrense ved 8°C» 302 dyn/cm<2>yield strength at 8°C» 302 dyn/cm<2>

Råolje VI + 0,005 vektprosent poly-n-C^g-alkylakrylat l Crude oil VI + 0.005 weight percent poly-n-C^g-alkyl acrylate l

flytegrense ved 8°Cf <10 dyn/ cm2 yield strength at 8°Cf <10 dyn/ cm2

flytegrense ved 0°Cf 17 dyn/cm<2>. yield strength at 0°Cf 17 dyn/cm<2>.

Oppforsel under destillasjon Distillation during distillation

Til to prover av råolje VI (hellepunkt, bestemt ved hjelp av metode A, + 11°C) ble tilsatt henholdsvis 0,03 vektprosent poly-n-C^g-alkylakrylat og 0,03 vektprosent poly-n-C2ø,*alkylakrylat. 1 hvert tilfelle falt hellepunktet, bestemt ved metode A, til -19°G. To two samples of crude oil VI (pour point, determined using method A, + 11°C) 0.03 weight percent poly-n-C 20 -alkyl acrylate and 0.03 weight percent poly-n-C 20,* alkyl acrylate were added respectively. In each case, the pour point, determined by method A, fell to -19°G.

I den hensikt å bestemme oppforselen til de polymere forbindelser under destillasjon ble det fremstilt en 300°C<+->rest i henhold til ASTM D 86-66 (atmosfærisk destillasjon til en maksimal damptemperatur på 300°C) av den ubehandlede råolje og av de to råolje-prover som var tilsatt polymer. In order to determine the composition of the polymeric compounds during distillation, a 300°C<+->residue was prepared according to ASTM D 86-66 (atmospheric distillation to a maximum vapor temperature of 300°C) of the untreated crude oil and of the two crude oil samples that had polymer added.

Destillasjonsrestene viste| folgende hellepunkter (bestemt i henhold til ASTM D 97-66). The stills showed| following pour points (determined according to ASTM D 97-66).

Viskositet Viscosity

Siden voksaktige råoljer ved lavere temperaturer oppforer seg Since waxy crude oils behave at lower temperatures

som ikke-newtonske væsker, kan viskositeten til slike oljer bestemmes på en realistisk måte bare i et viskosimeter hvor enten skjær-spenningen eller skjærhastigheten kan justeres innen trange grenser og holdes konstant. Godt egnet for bestemmelse av viskositet for voksaktige råoljer er Ferranti Portable Viscometer, modell VL, et såkalt Couett^ koaksialt-sylindrisk viskosimeter av typen konstant skjærhastighet. as non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity of such oils can be realistically determined only in a viscometer where either the shear stress or the shear rate can be adjusted within narrow limits and held constant. Well suited for determining the viscosity of waxy crude oils is the Ferranti Portable Viscometer, model VL, a so-called Couett^ coaxial-cylindrical viscometer of the constant shear rate type.

En prove av råolje oppvarmes til 65°C» ved hvilken temperatur A sample of crude oil is heated to 65°C» at what temperature

den onskede mengde polymer tilsettes til proven. Etter avkjoling til romtemperatur fylles beholderen i viskosimeteret med oljen som skal proves. the desired amount of polymer is added to the sample. After cooling to room temperature, the container in the viscometer is filled with the oil to be tested.

Viskositeten til en prove av råolje VI til hvilken er tilsatt 0,005 vektprosent poly-n-C^g-alkylakrylat, ble bestemt på den ovenfor beskrevne måte og ble sammenlignet med viskositeten til en prove av råolje VI som var utsatt for en lignende termisk forbehandling uten noe additiv. De oppnådde resultater er gjengitt nedenunder. The viscosity of a sample of crude oil VI to which 0.005% by weight of poly-n-C 2 -alkyl acrylate has been added was determined in the manner described above and was compared with the viscosity of a sample of crude oil VI subjected to a similar thermal pretreatment without any additive . The results obtained are reproduced below.

Råolje VI Crude oil VI

Likevektsviskositet ved 5°C og skjærhastighet 318 s**1 « 30 CP. Equilibrium viscosity at 5°C and shear rate 318 s**1 « 30 CP.

Råolje VI + 0,005 vektprosent poly-n-C^g-alkylakrylat Crude oil VI + 0.005% by weight poly-n-C₁₆ alkyl acrylate

Likevektsviskositet ved 5°C og skjærhastighet 318 s"1" = 12 cP. Equilibrium viscosity at 5°C and shear rate 318 s"1" = 12 cP.

Demulgerbarhet Demulsibility

Innflytelsen av de demulgerende egenskaper til de polymere forbindelser ifolge oppfinnelsen på emulsjoner av råolje og vann ble studert ved hjelp av folgende forsok. The influence of the demulsifying properties of the polymeric compounds according to the invention on emulsions of crude oil and water was studied by means of the following experiment.

En råolje-prove ble oppvarmet til 65°C» ved hvilken temperatur den onskede mengde polymer ble tilsatt. Oljen ble deretter avkjolt til 18°G i en hastighet av 3°C pr. minutt. Til slutt ble oljen emulgert med 1 del vann pr. 4 deler olje. Vannet inneholdt 1,5 vektprosent NaCl og 0,34 vektprosent NaHCO^. Oljens demulgerende egenskaper ble målt på basis av den vannmengde som skilte seg ut fra emulsjonen etter en bestemt tid (uttrykt som % av tilsatt vannmengde). A crude oil sample was heated to 65°C at which temperature the desired amount of polymer was added. The oil was then cooled to 18°C at a rate of 3°C per minute. minute. Finally, the oil was emulsified with 1 part water per 4 parts oil. The water contained 1.5% by weight NaCl and 0.34% by weight NaHCO^. The demulsifying properties of the oil were measured on the basis of the amount of water that separated from the emulsion after a certain time (expressed as % of the added amount of water).

En prove av råolje VI som var tilsatt 0,005 vektprosent poly-n-C^g-alkylakrylat, ble i dette forsok sammenlignet med en prove av råoljer VI uten polymer. Resultatene er gjengitt nedenunder. In this experiment, a sample of crude oil VI to which 0.005% by weight of poly-n-C 2 -alkyl acrylate had been added was compared with a sample of crude oil VI without polymer. The results are reproduced below.

For å bestemme innflytelsen av de polymere forbindelser ifolge oppfinnelsen på pumpbarheten av voksaktig råolje under praktiske betingelser ble det utfort noen forsok i felten. Den olje som ble brukt for dette formål, var en voksaktig råolje fra Nord-Afrika med kinematisk viskositet 8,5 cS ved 50°C, et voksinnhold på 14,0 vektprosent (voksens stivnepunkt 56°C) og et ASTM-maksimums-hellepunkt på +23°C (råolje VII). To laster av denne råolje ble skipet fra Nord-Afrika til Vest-Europa i et 50 000 tonn tankskip. In order to determine the influence of the polymeric compounds according to the invention on the pumpability of waxy crude oil under practical conditions, some experiments were carried out in the field. The oil used for this purpose was a waxy crude from North Africa with a kinematic viscosity of 8.5 cS at 50°C, a wax content of 14.0% by weight (wax pour point 56°C) and an ASTM maximum pour point at +23°C (crude oil VII). Two loads of this crude oil were shipped from North Africa to Western Europe in a 50,000 tonne tanker.

Iste tur First trip

20 000 tonn uoppvarmet (tilsatt et stoff som oker virkningsgraden) råolje VII og 20,000 tonnes of unheated (adding a substance that increases efficiency) crude oil VII and

36 000 tonn uoppvarmet, ikke-doped råolje VII. 36,000 tonnes of unheated, non-doped crude oil VII.

Flyt-forbedreren som ble brukt, var 0,015 vektprosent poly-n-C^g-alkylakrylat. The flow improver used was 0.015 weight percent poly-n-C 1-6 alkyl acrylate.

Temperatur under lasting i Nord-Afrika: 38°C. Temperature during loading in North Africa: 38°C.

Lastens temperatur ved ankomst til Vest-Europa: 24°C. The cargo's temperature on arrival in Western Europe: 24°C.

Gjennomsnitts-hastighet for avkjoling! 1,7°C pr. dag. Average cooling rate! 1.7°C per day.

Egenskaper hos u- doped olje Properties of undoped oil

(a) Aktuelt hellepunkt; 20°C. (Det aktuelle hellepunkt bestemmes som beskrevet i ASTM D 97-66/IP 15/67, men uten gjenoppv a renningen til 46°C). (a) Actual pour point; 20°C. (The relevant pour point is determined as described in ASTM D 97-66/IP 15/67, but without reheating to 46°C).

(b) Flytegrense (b) Yield strength

(c) Viskositet (Ferranti-viskosimeter) (c) Viscosity (Ferranti viscometer)

Bemerk; Verdiene for flytegrensen og viskositeten (Ferranti-viskosimeter) for råolje VTI som er omtalt i denne beskrivelse, ble bestemt slik det er beskrevet tidligere for råolje VI, men uten oppvarmning til 65°C. Note; The values for the yield strength and viscosity (Ferranti viscometer) for crude oil VTI discussed in this specification were determined as previously described for crude oil VI, but without heating to 65°C.

Egenskaper hos doped olje Properties of doped oil

(a) Aktuelt hellepunkt; 2°C. (a) Actual pour point; 2°C.

(b) Flytegrense (b) Yield strength

(c) Viskositet (Ferranti-viskosimeter) (c) Viscosity (Ferranti viscometer)

Da lasten ble lastet i Nord-Afrika for Iste tur, ble det tatt tre prover av råolje VII. To av disse provene ble doped med polymere i henhold til oppfinnelsen. Den tredje proven ble ikke doped. Provene ble oppbevart i et Deward-kar som ble lagret i en isolert tre-kiste på turen. Etter ankomst i Vest-Europa ble provene lagret i et rom ved en temperatur på ca. 13 C, Etter å være lagret i ca. 1 uke ble flytegrensen og viskositeten til provene bestemt. Resultatene er gjengitt nedenunder. When the cargo was loaded in North Africa for the first trip, three samples of crude oil VII were taken. Two of these samples were doped with polymers according to the invention. The third sample was not doped. The samples were kept in a Deward vessel which was stored in an insulated wooden chest on the trip. After arrival in Western Europe, the sample was stored in a room at a temperature of approx. 13 C, After being stored for approx. After 1 week, the yield strength and viscosity of the sample were determined. The results are reproduced below.

Prove lJ råolje VTI. Prove lJ crude oil VTI.

Prove 2! råolje VII + 0,02 vektprosent poly-n-C-^g-alkylakrylat. Prove 3 5 råolje VTI + 0,02 vektprosent poly-n-C2Q-alkylakrylat. Sample 2! crude oil VII + 0.02 weight percent poly-n-C-6-alkyl acrylate. Sample 3 5 crude oil VTI + 0.02 weight percent poly-n-C2Q-alkyl acrylate.

(a) Flytegrense (forsokstemperatur 5°C), (a) Yield strength (test temperature 5°C),

Prove 1; 467 dyn/cm . Sample 1; 467 dynes/cm.

Prove 21 398 dyn/cm<2>. Sample 21 398 dyne/cm<2>.

Prove 3! 143 dyn/cm<2>. Try 3! 143 dynes/cm<2>.

(b) Viskositet (Ferranti-viskosimeter) (b) Viscosity (Ferranti viscometer)

Etter tankerens ankomst i Vest-Europa ble det gjort nye forsok med den dopede og ikke-dopede råolje i en rorledningskrets som besto av 2000 m 51 cm ikke-isolert ror og 2000 m 61 cm isolert ror. Forsokene ble utfort som forklart i det folgende. After the tanker's arrival in Western Europe, new trials were made with the doped and non-doped crude oil in a rudder circuit consisting of 2000 m 51 cm non-insulated rudder and 2000 m 61 cm insulated rudder. The experiments were carried out as explained in the following.

Oljen som skulle undersokes, ble pumpet ved den temperaturen den hadde ved ankomsten til kretsen, hvoretter pumpen ble stanset i noen dager (stengetid), slik at oljen fikk avkjole seg. Deretter ble trykket ved innlopet til kretsen hevet ved hjelp av en pumpe i trinn inntil oljen begynte å flyte. Flytegrensen ble beregnet ut fra det hoyeste trykkfall over den ikke-isolerte (dvs. avkjolte) ror-del ved hjelp av den tidligere omtalte formel: The oil to be examined was pumped at the temperature it had on arrival in the circuit, after which the pump was stopped for a few days (shutdown time) so that the oil could cool down. Then the pressure at the inlet to the circuit was raised by means of a pump in steps until the oil began to flow. The flow limit was calculated based on the highest pressure drop across the non-insulated (ie cooled) rudder part using the previously mentioned formula:

Resultatene av disse nye forsok er omtalt nedenunder. The results of these new trials are discussed below.

Nye forsok med u- doped og doped råolje New trials with undoped and doped crude oil

2nen tur 2nd trip

20,000 tonn uoppvarmet, doped råolje VII og 20,000 tonnes of unheated, doped crude oil VII and

30,000 tonn uoppvarmet, u-doped råolje VII. 30,000 tonnes of unheated, un-doped crude oil VII.

Den anvendte flyteforbedrer var 0,015 vektprosent poly-n-C-^g-alkyl-akrylat. The flow improver used was 0.015% by weight poly-n-C-16-alkyl acrylate.

Temperatur under lasting i Nord-Afrika: 39°C. Temperature during loading in North Africa: 39°C.

Lastens temperatur etter ankomst i Vest-Europa: 26°C. Gjennomsnittshastighet under avkjoling: 1,7°C pr. dag. The cargo's temperature after arrival in Western Europe: 26°C. Average rate during cooling: 1.7°C per day.

Egenskaper hos u- doped olje Properties of undoped oil

(a) Aktuelt hellepunkt: 20°C. (a) Current pour point: 20°C.

(b) Flytegrense (b) Yield strength

(c) Viskositet (Ferranti-viskosimeter) Egenskaper hos doped olje (a) Aktuelt hellepunkt: 2°C (c) Viscosity (Ferranti viscometer) Properties of doped oil (a) Current pour point: 2°C

(b) Flytegrense (b) Yield strength

(c) Viskositet (Ferranti-viskosimerer) (c) Viscosity (Ferranti viscosimers)

Det ble funnet at lossehastigheten for den dopede olje fra tankeren var 15 % hoyere enn for u-doped olje. It was found that the unloading rate of the doped oil from the tanker was 15% higher than that of un-doped oil.

Etter lossing av den u-dopede olje som ble lagret etter ankomst i Vest-Europa i uoppvarmede tanker med flytende tak, ble det tilbake en fast voks/olje-blanding på tankveggen. Dette var ikke tilfelle med den u-dopede olje. After unloading the undoped oil that was stored after arrival in Western Europe in unheated tanks with floating roofs, a solid wax/oil mixture remained on the tank wall. This was not the case with the undoped oil.

Claims (5)

1. Råoljeblanding med forbedrede flyteegenskaper, karakterisert ved at den inneholder en voksaktig råolje og 0,001 til 2,0 vekt%, fortrinnsvis fra 0,002 til 0,2 vekt%, av homo- eller kopolymerer av C-^^Q-alkylestere av umettede karboksylsyrer og/eller homo- eller kopolymerer av C^^Q<->alkylvinyletere, idet disse polymerer har en gjennomsnittlig molekylvekt på mellom 1 000 og 1 000 000, fortrinnsvis mellom 4 000 og 100 000.1. Crude oil mixture with improved flow properties, characterized in that it contains a waxy crude oil and 0.001 to 2.0% by weight, preferably from 0.002 to 0.2% by weight, of homo- or copolymers of C-^^Q-alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids and/or homo- or copolymers of C^^Q<->alkyl vinyl ethers, these polymers having an average molecular weight of between 1,000 and 1,000,000, preferably between 4,000 and 100,000. 2. Råoljeblanding som angitt i krav 1, karakterisert ved at polymerene er homo- eller kopolymerer av alkylakrylater.2. Crude oil mixture as stated in claim 1, characterized in that the polymers are homo- or copolymers of alkyl acrylates. 3. Råoljeblanding som angitt i krav 2, karakterisert ved at polymerene er homo- eller kopolymerer av alkylakrylater med 18-26 karbonatomer i alkylgruppen.3. Crude oil mixture as stated in claim 2, characterized in that the polymers are homo- or copolymers of alkyl acrylates with 18-26 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. 4. Råoljeblanding som angitt i hvilket som helst av kravene 1-3, karakterisert ved at den er fremstilt ved inn-arbeiding av polymerer som tidligere angitt i en voksaktig råolje ved eller nær produksjonsstedet for råoljen.4. Crude oil mixture as stated in any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that it is produced by incorporating polymers as previously stated in a waxy crude oil at or near the place of production of the crude oil. 5. Råoljeblanding som angitt i hvilket som helst av kravene 1-4, karakterisert ved at den voksaktige råolje er en blanding av voksaktige råoljer eller en blanding av en eller flere voksaktige råoljer og en eller flere ikke-voksaktige råoljer.5. Crude oil mixture as stated in any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that the waxy crude oil is a mixture of waxy crude oils or a mixture of one or more waxy crude oils and one or more non-waxy crude oils.
NO02197/68A 1967-07-07 1968-06-05 NO127015B (en)

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