NO124252B - - Google Patents

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NO124252B
NO124252B NO691170A NO117069A NO124252B NO 124252 B NO124252 B NO 124252B NO 691170 A NO691170 A NO 691170A NO 117069 A NO117069 A NO 117069A NO 124252 B NO124252 B NO 124252B
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hypochlorite
bleaching
bath
active chlorine
concentration
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NO691170A
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Norwegian (no)
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J Ackerman
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Sterling Drug Inc
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/30Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/34Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D207/36Oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D207/402,5-Pyrrolidine-diones
    • C07D207/4042,5-Pyrrolidine-diones with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. succinimide
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/04X-ray contrast preparations
    • A61K49/0433X-ray contrast preparations containing an organic halogenated X-ray contrast-enhancing agent
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/30Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/34Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D207/36Oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D207/402,5-Pyrrolidine-diones
    • C07D207/4042,5-Pyrrolidine-diones with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. succinimide
    • C07D207/408Radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms attached to ring carbon atoms
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D207/00Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D207/02Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D207/44Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D207/444Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5
    • C07D207/448Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide
    • C07D207/452Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having two doubly-bound oxygen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 5 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms, e.g. maleimide with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/80Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/84Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/86Oxygen atoms
    • C07D211/88Oxygen atoms attached in positions 2 and 6, e.g. glutarimide
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/62Oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D213/69Two or more oxygen atoms
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D265/00Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D265/281,4-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-oxazines
    • C07D265/301,4-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-oxazines not condensed with other rings
    • C07D265/321,4-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-oxazines not condensed with other rings with oxygen atoms directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D265/33Two oxygen atoms, in positions 3 and 5

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Indole Compounds (AREA)
  • Pyrrole Compounds (AREA)

Description

Fremgangsmåte ved blekning av cellulosemateriale med hypokloritt. Procedure for bleaching cellulose material with hypochlorite.

Denne fremgangsmåte angår blekning This method concerns bleaching

av cellulosemateriale med hypokloritt i alkalisk medium. of cellulosic material with hypochlorite in alkaline medium.

Blekning av cellulosefibere med opp-løsninger av hypokloritt, f. eks. natrium-eller kalsiumhypokloritt, er vel kjent, men Bleaching of cellulose fibers with solutions of hypochlorite, e.g. sodium or calcium hypochlorite, is well known, but

har den ulempe at det alltid er en fare for has the disadvantage that there is always a danger of

at selve fibrene blir angrepet av blekemid-let. Risikoen for slikt kjemisk angrep på that the fibers themselves are attacked by the bleach. The risk of such chemical attack on

fibrene er særlig stor hvis man ønsker å the fibers are particularly large if you want to

påskynne blekningen, og problemet med accelerate the bleaching, and the problem of

sikker, men akselerert blekning med hypokloritt er fremdeles uløst. safe, but accelerated bleaching with hypochlorite is still unsolved.

Fra en artikkel av R. L. Derry i J. Soc. From an article by R. L. Derry in J. Soc.

Dyers and Colorists, side 884 (1955) har de Dyers and Colorists, page 884 (1955) they have

nærværende oppfinner utledet, at påskyn-net blekning med hypokloritt er mulig hvis the present inventor deduced that accelerated bleaching with hypochlorite is possible if

følgende faktorer reguleres nøyaktig: the following factors are precisely regulated:

1) temperaturen; 2) varigheten av blekningen; 3) det virkelige forbruk av hypokloritt 1) the temperature; 2) the duration of the bleaching; 3) the real consumption of hypochlorite

under blekningen. during bleaching.

Det er klart at det ikke er vanskelig å It is clear that it is not difficult to

regulere temperaturen og varigheten av regulate the temperature and duration of

blekningen, men reguleringen av det virkelige, effektive forbruk av hypokloritt under blekningen frembyr vanskeligheter. the bleaching, but the regulation of the real, effective consumption of hypochlorite during the bleaching presents difficulties.

Denne regulering er imidlertid så meget However, this regulation is so much

viktigere som det er selve denne faktor som more important as it is this very factor which

er helt avgjørende. is absolutely crucial.

Den foreliggende oppfinnelse er basert The present invention is based

på den erkjennelse at det er mulig å bleke on the recognition that it is possible to bleach

hurtig med hypokloritt ved overraskende quick with hypochlorite by surprising

lave konsentrasjoner forutsatt at de følgen-de betingelser oppfylles: low concentrations provided that the following conditions are met:

a) materialet som skal blekes må være i stadig berøring med hypokloritten; b) hypoklorittkonsentrasjoneln skal være meget lav under blekningen, og skal forbli meget lav; c) blekevæsken skal være alkalisk. Det er mulig å oppfylle disse betingelser hvis man måler blekebadets elektriske potensial. Det ble nemlig funnet, at det er i selve området for meget lave hypokloritt-konsentrasjoner i alkalisk medium at det elektriske patensial er i høy grad avhengig av konsentrasjonen av det aktive klor. Hvis denne oppdagelse kombineres med den erkjennelse at slike lave konsentrasjoner vir-kelig er nyttige for oppnåelse av hurtig og effektiv blekning, forutsatt at de oven-nevnte betingelser oppfylles, får man føl-gende direktiver for en foretrukken utfø-relsesform av oppfinnelsen: Materialet holdes i et alkalisk hypoklorittbad av meget lav konsentrasjon, og badets elektriske potensial bestemmes. Så snart som praktisk talt alt det aktive klor er blitt forbrukt — hvilket fremgår av at en betydelig potensialforandring måles — tilsetter man ytterligere hypokloritt, men bare i en slik mengde at man ikke kommer utenfor området for meget lave konsentrasjoner. Når så atter det aktive klor er blitt forbrukt, tilsetter man igjen hypokloritt, og slik fortsettes det inntil blekeprosessen er ferdig. a) the material to be bleached must be in constant contact with the hypochlorite; b) the hypochlorite concentration must be very low during the bleaching, and must remain very low; c) the bleaching liquid must be alkaline. It is possible to meet these conditions if you measure the electrical potential of the bleaching bath. Namely, it was found that it is in the very area of very low hypochlorite concentrations in an alkaline medium that the electrical potential is highly dependent on the concentration of the active chlorine. If this discovery is combined with the realization that such low concentrations are indeed useful for achieving rapid and effective bleaching, provided the above-mentioned conditions are met, the following directives are obtained for a preferred embodiment of the invention: The material is kept in an alkaline hypochlorite bath of very low concentration, and the electric potential of the bath is determined. As soon as practically all of the active chlorine has been consumed — as evidenced by the fact that a significant change in potential is measured — additional hypochlorite is added, but only in such an amount that one does not get outside the range of very low concentrations. When the active chlorine has been used up, hypochlorite is added again, and so on until the bleaching process is finished.

Badets elektriske potensial kan bestemmes f. eks. på den måte som er beskrevet i J. Soc. Dyers and Colorists, 68 (8) 294 (1952). The bath's electrical potential can be determined, e.g. in the manner described in J. Soc. Dyers and Colorists, 68 (8) 294 (1952).

Reguleringen av det aktive klorinn-hold i badet innenfor området av meget lave konsentrasjoner kan foregå automatisk på en meget enkel måte, derved at man sørger for at potensialforandringene elek-trisk styrer en servomekanisme, som bevir-ker at en passende mengde hypokloritt settes til badet i det riktige øyeblikk og uten at man kommer utenfor de lave konsen-trasjoners område. The regulation of the active chlorine content in the bath within the range of very low concentrations can take place automatically in a very simple way, by ensuring that the potential changes electrically control a servo mechanism, which causes an appropriate amount of hypochlorite to be added to the bath at the right moment and without going outside the area of low concentrations.

Det foranstående vil fremgå tydeligere ved et studium av den vedføyde skjematiske tegnings fig. 1. Det antas at den opprinnelige konsentrasjon av aktivt klor er C. Under blekningen forbrukes det klor og konsentrasjonen faller til D. I det øyeblikk D er nådd settes servomekanismen i virksomhet og konsentrasjonen av hypokloritt brin-ges opp igjen til omtrent verdien for C; dette kan gjentas kontinuerlig eller halv-kontinuerlig. Punktet D bestemmes ved praktiske forsøk. Det er naturligvis også mulig å ordne seg slik at servomekanismen trer i virksomhet ved noe lavere konsentrasjoner, men et fall til under punktet B har liten mening, for under dette punkt vil potensialet avta betydelig med synkende konsentrasjon av aktivt klor. På den annen side bør punktet A ikke overskrides, for bortenfor dette er det fare for overkonsentrasjon og angrep på fibrene. The foregoing will appear more clearly from a study of the attached schematic drawing fig. 1. It is assumed that the initial concentration of active chlorine is C. During bleaching, chlorine is consumed and the concentration falls to D. The moment D is reached, the servo mechanism is put into operation and the concentration of hypochlorite is brought back up to approximately the value for C; this can be repeated continuously or semi-continuously. Point D is determined by practical tests. It is of course also possible to arrange things so that the servo mechanism comes into operation at slightly lower concentrations, but a further drop below point B makes little sense, because below this point the potential will decrease significantly with decreasing concentration of active chlorine. On the other hand, point A should not be exceeded, because beyond this there is a risk of overconcentration and attack on the fibres.

Målinger, som ansøkerne har foretatt i alkaliske hypoklorittbad, som ikke inneholdt noe materiale som skulle blekes (så-kalte blindbad), har vist at konsentrasjonen av aktivt klor ved A (fig. 1) aldri går over 0,1 aktivt klor, i form av hypokloritt, pr. liter badvæske. Hittil har man i bleke-prosessene alltid anvendt meget høyere konsentrasjon av aktivt klor, som hypokloritt, nemlig av størrelsesordenen 0,5—2 g aktivt klor pr. liter badvæske. Selv i etter-blekingsprosesser, som ble utført i tøyvaske-rier, har konsentrasjonen av aktivt klor i form av hypokloritt alltid vært over 0,1 g aktivt klor pr. liter badvæske, nemlig av størrelsesordenen 0,25 g/l eller høyere. Measurements, which the applicants have carried out in alkaline hypochlorite baths, which did not contain any material to be bleached (so-called blind baths), have shown that the concentration of active chlorine at A (fig. 1) never exceeds 0.1 active chlorine, in the form of hypochlorite, per liter bath liquid. Up until now, bleaching processes have always used a much higher concentration of active chlorine, such as hypochlorite, namely of the order of magnitude 0.5-2 g active chlorine per liter bath liquid. Even in post-bleaching processes, which were carried out in laundries, the concentration of active chlorine in the form of hypochlorite has always been above 0.1 g of active chlorine per liter of bath liquid, namely of the order of 0.25 g/l or higher.

I henhold til oppfinnelsen er derfor en fremgangsmåte til bleking av cellulosemateriale med hypokloritt i et alkalisk medium under måling av badets elektriske potensial, karakterisert ved at den samlede mengde hypokloritt som kreves for blekeoperasjonen settes til badet i form av en flerhet av suksessive tilsetninger på en slik måte at etter hver enkelt tilsetning holdes konsentrasjonen av aktivt klor, i form av hypokloritt under 0,1 g/l, og at de suksessive tilsetninger først skjer når konsentrasjonen av aktivt klor er falt til en verdi under hvilken det elektriske potensial faller meget hurtig ved synkende konsentrasjon av aktivt klor. According to the invention, there is therefore a method for bleaching cellulose material with hypochlorite in an alkaline medium while measuring the bath's electrical potential, characterized in that the total amount of hypochlorite required for the bleaching operation is added to the bath in the form of a plurality of successive additions in such way that after each individual addition the concentration of active chlorine, in the form of hypochlorite, is kept below 0.1 g/l, and that the successive additions only take place when the concentration of active chlorine has fallen to a value below which the electrical potential drops very rapidly at decreasing concentration of active chlorine.

Det skal bemerkes at det er i og for seg kjent å tilsette hypokloritt i flere trinn, for å unngå for høye hypoklorittkonsen-trasj oner. It should be noted that it is known per se to add hypochlorite in several stages, in order to avoid excessively high hypochlorite concentrations.

Fremgangsmåten i henhold til oppfinnelsen egner seg utmerket for kontinuerlig blekning, da det for det ene ikke er noen fare for overkonsentrasjon og for det annet blekningen foregår overraskende hurtig og fullstendig. Det er ikke noen vanskelighet med å arbeide ved hevet temperatur, f. eks. 78—80° C, uten skadelige virkninger, mens bleketiden blir kortvarigere. The method according to the invention is excellently suited for continuous bleaching, as, on the one hand, there is no danger of overconcentration and, on the other hand, the bleaching takes place surprisingly quickly and completely. There is no difficulty in working at elevated temperatures, e.g. 78-80° C, without harmful effects, while the bleaching time becomes shorter.

Med uttrykket «cellulosemateriale» me-nes her alle slags materialer som har en cellulosebasis, ikke bare de som består av eller inneholder naturcellulose, som bom-ull, lin og liknende, men også slike som består av eller inneholder kunstsilke og liknende. Blekning av fibere, tøyer, hesper og liknende av slike materialer faller innenfor oppfinnelsens ramme. The term "cellulosic material" here means all kinds of materials that have a cellulose base, not only those that consist of or contain natural cellulose, such as cotton wool, linen and the like, but also those that consist of or contain artificial silk and the like. Bleaching of fibres, fabrics, ropes and the like of such materials falls within the scope of the invention.

De følgende eksempler belyser oppfinnelsen. The following examples illustrate the invention.

Eksempel 1. Example 1.

Som utgangsmateriale ble det anvendt et bomullstøy, som var blitt behandlet med en varm oppløsning av natriumhydroksyd. Dets fluiditetskoeffisient var 3,6 rho; dets hvithet var 66,3 målt ved den metode som er beskrevet i meddelelse 75 III fiberinsti-tuttet av Hollands organisasjon for an-vendte vitenskapelige undersøkelser (Med-deling 75 III Vezelinstituut T. N.O.). A cotton cloth was used as the starting material, which had been treated with a warm solution of sodium hydroxide. Its coefficient of fluidity was 3.6 rho; its whiteness was 66.3 measured by the method described in Communication 75 III Fiber Institute of the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (Communication 75 III Vezelinstituut T. N.O.).

Tøyet ble bleket i henhold til oppfinnelsen i en alkalisk hypoklorittoppløsning (5 g soda/l) ved 80° C. Den første konsentrasjon av aktivt klor i badvæsken var 0,023 g/l, og i løpet av 1 time ble det foretatt 9 suksessive tilsetninger, som hver inneholdt 0,023 g pr. liter badvæske. Ialt hadde så-ledes tøyet forbrukt 0,23 g aktivt klor pr. liter badvæske. Forholdet mellom vekten av tørt tøy og vekten av badvæske var 1:15. The clothes were bleached according to the invention in an alkaline hypochlorite solution (5 g soda/l) at 80° C. The first concentration of active chlorine in the bath liquid was 0.023 g/l, and within 1 hour 9 successive additions were made, each of which contained 0.023 g per liter bath liquid. In total, the laundry had thus consumed 0.23 g of active chlorine per liter bath liquid. The ratio between the weight of dry laundry and the weight of bath liquid was 1:15.

Hver dosis på 0,023 aktivt klor ble tilsatt i det øyeblikk da badets potensial var falt til 400 millivolt, og øyeblikkelig etter hver dosis steg potensialet, til en verdi som ikke oversteg 500 millivolt. Potensialet ble målt mellom en glatt platinaelektrode og en kalomelelektrode som begge var ned-dyppet i badet. Doseringen ble bevirket ved hjelp av elektroniske innretninger. Each dose of 0.023 active chlorine was added at the moment when the potential of the bath had fallen to 400 millivolts, and immediately after each dose the potential rose, to a value not exceeding 500 millivolts. The potential was measured between a smooth platinum electrode and a calomel electrode which were both immersed in the bath. The dosage was effected by means of electronic devices.

Det resulterende tøys hvithet var 82— 83 og dets fluiditetskoeffisient var 9 rho. The whiteness of the resulting fabric was 82-83 and its coefficient of fluidity was 9 rho.

Eksempel 2. Example 2.

Et mercerisert bomullstøy, som var blitt forbehandlet med en alkalisk oppløsning og hvis fluiditetskoeffisient var 3,3 rho, ble i 1% time ved 70° C bleket med ialt 0,6 aktivt klor, i form av hypokloritt, pr. liter badvæske, ble fordelt som 13 suksessive tilsetninger som automatisk ble tilsatt på det punkt hvor potensialet falt til et minimum på 405 millivolt. Badet inneholdt 5 g soda/l. Forholdet mellom vekten av tørt tøy og vekten av badvæsken var 1 : 20. A mercerized cotton cloth, which had been pre-treated with an alkaline solution and whose fluidity coefficient was 3.3 rho, was bleached for 1% hour at 70° C with a total of 0.6 active chlorine, in the form of hypochlorite, per liters of bath fluid, was distributed as 13 successive additions which were automatically added at the point where the potential dropped to a minimum of 405 millivolts. The bath contained 5 g soda/l. The ratio between the weight of dry laundry and the weight of the bath liquid was 1:20.

Det blekede tøy hadde en hvithet på 85; dets fluiditetskoeffisient var 8,1 rho. The bleached fabric had a whiteness of 85; its coefficient of fluidity was 8.1 rho.

Eksempel 3. Example 3.

Et rått bomullstøy, som i % time var forbehandlet med en varm sodaoppløsning som inneholdt y2 vekt-pst. soda, og hvis fluiditetskonstant var 2,8 rho, ble ved 70° C i løpet av 50 minutter bleket med ialt 1 g aktivt klor, som hypokloritt pr. liter, fordelt på 22 tilsetninger, som ble utført automatisk ved det punkt hvor potensialet falt under et minimum på 405 millivolt. Badet inneholdt 5 g soda pr. liter badvæske. Forholdet mellom vekten av tørt tøy og vekten av badvæsken var 1 : 20. A raw cotton cloth, which for % hour was pre-treated with a hot soda solution containing y2 wt.-pst. soda, and whose fluidity constant was 2.8 rho, was bleached at 70° C within 50 minutes with a total of 1 g of active chlorine, as hypochlorite per litres, divided into 22 additions, which were carried out automatically at the point where the potential fell below a minimum of 405 millivolts. The bath contained 5 g of soda per liter bath liquid. The ratio between the weight of dry laundry and the weight of the bath liquid was 1:20.

Det blekede tøys hvithet var 79, dets fluiditetskoeffisient var 6,5 rho. The whiteness of the bleached fabric was 79, its coefficient of fluidity was 6.5 rho.

Eksempel 4. Example 4.

Et rått bomullstøy, som i 3 timer var blitt forbehandlet med en varm natrium-hydroksydoppløsning, der inneholdt 1 vekt-pst. natriumhydroksyd, og som hadde en fluiditetskoeffisient på 3,0 rho, ble bleket ved 80° C i 15 minutter, med ialt 0,3 aktivt klor, i form av hypokloritt, pr. liter badvæske, fordelt på 6 tilsetninger som foregikk automatisk ved det punkt hvor potensialet falt til et minimum av 450 millivolt. Badvæsken var alkalisk. Forholdet mellom vekten av tørt tøy og vekten av badvæsken var 1 : 15. A raw cotton cloth, which had been pre-treated for 3 hours with a hot sodium hydroxide solution, contained 1 wt. sodium hydroxide, and which had a fluidity coefficient of 3.0 rho, was bleached at 80° C. for 15 minutes, with a total of 0.3 active chlorine, in the form of hypochlorite, per liter of bath liquid, divided into 6 additions which took place automatically at the point where the potential fell to a minimum of 450 millivolts. The bath liquid was alkaline. The ratio between the weight of dry laundry and the weight of the bath liquid was 1:15.

Det blekede tøy hadde en hvithet på 73; dets fluiditetskoeffisient var ca. 5,5 rho. The bleached fabric had a whiteness of 73; its fluidity coefficient was approx. 5.5 rho.

Eksempel 5. Example 5.

Et rått bomullstøy, som i 3 timer var blitt forbehandlet med en varm natrium-hydroksydoppløsning som inneholdt 1 vekt-pst. natriumhydroksyd, og som hadde en fluiditetskoeffisient på 3,0 rho, ble ved 60° i 60 minutter bleket med ialt 0,22 g aktivt klor i form av hypokloritt, fordelt på 4 tilsetninger, som foregikk automatisk ved det punkt hvor potensialet falt til et minimum av 400 millivolt. Badvæsken var alkalisk. Forholdet mellom vekten av tørt tøy og vekten av badvæsken var 1 : 15. A raw cotton cloth, which had been pre-treated for 3 hours with a warm sodium hydroxide solution containing 1 wt. sodium hydroxide, and which had a fluidity coefficient of 3.0 rho, was bleached at 60° for 60 minutes with a total of 0.22 g of active chlorine in the form of hypochlorite, divided into 4 additions, which took place automatically at the point where the potential fell to a minimum of 400 millivolts. The bath liquid was alkaline. The ratio between the weight of dry laundry and the weight of the bath liquid was 1:15.

Det blekede tøy hadde en hvithet av 72, The bleached fabric had a whiteness of 72,

dets fluiditetskoeffisient var ca. 4,5 rho. its fluidity coefficient was approx. 4.5 rho.

Som det forstås er oppfinnelsen ikke begrenset til disse eksempler. Spesielt skal det nevnes at antallet av tilsetninger kan økes, hvilket vil si at de foran nevnte punk-ter C og D nærmer seg til hverandre, og at man nærmer seg til en kontinuerlig fremgangsmåte. As is understood, the invention is not limited to these examples. In particular, it should be mentioned that the number of additions can be increased, which means that the aforementioned points C and D approach each other, and that one approaches a continuous process.

Oppfinnerne har ennvidere funnet et The inventors have also found one

faktum som har stor praktisk betydning: Hvis det ved hver suksessiv tilsetning av en like stor mengde aktivt klor, i form av hypokloritt, til badvæsken vil — som følge av den progressivt avtakende hastig-het pr. tidsenhet hvormed tøyet eller liknende forbruker aktivt klor hen mot slutten av blekeprosessen — tidsintervallet mellom to på hinannen følgende tilsetninger øke gradvis hen mot slutten av pro-sessen. fact that is of great practical importance: If with each successive addition of an equal amount of active chlorine, in the form of hypochlorite, to the bath liquid - as a result of the progressively decreasing speed per unit of time with which the laundry or similar actively consumes chlorine towards the end of the bleaching process — the time interval between two successive additions gradually increases towards the end of the process.

Dette kan forklares nærmere i forbin-delse med tegningens skjematiske figur 2. På denne angir ordinatene badets potensial, mens abcissen er en tidsakse. Punk-tene xi, x2 x„.y.2. x,,.,..,, x,,., ......... x„.2. x„xn representerer de øyeblikker da hver enkelt tilsetning settes til badet. Øyeblikkelig etter hver enkelt tilsetning stiger badets potensial fra en begynnelsesverdi D til en verdi mellom D og C, og deretter synker potensialet igjen inntil verdien D atter nås, og This can be explained in more detail in connection with the drawing's schematic figure 2. On this, the ordinates indicate the bath's potential, while the abscissa is a time axis. The points xi, x2 x„.y.2. x,,.,..,, x,,., ......... x„.2. x„xn represent the moments when each individual addition is added to the bath. Immediately after each individual addition, the potential of the bath rises from an initial value D to a value between D and C, and then the potential falls again until the value D is reached again, and

i dette øyeblikk foregår den neste tilsetning. Avstanden xi -x^ ved begynnelsen av at this moment the next addition takes place. The distance xi -x^ at the beginning of

blekeprosessen er neppe forskjellig fra eller er lik avstanden xj-xm, men mot slutten av blekeprosessen er avstanden mellom et før-ste punkt og et annet punkt xn.vmin-dre enn avstanden mellom det nevnte annet punkt xn , og et tredje punkt x . the bleaching process is hardly different from or equal to the distance xj-xm, but towards the end of the bleaching process the distance between a first point and another point xn.v is less than the distance between the aforementioned second point xn and a third point x.

Hvis det utføres en rekke blekeprosesser p, q, r og forholdene med hensyn til mengden av aktivt klor, som hypokloritt, pr. tilsetning, forholdet mellom vekten av tørt tøy og vekten av badvæsken, samt be-gynnelsessammensetningen og potensialet av blindbadet er ens i alle prosessene, har ansøkerne funnet at uansett hvilket tøy eller liknende underkastes den nevnte blekeprosess observerer man praktisk samme grad av kjemisk angrep hvis man i alle prosessene p, q, r stanser blekeprosessen så snart som tidsintervallet mellom to suksessive tilsetninger overskrider en viss verdi, som er den samme i alle tilfeller. Dette vil med andre ord si, at hvis en rekke tøyer P, Q, R ...... av ukjent opprinnelse underkastes de respektive blekeprosesser p, q, r , og hvis man (se fig. 2) stanser blekingen straks man i hver enkelt pro-sess p, q, r ...... overskrider en forut bestemt — for alle prosessene ens —■ verdi for tidsintervallet xn2-xn l, blir fluiditets-koeffisienten av alle de blekede tøyer ens eller praktisk talt ens, uansett hva hvert enkelt tøys utgangsfluiditet var. If a number of bleaching processes p, q, r and the conditions with regard to the amount of active chlorine, such as hypochlorite, per addition, the ratio between the weight of dry laundry and the weight of the bath liquid, as well as the initial composition and the potential of the blind bath are the same in all the processes, the applicants have found that regardless of which laundry or similar is subjected to the aforementioned bleaching process, one observes practically the same degree of chemical attack if one in all the processes p, q, r, the bleaching process stops as soon as the time interval between two successive additions exceeds a certain value, which is the same in all cases. In other words, this means that if a number of fabrics P, Q, R ... of unknown origin are subjected to the respective bleaching processes p, q, r , and if (see fig. 2) the bleaching is stopped immediately in each individual process p, q, r ... exceeds a predetermined — for all the processes the same — value for the time interval xn2-xn l, the fluidity coefficient of all the bleached fabrics becomes the same or practically the same, whatever the initial fluidity of each individual cloth was.

Dette vil i praksis si, at det er mulig å blek et tøy av ukjent opprinnelse til en bestemt fluiditetskoeffisient ved at man bleker inntil tidsintervallet mellom to på hinannen følgende tilsetninger overskrider en på forhånd bestemt verdi. In practice, this means that it is possible to bleach a fabric of unknown origin to a specific fluidity coefficient by bleaching until the time interval between two successive additions exceeds a predetermined value.

De følgende eksempler illustrerer oppfinnelsen nærmere. The following examples illustrate the invention in more detail.

Eksempel 6. Example 6.

Det ble anvendt 6 tøyer P, Q R, S, T og U, hvis vekt i g/m<2> var for: P = 165 g/m2 6 fabrics P, Q R, S, T and U were used, whose weight in g/m<2> was for: P = 165 g/m2

Q = 190 g/m2Q = 190 g/m2

R 194 g/m2R 194 g/m2

S = 214 g/m2S = 214 g/m2

T = 111 g/m2T = 111 g/m2

U = 203 g/m2U = 203 g/m2

Alle disse tøyer ble forbehandlet på en og samme måte. All these fabrics were pre-treated in one and the same way.

Den første forbehandlingstype. The first type of pretreatment.

Tøyene ble kokt y2 time i en vandig oppløsning som inneholdt 1 vekts-pst. soda. På denne måte fikk man 6 forbehandlede tøyer Pi, Qi .. Ui. The clothes were boiled for 2 hours in an aqueous solution containing 1% by weight. soda. In this way, 6 pre-treated fabrics Pi, Qi .. Ui were obtained.

Den annen forbehandlingstype. The second pretreatment type.

Andre stykker av samme sort tøy ble 5 timer kokt med en vandig oppløsning som Other pieces of the same black cloth were boiled for 5 hours with an aqueous solution which

inneholdt 1 vekt-pst. natriumhydroksyd. På denne måte fikk man 6 andre forbehandlede tøyer Pa, Q2 ...... U2. contained 1 wt. sodium hydroxide. In this way, 6 other pretreated fabrics Pa, Q2 ...... U2 were obtained.

Hvert enkelt av de forbehandlede tøyer ble bleket i et alkalisk hypoklorittbad av samme begynnelsessammensetning (det inneholdt 5 g soda pr. liter badvæske) som hadde samme begynnelsespotensial som blindbadet. I alle tilfeller var forholdet mellom vekten av tørt høy og badvekten 1 : 30. Hver enkelt tilsetning av 0,033 g aktivt klor pr. liter badvæske ble tilsatt straks badets potensial var blitt 345 millivolt. Badets potensial straks etter hver tilsetning oversteg ikke 420 millivolt. I alle tilfeller var badets temperatur 80° C. Blekingen ble i alle tilfeller stoppet når tidsintervallet mellom to på hinannen følgende tilsetninger oversteg 3y2 minutt. Each of the pre-treated fabrics was bleached in an alkaline hypochlorite bath of the same initial composition (it contained 5 g of soda per liter of bath liquid) which had the same initial potential as the blank bath. In all cases, the ratio between the weight of dry hay and the bath weight was 1:30. Each individual addition of 0.033 g of active chlorine per liter of bath liquid was added as soon as the potential of the bath had become 345 millivolts. The potential of the bath immediately after each addition did not exceed 420 millivolts. In all cases the temperature of the bath was 80° C. The bleaching was stopped in all cases when the time interval between two successive additions exceeded 3y2 minutes.

Den nedenstående tabell angir den opprinnelige blå-remisjon i pst. (et mål for hvitheten), den opprinnelige fluiditetskoeffisient, antallet av aktivt klor, som hypokloritt (der angis to verdier da hvert for-søk ble utført in duplo), den samlede bleke-tid i minutter (in duplo), det blekede tøys blå-remisjon i pst. (in duplo) og det blekede tøys fluiditetskoeffisient angitt i rho (in duplo). The table below indicates the initial blue remission in pst. (a measure of whiteness), the initial fluidity coefficient, the amount of active chlorine, as hypochlorite (where two values are given when each test was carried out in duplicate), the overall bleaching time in minutes (in duplo), the blue remission of the bleached fabric in pst. (in duplo) and the fluidity coefficient of the bleached fabric indicated in rho (in duplo).

Claims (4)

1. Fremgangsmåte til blekning av cellulosemateriale med hypokloritt i et alkalisk medium under måling av badets elektriske potensial, karakterisert ved, at den samlede mengde hypokloritt som kreves for blekeoperasjonen settes til badet i form av en flerhet av suksessive tilsetninger på en slik måte at etter hver enkelt tilsetning holdes konsentrasjonen av aktivt klor, i form av hypokloritt under 0,1 g/l, og at de suksessive tilsetninger først skjer når konsentrasjonen av aktivt klor er falt til en verdi under hvilken det elektriske potensial faller meget hurtig ved synkende konsentrasjon av aktivt klor.1. Method for bleaching cellulose material with hypochlorite in an alkaline medium while measuring the bath's electrical potential, characterized in that the total amount of hypochlorite required for the bleaching operation is added to the bath in the form of a plurality of successive additions in such a way that after each single addition, the concentration of active chlorine, in the form of hypochlorite, is kept below 0.1 g/l, and that the successive additions only take place when the concentration of active chlorine has fallen to a value below which the electrical potential drops very quickly with decreasing concentration of active chlorine. 2. Fremgangsmåte ifølge påstand 1, karakterisert ved, at blekningen utføres ved en temperatur på 70—80° C.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the bleaching is carried out at a temperature of 70-80° C. 3. Fremgangsmåte ifølge påstand 1, karakterisert ved at det ved hver suksessiv tilsetning tilføres 0,01—0,05 g aktivt klor, i form av hypokloritt, pr. liter badvæske.3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that with each successive addition, 0.01-0.05 g of active chlorine, in the form of hypochlorite, is added per liter bath liquid. 4. Fremgangsmåte ifølge påstand 1, karakterisert ved at det ved hver suksessiv tilsetning tilføres den samme mengde aktivt klor, som hypokloritt, pr. liter badvæske, og at tilsetning stanses hvis tidsintervallet mellom den siste og den nest siste tilsetning har overskredet en forut bestemt tidslengde.4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that with each successive addition, the same amount of active chlorine, such as hypochlorite, is added per liter of bath liquid, and that addition is stopped if the time interval between the last and the second last addition has exceeded a predetermined length of time.
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