NO122057B - - Google Patents
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- NO122057B NO122057B NO166021A NO16602166A NO122057B NO 122057 B NO122057 B NO 122057B NO 166021 A NO166021 A NO 166021A NO 16602166 A NO16602166 A NO 16602166A NO 122057 B NO122057 B NO 122057B
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- water
- alginates
- amine
- carbon atoms
- alginic acid
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- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 51
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 50
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- SAIKULLUBZKPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bis(2-ethylhexyl) amine Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CNCC(CC)CCCC SAIKULLUBZKPDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- XTAZYLNFDRKIHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dioctyloctan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCN(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC XTAZYLNFDRKIHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 19
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 description 11
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- AAIUWVOMXTVLRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8,8-dimethylnonan-1-amine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CCCCCCCN AAIUWVOMXTVLRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- JRBAVVHMQRKGLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16,16-dimethylheptadecan-1-amine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN JRBAVVHMQRKGLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 alginic acid compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-VANFPWTGSA-N D-mannopyranuronic acid Chemical compound OC1O[C@H](C(O)=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O AEMOLEFTQBMNLQ-VANFPWTGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IAJILQKETJEXLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Galacturonsaeure Natural products O=CC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)=O IAJILQKETJEXLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010407 ammonium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- PUSKHXMZPOMNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole-5-carboxylate Chemical group CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C2N=[Se]=NC2=C1 PUSKHXMZPOMNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylamine Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
- A24B3/18—Other treatment of leaves, e.g. puffing, crimpling, cleaning
- A24B3/182—Puffing
- A24B3/187—Puffing by electrical treatment
Landscapes
- Manufacture Of Tobacco Products (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
Description
Fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av visse alginsyrederivater. Process for the production of certain alginic acid derivatives.
x Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av nye alginsyre-forbindelser som er oppløselig i organiske opp-løsningsmidler men kan utfelles med vann. x The present invention relates to a method for the production of new alginic acid compounds which are soluble in organic solvents but can be precipitated with water.
Tidligere kjente alginsyresalter er i det Previously known alginic acid salts are in it
vesentlige oppløselige i vann og utskilles veii tilsetning til vandige alginatoppløsninger av de fleste med vann blandbare organiske væsker. Den mengde organisk væske som kreves for å forårsake utskillelse av disse alginater varie-rer med den organiske væskes natur og med deres spesielle alginat. Således utskilles f. eks. alkalimetallalginatene ved tilsetning til disses oppløsninger av lavere alkoholer i mengdeforhold på mellom 10 og 40 %. Ammoniumalgina-ter og alginater av lavere aminer er fullsten-dig oppløselige i vann og større mengder organiske væsker kan tilsettes til disses vandige oppløsninger uten at utskillelse finner sted. De kan imidlertid utskilles ved tilsetning av tilstrekkelige mengder organisk væske. Ennu større mengdeforhold av organiske væsker tåles uten utfelning av vandige oppløsninger av alginater av høyere aminer, således som angitt i «Transactions of the Plastics Insti-tute» 1949, Vol. 17, side 66. Eksempler på flere amin-alginater som er oppløselige i vann og i lavere alkoholer, er gitt i U. S. patent nr. 2.688.598. substantially soluble in water and are secreted when added to aqueous alginate solutions of most water-miscible organic liquids. The amount of organic liquid required to cause excretion of these alginates varies with the nature of the organic liquid and with their particular alginate. Thus, e.g. the alkali metal alginates by adding to their solutions lower alcohols in proportions of between 10 and 40%. Ammonium alginates and alginates of lower amines are completely soluble in water and larger quantities of organic liquids can be added to their aqueous solutions without precipitation taking place. However, they can be separated by adding sufficient amounts of organic liquid. Even greater proportions of organic liquids can be tolerated without precipitation of aqueous solutions of alginates of higher amines, as stated in "Transactions of the Plastics Institute" 1949, Vol. 17, page 66. Examples of several amine alginates which are soluble in water and in lower alcohols, is given in U.S. Patent No. 2,688,598.
Det er nu funnet at visse andre amin-alginatér til forskjell fra tidligere fremstillede amin-alginater er i det vesentlige uoppløselige i vann mens de er oppløselige i lavere alkoholer og blandinger av slike alkoholer med mindre mengder vann og utfelles fra sådanne oppløsninger ved tilsetning av store mengder vann. It has now been found that certain other amine alginates, in contrast to previously prepared amine alginates, are essentially insoluble in water, while they are soluble in lower alcohols and mixtures of such alcohols with smaller amounts of water and are precipitated from such solutions by the addition of large amounts of water.
Det er videre funnet at bare aminer innen en begrenset gruppe danner alginater av den- It has further been found that only amines within a limited group form alginates of the
ne type og at konfigurasjonen såvel som an-tallet av kullstoffatomer i aminene er av be-tydning. Det er med hell brukt det tertiære amin tri-n-oktylamin, det sekundære amin di-2-etylheksylamin samt blandinger av primære aminer med 12 til 14 kullstoffatomer i molekylet og i hvilke der ikke er tilstede tertiære kullstoffatomer. Disse aminer er ikke tilgjen-gelige i ren tilstand, men blandinger av aminer med 12 til 15 kullstoffatomer i molekylet kan fåes under betegnelsen Primene 81-R og blandinger av aminer med 18 til 24 kullstoffatomer i molekylet kan fåes under betegnelsen Primene JM-T (ordet Primene er et registrert varemerke). Der kan ikke gis noen teoretisk grunn for at disse aminer er egnet, men et totalt antall kullstoffatomer på mellom 12 og 24 aminet molekyl synes å være fordelåktig. ne type and that the configuration as well as the number of carbon atoms in the amines is important. The tertiary amine tri-n-octylamine, the secondary amine di-2-ethylhexylamine and mixtures of primary amines with 12 to 14 carbon atoms in the molecule and in which no tertiary carbon atoms are present have been successfully used. These amines are not available in their pure state, but mixtures of amines with 12 to 15 carbon atoms in the molecule can be obtained under the designation Primene 81-R and mixtures of amines with 18 to 24 carbon atoms in the molecule can be obtained under the designation Primene JM-T ( the word Primene is a registered trademark). No theoretical reason can be given for these amines being suitable, but a total number of carbon atoms of between 12 and 24 in the amine molecule seems to be advantageous.
Videre synes det å være fordelaktig at ikke alle kullstoffatomene ligger i en ikke forgrenet kjede. Det er å merke at alginatene av noen aminer med opp til 12 kullstoffatomer i molekylet f. eks. tributylamin, er oppløselige i vann, mens alginater av aminer med lange kullstoffkjeder f. eks. 18 kullstoffatomer i molekylet, hverken er oppløselig i vann i organiske oppløsningsmidler. Det er sannsynlig at selv med anvendelse av aminer med forgrenet kullstoffkjede, ville nærværet av mere enn 24 kullstoffatomer i aminets molekyl føre til min-sket oppløselighet. Det ble nemlig observert at alginater av aminet Primene JM-T med 18 til 24 kullstoffatomer i molekylet oppløste seg mindre lett i metanol enn alginatet av aminet Primene 81-R med 12 til 15 kullstoffatomer i molekylet. Furthermore, it seems to be advantageous that not all the carbon atoms lie in an unbranched chain. It should be noted that the alginates of some amines with up to 12 carbon atoms in the molecule, e.g. tributylamine, are soluble in water, while alginates of amines with long carbon chains, e.g. 18 carbon atoms in the molecule, neither is soluble in water in organic solvents. It is likely that even with the use of amines with a branched carbon chain, the presence of more than 24 carbon atoms in the amine molecule would lead to reduced solubility. Namely, it was observed that alginates of the amine Primene JM-T with 18 to 24 carbon atoms in the molecule dissolved less easily in methanol than the alginate of the amine Primene 81-R with 12 to 15 carbon atoms in the molecule.
De karakteristiske hovedtrekk ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen er følgelig at man lar en oppløsning i et organisk oppløs-ningsmiddel av et primært, sekundært eller s tertiært amin som gir et i alkohol oppløselig t men i vann uoppløselig amin-alginat, reagere direkte med fuktig alginsyre og tørrer reak-sjonsproduktet. The main characteristic features of the method according to the invention are consequently that a solution in an organic solvent of a primary, secondary or tertiary amine which gives an alcohol-soluble but water-insoluble amine-alginate is allowed to react directly with moist alginic acid and dries the reaction product.
Fortrinnsvis brukes der et primært sekundært eller tertiært amin med mellom 12 og 24 kullstoffatomer i molekylet. A primary secondary or tertiary amine with between 12 and 24 carbon atoms in the molecule is preferably used there.
Alginsyre er en polymer av mannuron-syre og polymerisasjonsgraden kan varieres betydelig under alginsyrens fremstilling. Alginic acid is a polymer of mannuronic acid and the degree of polymerization can be varied significantly during the production of alginic acid.
Viskositeten av alginatoppløsninger inklu-sive oppløsninger av amin-alginater er i stor utstrekning avhengige av alginatets polymerisasjonsgrad. Der kan derfor ved hjelp av oppfinnelsen fremstilles alginater med mange for-skjellige viskositeter ved en bestemt konsentrasjon. The viscosity of alginate solutions, including solutions of amine alginates, is largely dependent on the degree of polymerization of the alginate. Therefore, with the help of the invention, alginates with many different viscosities can be produced at a specific concentration.
De alkoholoppløselige amin-alginater fremstilles som nevnt ifølge oppfinnelsen ved direkte reaksjon mellom aminet og alginsyre. Det er funnet at man for å få en rask og full-stendig reaksjon er nødvendig at alginsyren er i fuktig tilstand og den bør fortrinnsvis in-neholde mellom 55 og 65 vekt % vann. Der kan imidlertid fåes tilfredsstillende resultater med alginsyre hvis fuktighetsinnhold ligger utenfor dette område, når aminet oppløses i et inert oppløsningsmiddel f. eks. kullstofftetraklorid. The alcohol-soluble amine alginates are produced as mentioned according to the invention by direct reaction between the amine and alginic acid. It has been found that in order to obtain a rapid and complete reaction it is necessary that the alginic acid is in a moist state and it should preferably contain between 55 and 65% by weight of water. However, satisfactory results can be obtained with alginic acid whose moisture content lies outside this range, when the amine is dissolved in an inert solvent, e.g. carbon tetrachloride.
I det følgende beskrives som eksempler noen utførelsesformer for oppfinnelsen. In the following, some embodiments of the invention are described as examples.
Eksempel 1. Example 1.
744 g og fuktig alginsyre inneholdende 50 vekt % vann ble i et blandeapparat av Werner Pfleiderer-typen blandet med en opp-løsning av 400 g av aminet «Primene 81-R» i 1000 ml. kullstofftetraklorid. Reaksjonen fant sted under utvikling av varme og man fort-satte blandingen i to timer. Reaksjonsblandin-gen ble derpå oppdelt og tørret i en strøm av varm luft ved omkring 50° C. Det tørrede produkt ble malt i en hammermølle slik at man fikk et produkt som passerte en 22 mesh B.S.-sikt. 744 g and moist alginic acid containing 50% by weight of water were mixed in a Werner Pfleiderer type mixer with a solution of 400 g of the amine "Primene 81-R" in 1000 ml. carbon tetrachloride. The reaction took place with the evolution of heat and the mixture was continued for two hours. The reaction mixture was then partitioned and dried in a stream of hot air at about 50° C. The dried product was ground in a hammer mill to obtain a product which passed a 22 mesh B.S. sieve.
En 1 vekt % oppløsning av dette produkt i metanol hadde en viskositet på 149 centistoke ved 25° C og en 1 vekt% oppløsning i etylenglykol hadde en viskositet på 490 centistoke. Oppløsningenes viskositet øker meget raskt med økning av alginatets konsentrasjon og der kan dannes tixotropiske geler. A 1% by weight solution of this product in methanol had a viscosity of 149 centistokes at 25°C and a 1% by weight solution in ethylene glycol had a viscosity of 490 centistokes. The solutions' viscosity increases very quickly with an increase in the alginate's concentration, and thixotropic gels can form there.
Andre prøver fremstillet av alginsyre med høyere eller lavere polymerisasjonsgrad enn den i dette eksempel anvendte, ga oppløsnin-ger med høyere henholdsvis lavere viskositeter. De nøyaktige verdier man får for disse oppløsningers viskositeter avhenger av bestem-melsesmetoden da de har unormale flyteegen-ikaper, idet de tilsynelatende viskositeter av-:ar med økende skjærkrefter. Other samples prepared from alginic acid with a higher or lower degree of polymerization than that used in this example gave solutions with higher and lower viscosities, respectively. The exact values obtained for the viscosities of these solutions depend on the method of determination as they have abnormal flow properties, as the apparent viscosities decrease with increasing shear forces.
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
930 g fuktig alginsyre inneholdende 60 / ekt % vann ble anbragt i et blandeapparat iv Werner Pfleiderertypen og apparatets skov-.er ble satt i gang. Efter 5 min. var alginsyren jodt oppdelt og 400 g av aminet «Primene 51-R» ble langsomt tilsatt. Reaksjonen fant sted under utvikling av varme og man fort-satte omrøringen i 3 timer. Reaksjonsblandin-jen ble oppdelt og derpå tørret i en strøm av farm luft ved 50° C. Det tørrede produkt ble ved hjelp av en slagmølle knust til et granu-lært materiale som passerte en 30 mesh sikt. 930 g of moist alginic acid containing 60% actual water was placed in a Werner Pfleiderer type mixing apparatus and the apparatus's blades were set in motion. After 5 min. the alginic acid was iodine split and 400 g of the amine "Primene 51-R" was slowly added. The reaction took place during the evolution of heat and stirring was continued for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was divided and then dried in a stream of farm air at 50° C. The dried product was crushed by means of an impact mill into a granular material which passed a 30 mesh sieve.
Eksempel 3. Example 3.
438 g fuktig alginsyre inneholdende 51.5 % vann ble blandet med en oppløsning av 262 g di-2-etylheksylamin i 880 ml. kullstofftetraklorid. Blandingen ble foretatt i et blandeapparat av Werner Pfleiderertypen i to timer. Det resulterende reaksjonsprodukt ble oppdelt, tørret og derpå malt. En 1 vekt % oppløsning av dette produkt i metanol hadde en viskositet på 68 centistoke ved 25° C. 438 g of moist alginic acid containing 51.5% water was mixed with a solution of 262 g of di-2-ethylhexylamine in 880 ml. carbon tetrachloride. The mixing was carried out in a Werner Pfleiderer type mixer for two hours. The resulting reaction product was separated, dried and then ground. A 1% by weight solution of this product in methanol had a viscosity of 68 centistokes at 25°C.
Eksempel Jf. Example Cf.
325 g tri-n-oktylamin ble i et blandeapparat av Werner Pfleiderer-typen blandet med 486 g fuktig alginsyre med lav viskositet og inneholdende 60,2 vekt % vann. Efter tre timer fikk man en jevn blanding og produktet ble derpå tørret i en strøm av varm luft og malt slik at det passerte en sikt på 30 mesh. En 2 %'s oppløsning av produktet i metanol hadde en viskositet på 5 centistoke. Alginatet ble utfelt fra denne oppløsning ved tilsetning av 4 volumdeler vann pr. volumdel oppløsning. 325 g of tri-n-octylamine was mixed in a Werner Pfleiderer type mixer with 486 g of moist alginic acid of low viscosity and containing 60.2% by weight of water. After three hours a uniform mixture was obtained and the product was then dried in a stream of hot air and ground so that it passed a 30 mesh sieve. A 2% solution of the product in methanol had a viscosity of 5 centistokes. The alginate was precipitated from this solution by adding 4 parts by volume of water per volume fraction resolution.
Alginatene av di-2-etylheksylamin og av «Primene 81-R» ligner hverandre med hensyn til deres oppløselighetsegenskaper. Når disse alginater blandes med vann sveller de betyde-, lig, men ingen bemerkelsesverdig mengde går i oppløsning. De oppløses i metanol under dannelse av viskose oppløsninger eller tixotropiske geler, avhengig av konsentrasjonen. De er også oppløselige i etylenglygol og propylen-glykol. En liten mengde vann kan tilsettes slike oppløsninger uten at utfelning av alginatet finner sted, mens større mengder vann frem-bringer utfelning av disse. Det mengdeforhold vann som kreves for utfelning er avhengig av det anvendte oppløsningsmiddel, idet det er mindre for metanol enn for etanol. Hvis vann-tilsetningen utføres forsiktig og under god omrøring utfelles alginatet i findelt form og forblir suspendert i væsken i lange tidsrom. Alginatet utfelles også ved tilsetning av blandbare, ikke polære oppløsningsrhidler til dets oppløsninger i alkohol. The alginates of di-2-ethylhexylamine and of "Primene 81-R" are similar in their solubility properties. When these alginates are mixed with water they swell considerably, but no appreciable amount dissolves. They dissolve in methanol forming viscous solutions or thixotropic gels, depending on the concentration. They are also soluble in ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. A small amount of water can be added to such solutions without precipitation of the alginate taking place, while larger amounts of water produce precipitation of these. The amount of water required for precipitation depends on the solvent used, being smaller for methanol than for ethanol. If the water addition is carried out carefully and with good stirring, the alginate precipitates in finely divided form and remains suspended in the liquid for long periods of time. The alginate is also precipitated by the addition of miscible, non-polar solubilizing agents to its solutions in alcohol.
Disse alginater er også oppløselige i flere blandinger av sådanne oppløsningsmidler som alginatene ikke er oppløselige i når de anvendes alene. Eksempler på dette er blandinger av 90 deler etanol og 10 deler vann, like deler aceton og vann, 92 deler metyletylketon og 8 deler vann, like deler isopropylalkohol og vann. Med deler menés her volumdeler. De mengdeforhold som brukes kan imidlertid va-riere betydelig. These alginates are also soluble in several mixtures of such solvents in which the alginates are not soluble when used alone. Examples of this are mixtures of 90 parts ethanol and 10 parts water, equal parts acetone and water, 92 parts methyl ethyl ketone and 8 parts water, equal parts isopropyl alcohol and water. By parts is meant here volume parts. However, the quantity ratios used can vary considerably.
Vannoppløselige alginater brukes for ti-den i utstrakt grad til fortykning og stabili-sering av mange vandige systemer og alginater fremstillet ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen muliggjør sådan anvendelse av alginater også i ikke vandige systemer. Water-soluble alginates are currently used extensively for thickening and stabilizing many aqueous systems, and alginates produced by the method according to the invention enable such use of alginates also in non-aqueous systems.
Dessuten er disse alginater verdifulle, hin-nedannende stoffer, idet de dannede hinner er motstandsdyktige for innvirkning av både vann og oljer. De er derfor fordelaktige i bar-rier-kremer og som beskyttende overtrekk på materialer som papir, tekstiler og lær. En yt-terligere fordel ved disse alginater er at de kan føres inn i oppløsningsmidler som fordam-per raskt. Dette er en fordel særlig når der ønskes dannelse av en hinne kort tid efter at vedkommende materiale er påført. Moreover, these alginates are valuable film-forming substances, as the films formed are resistant to the effects of both water and oils. They are therefore advantageous in barrier creams and as protective coatings on materials such as paper, textiles and leather. A further advantage of these alginates is that they can be introduced into solvents which evaporate quickly. This is an advantage in particular when the formation of a film is desired shortly after the relevant material has been applied.
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US514667A US3409022A (en) | 1965-12-17 | 1965-12-17 | Process of puffing tobacco stems by radiant energy |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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NO122057B true NO122057B (en) | 1971-05-10 |
Family
ID=24048198
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO166021A NO122057B (en) | 1965-12-17 | 1966-12-16 |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3409022A (en) |
BE (1) | BE691052A (en) |
CH (1) | CH442110A (en) |
DK (1) | DK126296B (en) |
ES (1) | ES334576A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI45001C (en) |
FR (1) | FR1503440A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1154460A (en) |
NL (2) | NL6617503A (en) |
NO (1) | NO122057B (en) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4044780A (en) * | 1975-09-05 | 1977-08-30 | American Brands, Inc. | Apparatus for total blend expansion |
US4076030A (en) * | 1975-12-22 | 1978-02-28 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Method for utilizing tobacco stems in smoking products |
US4257431A (en) * | 1978-11-13 | 1981-03-24 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Process for expanding tobacco |
US4270553A (en) * | 1978-11-13 | 1981-06-02 | R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Process and apparatus for expanding tobacco |
US4388932A (en) * | 1980-12-31 | 1983-06-21 | Philip Morris, Incorporated | Process for improving filling power of expanded tobacco |
US4366824A (en) * | 1981-06-25 | 1983-01-04 | Philip Morris Incorporated | Process for expanding tobacco |
US4366823A (en) * | 1981-06-25 | 1983-01-04 | Philip Morris, Incorporated | Process for expanding tobacco |
US4414987A (en) * | 1981-08-20 | 1983-11-15 | Philip Morris Incorporated | Process for increasing the filling power of tobacco lamina filler |
US4458700A (en) * | 1982-04-15 | 1984-07-10 | Philip Morris Incorporated | Process for increasing the filling power of tobacco lamina filler having a low initial moisture content |
US4532945A (en) * | 1982-09-21 | 1985-08-06 | Philip Morris Incorporated | Process for increasing and maintaining the filling power of tobacco |
GB9401458D0 (en) * | 1994-01-26 | 1994-03-23 | British American Tobacco Co | Making tobacco rod |
US7556047B2 (en) * | 2003-03-20 | 2009-07-07 | R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company | Method of expanding tobacco using steam |
WO2012131918A1 (en) | 2011-03-29 | 2012-10-04 | 日本たばこ産業株式会社 | Method for producing shredded mid-ribs, apparatus for producing shredded mid-ribs, and shredded mid-ribs |
CN110710703B (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2024-04-23 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | Processing technology for improving expansion rate and sensory quality of cut stems and special irradiation device |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1104990A (en) * | 1912-11-23 | 1914-07-28 | Charles Knox Harding | Process for popping corn. |
US2124012A (en) * | 1936-11-02 | 1938-07-19 | Thermal Engineering Corp | Drying process |
US2344106A (en) * | 1939-07-14 | 1944-03-14 | Larus & Brother Company Inc | Method of and apparatus for treating tobacco |
US2739599A (en) * | 1948-12-31 | 1956-03-27 | American Mach & Foundry | Method of treating tobacco and tobacco products |
US2653093A (en) * | 1953-06-12 | 1953-09-22 | Guardite Corp | Puffed organic material and method of making same |
GB947280A (en) * | 1962-10-01 | 1964-01-22 | Kurt Koerber | Method and apparatus for drying tobacco or tobacco-containing articles |
-
0
- NL NL135859D patent/NL135859C/xx active
-
1965
- 1965-12-17 US US514667A patent/US3409022A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1966
- 1966-12-07 GB GB54736/66A patent/GB1154460A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-12-08 FR FR86621A patent/FR1503440A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-12-12 BE BE691052D patent/BE691052A/xx unknown
- 1966-12-13 NL NL6617503A patent/NL6617503A/xx unknown
- 1966-12-16 CH CH1804266A patent/CH442110A/en unknown
- 1966-12-16 FI FI663350A patent/FI45001C/en active
- 1966-12-16 DK DK651866AA patent/DK126296B/en unknown
- 1966-12-16 NO NO166021A patent/NO122057B/no unknown
- 1966-12-16 ES ES334576A patent/ES334576A1/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US3409022A (en) | 1968-11-05 |
ES334576A1 (en) | 1968-03-01 |
DK126296B (en) | 1973-07-02 |
FI45001C (en) | 1972-02-10 |
NL135859C (en) | |
GB1154460A (en) | 1969-06-11 |
NL6617503A (en) | 1967-06-19 |
CH442110A (en) | 1967-08-15 |
FR1503440A (en) | 1967-11-24 |
FI45001B (en) | 1971-11-01 |
BE691052A (en) | 1967-05-16 |
DE1532081A1 (en) | 1971-06-03 |
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