NL8120135A - - Google Patents

Description

'8120135 ^ ♦ _____ * ............................................ ............................................ _ ..... .................................

I Process for manufacturing mixtures from thermoplastic | plastics and mineral or organic fillers, as well as a device for carrying out the method and a material manufactured according to this method.

| 1

Technical area The invention relates to a method for manufacturing mixtures from thermoplastic plastics and mineral or organics. ; ganic fillers, the starting materials to be mixed being subject to a 5 vacuum are mixed and thereby compacted. The invention further relates to a suitable device with a coolable vacuum reservoir in which a mixing device is arranged, wherein the supply of starting materials in the vacuum reservoir, as well as the decrease of the mixture from the reservoir takes place via a funnel and valves serving to maintain the vacuum. Finally, the invention relates to a material in the form of a mixture of thermoplastic plastics and mineral or organic fillers.

State of the art

By admixing mineral or organic fillers with plastics, on the one hand, a price reduction of the starting material and other | on the other hand, the attainment of the desired properties of the later product was pursued. The special difficulty is evident in this! Processor of the plastic filler mixture a homogeneous, transportable | and to provide stable polymer starting material with respect to demixing, if no direct further processing of the mixture is provided. | appropriate. In addition, as a starting material, the mixture must comply with the! further processing certain, determined strength requirements. For I; | achieving these goals has so far been different! products which more or less amount to a heat treatment of the plastic base, which causes melting or softening of the thermoplastics.

! In the known method, the components plastic and filler material are brought together and mixed by rolling, kneading, plasticizing or extruding. It is known in this regard that in order to form adhering forces of sufficiently great size between the plastic and the filler, the pores of both components must be as free as possible from water and air, because with a small distance of the molecular chains between the plastic. and filler increases the van der Waals forces, which ensure a connection of both components. When any cohesive enveloping gas or moisture layers have to be removed, the com- 8120135 ok one! i * · 2; padding under vacuum in extruders with a single or double screw conveyor, in which the substances are continuously; transported, mixed and compacted. For this is the application of! ! corresponding funnels with degassing devices for the component supply are required.

A process for the production of a plastic-filler mixture, which is known from DE-OS 23 34 189, is based on this knowledge.

I! According to this, the fillers are first subjected to an intensive! pre-drying treatment, wherein this pre-drying treatment takes place under vacuum and then mixing with the plastic also takes place under i-vacuum to ensure exclusion of moisture. During the mixing operation, the process temperature must be controlled so that the powdered plastic particles adhere to the surface; so that the filler particles sinter thereon, thereby causing the thus | 15; can no longer demix emerging aglomerates afterwards.

The drawback of this process is that the process costs technical costs for drying the filler and for the sintering process. operation (gelling) is in no proportion to the adhesion achieved therewith between the plastic matrix and the filler particles and that the homogeneity of the mixture thus produced does not meet ordinary requirements. In addition, coloring pigments must be supplied before the mixing operation.

In another known method (DE-OS 23 32 583), in order to achieve the desired mixture, plastic and filler are continuously mixed with 125! kneading fed to each other. Due to the kneading action as a result! The heat generated by the continuous friction, which can be further amplified by further heat supply from the outside, melts the plastic particles and mixes with the filler particles. This operation is carried out until the filler is essentially consumed by mixing, so that no free or unmixed filler remains, and the particles of the polymeric material are used up in at least the desired amount by melting. The process operation must be repeated several times according to the components used.

These and other known methods, which by virtue of their physical action can be summarized under the term "thermal method methods", have the drawback that the necessary machining devices are associated with high investment and operating costs, often with only small throughputs. to allow. The mixtures produced thereby are not homogeneous, i.e. the proportion of filler in the individual granulate granules is differently high.

812 0 1 35

0l'ö /: 2LC

3 ί This generally leads to poorer properties of the mixture, if-; partly because of the later product, due to weaker adhesive forces j! between plastic matrix and filler particles. The mixtures of plastic and filler lead to brittleness and high E modulus 5 i and at the same time with a growing proportion of filler to a low | ; re strength. It is true that these effects will be overcome or at least limited by the addition of so-called adhesives, | however, this is associated with many process engineering equipment and consequently high cost, so that this possibility is at least 10; reserved for the manufacture of special products.

! : j; Illustration of the Invention Based on the prior art described, the problem underlying the invention is a method of manufacture. to indicate mixtures of plastic and filler, which are already in POE-15; The homogeneous shape and are stable even without expensive granulation with regard to demixing and can be processed into commercial products. Moreover, the materials produced according to the method of the invention must have a considerably greater strength! However, without attaining brittleness and at the same time achieve 20 strength values, that the values of pure plastic materials | and are not achieved by the mixtures produced by the hitherto known and above-described method. Finally | the method according to the invention must be cheaper than according to i; state of the art, so that the cost reduction related to the saving of raw material is not compensated by the high process costs; ven. Another problem consists in a suitable device for I! to create the working method.

The solutions according to the invention of these problems, as well as advantageous embodiments and further elaborations thereof, are apparent from the contents of the claims which accompany them.

i j | In the process according to the invention, the filler is subjected to | ! electrostatic charge. Each according to doort of the | filler, this charge is stable for months. Therefore, one of i | 1 the mixing operation in time, as well as place separate pre-treatment of the filler, including a somewhat necessary intermediate storage.

! |

When the plastic and filler are mixed, a charge separation takes place due to the friction occurring, the plastic being charged with a polarity opposite to that of the filler. In any case, it may be the case with regard to certain filler combinations 1 81 2 0 1 3 5 ............................ .......

s 4 1: and plastic, in each case according to their mutual position in the electrostatic series, it is necessary that the plastic, in turn, is subjected to a preliminary charge and thereby receives a charge which is opposite to that of the filler.

I 5; During the mixing operation, a solid layer of filler particles forms around the entire synthetic granule only because of the opposite charges of the two components; an indication or teaching of the filler particles to the somewhat softening Contrary to the method described in the prior art, the surface of the plastic particles does not take place. This is ji]! noticeable in that when the mixture of plastic and filler is dispersed in water, the enveloping filler layer separates from the plastic; grain, because in the water become the electrostatic bonding forces; lifted. Its virtually undamaged surface can be determined by means of a subsequent electron microscopic examination of the again "naked" plastic powder grain.

I The thickness of the envelope filler layer depends on the desired filler proportion. The total amount of filler added is bound in the envelope filler layer and does not form its own aglomerates separated from the plastic or easily separable therefrom. : or aggregations. As a result, the procedure of! envelope filler layer produced according to the invention insensitive to ; normal mechanical load, for example due to pressure, impact, sliding! forces or friction. Moreover, due to the uniform shape of the enveloping filler layer, a good flowability of the powder is desired in further processing.

| Brief description of the drawings j, - "1 Γ ~" _π '.

When carrying out the method according to the invention, various routes can be treated, as can be seen from the examples described below. The drawing shows corresponding embodiments of devices for carrying out the method. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the arrangement of aggregate! : I holes for charging the components by friction and applying it thereon

I I

i35 following mixing thereof, j i

Figure 2 shows a schematic of the arrangement of aggregates for charging the components in an electric field and subsequent mixing thereof,

Figure 3 shows a schematic perspective view of a 40-combined loading and mixing grid, 1B'12qt; 3 5 ........................ .................................................. .......... 1 01--0221.0% 5

Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the arrangement of aggregates for charging the components in an electric field for continuous operation of the method,

Figure 5 a cut out particle of the mixture with plastic! 5 core and enveloping filler layer,

Figure 6 shows the enlargement of a section of the phase boundary in figure j: 5,

Figure 7 is an enlargement of a section of the phase boundary in Figure 6, 110 Figure 8 is a column diagram with contrasting mechanical characteristics of a commercially available material and a material according to the invention.

Implementation of the invention in three ways Example I

15; 20 kg of a filler, for example, chalk, talc, kaolin or mica; with a humidity of less than 3% by weight, are mixed under vacuum in a fast mixer at a pressure of 10 millibar, resulting in | intensive rubbing of the filler particles against each other and against the inner reactor parts. As a result, an electrical charge of the particles takes place, with chalk having a negative charge, talc, kaolin and mica having a positive charge of several kV in each case. gene. The charges are particularly stable when the mixing takes place at peak temperatures (for example 0.5 sec) above 200 ° C | which are accomplished either by frictional heat or by additional heating.

| The filler thus pretreated must then cool down again.

| | Afterwards, the electrostatically charged filler with the desired amount of plastic, for example 20 to 30 kg of polyethylene, ipolypropylene and other powder thermoplastics, is evacuated to i | 30; fast mixer supplied. The mass is mixed at a pressure of less than one thousand Pascal, not exceeding a certain maximum temperature, which is used as an indicator of the place | ; friction and thus to the extent of the charge separation of filler and plastic can be considered. This maximum temperature is lower than the plasticization temperature of the plastic and is oriented in terms of amount both to the combination of plastic and filler used and to the quantity ratio, for example according to the following table: i! i .. ......: I i: 812013 5

QQiLC

6] Γν'ν. filler share type j i typeN. 10% 25% 40%> 40% filler plastic j 5 ipolyethylene 85 ° C 95 ° C 130 ° C 130 ° C talc polypropylene 80 ° C 100 ° C 140 ° C 145 ° C chalk 80 ° C 105 ° C 135 ° C 140 ° C mica 80 ° C 95 ° C 140 ° C 145 ° C talc 10 | polyvinyl chloride 80 ° C 80 ° C 80 ° C 80 ° C chalk | : | The present mixture of plastic and filler is either stored in powder form as desired or granulated as required in an extruder or fed directly to the further processing into a final product. Granulation and processing must take place under vacuum so that the intensive cross-linking of the filling

i I

| Dust from the thermoplastics not from the holes or niche irregularities! ! ! Air coats absorbed by the coats of coarse surface surface | 20 or bubbles contained therein are hindered and thus the bonding forces are | ! can have beneficial effects.

The attractive forces created by the electric charge lead to substantially better properties of the | filled thermoplastics, especially to good impact toughness at a lower E modulus.

A device is suitable for carrying out the method according to example I, as shown in figure 1.

This device contains a combined charging and mixing reactor 10! with two feed funnels 11, 12. The reactor 10 has at its bottom two outlets 13, 14, the outlet 14 of which is connected to a cooling intermediate volume 15 from which a line 16 leads to a cooling reactor 17. From the cooling reactor 17, a conduit 18 is returned to the combined charging and mixing reactor 10. The combined charging and mixing reactor 10 consists of a reactor body 19 and a cover 20 electrically insulated from the reactor body 19, preferably through a layer 21 of polytetrafluoroethylene. To create the necessary vacuum, the reactor 10 is connected via its lid 120 to a vacuum pump 22. There is a pressure indicator on the cover 20 cator 23. The lid 20 of the reactor 10 is connected to a high-voltage generator 24, which can supply voltages from 0 to 10 kV. L812 0 13 5 .................... .................................................. .........-..................... - ................ 1 ov: o? .. uc 7 I supply and is adjustable without steps. The reactor body 19 is earthed via an earth conductor 25, to which the mixing mechanism 26 located in the reactor body 19 is also connected. The grounding of the reactor body together with the mixing mechanism can thereby be effected by a Switch 27 is interrupted. Furthermore, the reactor body 19 is equipped with a temperature sensor 28, as well as a charge meter 29. Annular cooling tubes 30 are arranged on the outside around the reactor body 19.

The feed funnels 11, 12 are also connected to the vacuum pump 22 and are each provided with a pressure indicator 31, 32. Both funnels | The units are each connected to the reactor 10 via vacuum-tight shut-off members 33, 34.

From the output 14 of the combined charging and mixing reactor 10 | j leads a conduit 35 to the coolable intermediate volume 15 which is on a vessel; 15 pump pump 36 is connected and has a pressure indicator 37. Externally, the intermediate volume is surrounded by annular refrigerant lines 38.

The coolable intermediate volume 15 and the cooling reactor 17 are connected to each other via line 16. The cooling reactor 17 is also connected to the 120 vacuum pump 36 and has a pressure indicator 39. The cooling reactor consists of a cooling reactor body 40 with cover 41, the cooling reactor body 40 being provided on the inside with a non-conductive layer 42, preferably of polytetrafluoroethylene. . On the outside, annular coolant lines 43 are arranged around the cooling reactor body 40. In the interior there is a! upright shaft 44 on which three stirring arms 45 are arranged, with strippers 46 being located between the individual stirring arms.

i \

The manufacture of a mixture of plastic and filler according to! The method explained in Example 1 is found in the Figure 1! | 30 i showed arrangement as follows:

A charge of filler, for example, 30 kg of chalk or similar fillet, is fed through the evacuated funnel 11 and the product slide 33 into the combined charging and mixing reactor 10. Here the filler is intensively mixed by a fast-running mixing mechanism 26, whereby; the filler heats up and is charged electrically. The charge; is continuously monitored via the temperature sensor 28 and the charge meter 29. In order not to deposit a layer of the filler to be charged on the cover 20 of the reactor 10, this in turn is approximately from a filler temperature of 70 to 80 ° C electrically charged by the high voltage generator 24 with one relative to

L'8T2fl'HS ............................................. ..........................'.....'............. J

Gli07? LC

I i 8 the charge of the filler opposite sign. On the other hand, reactor body 19 and mixing mechanism 26 are grounded, whereby grounding can be earthed via switch 27 during charging if necessary. broken, so that constant potentials can be built up.

| When the filler is sufficiently charged, it is conveyed through the outlet j '14 via the line 35 to the coolable intermediate volume 15.

There the filler is discharged by water flowing into the cooling rods 38; cooled before it is transported further via line 16 to cooling reactor 17. During this cooling process, the reactor 10 i! i10 | by cooling water entering. the cooling hoses 30 flow so cooled that j | , a new charge of filler can be fed to the reactor 10 via the funnel 11 i fed. The charging of the filler now takes place here; the same way as described. The cooling reactor 17 has it; Fourfold volume of the reactor 10, so that four charges of filler can be cooled and stored therein. This is expedient because the charging of the filler takes less time than its cooling and the subsequent mixing of filler and plastic. When the cooling reactor 17 is filled, the first charge of filler located below it has cooled so far that a part can be fed back to the reactor 10 via the line 18 and the funnel 11. At the same time, a corresponding amount of plastic is fed through the funnel 12 to the reactor 10. Here, the hand finds intensive mixing in the same manner as with the electric charging of the filler ; plastic and filler. The temperature is then 25 | continuously monitored via the temperature sensor 28. Has occurred during

! I

the mixing has completed a sufficient charge separation, then the mixing operation is terminated. The finished powdered compound can now be fed via the output 13 to either a package or a granulating extruder or another processing machine.

i

Example II

Contrary to the method described in example I, the j i; charging of the filler or, if necessary, of the plastic also takes place, because the particles are exposed to a corresponding coming strong electric field. For this purpose, a correspondingly high voltage is applied between the stirring mechanism 1335 and the outer wall of a reactor designed for this purpose. The design of the stirrer mechanism as a grid with mounted points is particularly advantageous, since the so-called point discharge already shows relatively small voltages. 1; .

are sufficient to generate a strong electric field locally. The device can therefore be compared to a capacitor, 812 01 3 5 ouomc i 9; where the initially electrically neutral solid body components! work as a dielectric.

At a negative voltage applied to the points of the grid of the stirring mechanism, the points emit free electrons, which j! | 5: are absorbed by the filler or plastic molecules.

! ; An electron surplus is created, as a result of which the component particles are negatively charged. The particles become charge carriers themselves and this leads to a virtual shift of the voltage! the grid towards the outer wall of the reactor as long as all particles in the desired amount are electrically charged. A ; discharge of the particles at the counter electrode, namely the outer [! wall is prevented because the inner wall of the reactor reservoir is covered with an electrically insulating layer.

If the particles are to be charged positively, the grid of the stirring mechanism and the outer wall must be reversed accordingly. A strong electric field with grid points as a (positive) anode releases electrons from the component molecules, resulting in a shortage of electrons, so positive charging.

In both cases, the amount of cargo charged is transferred via the | 20 height of the voltage and duration of the process checked. A

J

Uniform charge distribution is thereby generated by continuously circulating the material slowly by rotating the stirrer grate.

After charging, the components reach a mixing reactor and are carried out there in the same manner as in Example I, mixed and then fed to another use.

Compared to the electric charge in a fast mixer according to example I, the charge in an electric field explained in example II above has the advantage that a cooling, in particular of the filler after charging, is no longer necessary.

| As a result, the extensive machine park can be used to cool the machine material and the return to the mixing reactor are saved.

! Furthermore, due to the polarity and charge quantity to be selected, the charging process can be better controlled and thus a particularly good coating layer of the plastic granule can be achieved by the attractive forces generated thereby during the mixing of plastic and filler.

The charging of the components in an electric field can be carried out in a device as shown schematically in Figures 2 and 40.

8120135

0i ': Q /:> i.C.

10

Two correspondingly designed reactors 50, 51 for the electric charge are connected to a vacuum reservoir 49, hereinafter I; only one of the two reactors is described. The reactor 50 is evacuated by a vacuum pump 52, the underpressure being controllable by means of the pressure indicator 53. The reactor has a reactor body 54 and an reactor cover 55 electrically insulated from the body 54. The reactor body 54 is coated on the inside with a layer 56 of an electrically insulating material.

! A stirrer cylinder 57, consisting of an electrically insulating material and a conductive core 58, is introduced into the reactor lid 55 in a vacuum-tight and electrically insulated manner. The stirrer cylinder 57 extends only approximately to half of the reactor body 54 from. As can be seen from Figure 3, the conductive core 58 of the stirring cylinder has a connection to a stirring mechanism 59, which is designed as a two-arm grid 59a, the opposite rose; surfaces are each tilted 30 ° from the vertical. At the crossroads The individual grid bars forming the grid 59a are I | perpendicular to the grating plane short points 59b from guide material on the top of the grid 59a tilted by 20 °, and pointing in the direction of rotation of the grid.

I i j I On the conductive core 58 and the conductive material ; the outer wall 60 of the reactor body 54 is a voltage between 0 and | ; 100 kV applied, which is generated by a continuously adjustable high 125; voltage generator 61. Thereby, the voltage is transferred to the rotating conductive core 58 via a drag electrode 62.

! The reactor 50 is further provided with a vacuum-tight feed sluice; 63, as well as an outlet 64, the latter being connected to the vacuum-tight product slide 33 of the vacuum reservoir 49. Incidentally, this vacuum reservoir 49, with all its components, is designed as the mixing reactor of Example I. Here, the coolable between! volume and the cooling reactor, which will not be necessary in the process explained.

j! In the device described above, the method according to example II takes place as follows:

A batch of the required filler is fed to the reactor 50 via the vacuum-tight material sluice 63. The filler is here! stirred and moved continuously by the stirring mechanism 59. A voltage of approximately 80 kV is applied between the stirrer mechanism 59 and the outer wall 40 made of conductive material, which is applied by the high-voltage 8120135

OKOIUC

11, generator generator 61 is generated. The polarity of the two conductive conductors positions, stirring mechanism and outer wall, in doing so, it is oriented towards the desired charge polarity of the filler. While the stirring mechanism is constantly rotating, the filler remains in the vacuum for so long! 5 actor, until all particles have reached the desired charge. Then i; the filler is discharged via the outlet 64 and the vacuum-tight product slide 33 to the vacuum reservoir 49. At the same time, an equivalent amount of plastic is supplied via the product slide 34 to the vacuum reservoir 49, wherein the plastic can also be charged electrically.

| j

Charge separation now takes place in the vacuum reservoir 49 by rapidly mixing the two components in the same manner as described in Example 1, so that due to the electrostatic charge, tensile forces form the desired compound.

Example III

) | .11 · I!.!. ..

After the examples I and II explained above have been used it goes only in a discontinuous, so batchwise, manner to allow manufacture of the desired mixture of plastic and filler, the apparatus shown in Figure 4 is arranged for a continuous manufacturing process. The charging of components by means of | of the method in electric field illustrated in Example II I I; | since cooling and I [ie intermediate storage of the components can then be dispensed with. As a result, the device exists! for the continuous manufacture of a mixture of plastics and I | Filler according to figure 4 from a mixing column 65 to which two charging reactors 50, 51 are connected, corresponding to the reactors described in example II, so that the components charged therein reach the mixing column 65 via the locks 66, 67. To create | In the necessary vacuum, the mixing column 65 is connected to a vacuum pump 68 locks, in which the pressure in the mixing column is monitored by means of a pressure indicator 69.

| The mixing column 65 is designed as cylinder 70, which is arranged in a funnel forming a narrow downwardly flared cone 71. The inner wall of the cylindrical part 70 of the mixing column 65 is provided with spiral grooves 72 which rise upwards. ! the mixing column is mounted on a perpendicular drive shaft 73 in total three rotors 74, one of which is small in diameter; i | point of the cone 71, while the other two are arranged with correspondingly larger diameters at the lower end of the cylindrical portion 70 40 of the mixing column 65. The direction of rotation of the rotors 74 81 20 135

L-.v.'lC

12 is selected such that the material is guided in the ascending; is transported upwards. Finally located in it

IJ ': base point of cone 71, another outlet 75 provided with a device 76 for further processing of the mixture of plastic and filler; 5, for example, an extruder.

The method in the device shown in figure 4 takes place as follows:

The components charged oppositely in the reactors 50 and 51, as described in Example II, are metered in through the locks 66, 67 and supplied to the evacuated mixing column 65. In the mixing column ; the rotors 74 arranged at the end of the cylindrical portion 70 are mixed there and conveyed upwards in the spiral arranged on the inner wall of the cylinder 70. During the forced upwardly directed displacement movement, an intensive mixing of the two components, namely plastic and filler, takes place.

The upward transport of the material in the spiral and therefore the mixing time are controlled by the dosing of the supply of components to the mixing column 65, as well as by the rotational speed of the rotors 74, so that a corresponding amount of finished compound in the cone each time 71 falls. Here it is under continuous mixing! conveyed by the rotor 74 arranged in the cone tip to the outlet 75 and continuously supplied to the vacuum, front! the further processing of the device present. In doing so, the total must-25; residence time in the mixing column 65 should be at least five minutes.

Figure 5 shows an enlarged photo of a separate particle 80 i of a mixture of plastic and filler, which was prepared according to one of the above-described process examples. For clarity, the particle 80 has been cut and folded up, so that an insight into the construction of the particle with plastic core 81 and enveloping filler layer | | 82 can be obtained. The sharp dividing line 83 between the plastic core 81 and the enveloping filler layer 82 is clearly visible. The | filler particles have thus not penetrated into the plastic core or the plastic core has not fused or melted and has not mixed with the filler.

1 | This becomes even more apparent in Figures 6 and 7 showing a cut-out of the dividing line 83 between plastic core 81 and envelope filler layer 82 in two different greatly enlarged views; using a scanning electron microscope. Between the individual; 40; filler particles 84 are not constituents of plastic 85, 8120135

QI.iOnLC

13 I as in a sintering or gelling operation between plastic and filling; dust would be the case. The bond between plastic and filler is! also only attributed to the attractive forces generated by the opposing electric charges.

5 Industrial usability

The mixture of plastic and filler manufactured according to the method according to the invention is already stable in powder form with respect to powder! of demixing. As a rule, the mixture is either still granulated, | if the customer so wishes, or is directly fed to the processing; 10 into a finished product. In addition, it is of particular advantage that the end products can be retrofitted, in contrast to the method described in the paragraph "prior art" (DE-OS 23 34 189).

i I

colored, which has a favorable effect, in particular with fibers made from the material according to the invention. The | i! 15! electrical charging of the components effected adhesion Moreover, between plastic and filler, substantially better material properties of the filled thermoplastics are obtained, which are not achieved by prior art mixtures of plastic and filler. This shows the approximation of the mechanical characteristics of a commercially available polypropylene mixture containing 40% by weight talc and a polypropylene mixture manufactured according to the method of the invention, which can be derived from Figure 8 | which also contains 40% by weight of talc. Especially stands out clearly! | lower E-modules and considerably better tear strength and impact strength. The claims described in the claims, in the description and in the drawing

! I

| : disclosed characteristics of the subject matter of the application can be separated | as well as in random combinations for the realization! tion of the invention in their various embodiments and embodiments; are essential.

i! I | | i | ! i i; | ; ! : i 1 j [ί i; 'ij:

: I

8 1 2 0 135

0140? 2LC

Claims (29)

Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the | plastics are charged electrically and / or electrostatically before and / or during mixing with the fillers. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the charge of the starting materials under strong friction of the particles against one another and against the inner reactor parts with decomposed i; ; standing friction heat and corresponding electric 115 respectively: electrostatic charging is performed. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fillers are charged with a moisture of less than 3% by weight and under a pressure of about 1000 pascals. 5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the charging takes place at short-term peak temperatures above 200 ° C, these temperatures being generated by friction and / or heating. Process according to claim 5, characterized in that the starting materials are cooled after their charging and before mixing. 7. Method according to claims 1-6, characterized in that the applied electrical charges are between about 1 and 10 kV. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the starting materials are mixed in an electric field before their mixing; i: den. i; 9. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that the starting materials are continuously charged in the charge distribution until the charge is uniformly distributed. circulation. Method according to claims 8 and 9, characterized in that the; Load quantity introduced is controlled by the height of the voltage and the duration of the operation. II. Method according to claims 1-3 or 8, characterized in that the mixing of the charged substances takes place under a pressure of about 10 millibars. 12. Process according to claims 1-3 or 8, characterized in that the maximum temperature 8120135 0K022LC ri which occurs during the mixing of the starting materials is set lower than the softening temperature of the used; plastic. Method according to claim 12, characterized in that the max. ! the temperature is set differently according to the type and quantity of the plastic 5 and / or of the filler, (see table). Method according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized by a further processing of the produced mixture, for example granulation or spinning under the discharge of: the charge-exclusive or at least reducing conditions, preferably under vacuum. Method according to at least one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mixture or product, for example the granulate or the spun fiber, is colored. 16. Apparatus for carrying out the method as claimed in claim 1 and one or more of the other preceding claims, with a coolable vacuum reservoir in which a mixing device is arranged, I wherein the supply of starting materials to the vacuum reservoir, and | the mixture is withdrawn from the reservoir via the vacuum maintaining funnel and valves, characterized in that a combined charging and mixing reactor (10) with device i (26) for generating a strong friction of the parts of the reactor contents is present, behind which a coolable intermediate volume (15) and again behind it a cooling reactor (17) are arranged, wherein a conduit is 1; inlet (18) is provided, which returns from the cooling reactor (17) to the 25; charging and mixing reactor (10). Device according to claim 16, characterized in that the reactor body (19) and the cover (20) of the charging and mixing reactor (10) are electrically insulated from each other by a layer (21) of non-conductive material . ; 18. Device according to claim 17, characterized in that the cover (20) is connected to a high-voltage generator (24), the I 1 output voltages of which are infinitely variable. Device according to claim 18, characterized in that the reactor body (19) and the friction generator (26) are insulated and grounded via an earth conductor (25) and in that the earthing is via a switch ( 27) can be interrupted. 20. Device as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that in the! charging and mixing reactor (10), a temperature sensor (28) and a charge meter (29) are provided. Device according to claim 16, characterized in that the intermediate volume (15) 8120135 Oi ^ .Ora.C * can be evacuated and a vacuum pump (36) is connected for this purpose. Device according to claim 16, characterized in that the cooling reactor (17) has a multiple volume, preferably the quadruple volume, of the charging and mixing reactor (10). Apparatus according to claims 21 and 22, characterized in that [the cooling reactor (17) has been evacuated and is previously connected to a vacuum pump (36) 1. 24. Device according to claim 16, characterized in that it; The reactor body (14) of the cooling reactor (17) is provided on its inner side with a layer (42) of non-conductive material, j! 25. Device according to claim 16, characterized in that an upright shaft (44) rotating under the influence of a drive is arranged in the cooling reactor (17) and stirring arms (45) are mounted on the shaft. between which strippers (46) are located. 26. Apparatus for performing the method according to claim 1 sie 8, with a vacuum reservoir in which a mixing device is arranged, with the supply of starting materials to the vacuum reservoir; and the mixture is withdrawn from the reservoir via j20 for maintaining the vacuum-serving fittings, characterized in that charging reactors (50, 51) are connected for the vacuum reservoir (49). Device according to claim 26, characterized in that each charging reactor (50, 51) is evacuable and is connected for this purpose to a vacuum pump (52). The device according to claim 26, characterized in that the reactor body (54) and the cover (55) of the charging reactors (50, 51) j; electrically insulated from each other. 29. Device according to claims 26-28, characterized in that the i30; The reactor body (54) is made of a conductive material, but on its inner side is covered with a layer (56) of electrically insulating material. Device according to claim 26, characterized in that a stirring cylinder (57), which is made of an electrically insulating material with a conductive I, is arranged in the reactor body (54) from the lid (55); core (58) exists and extends approximately up to half of the reactor body (54) therein. Device according to claim 30, characterized in that the conductive core (58) of the stirring cylinder (57) is connected to a stirring mechanism (59) which, as a multi-arm, also conducting grid (59a) 8120135 0U: C. 2LC has been carried out. 32. An apparatus according to claim 31, characterized in that the planar grating surfaces are each tilted about 30 ° from the vertical. Device according to claim 32, characterized in that perpendicular to the grating surfaces at the top of the tilted grating (59a) and pointing in the direction of rotation of the stirring mechanism (59) are short points (59b) of conductive material. fitted. 34. Device according to claims 29 and 30, characterized in that a voltage of up to 100 kV is generated on the outer wall (60) of the reactor body (54) and on the conductive core (58), which is generated by a stepless adjustable high voltage generator (61). Device according to claim 26, characterized in that the charging reactors (50, 51) are connected to the vacuum reservoir (49) in a vacuum-tight manner via 115 locks. | ; 36. An apparatus according to claim 26, characterized in that the outlet let (75) of the vacuum reservoir (65) is directly connected to! an apparatus for further processing (76). 37. Device as claimed in claim 36, characterized in that the vacuum reservoir designed as a mixing column (65) consists of a cylinder (70) which merges into a funnel-shaped narrow flared lower part (71), 1 with the cylindrical part (70) on inside is provided with | spirally rising grooves (72). | | 38. Apparatus according to claim 37, characterized in that vertically arranged supports positioned on the center of the mixing column (65). drive shaft (73) several rotors (74) are provided, one rotor (74) of which is located in the tip of the funnel (71), while the others are located in the lower region of the cylindrical part (70)! I brought. 39. A material in the form of a mixture of thermoplastic plastics and mineral or organic fillers, manufactured according to the method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the components (80) of the mixture consist of a core (81) of thermoplastic! plastic and an enveloping filler layer (82) formed for this purpose. 40. The material according to claim 39, characterized in that the enveloping filler layer (82) is pressed against the plastic core (81) only by virtue of the attractive forces generated by the opposing electric charges of plastic and filler. detained. 40, 41. The material according to claim 40, characterized in that the 8- 1 2 0 1 3 5 .................... ..... ............... ................................... ..........; 0'Momc * 18 V surface of the plastic core (81) below the adjacent filler particles! ; I is undamaged. The material according to claim 40, characterized in that the envelope filler layer (82) is mechanically stable. • i | j j. ! I; 'i j! i 1 i | ί i i I ί! i! ; | | j j j 'i I: I I | ! ! i! : 8120 135 0140 /: 2l. C