NL7908827A - BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. - Google Patents

Description

l, f ". VO 8786: -1-

Building construction.

The invention relates to a building construction for a natural and artificial regulation of the thermal indoor climate, in particular * for single-layer buildings with relatively large commercial spaces.

5 In countries with a -warm. or hot climate, industrial halls are often equipped with cooling devices or installations in order to obtain a thermally tolerable working climate. These devices usually operate with electric current, where generating a unit of cooling energy costs about 8 to 10 times more than generating a similar unit of heat energy. This often concerns climate areas in which the warmer developing countries are located.

The question arises whether there is no 'natural cooling energy available in these climate areas, which is free of charge or which can only be generated with minimal energy costs. Typical of many of these climate zones is that, although they have extremely high outside air temperatures during the day. solar radiation, but only relatively low outside air temperatures at night. Efforts will therefore have to be made to store this cooling energy of the outside climate during the night in suitable media and keep it available during the hot period during the day.

One of the possibilities available for this purpose is to use the heat storage capacity of the outer wall and roof construction enclosing the space without any difficulty in massive building constructions and to ventilate it through hollow spaces or channels in the construction, ie at night through an interior to cool ventilation. However, in relatively large, single-layer operating spaces, the ratio of the available surfaces of the structures enclosing the space to the sizes of the space to be cooled during the day is usually unfavorable. Furthermore, it is usually necessary to reckon with considerable internal heat sources in the room during working hours during the day, so that the available cooling capacity. in the outer walls and roofs is not always sufficient ..

The object of the invention is to admit a building. to ensure that the cooling energy and possibly the heat energy of the outside air can be stored and, if necessary, can be used for air conditioning the interior.

This1 is accordingly, the. invention; achieved by the air to be air-conditioned in a crawl space under 10. in the room to be air-conditioned.

Further advantageous embodiments and the merit measures are described below and specified in the subclaims.

The heat storage capacity Q of a material is determined by the volume V, the mass density p and the specific heat c, namely Q = V.p.c. Thus, a substance with high mass density and high heat energy absorption capacity per degree is sought. The material must also be inexpensive and easy to obtain. All solids mainly qualify for heavy mineral rock and water as liquids. With a c-value of 1.00 kcal / kg ° C, water has the highest specific heat. Although heavy stone material is 3 to U times as heavy as water, it only has a quarter of its c-value with about 0.20 kcal / kg ° C. Although metal, such as iron, is about 8 times heavier than water, it has only a tenth of its c-value with about 0.10 kcal / kg ° C. In addition, metal is also not eligible due to its higher cost. The same applies to all organic substances. In addition, the material must not relinquish the stored energy too quickly 7908827 -3% / t%, therefore it must not have too high a heat conduction coefficient λ- for the non-stationary. The so-called temperature equalization coefficient a = λ / p.c applies.

Of fractured natural stones, therefore, quarry stone 5, heavy eruptive rocks are primarily eligible, such as:

Gabbro with p = 2900 kg / rn ^ ,. c - 0.20 kcal / kg ° C and λ = 2.6 kcal / m ^ h ° C

DIorü with p - 2800, r c - 0.20 "and λ = 2.5" 10 Granib with p = 2700 "r c = 0.20" and λ = 2ak rt

Known for their low heat conductivity coefficient, but with a very high weight, the aluminum and magnesium silicate-containing rocks chlorite stone and talc stone are known:

Chlorite with p = 2900 kg / m ^, c = 0.20 kcal / kg ° C and λ - 2.2 kcal / m ^ iPc

Talk with p = 2700 ",. C * 0.20" and λ = 2.0, r

In this context, the artificial bricks, which are thus formed and thus easily stackable, with low heat conductivity, but also with low weight, such as concrete bricks and clinkers baked from clay are also eligible:

Gravel concrete with p = 2300 kg / rn ^, c - 0.20 kcal / kg ° C and λ ”1.7 kcal / mh ° C

Clinkers with p - 1800 ”, c - 0.20" and Xs 1.0, f 25 The greater heat conduction coefficient of the heavier rocks does not have to be disadvantageous, this can be done by a larger dimensioning of the fractures and / or by a smaller flow rate at the heat input or output are composed.

Since a lower velocity of the required air flow is always advantageous, the heavier and therefore more heat-conducting stone material is still preferred. This is mainly due to the smaller driving force for ventilation and because of the faster and more intensive cooling of the material, including external ventilation. In addition, a greater weight of the bricks saves space for the size of the heat-accumulating layer · 7908827 F- * η · -k—, which must be compensated for by lighter bricks by a greater thickness · and thus creep-cellar height.

Water like. liquid heat storage material in this context has the. following technical properties: water with. p - 1000 kg / m2, c. = T, GQ kcal / kg ° C and λ * 0.50 kcal / m ^ L ° C.

The. heat conduction coefficient of λ = 0.50, however, applies-10'- for completely stationary, water. Since currents, i.e. confection, occur due to temperature differences in the water, the actual value of the heat transfer (depending on the size of the confection) is considerably higher. The heat can not be supplied or supplied to water by ventilating hollow T? spaces, but · by metal heat exchangers, which are flown through by air. The main problems are the. the manner in which air is to be conducted and. the way in which the supply and exhaust opening and for the alternating external and internal ventilation must be fitted, therefore the way in which the storage medium must be cooled during the night and transfer the stored cooling energy during the day to the air, in the room to be cooled.

Three embodiments of the invention are schematically shown in the drawing and discussed and explained in more detail below. Thereby shows:

Type 1 a building with broken natural stone as a heat accumulator; type 2 a building with artificially made bricks as a heat accumulator; and type 3 a building with water as a heat accumulator.

Type 1 is one of the simplest constructive solutions. 30

Broken natural stone is used as a heat accumulator in separate areas of the crawl space, with the partition walls being 7908827 € * 5. both for it. support. concrete floor slabs as well as for guiding the ventilation air. This can be taken from the cut cross section and the floor plan of the. type 1. As drive for the ventilation of the hollow spaces 5 between the quarry stone, a. fan service, which is arranged in the central area of the hall for a group of separate rooms, in the present case three pieces. There are air spaces at the front and rear of the fan for cutting off pressure differences and for distributing the air flows in the three rooms. The supply and discharge of the air in external ventilation with outside air during the night takes place in the lower part of the outer wall, between the columns of the supporting construction and a lateral slot, which can be closed with a simple flap. When the accumulation mass is cooled • 15, the outside air is passed through on one side at night. sucked into this slot and on the opposite side of. blown away by the building »During this time, the internally opposite flaps for internal ventilation remain closed. The direction of this ventilation is free and can be varied. If the wind blows hard enough at night, the ventilation can also take place naturally without a fan. In this case, one of the longitudinal sides of the building must be transverse to the main wind direction in order to achieve the greatest possible air pressure difference as driving force between windward and slate sides.

25 The internal ventilation during the day must in any case be mechanical by means of fans. The external ventilation flaps must be closed and the internal ones opened. However, it can be expected that the internal ventilation flaps can remain closed in the morning, because the heat load from the outside is still relatively small at this time of the day and part of the cooling energy stored in the crawl space is already exposed to radiation and confection. of the also cooled crawl space- 7908827 ψ- * »i / :. . -6- \

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ceiling is transferred to the. air, in the room to be cooled.

Gp this way it can. largest did of the cooling energy be reserved for noon, when the greatest heat load occurs ^ 2.

5 With a floor area of, for example, 150 m and a crawl space with: a height of 0.80 m ,. which is 15% filled with granite rock, leaving 25%, therefore, for the ventilation, flow, the following heat storage capacity is shown. per degree, ter. decision: 10 Q = T .. (p. 0.75). <r. .

; = (150.0.80) ... (2700.0.75) - 0.20 * 48.60Q kcal / ° C.

! The storage capacities of the concrete '15 basement feed and. not yet counting the concrete crawl space ceiling. At a daily temperature difference. the stone surfaces of 5 ° C 'between the minimum after the night cooling and the permissible maximum in the afternoon, as well as an efficiency of the storage capacity of 3/5 r so that the maximum swing of the air temperature is 3 ° C during the day , an effective cooling energy amount is obtained from: Q '= Q. 3 = 48,600. 3 - 1 ^ 5,800 kcal.

The opposite daily heat load in the working space can be calculated on the assumption of the following data as follows: by conducting heat through the enclosing construction for 10 hours (h) operating time at an assumed average temperature difference of t-t. = 10 ° C and the next

O »X

30 heat transfer coefficients (k) for the roof with k = 1.0, the 2o walls with k = 0.5 and the windows with k = 5.0 kcal / m C as heat supply: 7908827 I + · -τ-

Sl (d) * I50.1,0 * 10.10 * = I5.OOO kcal E „,, = · -H- * 150.0,5.10.10 = T.500"

1- (wJ

S ^ fj- = - 50.5,0.10.10 = 25.ΟΟΟ "^ 47,500 kcal

For natural air ventilation is assumed at one. air exchange of 1 time, per hour · the following quantity obtained: 10 = V.Q.r1.dt.h - (150.¾) .0.3.10.10 = 18,000 kcal.

For solar radiation, only the average diffuse radiation is taken into account, whereby it is assumed that the windows are fitted with sun protection slats. For the suspended ceiling, transparent plastic panels are considered to be present, which allow diffuse light to obtain sufficient illumination in the business area during the day. The diffuse light enters the room through window surfaces of a shed roof construction facing away from the sun. With a transmitted diffuse radiation of an average of 20 E '= 30 kcal / hour, a total daily load of: E, _x = F.E' is obtained. h = 50.30.IO = 15,000 kcal svf; s

Es (d) = F.E’s.h = 150.30.10 * 45,000 fr 25 60,000 kcal

The total daily heat load is then: E (total) = 4,500 + 18,000 + 60,000 = 125-500 kcal.

The difference between the available cooling energy (Q ') and the daily total heat load (E') of 30 7908827 r * _____; -8- f t 11 (-5,800 - 125 · 500 * 20,300 kcal. Can be available as a reserve for occurring internal heat sources such as · heat from machines and people.

For type 2, 'a different ventilation system is used. longitudinal channel for pressure build-up with external or internal ventilation and the fan as the driving force is on. the head of the office space ... With external ventilation for. at night, the outside air is drawn in on both sides of the operating space and. via the central longitudinal channel. blown out through the discharge shaft *. The advantage of this system is that ventilation with two-way air supply due to lower frictional resistance due to smaller road lengths can be more intensive.

The heat emissions from the engine of. the fan is discharged to the outside at the same time.

During internal daytime ventilation, this fan can be swiveled through 90 ° and discharge into a vertical air extraction shaft, the extension of which is connected to an overhead central extraction duct under the roof. The warming air in the room during the day is diverted through this exhaust duct and into the central shaft. the crawl space and circulating through the heat accumulation layer, then cools down on both sides of the operating space in the lower area of the longitudinal walls. These supply and discharge openings. the undersides of the lateral longitudinal walls are dissolved in a modified manner in the present case, as in. the drawing of type 2 at the bottom left is indicated. On both sides dm. is located. each with a narrow internal and a narrow external air shaft for supply and extraction as well as for distributing the air. Separation element and for the external 30 and internal ventilation are combined. Lockable openings in the basement wall, and in. the basement ceiling. The sliding valve connected by a hinge, which with its bottom part in one. lateral U-profile is guided and is freely rotatable at the top, closes the ceiling slot with external ventilation 7908827 · ': -9- * »« and "with internal ventilation the wall slot .. Similarly by rotation, the plate closes at the fan with external ventilation the vertical extractor for internal ventilation and with internal ventilation the extractor with external • 5 ventilation9 as indicated on the drawing of type 2 at the bottom right.

In. climatic regions, where cooler periods with temperatures below the thermal comfort limit may occur annually, it is possible to heat the accumulation layer low in the crawl space by heating wires or other heating elements at night, with cheaper night current. daytime energy by adding internal ventilation. fit as space heating *

As type 2, an artificially shaped stone made of concrete or clinker material has been used as heat storage material, whereby a "what." greater free volume between the stones is maintained. Since these stones have a slightly lower weight and therefore less heat storage capacity, the volume of the crawl space can possibly be increased by using a deeper crawl space. In addition, chunks of heavy natural stone could also be used, which could then be retained by sliding shear walls constructed as perforated masonry walls against slipping. The supply and discharge slots must be provided with a fine-meshed insect screen. In order to prevent bacteria formation, the crawl space and the heat storage material must be disinfected beforehand. be immunized with a chemical anti-tactile agent. The latter is very important, because in humid, warm climates in the daytime cool crawl space condensation and a higher degree of humidity can occur in the heat storage material for a short time.

With type 3, water is used instead of stone material as a heat accumulator. Compared to the granite rock 7908827 ** «), - I -ίο- '}' · ·! > · \, I Ï <; with type 1 with a height of 0.80 m crawl space, the same heat storage capacity is achieved with water: already reached with a height of! . . .

, 0.31 m, since in addition to the greater storage capacity of the water! . also the necessary for free stones with stones for ventilation.

; 5 'volume Void .... The free volume of air' flow-through heat exchangers', on the other hand, is negligible .small *. The heat exchangers themselves (from metal) do not cause any substantial reduction as a result of their displacement. - of the heat storage capacity, since their egg mass is discounted in the temperature range.

* ... In the present case, as heat exchangers, corrosion-resistant metal pipes with a cooling rib in the form of easy-to-manufacture screw fins are used on the outside of the pipes. In order to increase the confective heat transfer in the air-flow-side housings, these are also provided on the inside with threaded ribs inserted. The inlet and outlet ends of the heat exchanger tubes must be cast with a watertight flange or watertight concrete from the crawl space during manufacture, or later with the aid of a. seal can be fitted in a recess that has been cut out for this. Flexible spacers serve to expand at temperature differences as well as mounting tolerances. to absorb. The water must be disinfected beforehand and oxygen must be made "poor" in order to prevent corrosion. A small air space of a few centimeters should remain under the cellar ceiling 25 '. The water basins could be made accessible for inspection purposes by covers made of prefabricated concrete slabs.

The ventilation system corresponds - to a great extent - to that of type 2. Only the supply and exhaust vents for the air on the heather longitudinal walls of the building have, as a possible variant, built-in adjustable flaps in the construction. The integrated flaps extend from one column to the other column, the supporting structure, with only seven ventilation slits visible on the inside and outside. exhausts all end in only 5 - one side air, however, the air intake for external, night-time ventilation via the lateral longitudinal vanes can take place in the lower and / or via the upper area below the windows of the outer vane elements. To allow natural ventilation at night without the use of a ventilation tower, the vertical extraction duct at the outer end of the building, ajt-p, is a vertical exhaust duct. and . rotatable extraction nozzle available »that automatically adapts to the wind direction and provides the necessary suppressed for the purpose of air extraction. This option for 15 areas where the wind is strong enough at night is of course also available with type 2.

When water is used as a heat generator, special advantages arise with regard to the use of other cooling or heating sources, since the heat or cooling energy transfer can be carried out in a relatively simple manner by further heat exchangers. For example, the presence of river or lake water in the vicinity of the buildings can offer the possibility of extracting cooling energy from these sources by means of heat exchangers and circulation pumps, since their temperature is usually below + 20 ° C. In areas where there is a need for the supply of water during certain seasons, solar collectors can serve to heat the accumulation water. It is of course also possible to heat with cheaper night power. The use of disinfected and completely airtight accumulation water is probably more hygienic. The piping system running through the accumulation water is generally easier to keep clean than the 7908827

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ι ’. ·> * -) •; hollow volume of stone accumulator at ears. However, the instalation costs of the system with water as an accumulator will be higher.

•: In a tropical climate, 'the. Sun. the cause of uncomfortably high temperatures »With 'above-ground cut structures, this may therefore be this factor with regard to the heat load during the day! · -J not- out of sight: lost sight. Both the wall and the roof - constructiffi therefore serve as the first external functional layer a. rays' reflecting surface, that for the a £ -! feeding of non-reflecting and thus absorbed sunscreen. radiation on the underside, must be intensively ventilated »" The D & D layer referred to serves simultaneously for the. drainage of rain— ·,]. water. Also with. flat or sloping roof constructions this principle can always be realized. Since the roof is particularly strong, it must be provided at a great distance from the underlying inner layer, so that it can be intensively ventilated. The construction is further composed of a not too "thin heat insulating layer, which lies on the inside of the ventilated cavity and entirely, on the inside an inner layer or coating, which should be heat-accumulating around the inside if possible. temperature fluctuations The heavy load-bearing and finishing constructions entail the latter for walls, often automatically.

For roofs with a large span, this depends on whether the supporting structure in the lower, i.e. 25 inner layer (concrete slab roofs), between, the lower and upper layer (steel skeleton structures) or in the upper layer (HP concrete layers, plastic layers ) has been realized. Ih. the first case, the outer, bottom-ventilated reflection layer must be applied at a distance from the load-bearing roof plate, in the second case, the coverings on both sides of the skeletal structure form the upper and lower layer, the supporting structure itself being the space for ventilation, and in the latter case the inner layer should be spaced downwards 7908827 • rr ";." t3 ".

". ". r I applied. The slender space is ventilated from the outside.

t 'In both, last cases! the lower cladding and / or slightly lowered ceiling, for weight reasons, have hardly any heat storage capacity, 5 that could be used to record temperature fluctuations on the inside. to catch. This Crook. ecBter With heat accumulator, learning, crawl spaces are not a major drawback. Bee. types 1 to. 3 it is schematically assumed that the Above roof layers are either self-supporting or that in the three Book 10 interstices a spatial skeletal support structure is provided, which is ventilated. The low-permeability underlying inner layer, which closes the interior space and insulates it upwards while insulating, is lowered and not load-bearing.

Window openings serve through protruding roofs; and the like or be “screened off” by the sun protection slats on the outside. At light openings. in roofs, preference is given to sloping windows, which face away from the roof beams of the sun at noon. Reflective Glazing. Due to its high absorption and associated 20 warming.

Allows heat to pass from the Outside inwards as shielded single glazed windows.

In the drawing of types 1 to 3, the following reference numbers are used for the constituent parts: 25 1 Building with broken natural stone as heat accumulator 2 Valves for external ventilation 3 Crawl space with broken natural stone k Fan 5 Separation resp. ceiling and support walls for Bet 30 forms of ventilation fields.

6 External ventilation T Ventilated layer from the side Outer wall 8 Heat insulation layer 7908827 '‘\ ~! i - I. -1U-, j., ... , - -. / - ·.: [- 9 'Wall linings · * »; TO "Internal Ventilation Valves). . v. 11 Cement finishing floor I 12: Concrete layer., 5 '. 13- Broken natural stone. .1¼ Air inlet or outlet slot J ...

· '15 "Escapement outer wall * j- .-" - 20. Gebousrnet »varnrteaccxmulsbor · of artificially formed; • · ί" - -. Stone V! Ί 10, 2Γ Ventilation channel. Under the ceiling "* .22. Artificial stones C- concrete or fired pavers) as Ί i heat accumulator;. · t.. \ {"23 Lateral air shaft within 2¼ External air shaft; X'y 25 Central air shaft 2 6 Scallop valve for the internal air shaft and cellar wall opening to the external air shaft! 2J Ventilation hook! _ 28 Fan 20. 29 Partition, ceiling and supporting walls 30 External ventilation 31 Inspection opening in the basement ceiling 32 Exterior wall cladding 33 Air layer 25 3¼ Heat insulation ~ '35 Precast concrete wall 37 Metal grating 38 Cement finishing floor 39 Concrete layer 30 1 + 0 Concrete or clinker bricks k2 Grid against insects k-3 Concrete base plate Ml · External ventilation shaft k5 Vertical air shaft 79 0 8 8 2 7 /; -15-; .

s * * * 50. GeiooTiw, with. water layer as heat accumulator; 51 Filler filling \ 52 Wanirte interchange aire I 53 Grate for external ventilation; 5 5k Lateral luciit shaft f '-. 55 Internal ventilation grille • - 5T- External ventilation -. · 58 Vertical exhaust duct 59 Ventilation layer in the side hmfcernraadeh: "IQ. * · 60 Exterior wall panels i * t - *. * t h · ï "

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7908827

Claims (11)

Building construction according to 'claim 1 and or 2 »with the; . characteristic, that broken stone serves as an accumulation mass. Building construction according to claim 1 and / or 2, characterized in that. artificially formed stones are used as the accumulation mass *>. Building construction according to claim 1 and / or 2, characterized in that water is used as an accumulation mass. Building construction according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by fans for a compulsory, energy transport. . T. Building construction according to at least one of Claims 25 to 5, characterized in that the accumulation mass is mounted centrally in the basement space to form a hollow space and a fan is arranged within the hollow space in such a way that . the suction and pressure side the air spaces for building up air pressure differences and distributing the air flows 30 are present in the air guiding fields. Building construction according to at least one of Claims 1 to 7 a, characterized in that transverse channels between the columns of the supporting structure, which are provided via closable lateral slots in 7908827, are present in the lower region of the outer walls. -1T connection to the outside air, to the spaces to be air-conditioned. with the basement room. 9 · - Building construction according to at least. any one of claims -1, k- and 6, characterized in that the accumulation masses in the cellar forming. a central longitudinal chamber for the pressurization and the fan is located at one end of the duct. 10. Building construction according to claim 9 *, characterized in that the fan for blowing air into the room to be air-conditioned is pivotable from the vertical into a horizontal position. ' Building construction according to claims 9 or 10, characterized in that the fan is positioned in the horizontal position in the mouth region of a vertical air shaft. Building construction according to at least one of claims 9 to 11, characterized in that the vertical air shaft is connected via an extension to a central exhaust duct under the ceiling of the room to be air-conditioned. Building construction according to at least one of Claims 20 to 11, characterized in that the basement walls running parallel to the central longitudinal channel are provided with closable openings and narrow internal and external air shafts on both sides for both supply and discharge and distribution. of air. .25 1 ^ · Building construction according to claim 13, characterized by combined separating elements for sealing the openings in the basement walls and in the basement ceiling (internal air shaft). 7908827 V. ...... 4 * \ '; • AJ; v. -18- · I 1: 15. · Building construction. according to. claim 1, characterized in that i. That as a sealing element a two-piece with its bottom; part of an H-profile 'guided ,.' and vertically sliding flap! serves "of which" the upper part, before -bet closing of S · · * * ... ·.> 5., - ... a: basement pl'afondsléuf "pivotable from a vertical to a horizontal position is. : · R · .. Ï6 .. ". Building construction according to at least one of the claims 9 to 15 ,. characterized in that the fan is mounted on a -! . alternately, the central longitudinal area. and: the vertical valve closing valve. I 17-. Building construction according to claims 1,2, 5, 6, 9. up to $ 1, characterized in that the partition walls form a water basin in which air-exchanged heat exchangers are arranged. t · * *. . ·. 18. Building construction according to at least one of Claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the air inlets and outlets are. a side air distribution shaft and the inlet and outlet. .... drain vents by built-in, located from. pivotable flaps extending column to column of the supporting structure can be closed alternately .20. Building construction according to at least one of Claims 9 to 18, characterized in that on. the end of the building one; vertical exhaust duct with a rotatable exhaust stub is fitted. Building construction according to at least one of the claims, 25. t to 19, characterized in that the roof. is provided with a beam reflecting layer which is arranged at a distance above an inner layer to form a ventilatable hollow space. : 7908827