NL2029471B1 - Method of forming a structural element by 3D printing - Google Patents

Method of forming a structural element by 3D printing Download PDF

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Publication number
NL2029471B1
NL2029471B1 NL2029471A NL2029471A NL2029471B1 NL 2029471 B1 NL2029471 B1 NL 2029471B1 NL 2029471 A NL2029471 A NL 2029471A NL 2029471 A NL2029471 A NL 2029471A NL 2029471 B1 NL2029471 B1 NL 2029471B1
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Netherlands
Prior art keywords
nozzle
transverse
along
extending
outer layer
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NL2029471A
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Dutch (nl)
Inventor
Johannes Lennart Van Der Gaag Bartimeüs
Tromp Elisabeth
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Haskoningdhv Nederland Bv
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Priority to NL2029471A priority Critical patent/NL2029471B1/en
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Publication of NL2029471B1 publication Critical patent/NL2029471B1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B29C64/112—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using individual droplets, e.g. from jetting heads
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B29C64/118—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material using filamentary material being melted, e.g. fused deposition modelling [FDM]

Abstract

The invention relates to a method of printing a sandwich panel structural element (2,3,4,5,35,50,60) having two spaced-apart outer layers (6,7; 9,10; 37,46; 51,54; 66,67) and an internal structure (8,15,42,53) interconnecting the outer layers. The method comprises moving a nozzle (31) along a 5 number of trajectories that are stacked in a width direction W, depositing a flowable material from the nozzle and solidifying the deposited material. The nozzle (31) is moved in the longitudinal direction L along trajectories of a plane (36) of a top and/or bottom layer (37), one or more reinforcement layers (43), an internal structure (8,15,42,53), a top reinforcement layer (49) and a top layer (46). The reinforcement layers (43,49) extend on an inward side (40), at a distance S from the plane (41) that 10 delimits the internal structure (8,15,42,53) for a strong cantilever connection of the sandwich panel element. Fig. 4

Description

Method of forming a structural element by 3D printing
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method of printing a sandwich panel structural element, in particular a structural construction element, having two spaced-apart outer layers, or perimeter layers, with end edges and a central structure interconnecting the outer layers and extending in a transverse direction, the central structure being delimited by a transverse plane that is spaced at a distance D from the outer edges, by moving a nozzle along a trajectory while depositing a flowable material from the nozzle and solidifying the material.
The invention also relates to a sandwich panel structure formed by additive manufacturing, in particular 3D printing, having reinforced interconnection parts, to an assembly of such sandwich panels and to a method of providing a structure that can form a facade panel, a wall part or that can have a support surface by interconnecting two structural elements according to the invention.
Background Art
When manufacturing structural cantilever parts that form part of a sandwich panel, it is known to increase the strength of the top and bottom layers by adding material at the root of the cantilever. This still may results in high unfavorable stresses and consequently in a weak interconnection of the panels.
Sandwich panels having a central reinforcement structure that are formed by additive manufacturing, such as 3D printing techniques, are known from US 9,845,600 B. The known panels can form a truss with the central reinforcement structure having a honeycomb-like shape. Other central reinforcement structures, or infills, with a geometry that differs from a honeycomb structure are known. When cantilevering parts of the known panels are loaded in tension, bending or shear force, tensile forces are introduced to the root of the cantilever. This forms a potentially weak point at which failure may occur and is critical for determining the load bearing capacity of the structure.
Summary
The invention intends to provide a method of forming sandwich panels that can be mutually coupled to form a strong interconnection, or other structural elements, in particular for the use as construction elements, such as building panels, road or bridge surfaces and the like. It is a further aim to provide a sandwich panel construction that allows rapid assembly to form a construction element while obtaining a strong interconnection of the coupled panels.
A method of forming a sandwich panel comprising a reinforced top layer and a reinforced bottom layer according to the invention comprises: - moving the nozzle in the longitudinal direction L along a trajectory of an outer layer while depositing flowable material, forming a part of the outer layer, - depositing flowable material from the nozzle while moving the nozzle in the length direction L over the outer layer along a first cantilever trajectory between a first position at or near the end edge of the outer layer and second position that is situated a distance S from the transverse plane at an inward facing side, forming a part of a top or bottom reinforced connecting structure,
- depositing flowable material from the nozzle while moving the nozzle along a transverse trajectory extending in the transverse direction T, for forming a part of the internal structure, - depositing flowable material from the nozzle while moving the nozzle in the length direction L at a transverse distance from the outer layer along a second cantilever trajectory between a third position ator near the end edge of an opposite outer layer and a fourth position that is situated a distance S2 from the transverse plane, forming a part of an opposite reinforced connecting structure, and - forming a part of the opposite outer layer by moving the nozzle along a trajectory in the longitudinal direction L while depositing flowable material.
A method of forming a sandwich panel comprising a reinforced top and/or a reinforced bottom layer according to the invention comprises: - moving the nozzle in the longitudinal direction L along a trajectory of an outer layer while depositing flowable material, forming a part of the outer layer, - depositing flowable material from the nozzle while moving the nozzle in the length direction L over the outer layer along a first cantilever trajectory between a first position at or near the end edge of the outer layer and second position that is situated a distance S from the transverse plane at an inward facing side, forming a first part of an outer reinforced connecting structure, and - depositing flowable material from the nozzle while moving the nozzle in the length direction L over the along a second cantilever trajectory between a third position that is situated a distance S from the transverse plane at an inward facing side and a fourth position at or near the end edge of the outer layer, forming a second part of an outer reinforced connecting structure.
The print path according to the invention is such that the cantilevering flange is extended up to the inside of the 3D printed sandwich panel and the cantilever is solidly anchored, by which higher strength can be achieved. The method according to the invention provides an efficient way of producing a connection with a high load bearing capacity between two interconnected 3d printed structural sandwich panel elements or to connect other structures to a 3d printed structural sandwich panel element.
The sandwich panel structures according to the invention may be used as road surfaces, bridge decks, balconies, temporary structures, facade panels or any other interlocking structures. The top layer may form a walking surface for pedestrians and/or a driving surface for road vehicles. The top and bottom panels can be of non-planar shape. The panels can be formed in polymer, steel or concrete or combinations thereof, and may be fiber-reinforced.
The sandwich panels according to the invention may have a thickness of 10 cm- 100 cm and are built up of at least 10, preferably ad least 50, more preferably at least 100 trajectories that are stacked in a width direction W that is perpendicular to the length direction L and to the transverse direction T.
The nozzle may be moved along reinforcing trajectories extending at the inward facing side of the transverse plane, adjacent or near the first and second cantilever trajectories. The nozzle can after completion of the top layer return to the position of the transverse plane and form an additional reinforcement of the connection structure. In addition, the nozzle may be moved along a trajectory extending at the inward facing side of the transverse plane adjacent or near the transverse trajectory for providing a reinforced transverse perimeter wall. in an embodiment of a sandwich panel according to the invention, the lower end edge comprises a transverse part and a slanting part extending from a top of the transverse part to a position near the transverse plane.
The transverse and slanting pars form a mechanically interlocking connector that interacts with a complementary panel and can be efficiently and effectively coupled to other panels by introducing the slanting part of the panel part into a slanting recess of the complementary panel, while the horizontal directions of the panels are mutually at an angle, and rotating the panels about the slanting part until the upper end edges of the panels engage and the outer layers are aligned. After the alignment of the interconnected panels, a locking member is introduced in between the slanting part and the adjacent wall of the recess to provide structural integrity and to lock the panels into a fixed position.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Some embodiments of a method of printing a sandwich panel structural element, an assembly of a sandwich panel and a complementary panel and a method of constructing a support surface structure, a cantilever structure or a bridging structure according to the invention will, by way of non-limiting example, be explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
Figure 1 shows a an assembly of interconnected structural elements according to the invention,
Figure 2 shows a longitudinal cross-section of the assembly of figure 1,
Figure 3 shows a schematic detail of the upper reinforced connecting cantilever structure according to the invention,
Figures 4 and 5 show embodiments of the printing trajectories in the x-y plane of a nozzle forming a structural element according the invention,
Figure 6 shows a perspective view of an embodiment with a number of stacked printing trajectories, and
Figures 7a and 7b show the interconnection of complementary structural elements according to the invention.
Description of Embodiments
Figure 1 shows an assembly 1 of interconnected sandwich panel construction elements 2,3,4,5 that in this example form a bridge deck. Each sandwich panel 2-5 has as perimeter layers a top layer 6, a bottom layer 7 and as an infill an internal reinforcing structure 8 that interconnects the top and bottom layers 6,7.
As can be seen in figure 2, the top layers 6,9 and the bottom layers 7, 10 of adjacent construction elements 3,4 are situated in the same plane and define a support surface for vehicles or pedestrians and other objects, dependent on the function of the construction element. The end sections 12, 13 of the top layer 6 and bottom layer 7 of the element 4 are of a cantilever construction that projects beyond the transverse wall 15 defining a side surface of the element 4. The end sections 12, 13 comprise a reinforcement part 17, 18 extending from the free edge of the end sections 12, 13 to a position 20, 21 on an inward facing side 22 of the transverse wall 15. The reinforcement parts 17,18 form thickened end sections 12, 13 that provide a strong cantilever connection of the panel 4 with the complementary panel 3.
As can be seen in figure 3, the reinforcement part 17 is formed by a layer 25 extending from the edge 24 ofthe end section 12 of the top layer 6, to a position on the inward facing side 22. The layer 25 is formed in a printing step of flowable material, that fuses with the flowable material of the top layer 6.
Figure 4 shows the steps of forming a sandwich panel construction element 35 with a printing device 30 comprising a nozzle 31 that is controlled by a control unit 32 to move in three perpendicular directions x,y,z. The directions x,y are in the plane of the drawing and the z direction is situated perpendicular thereto. The nozzle 31 deposits a flowable substance that is provided from a supply unit 33, deposited along trajectories in layers in the x-y plane at a predetermined width position z, so that a layer of the construction element 35 is formed with a specific geometry extending in the length direction L and in the transverse direction T. Upon completion of the printing trajectories in the x-y plane, the nozzle is then moved upward along the z-axis in the transverse direction T to a new z coordinate for printing of the next layer, in this way defining a width direction W of the construction element 35, extending perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.
In a first step, the nozzle 31 is moved in the length direction L of the construction element 35 along a line in the bottom plane 36, depositing flowable material along a trajectory of the bottom layer 37. Next, the nozzle 31 moves from a first position at the edge 38 of the bottom layer 37 to a second position 39 at an inward facing side 40 of the construction element 35, forming the lower reinforced connecting structure 43. The second position 39 is situated at a distance S from the transverse plane 41 that delimits the internal reinforcement structure 42 that interconnects the top layer 46 and bottom layer 37.
Thereafter, the nozzle 31 is moved in the transverse direction T along the transverse plane 41. Near the position of the upper plane 45 of the top layer 46, the nozzle moves from first position 47, to second position at or near the upper edge 48, forming upper reinforced connecting structure 49. in a final step, the nozzle 31 moves from the edge 48 along the top plane 45 depositing flowable material along the trajectory of the top layer 46. in the examples given, the inward length S and the outward length D of the upper and lower connecting structures 43,49 is equal, but the values of S and D may differ for the upper and lower structures 43, 49. inthe embodiment shown in figure 5, the direction of movement of the printing nozzle 31 is in the -L direction for all layers, i.e. while forming the trajectories of the bottom layer 37, the lower reinforcement layer 43, the upper reinforcement layer 49 and the top layer 46. Other print directions for the trajectories of each layer 37,43,46,49 are possible.
Figure 6 shows the printed layers of the construction element 35, stacked in the width direction W, in a perspective view. The dashed lines indicate the center lines the deposited material, For a flowable material such as a glass-fiber reinforced thermoplastic, the bead width that is deposited by the nozzle in the transverse direction T, may be between 4 mm and 30 mm,
The inward length S of the reinforcement part of the connecting structures 43,49 may be between 20 mm and 200 mm.
The outward length D of the connecting structures 43,49 may be between 40 mm and 400 mm.
The height H of the construction element 35 in the transverse direction T may be between 30 mm and 500 mm.
Figure 7a and 7b show the steps of coupling a construction element 50 to a complementary element 60 5 via a mechanically interlocking joint. The element 50 comprises a top layer 51, an upper reinforcement layer 52, a transverse reinforcement structure 53, a bottom layer 54 and a bottom reinforcement layer 55. At the bottom layer 54, a snap connection member 56 is formed having a transverse wall 57 and a slanting wall 58. The complementary element 60 comprises a lower receiving recess 61 and an upper receiving recess 62.
Upon interconnecting the construction elements 50,60, the connection member 56 is placed in the lower receiving recess 61, such that the center lines 63, 64 of the construction elements 50,60 are at an angle.
Next, the element 50 is rotated in the direction of the arrow R, such that the end section 65 of the top layer 52 and the upper reinforcement layer 54 is accommodated in the upper receiving recess 62 of the element 60. A connection is made when the center lines 63,64 are aligned and the top layers 52, 66 and the bottom layers 54, 67 form a substantially continuous surface, as shown in figure 6b. In this position, a locking member 66 is introduced in the space between the slanting wall 58 and wall of the receiving recess 61 for preventing relative rotation of the construction elements 50,60 and locking the elements in a fixed relative position.

Claims (14)

ConclusiesConclusions 1. Werkwijze voor het drukken van een structureel element van een sandwichpaneel (2, 3, 4, 5, 35, 50, 60) met twee uit elkaar liggende buitenlagen (6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54; 66, 67) die zich uitstrekken in een lengterichting L en voorzien zijn van eindranden (24, 38, 48), en een inwendige structuur (8, 15, 42, 53) die de buitenlagen onderling verbindt en zich uitstrekt in een dwarsrichting T die dwars op de lengterichting ligt, waarbij de inwendige structuur (8, 15, 42, 53) wordt begrensd door een dwarsvlak (41) dat op een afstand D van de buitenranden (24, 38, 48} ligt, waarbij de werkwijze het bewegen omvat van een spuitmond (31) in een vlak dat wordt bepaald door de lengterichting L en de dwarsrichting T, langs een aantal longitudinale trajecten die in de dwarsrichting T aan elkaar grenzen, het afzetten van een stroombaar materiaal vanuit de spuitmond en het stollen van het afgezette materiaal en: - het bewegen van de spuitmond (31) in de lengterichting L langs een traject (p1-p2) van een buitenlaag (37) tijdens het afzetten van stromend materiaal, waarbij een deel van de buitenlaag (37) wordt gevormd, - het afzetten van stroombaar materiaal uit de spuitmond (31) terwijl de spuitmond (31) in de lengterichting L over de buitenlaag (37) wordt bewogen langs een eerste vrijdragend traject {p3-p4) tussen een eerste positie {p3) op of nabij de eindrand (38) van de buitenlaag (37} en een tweede positie (p4) die zich op een afstand S van het dwarsvlak (41) aan een naar binnen gekeerde zijde (40) bevindt eneen deel vormt van een bovenste of onderste versterkte verbindingsstructuur (43), - het afzetten van stroombaar materiaal uit de spuitmond (31) terwijl de spuitmond langs een dwars traject (p8-p9) dat zich uitstrekt in de dwarsrichting T wordt bewogen, om een deel van de interne structuur te vormen, - het afzetten van stroombaar materiaal uit de spuitmond (31) terwijl de spuitmond in de lengterichting Lwordt bewogen op een dwarse afstand van de buitenlaag (37) langs een tweede vrijdragend traject (p11-p12} tussen een derde positie (p11) op of nabij de eindrand (48) van een tegenoverliggende buitenlaag (46) en een vierde positie (p12) die zich op een afstand S2 van het dwarsvlak (41) bevindt en een deel vormt van een tegenoverliggende versterkte verbindingsstructuur (49) en - het vormen van een deel van de tegenoverliggende buitenlaag (46) door de spuitmond (31) langs een traject (p15-p16) in de lengterichting L te bewegen terwijl er stroombaar materiaal wordt afgezet.Method for printing a structural element of a sandwich panel (2, 3, 4, 5, 35, 50, 60) with two outer layers (6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54) spaced apart ; 66, 67) extending in a longitudinal direction L and having terminal edges (24, 38, 48), and an inner structure (8, 15, 42, 53) interconnecting the outer layers and extending in a transverse direction T which is transverse to the longitudinal direction, the inner structure (8, 15, 42, 53) being bounded by a transverse plane (41) which is a distance D from the outer edges (24, 38, 48}, the method of moving comprises of a nozzle (31) in a plane defined by the longitudinal direction L and the transverse direction T, along a plurality of longitudinal trajectories adjacent to each other in the transverse direction T, depositing a flowable material from the nozzle and solidifying the deposited material and: - moving the nozzle (31) in the longitudinal direction L along a trajectory (p1-p2) of an outer layer (37) during the deposition of flowing material, forming part of the outer layer (37), - depositing flowable material from the nozzle (31) while moving the nozzle (31) in the longitudinal direction L over the outer layer (37) along a first cantilevered trajectory {p3-p4) between a first position {p3) at or near the end edge (38) of the outer layer (37} and a second position (p4) located at a distance S from the transverse plane (41) on an inward facing side (40) and forming part of an upper or lower reinforced connecting structure (43), - depositing flowable material from the nozzle (31) while moving the nozzle along a transverse trajectory (p8-p9) extending in the transverse direction T, to form part of the internal structure, - the deposition of flowable material from the nozzle (31) as the nozzle is moved longitudinally L at a transverse distance from the outer layer (37) along a second cantilevered trajectory (p11-p12} between a third position (p11) at or near the terminal edge (48) of an opposite outer layer (46) and a fourth position (p12) located at a distance S2 from the transverse plane (41) and forming part of an opposite reinforced connecting structure (49) and - forming part of the opposite outer layer (46) by moving the nozzle (31) along a lengthwise path (p15-p16) L while depositing flowable material. 2. Werkwijze voor het drukken van een structureel element van een sandwichpaneel (2, 3, 4, 5, 35, 50, 60) met twee uit elkaar liggende buitenlagen (6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54; 66, 67) die zich uitstrekken in een lengterichting L en voorzien zijn van eindranden (24, 36, 48}, en een inwendige structuur (8, 15,2. Method for printing a structural element of a sandwich panel (2, 3, 4, 5, 35, 50, 60) with two outer layers (6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54) spaced apart ; 66, 67) extending in a longitudinal direction L and provided with end edges (24, 36, 48}, and an internal structure (8, 15, 42, 53) die de buitenlagen onderling verbindt en zich uitstrekt in een dwarsrichting T die dwars op de lengterichting ligt, waarbij de inwendige structuur (8, 15, 42, 53) wordt begrensd door een dwarsvlak {41} dat op een afstand D van de buitenranden (24, 36, 48) ligt, waarbij de werkwijze het bewegen omvat van een spuitmond (31) in een vlak dat wordt bepaald door de lengterichting L en de dwarsrichting T, langs een aantal longitudinale trajecten die in de dwarsrichting T aan elkaar grenzen, het afzetten van een stroombaar materiaal vanuit de spuitmond en het stollen van het afgezette materiaal en: - het bewegen van de spuitmond (31) in de lengterichting L langs een traject (p1-p2} van een buitenlaag (37) tijdens het afzetten van stromend materiaal, waarbij een deel van de buitenlaag (37) wordt gevormd, - het afzetten van stroombaar materiaal uit de spuitmond (31) terwijl de spuitmond (31} in de lengterichting L over de buitenlaag (37) wordt bewogen langs een eerste vrijdragend traject (p3-p4) tussen een eerste positie (p3} op of nabij de eindrand (38) van de buitenlaag (37) en een tweede positie (p4} die zich op een afstand S van het dwarsvlak (41) aan een naar binnen gekeerde zijde (40) bevindt eneen eerste deel vormt van een buitenste versterkte verbindingsstructuur (43) en - het afzetten van stroombaar materiaal uit de spuitmond (31) terwijl de spuitmond (31) in de lengterichting L wordt bewogen langs een tweede vrijdragend traject (p5-p6) tussen een derde positie (p5) die zich op een afstand S van het dwarsvlak (41) bevindt aan een naar binnen gerichte zijde (40) en een vierde positie (p6} aan of nabij de eindrand (38} van de buitenste laag (37), waardoor een tweede deel van een buitenste versterkte verbindingsstructuur (43) wordt gevormd.42, 53) interconnecting the outer layers and extending in a transverse direction T which is transverse to the longitudinal direction, the inner structure (8, 15, 42, 53) being bounded by a transverse plane {41} which is at a distance D from the outer edges (24, 36, 48), the method comprising moving a nozzle (31) in a plane defined by the longitudinal direction L and the transverse direction T, along a plurality of longitudinal trajectories that intersect in the transverse direction T boundaries, deposition of a flowable material from the nozzle and solidification of the deposited material and: - moving the nozzle (31) in the longitudinal direction L along a trajectory (p1-p2} of an outer layer (37) during deposition of flowing material, forming part of the outer layer (37), - depositing flowable material from the nozzle (31) while moving the nozzle (31} in the longitudinal direction L over the outer layer (37) along a first cantilever trajectory (p3-p4) between a first position (p3} on or near the terminal edge (38) of the outer layer (37) and a second position (p4} located at a distance S from the transverse plane (41) on an inward facing side (40) and forms a first part of an outer reinforced connecting structure (43) and - depositing flowable material from the nozzle (31) while moving the nozzle (31) in the longitudinal direction L along a second cantilevered trajectory (p5 -p6) between a third position (p5) located at a distance S from the transverse plane (41) on an inward facing side (40) and a fourth position (p6} at or near the end edge (38} of the outer layer (37), forming a second part of an outer reinforced connecting structure (43). 3. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 2, omvattend het afzetten van stroombaar materiaal uit de spuitmond (31) terwijl de spuitmond (31) in de lengterichting L wordt bewogen over een derde vrijdragend traject (p7-p8) tussen een vijfde positie (p7} die zich op een afstand D van het dwarsvlak (41) aan of nabij de eindrand (38) bevindt en een zesde positie (p8) aan of nabij het dwarsvlak (42), waardoor een derde deel van een buitenste versterkte verbindingsstructuur (43) wordt gevormd.A method according to claim 2, comprising depositing flowable material from the nozzle (31) while moving the nozzle (31) longitudinally L over a third cantilevered trajectory (p7-p8) between a fifth position (p7} located at a distance D from the transverse plane (41) at or near the terminal edge (38) and a sixth position (p8) at or near the transverse plane (42), forming a third part of an outer reinforced connecting structure (43). 4. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 2 of 3, omvattend het afzetten van stroombaar materiaal uit de spuitmond (31) terwijl de spuitmond wordt bewogen langs een dwarstraject (p8-p9) dat zich uitstrekt inde dwarsrichting T, voor het vormen van een deel van de interne structuur en - het vormen van een tegenoverliggende versterkte buitenlaag (46) door de spuitmond (31) langs een traject (p10-p14} in de lengterichting L te bewegen terwijl vloeibaar materiaal wordt afgezet, bij voorkeur met hetzelfde aantal versterkingslagen als de buitenlaag (37).A method according to claim 2 or 3, comprising depositing flowable material from the nozzle (31) while moving the nozzle along a transverse trajectory (p8-p9) extending in the transverse direction T, to form part of the internal structure and - forming an opposing reinforced outer layer (46) by moving the nozzle (31) along a lengthwise path (p10-p14} L while depositing liquid material, preferably with the same number of reinforcement layers as the outer layer (37 ). 5. Werkwijze volgens een van de voorgaande conclusies, waarbij ten minste 10, bij voorkeur ten minste 50, met hoge voorkeur ten minste 100 banen over elkaar heen worden gelegd in een breedterichting W die loodrecht staat op de lengterichting L en op de dwarsrichting T.A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 10, preferably at least 50, more preferably at least 100 webs are superimposed in a width direction W that is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction L and to the transverse direction T. 6. Werkwijze volgens een van de voorgaande conclusies, waarbij de spuitmond wordt bewogen langs versterkende trajecten (p20-p21; p22-p23) die zich uitstrekken aan de naar binnen gerichte zijde (40) van het dwarsvlak (41), grenzend aan of in de buurt van de eerste en tweede vrijdragende trajecten (p3-p4; p11-p12).A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nozzle is moved along gain paths (p20-p21; p22-p23) extending on the inward facing side (40) of the transverse plane (41), adjacent to or in near the first and second cantilevered pathways (p3-p4; p11-p12). 7. Werkwijze volgens een van de voorgaande conclusies, waarbij de spuitmond wordt bewogen langs een traject (p21-p22; p22-p23) dat zich uitstrekt aan de naar binnen gerichte zijde (40) van het dwarsvlak (41) grenzend aan of nabij het dwarstraject (p8-p9).A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the nozzle is moved along a trajectory (p21-p22; p22-p23) extending on the inward facing side (40) of the transverse plane (41) adjacent to or near the transverse trajectory (p8-p9). 8. Werkwijze volgens een van de voorgaande conclusies, waarbij de onderste laag (54) een dwarsdeel (57) omvat en een schuin deel (58) dat zich uitstrekt vanaf een bovenzijde van het dwarsdeel (57) tot een positie dicht bij het dwarsvlak (41).A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bottom layer (54) comprises a transverse portion (57) and an inclined portion (58) extending from an upper side of the transverse portion (57) to a position close to the transverse plane ( 41). 9. Werkwijze volgens een van de conclusies 1 tot en met 5, waarbij het stroombare materiaal beton, staal, een thermoplastisch materiaal, een thermohardend materiaal en een combinatie daarvan omvat, en de bovenste laag een loopoppervlak voor voetgangers en/of een rijoppervlak voor wegvoertuigen, een gevelpaneel of een muur vormt.A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the flowable material comprises concrete, steel, a thermoplastic material, a thermosetting material and a combination thereof, and the top layer comprises a pedestrian walking surface and/or a road vehicle driving surface , a facade panel or a wall. 10. Gedrukte sandwichpaneelstructuur (3, 4, 35, 50, 60) omvattend twee op afstand van elkaar gelegen buitenlagen (6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54; 66, 67) die zich uitstrekken in de lengterichting L, waarbij de buitenlagen eindranden (24, 36, 48) en een inwendige structuur (8, 15, 42, 53) hebben die de buitenlagen (6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54; 66, 67} onderling verbindt en zich uitstrekt in een dwarsrichting T, een dwarsvlak (41) dat zich op een afstand D van de buitenlagen (24, 36, 48) bevindt, waardoor een naar buiten gerichte zijde en een naar binnen gerichte zijde wordt gedefinieerd (40) en de inwendige structuur (8, 15, 42, 53) begrenst, waarbij de buitenlagen {6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54; 66, 67) een versterkte verbindingsstructuur (25, 43, 49, 52, 55} hebben die zich uitstrekt tussen de buitenrand (24, 36, 48) en een positie (39, 47) aan een naar binnen gerichte zijde {40} van het dwarsvlak (41).10. Printed sandwich panel structure (3, 4, 35, 50, 60) comprising two spaced outer layers (6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54; 66, 67) extending in the longitudinal direction L, where the outer layers have end edges (24, 36, 48) and an inner structure (8, 15, 42, 53) that the outer layers (6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54; 66, 67 } interconnects and extends in a transverse direction T, a transverse plane (41) located at a distance D from the outer layers (24, 36, 48), defining an outward facing side and an inward facing side (40 ) and bounds the inner structure (8, 15, 42, 53), the outer layers {6, 7; 9, 10; 37, 46; 51, 54; 66, 67) having a reinforced connecting structure (25, 43, 49, 52, 55} extending between the outer edge (24, 36, 48) and a position (39, 47) on an inward facing side {40} of the transverse plane (41). 11. Gedrukte sandwichpaneelstructuur (3, 4, 35, 50, 60) volgens conclusie 7, omvattend aan de eindrand van (38) het bodempaneel (37, 54) een dwarsdeel (57) en een schuin deel (58) dat zich uitstrekt vanaf een bovenzijde van het dwarsdeel (57) naar een positie grenzend aan het dwarsvlak (41).A pressed sandwich panel structure (3, 4, 35, 50, 60) according to claim 7, comprising at the end edge of (38) the bottom panel (37, 54) a transverse portion (57) and an oblique portion (58) extending from a top of the transverse portion (57) to a position adjacent to the transverse plane (41). 12. Samenstel van een sandwichpaneelstructuur (50) volgens conclusie 10 of 11 en een aanvullende paneelstructuur (60), waarbij de sandwichpaneelstructuur (50) een uitstekend deel (56; 57, 58) heeft dat zich uitstrekt tussen de boven- en onderlaag (51, 54) van de paneelstructuur (50), waarbij de boven- en onderlagen (51, 54; 66, 67) van de sandwichpaneelstructuur (50) en de aanvullende paneelstructuur (60) hoofdzakelijk in dezelfde respectieve vlakken zijn gepositioneerd.An assembly of a sandwich panel structure (50) according to claim 10 or 11 and an additional panel structure (60), the sandwich panel structure (50) having a projection (56; 57, 58) extending between the top and bottom layers (51 , 54) of the panel structure (50), wherein the top and bottom layers (51, 54; 66, 67) of the sandwich panel structure (50) and the additional panel structure (60) are positioned substantially in the same respective planes. 13. Werkwijze voor het construeren van een draagvlakconstructie, een vrijdragende constructie of een overbruggingsconstructie, bestaande uit: - het verschaffen van een samenstel volgens conclusie 12 in combinatie met conclusie 11, - het met elkaar verbinden van de sandwichpaneelstructuren (50, 60) door middel van het uitstekende deel (56; 57, 58) van de sandwichpaneelstructuur (50} in een opnemende uitsparing (61) van de aanvullende paneelstructuur (60) te brengen terwijl de hartlijnen (63, 64) van de paneelstructuren (50, 60) onder een hoek ten opzichte van elkaar staan en - het draaien van de sandwichpaneelstructuur (50) ten opzichte van de aanvullende paneelstructuur {60} rond het uitstekende deel (56; 57, 58) totdat de hartlijnen (63, 64) van de sandwichpaneelstructuren (50, 60) zijn uitgelijnd.13. Method for constructing a bearing construction, a cantilevered construction or a bridging construction, consisting of: - providing an assembly according to claim 12 in combination with claim 11, - connecting the sandwich panel structures (50, 60) to each other by means of of the projecting part (56; 57, 58) of the sandwich panel structure (50} into a receiving recess (61) of the additional panel structure (60) while the axes (63, 64) of the panel structures (50, 60) are under at an angle to each other and - rotating the sandwich panel structure (50) relative to the additional panel structure {60} around the protruding part (56; 57, 58) until the axes (63, 64) of the sandwich panel structures (50 , 60) are aligned. 14. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 13, waarbij een vergrendelingselement wordt verschaft tussen het schuine deel (58) en een aangrenzende wand van de opnemende uitsparing (61).The method of claim 13, wherein a locking element is provided between the slanted portion (58) and an adjacent wall of the receiving recess (61).
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US9845600B2 (en) 2011-07-01 2017-12-19 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Inc. Highly vented truss wall honeycomb structures
US20180334797A1 (en) * 2017-05-19 2018-11-22 Divergent Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and methods for joining panels
EP3487673A1 (en) * 2016-07-22 2019-05-29 Asprone, Domenico Structure of reinforced cementitious material and process of making the same structure by a three-dimensional printing process
US20200156323A1 (en) * 2018-11-20 2020-05-21 Arevo, Inc. Systems and methods for optimization of design and tool paths for additive manufacturing

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US9845600B2 (en) 2011-07-01 2017-12-19 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Inc. Highly vented truss wall honeycomb structures
EP3487673A1 (en) * 2016-07-22 2019-05-29 Asprone, Domenico Structure of reinforced cementitious material and process of making the same structure by a three-dimensional printing process
US20180334797A1 (en) * 2017-05-19 2018-11-22 Divergent Technologies, Inc. Apparatus and methods for joining panels
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