NL2029165B1 - Method for manufacturing ferrate and ferrate manufacturing device - Google Patents

Method for manufacturing ferrate and ferrate manufacturing device Download PDF

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Publication number
NL2029165B1
NL2029165B1 NL2029165A NL2029165A NL2029165B1 NL 2029165 B1 NL2029165 B1 NL 2029165B1 NL 2029165 A NL2029165 A NL 2029165A NL 2029165 A NL2029165 A NL 2029165A NL 2029165 B1 NL2029165 B1 NL 2029165B1
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Netherlands
Prior art keywords
ferrate
solution
anode
alkaline solution
applying
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NL2029165A
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Dutch (nl)
Inventor
Saebnoori Ehsan
Samimi Sedeh Sina
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Ferr Tech B V
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Priority to NL2029165A priority Critical patent/NL2029165B1/en
Priority to PCT/NL2022/050514 priority patent/WO2023038527A1/en
Priority to EP22769794.3A priority patent/EP4399345A1/en
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Publication of NL2029165B1 publication Critical patent/NL2029165B1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/463—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrocoagulation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/4612—Controlling or monitoring
    • C02F2201/46125—Electrical variables
    • C02F2201/4614—Current
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/02—Temperature
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing ferrate, the method comprising the steps of: — providing an electrochemical cell having an anode containing iron, and a cathode that is placed t a distance from the anode; — inserting an alkaline solution into the electrochemical cell; — applying, by a power supply, an electric potential between the iron containing anode and the cathode; and — inducing a current density on one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of 1 A/cm2 to 500 A/cmz. The invention further relates to a ferrate(VI) manufacturing device.

Description

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING FERRATE AND FERRATE MANUFACTURING
DEVICE
The invention relates to a method for manufacturing ferrate and a ferrate(V]) manufacturing device.
Ferrate, especially ferrate(VI) is a compound that can be used in a wide variety of industrial activities, including water treatment, metal extraction, metal production, elimination of radioactive corrosion products and/or reduction of radioactive particles. The use of ferrate(VI) often is preferable over other methods or compounds for those particular uses.
One of the main challenges however is to manufacture ferrate(VI) in an effective, cost- efficient manner. In practice, ferrate(VI) is mostly produced using an electrochemical cell with an iron anode and a highly alkaline solution or electrolyte. Such a method comprises applying an electric potential to the anode and cathode, which leads to a reaction producing ferrate(V1).
One of the disadvantages of the known methods is that the ferrate(VI) is highly unstable and has a limited shelf life, which is measured in several hours. As a result, the production needs to be located in the direct vicinity of the location of use.
The invention is aimed at obviating or at least reducing the abovementioned disadvantages. More specifically, the invention is aimed for providing a method for manufacturing ferrate(VI) that provides ferrate(V1) with a longer shelf life.
To that end, the invention provides a method for manufacturing ferrate, the method comprising the steps of: — providing an electrochemical cell having an anode containing iron, and a cathode that is placed at a distance from the anode; — inserting an alkaline solution into the electrochemical cell; — applying, by a power supply, an electric potential between the iron containing anode and the cathode; characterized by the step of: — inducing a current density on one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of 1 A/cm? to 500
Alem.
It is noted that the application in multiple places refers to ferrate, which in the invention means ferrate(VI), which is also synonym for iron(VI1). These terms are used interchangeable and are all considered to refer to the same subject in this application.
It is further noted that the terms alkaline solution, electrolyte and electrolyte solution are all used interchangeably in this application and refer to the same subject.
An advantage of the method according to the invention is that it provides ferrate(V1) with a shelf life of up to two months. This allows the product to be manufactured in a central location or plant and subsequently shipped to (end) users. In the known methods, ferrate(VI) is manufactured on-site, that is at the location of use, because it loses its stability after a short period of time (up to afew hours).
The ferrate(VI) can be provided in powdered form, which makes it easily transportable.
This is also due to the fact that the ferrate(V]) is more stable than ferrate(VI) that is manufactured using the known methods.
In addition, due to the stability of the ferrate(VI) that is manufactured using the method 19 according to the invention, the need for localized plant is obviated and high investments in local manufacturing plants is obviated.
Another advantage of the method according to the invention is that the production costs of the ferrate(VI) is significantly lower than with the known methods of production. More specifically, the production cost of ferrate(V1) according to the invention have been found to be about 50% of the production costs of the known methods, and may even be lower in some embodiments of the method.
The method according to the invention therewith allows ferrate{V]) to be produced in a highly efficient, cost-effective way.
Yet another advantage is that a high purity of the produced ferrate(V]) is achieved with the method according to the invention.
A further advantage of the method according to the invention is that, due to the high current densities at the anode surface, passivation of the anode is substantially prevented. As a result, no barrier layer is formed. Such a barrier layer, for example a layer comprising oxides, prevents further dissolution of the anode material. By preventing the barrier formation (i.e. preventing passivation) allows a more efficient and effective method.
In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the distance between the anode and the cathode can be in the range of 1 to 10 cm, preferably 2 to 6 cm and more preferably about 3 cm.
In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the method may additionally comprise the step of, during the step of applying the electric potential, adding an additional amount of alkaline solution.
By adding, for example by injecting, an additional amount of alkaline solution to the electrochemical cell, the production rate of ferrate can be increased. This in turn leads to a reduction in production costs {per manufactured unit of product, such a weight).
In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the alkaline solution may comprise concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide, concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide, concentrated calcium hydroxide, concentrated magnesium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof.
Several alkaline solutions may be used to perform the method according to the invention.
An advantage of the abovementioned alkaline solutions is that a relatively high amount of ferrate(V1) can be manufactured using these solutions.
In addition, these alkaline solutions provide a good balance between the quantity and quality of the manufactured ferrate(V1) and the costs of the solution.
In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the alkaline solution may comprise a solution with a concentration of 17 M to 20 M.
It is noted that 17 M to 20 M refers to 17 molar to 20 molar or 17 moll per litre to 20 moll per litre.
An advantage of providing the abovementioned concentration in the alkaline solution is that it provides an effective and efficient production rate for ferrate( VI). This is mainly due to the low amount of (free) water in the solution, which has an adverse effect on the production rate.
Therewith, the degeneration of the manufactured ferrate(V1) to divalent and trivalent iron nuclei by decomposition of the ferrate(V1) is substantially prevented.
In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the method may comprise the step of mixing the solution, preferably by using a mixing system.
An advantage of mixing the solution, preferably during the step of applying an electric potential, is that the uniformity of the chemical composition in the solution is improved, therewith increasing the production rate.
Another advantage of mixing the solution is that it provides an improved heat exchange within the electrochemical cell, which leads to an increased production rate of ferrate (IV).
In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the method may comprise the step of, during the steps of applying of the electric potential and/or inducing the current density, maintaining the solution at a temperature below 60 °C by cooling the solution, preferably using a cooling system, preferably maintaining the solution at a temperature below 50 °C, more preferably maintaining the solution at a temperature below 45 °C, and most preferably maintaining the solution at a temperature of around 35 °C.
An advantage of cooling the solution to a temperature below 60 °C is that degeneration of the manufactured ferrate(V1) to divalent and trivalent iron nuclei by decomposition of the ferrate(V 1) is substantially prevented or at least significantly reduced. This increases the production rate per time unit. In addition, it allows a high purity ferrate{ VI) to be manufactured using the method according to the invention.
In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the step of applying a current density on one or more surfaces of the anode may comprise applying a current density in the range of 1 A/cm? to 500 A/cm’, preferably in the range of 10 A/em? to 250 A/cm’, more preferably in the range of 120 Alem’ to 150 Alem’.
In an alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention, the step of applying a current density on one or more surfaces of the anode may comprise applying a current density in the range of 10 A/cm’ to 500 A/cm’, preferably in the range of 120 A/cn to 500 A/cm’, more preferably in the range of 150 A/cm” to 500 A/em®, even more preferably in the range of 300
Alem’ to 450 Alem’.
It has been found that an advantage of providing a current density in the abovementioned ranges is that it provides a high production rate and simultaneously provides a high purity product.
In an embodiment of the method according to the invention, the method further comprises the step of processing the ferrate (VI) to form a ferrate (VI) powder, for example using evaporation, centrifuging and/or other suitable techniques, wherein the step of processing preferably may provide ferrate powder with a purity of at least 95% at a rate of at least 160 grams per hour, and preferably may provide a purity of at least 98% at a rate of at least 160 grams per hour.
An advantage of the method according to the invention is that the ferrate(V1) manufactured therewith has a high purity combined with a high production rate. This combination exceeds both purity and production rate of known methods and is therefore more (cost-)efficient.
The invention also relates to a ferrate( VI) manufacturing device comprising: — an electrochemical cell configured to be filled with an alkaline solution, the electrochemical cell comprising: — an anode containing iron; and — a cathode that is placed at a distance from the anode; — 4 power supply configured to provide a electric potential between the anode and the cathode; characterized in that: — the power supply is configured to, during operation, induce a current density at one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of 1 A/cm” to 500 A/cm”.
The ferrate(VI) manufacturing device according to the invention provides similar effects and advantages as described for the method according to the invention. It is noted that the embodiments mentioned above in respect to the method may also freely be applied and/or incorporated in various combinations in the ferrate(VI) manufacturing device according to the invention.
An advantage of the device according to the invention is that it allows a high production rate of ferrate(V1), such as about 160 grams/hour, leading to an efficient and cost-effective production.
Another advantage of the device according to the invention is that it allows the production 5 of a stable ferrate(V1) that has a shelf-life in excess of a day. More specifically, the shelf-life of the manufactured ferrate may have a shelf-life up to several months, which allows central production and transportation around the globe.
In an embodiment of the ferrate(VI) manufacturing device according to the invention, the electrochemical cell comprises an supply opening that is connectable to a source of alkaline solution, wherein the supply opening, in use of the device, is used to add additional alkaline solution into the electrochemical cell.
An advantage of providing an supply opening is that additional solution can be added, preferably injected, during operation of the device. To that end, the opening is configured to be connectable, for example via a tube, hose, channel or conduit, to a source of alkaline solution. The alkaline solution is provided to the electrochemical cell, which leads to an increased production rate and/or efficiency.
It is preferred that the alkaline solution that is added, or injected, into the electrochemical cell is similar in composition as the electrolyte (i.e. the alkaline solution) that is already provided to the device.
In an embodiment of the ferrate{VI) manufacturing device according to the invention, the power supply is a direct current power supply.
It has been found that a direct current power supply provides the most effective results with regard to production rate and/or composition and/or purity of the ferrate(V]) that is manufactured using the device according to the invention.
In an embodiment of the device according to the invention, the ferrate manufacturing device may further comprise a cooling system configured to control the temperature of the solution, wherein the cooling system is preferably configured to maintain the alkaline solution at a temperature below 60 °C and more preferably below a temperature of 40 °C.
An advantage of cooling the alkaline solution in the electrochemical cell to a temperature below the abovementioned values is that it prevents degeneration or even disassociation of the ferrate(V1) that is produced during operation. As a result, the amount of ferrate produced, in terms of production rate, are increased compared to the known devices. It is preferred that the cooling system is configured to, during operation, maintain the alkaline solution at a temperature between 30 °C and 40 °C, preferably around 35 °C, because it has been found that this value provides an excellent balance between the energy required for cooling and the increased production rate of ferrate(VI).
In an embodiment of the device according to the invention, the device may be configured to be filled with an alkaline solution that comprises concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide, concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide, concentrated calcium hydroxide, concentrated magnesium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof.
Although various alkaline solution can be used in the device according to the invention, it has been found that the abovementioned alkaline solutions or electrolytes provide excellent results in terms of production rate and purity of the ferrate(V]) that is produced.
In an embodiment of the device according to the invention, the device may be configured to be filled with an alkaline solution comprising a solution with a concentration of 17 M to 20 M.
It is noted that 17 M to 20 M refers to 17 molar to 20 molar or 17 moll per litre to 20 moll per litre.
An advantage of providing the abovementioned concentration in the alkaline solution is that it provides an effective and efficient production rate for ferrate(V1). This is mainly due to the low amount of (free) water in the solution, which has an adverse effect on the production rate.
Therewith, the degeneration of the manufactured ferrate(V1) to divalent and trivalent iron nuclei by decomposition of the ferrate(VI) is substantially prevented.
In an embodiment of the device according to the invention, the device may comprise an alkaline solution, wherein the alkaline solution comprises concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide, concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide, concentrated calcium hydroxide, concentrated magnesium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof.
Although various alkaline solution can be used in the device according to the invention, it has been found that the abovementioned alkaline solutions or electrolytes provide excellent results in terms of production rate and purity of the ferrate(V1) that is produced.
In an embodiment of the device according to the invention, the device may comprise an alkaline solution with a concentration of 17 M to 20 M.
It is noted that 17 M to 20 M refers to 17 molar to 20 molar or 17 moll per litre to 20 moll per litre.
An advantage of providing the abovementioned concentration in the alkaline solution is that it provides an effective and efficient production rate for ferrate( VI). This is mainly due to the low amount of (free) water in the solution, which has an adverse effect on the production rate.
Therewith, the degeneration of the manufactured ferrate(V1) to divalent and trivalent iron nuclei by decomposition of the ferrate(V1) is substantially prevented.
In an embodiment of the device according to the invention, the device may further comprise a mixing system configured to homogenize the alkaline solution.
An advantage of providing a mixing system is that, by mixing the solution, the uniformity of the chemical composition in the solution is improved, which in turn increases the production rate.
Another advantage of a mixing system is that, by mixing the solution, the heat exchange within the electrochemical cell is improved, which leads to an increased production rate of ferrate (Iv).
In an embodiment of the device according to the invention, the cooling system may comprise fluid cooling, and preferably may comprise a liquid tank in which the electrochemical cell is positioned.
An advantage of providing a fluid cooling system, especially a liquid tank, is that it provides a high cooling capacity with a relatively low volume. Therewith, it provides an effective cooling to the electrochemical cell. The liquid cooling system may be provided with a circulation system, which circulates the cooling fluid through the fluid cooling system to increase the heat exchange even further. Such a circulation system may comprise conduits that are directly adjacent or contiguous with the electrochemical cell, or may be a circulation system that is connected to the liquid tank.
In an embodiment of the device according to the invention, the device comprises a second supply opening that is configured to supply additional iron and/or an iron containing solution and that preferably is connectable to a supply of additional iron and/or an iron containing solution.
An advantage of providing additional iron and/or iron containing solution to the electrochemical cell daring operation allows the production rate to be increased and/or allows a (semi-)continuous production process. This in turn results in lower production costs and/or a higher production rate.
For example, the iron may be provided to the electrochemical cell during operation as a suspension.
Further advantages, features and details of the invention are elucidated on the basis of preferred embodiments thereof, wherein reference is made to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows an example of the method according to the invention;
Figure 2 shows a second example of the method according to the invention;
Figure 3 shows a schematic view of an example of a device according to the invention; and
Figure 4 shows a schematic view of a second example of a device according to the invention.
In an example of the method according to the invention (see figure 1), the method comprises the step of providing 1002 an electrochemical cell having an anode containing iron, and a cathode that is placed at a distance from the anode. The electrochemical cell is filled by inserting 1004 an alkaline solution into the electrochemical cell, which solution preferably is a highly alkaline solution {17M to 20M). Inserting the alkaline solution can for example be done using a alkaline supply opening or input opening. The method further comprises applying 1006, by a power supply, an electric potential between the iron containing anode and the cathode and inducing 1008 a current density on one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of I A/cm” to 500 A/cm”.
Optionally, the method may also comprise the step of adding 1010 an additional amount of alkaline solution, which is executed during step 1006 and/or step 1008.
In a second example of the method according to the invention {see figure 2), the method comprises the step of providing 2002 an electrochemical cell having an anode containing iron, and a cathode that is placed at a distance from the anode. The electrochemical cell is filled by inserting 2004 an alkaline solution into the electrochemical cell, which solution preferably is a highly alkaline solution {17M to 20M). Inserting the alkaline solution can for example be done using a alkaline supply opening or input opening. The method further comprises applying 2006, by a power supply, an electric potential between the iron containing anode and the cathode and inducing 2008 a current density on one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of 1 A/cm? to 500 A/cm”,
In this example, the method also comprises the step of mixing 2014 the solution to homogenize the electrolyte. In addition, the method in this example also comprises the step of maintaining 2016 the solution at a temperature below 60 °C by cooling the alkaline solution.
In addition to increasing the production rate, the steps 2014 and/or 2016 also may (further) increase the effect of the optional steps 2010 as described below.
The optional step of adding 2010 an additional amount of alkaline solution, which is executed during step 2006 and/or step 2008. It is noted that the steps of mixing 2016 and maintaining 2016 the solution at a temperature below 60 °C may be combined, but can also be applied separately from each other in the method according to the invention. Similarly, any combination of these steps with the optional steps as described above is possible.
In an example of ferrate manufacturing device 2 according to the invention (see figure 3), device 2 comprises electrochemical cell 4 that is provided with anode 6 and cathode 8, each of which partially extends into an inner space 10 of electrochemical cell 4. Device 2 further comprises power supply 12, which is connected to anode 6 and cathode 8 and is configured to, during operation, induce a current density at one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of 1 A/m’ to 500 A/m’.
In a second example of ferrate manufacturing device 102 according to the invention (see figure 4), device 102 comprises electrochemical cell 104 that is provided with anode 106 and cathode 108, each of which extends into an inner space 110 of electrochemical cell 104. In this example, inner space 110 is partially filled with electrolyte 112 or alkaline solution 114. Although anode 106 and cathode 108 in this example extend only partially into electrolyte 114, it is noted that inner space 110 of electrochemical cell 104 may also be filled substantially completely. In that case, the parts of anode 106 and cathode 108 that extend in inner space 110 is completely submerged in electrolyte 114. Device 102 further comprises power supply 112, which is connected to anode 106 and cathode 108 and is configured to, during operation, induce a current density at one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of 1 A/cm” to 500 A/cm’.
Electrochemical cell 104 is in this example further provided with supply opening 116 in side wall 104a of electrochemical cell 104. In this case, side wall 104a is top wall 104a. Supply opening 116 is connected to schematically drawn electrolyte supply 118 from which additional electrolyte can be supplied to electrochemical cell 104 during operation.
Device 102 in this example also comprises mixing system 124 or mixing unit 124, which (at least partially) extends into inner space 110 and which is configured to mix the electrolyte during operation. Although mixing system 124 is in this example shown as vertically oriented, it is clear that other orientations and/or other suitable mixing systems 124 can be applied within the device according to the application.
In this example, ferrate(V]) manufacturing device 102 also comprises cooling system 126, which in this example is embodied as cooling tank 128 having supply opening 130 and discharge opening 132, which allow cooling fluid to be replaced and/or circulated to discharge heat from electrochemical cell 104. Supply opening 130 and discharge opening 132 are optional.
It is noted that supply opening 116, second supply opening 120, mixing system 124 and cooling system 126 are all optional and can be applied in any combination in device 102. As such, this example is not limited to the combination as shown in figure 4.
The present invention is by no means limited to the above described preferred embodiments thereof. The rights sought are defined by the following claims within the scope of which many modifications can be envisaged.
CLAUSES
1. Method for manufacturing ferrate, the method comprising the steps of: — providing an electrochemical cell having an anode containing iron, and a cathode that is placed at a distance from the anode; — inserting an alkaline solution into the electrochemical cell; — applying, by a power supply, an electric potential between the iron containing anode and the cathode; characterized by the step of: — inducing a current density on one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of 1 A/cm’ to 500
Alem’. 2. Method according to clause 1, additionally comprising the step of, during the step of applying the electric potential, adding an additional amount of alkaline solution. 3. Method according to clause 1 or 2, wherein the alkaline solution comprises concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide, concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide, concentrated calcium hydroxide, concentrated magnesium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof. 4. Method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the alkaline solution comprises a solution with a concentration of 17 M to 20 M. 5. Method according to any one of the preceding clauses, comprising the step of mixing the solution, preferably by using a mixing system. 6. Method according to any one of the preceding clauses, further comprising, during the steps of applying of the electric potential and/or inducing the current density, maintaining the solution at a temperature below 60 °C by cooling the solution, preferably using a cooling system, preferably maintaining the solution at a temperature below 50 °C, more preferably maintaining the solution at a temperature below 45 °C, and most preferably maintaining the solution at a temperature of around 35 °C. 7. Method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the step of applying a current density on one or more surfaces of the anode preferably comprises a current density in the range of 1 A/cm? to 500 A/cm’, preferably in the range of 10 A/em? to 250 A/cm’, more preferably in the range of 120 A/cm’ to 150 A/cm’. 8. Method according to any one of the preceding clauses, wherein the method comprises the step of processing the ferrate (VI) to form a ferrate (VI) powder, wherein the processing preferably is evaporation and/or centrifuging, and wherein the step of processing preferably comprises providing ferrate powder with a purity of at least 95% at a rate of at least 160 grams per hour, and preferably a purity of at least 98% at a rate of at least 160 grams per hour. 9. Method according to any one of the preceding clauses, comprising the step of, during the steps of applying of the electric potential and/or inducing the current density. 10. Ferrate(VI) manufacturing device comprising: — an electrochemical cell configured to be filled with an alkaline solution, the electrochemical cell comprising: ~ an anode containing iron; and ~ a cathode that is placed at a distance from the anode; — a power supply configured to provide a electric potential between the anode and the cathode; characterized in that: — the power supply is configured to, during operation, induce a current density at one or more surfaces of the anode in the range of 1 A/cm” to 500 A/cm”. 11. Ferrate(VI) manufacturing device according to clause 10, the electrochemical cell comprises a supply opening that is connectable to a source of alkaline solution, wherein the supply opening is configured to, in use of the device, add additional alkaline solution into the electrochemical cell. 12. Ferrate(V]) manufacturing device according to clause 10 or 11, further comprising a cooling system configured to control the temperature of the alkaline solution, wherein the cooling system is preferably configured to maintain the alkaline solution at a temperature below 60 °C and more preferably below a temperature of 40 °C. 13. Ferrate(VI) manufacturing device according to any one of the clauses 10 — 12, wherein the device is configured to be filled with an alkaline solution that comprises concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide, concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide, concentrated calcium hydroxide, concentrated magnesium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof.
14. Ferrate(V]) manufacturing device according to any one of the clauses 10 — 13, wherein the device is configured to be filled with an alkaline solution comprising a solution with a concentration of 17 M to 20 M.
15. Ferrate(V]) manufacturing device according to any one of the clauses 10 — 14, further comprising a mixing system configured to homogenize the alkaline solution.
16. Ferrate(V1) manufacturing device according to any one of the clauses 10 — 15, wherein the cooling system comprises fluid cooling, and preferably comprises a liquid tank in which the electrochemical cell is positioned.

Claims (16)

CONCLUSIESCONCLUSIONS 1. Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van ferraat, de werkwijze omvattende: — het verschaffen van een elektrochemische cel voorzien van een anode die ijzer bevat, en een kathode die op een afstand van de anode is geplaatst; — het toevoegen van een alkaline oplossing aan de elektrochemische cel; — het aanbrengen, door een energiebron, van een elektrische potentiaal tussen de ijzer bevattende anode en de kathode; gekenmerkt door de stap van: — het aanbrengen van een stroomintensiteit in het bereik van 1 A/cm’ tot en met 500 A/cm” op één of meer oppervlakken van de anode.A method of manufacturing ferrate, the method comprising: providing an electrochemical cell having an anode containing iron and a cathode spaced from the anode; — adding an alkaline solution to the electrochemical cell; - the application, by an energy source, of an electric potential between the iron-containing anode and the cathode; characterized by the step of: — applying a current intensity in the range of 1 A/cm' to 500 A/cm' to one or more surfaces of the anode. 2. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 1, verder omvattende de stap van het gedurende de stap van het aanbrengen van het elektrisch potentiaal toevoegen van een verdere hoeveelheid van alkaline oplossing.The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of adding a further amount of alkaline solution during the step of applying the electrical potential. 3. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 1 of 2, waarbij de alkaline oplossing een geconcentreerde natriumhydroxide-oplossing, een geconcentreerde kaliumhydroxide-oplossing, een geconcentreerde calciumhydroxide-oplossing, een geconcentreerde magnesiumhydroxide- oplossing of een combinatie daarvan omvat.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the alkaline solution comprises a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, a concentrated potassium hydroxide solution, a concentrated calcium hydroxide solution, a concentrated magnesium hydroxide solution or a combination thereof. 4. Werkwijze volgens één der voorgaande conclusies, waarbij de alkaline oplossing een oplossing omvat met een concentratie van 17M tot en met 20M,A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the alkaline solution comprises a solution with a concentration of 17M to 20M, 5. Werkwijze volgens één der voorgaande conclusies, verder omvattende de stap van het mengen van de oplossing, bij voorkeur met gebruik van een mengsysteem.A method according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising the step of mixing the solution, preferably using a mixing system. 6. Werkwijze volgens één der voorgaande conclusies, verder omvattende het, gedurende de stappen van het aanbrengen van het elektrisch potentiaal en/of het aanbrengen van een stroomintensiteit, door het Koelen van de oplossing op een temperatuur van onder de 60 °C houden van de oplossing, bij voorkeur door het gebruik van een koelsysteem, en bij voorkeur het onder een temperatuur van 50 °C houden van de oplossing, bij meer voorkeur het onder een temperatuur van 45 °C houden van de oplossing, en bij de meeste voorkeur het op een temperatuur van ongeveer 35 °C houden van de oplossing.A method according to any one of the preceding claims, further comprising, during the steps of applying the electric potential and/or applying a current intensity, keeping the solution by cooling the solution at a temperature below 60°C. solution, preferably through the use of a cooling system, and preferably keeping the solution below a temperature of 50°C, more preferably keeping the solution below a temperature of 45°C, and most preferably keeping it at keep the solution at a temperature of about 35 °C. 7. Werkwijze volgens één der voorgaande conclusies, waarbij de stap van het aanbrengen van een stroomintensiteit op één of meer oppervlakken van de anode bij voorkeur het aanbrengen van een stroomintensiteit in het bereik van het bereik van 1 A/cm’ tot en met 500 A/cm” omvat, bij voorkeur het aanbrengen van een stroomintensiteit in het bereik van 10 A/cm’ tot en met 250 A/cm’ omvat en bij meer voorkeur het aanbrengen van een stroomintensiteit in het bereik van 120 A/emy tot en met 150 Alem’.A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of applying a current intensity to one or more surfaces of the anode preferably comprises applying a current intensity in the range of 1 A/cm -1 to 500 A inclusive. /cm", preferably applying a current intensity in the range of 10 A/cm' to 250 A/cm' and more preferably applying a current intensity in the range of 120 A/emy to 150 Alem'. 8. Werkwijze volgens één der voorgaande conclusies, waarbij de werkwijze de stap omvat het bewerken van het ferraat (VI) voor het vormen van een ferraat (VI) poeder, waarbij het verwerken bij voorkeur verdampen en/of centrifugeren is, en waarbij de stap van het bewerken bij voorkeur het verschaffen van ferraatpoeder met een zuiverheid van ten minste 95% bij een snelheid van ten minste 160 granvuur omvat, en bij voorkeur het verschaffen van een zuiverheid van 98% bij een snelheid van ten minste 160 gram/uur omvat.A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the method comprises the step of processing the ferrate (VI) to form a ferrate (VI) powder, the processing preferably being evaporation and/or centrifugation, and wherein the step of processing preferably comprises providing ferrate powder having a purity of at least 95% at a rate of at least 160 gr, and preferably providing a purity of 98% at a rate of at least 160 grams/hr. 9. Werkwijze volgens één der voorgaande conclusies, omvattende de stap van het, tijdens de stappen van het aanbrengen van een elektrisch potentiaal en/of het aanbrengen van een stroomintensiteit.A method according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising the step of, during the steps of applying an electrical potential and/or applying a current intensity. 10. Ferraat{V]) vervaardigingsinrichting omvattende: — een elektrochemische cel die is ingericht voor het vullen met een alkaline oplossing, waarbij de elektrochemische cel omvat: ~ een ijzer bevattende anode; en ~ een kathode die op afstand van de anode is geplaatst; — een energiebron die is ingericht voor het verschaffen van een elektrisch potentiaal {assen de anode en de kathode; gekenmerkt doordat: — de energiebron is ingericht voor het, in bedrijf van de inrichting, aanbrengen van een stroomintensiteit in het bereik van 1 A/cm? tot en met 500 A/cm? op één of meer oppervlakken van de anode.10. Ferrate(V]) manufacturing device comprising: - an electrochemical cell arranged for filling with an alkaline solution, the electrochemical cell comprising: ~ an iron-containing anode; and ~ a cathode spaced from the anode; - an energy source adapted to provide an electrical potential {axes the anode and the cathode; characterized in that: - the energy source is adapted to apply a current intensity in the range of 1 A/cm during operation of the device? up to and including 500 A/cm? on one or more surfaces of the anode. 11. Ferraat(VI) vervaardigingsinrichting volgens conclusie 10, waarbij de elektrochemische cel een toevoeropening bevat die verbindbaar is met een bron van alkaline oplossing, waarbij de toevoeropening is mgericht voor het tijdens bedrijf van de inrichting toevoeren van verdere alkaline oplossing.A ferrate(VI) manufacturing device according to claim 10, wherein the electrochemical cell includes a supply port connectable to a source of alkaline solution, the supply port being adapted to supply further alkaline solution during operation of the device. 12. Ferraat(V1) vervaardigingsinrichting volgens conclusie 10 of 11, verder omvattende een koelsysteem dat is ingericht voor het regelen van de temperatuur van de alkaline oplossing, waarbij het Koelsysteem bij voorkeur is ingericht voor het op een temperatuur van lager dan 60 °C, en bij voorkeur op een temperatuur lager dan 40 °C, houden van de alkaline oplossing.Ferrate (V1) manufacturing apparatus according to claim 10 or 11, further comprising a cooling system adapted to control the temperature of the alkaline solution, the cooling system preferably adapted to maintain a temperature of less than 60°C, and preferably at a temperature lower than 40°C, keeping the alkaline solution. 13. Ferraat(VI) vervaardigingsinrichting volgens één der conclusies 10 — 12, waarbij de inrichting verder is ingericht om gevuld te worden met een alkaline oplossing omvattende een geconcentreerde natriumhydroxide-oplossing, een geconcentreerde kaliumhydroxide-oplossing, een geconcentreerde calciumhydroxide-oplossing, een geconcentreerde magnesiumhydroxide- oplossing of een combinatie daarvan,A ferrate(VI) manufacturing device according to any one of claims 10-12, wherein the device is further adapted to be filled with an alkaline solution comprising a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, a concentrated potassium hydroxide solution, a concentrated calcium hydroxide solution, a concentrated magnesium hydroxide solution or a combination thereof, 14. Ferraat(VI) vervaardigingsinrichting volgens één der conclusies 10 — 13, waarbij de inrichting is ingericht om gevuld te worden met een alkaline oplossing omvattende een oplossing met een concentratie van 17M tot en met 20M.A ferrate(VI) manufacturing device according to any one of claims 10-13, wherein the device is adapted to be filled with an alkaline solution comprising a solution having a concentration of 17M to 20M. 15. Ferraat(V]) vervaardigingsinrichting volgens één der conclusies 10 — 14, verder omvattende een menginrichting die is ingericht voor het homogeniseren van de alkaline oplossing.A ferrate(V]) manufacturing device according to any one of claims 10-14, further comprising a mixing device adapted to homogenize the alkaline solution. 16. Ferraat{VI) vervaardigingsinrichting volgens één der conclusies 10 -— 15, waarbij het koelsysteem vloeistofkoeling omvat, en bij voorkeur een vloeistoftank omvat waarin de elektrochemische cel gepositioneerd is.16. Ferrate {VI) manufacturing apparatus according to any one of claims 10-15, wherein the cooling system comprises liquid cooling, and preferably comprises a liquid tank in which the electrochemical cell is positioned.
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