NL2027448B1 - 1K/2K Adhesive for roller systems - Google Patents
1K/2K Adhesive for roller systems Download PDFInfo
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- NL2027448B1 NL2027448B1 NL2027448A NL2027448A NL2027448B1 NL 2027448 B1 NL2027448 B1 NL 2027448B1 NL 2027448 A NL2027448 A NL 2027448A NL 2027448 A NL2027448 A NL 2027448A NL 2027448 B1 NL2027448 B1 NL 2027448B1
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- adhesive
- acid
- dispersion
- acids
- dispersions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J111/00—Adhesives based on homopolymers or copolymers of chloroprene
- C09J111/02—Latex
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/32—Phosphorus-containing compounds
- C08K2003/329—Phosphorus containing acids
Abstract
The present invention is in the field of an adjustable water—based adhesive for a roller or roller system compris— ing, which may be a one—component adhesive or is a two—compo— nent adhesive, a method of applying said adhesive, a product comprising said adhesive, and a use of said adhesive.
Description
1K/2K Adhesive for roller systems
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is in the field of an adjustable water-based adhesive for a roller or roller system compris- ing, which may be a one-component adhesive or is a two-compo- nent adhesive, a method of applying said adhesive, a product comprising said adhesive, and a use of said adhesive.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the adhesives industry for mattresses and upholstery production speed 1s considered a very important issue. There- fore producers want their adhesive to give an almost instan- taneous bond, which is strong enough for further processing of the article produced. Several solutions exist depending on the application method favored by the applicator of the adhe- sive. One of the most important and most favored solutions is the use of destabilized adhesive dispersions, also known as rapid stick dispersions. As rule of thumb one may take that the more the adhesive dispersion has been destabilized the higher the initial tack is. A problem with this favored solu- tion is the stability and limited shelf life of these desta- bilized dispersions. This is obviously due to the necessary destabilization itself, rendering the dispersions prone to any additional destabilization, such as from transport and ageing. One way to overcome this stability and shelf life is- sue is the use of a two component (2C) system. In such a sys- tem a second component, such as a coagulant, is mixed shortly before or during application of the adhesive, such as in the spray of a spray gun. In the most advanced of these 2C sys- tems even the problem of overspray during application thereof can be overcome. The mixing of adhesive and coagulant needs to be done outside the spray gun as an effective reaction is usually so fast that when mixed inside a gun clogging of the spray gun will occur. Although this 2C method works fine for spray applications it is, due to the extreme speed of the coagulation reaction, 1 not a solution when the adhesive is applied by a roller sys- tem. To obtain a reasonable bonding time a 1C-system may be applied, wherein bonding is sometimes a little enhanced by drying systems, such as an IR-lamp. Although this makes the system workable to some extend it does not solve the problem: a storage and transport stable adhesive with a high initial tack applicable with a roller system.
Another problem associated with the roller system is that adhesives, as supplied, are of a one size fits all type. The applicator cannot change the initial tack, which could be re- quired depending on a size or a type of mattress being pro- duced in a line. His only option would be cleaning the roll- ers and exchange for another more appropriate adhesive: this is a time consuming and elaborate process.
Therefore, an adhesive which can be applied by a roller under varying boundary conditions is strongly desired.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an adhesive which overcomes one or more of the above disadvantages, without jeopardizing functionality and ad- vantages.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an adjustable water- based adhesive for a roller or roller system comprising a first fluid component, comprising 25-100 wt.% of a dis- persion, preferably 50-90 wt.%, more preferably 60-75 wt.%, such as 63-70 wt.%, wherein the dispersion is se- lected from polychloroprene dispersions, poly-urethane dispersions, poly-acrylate dispersions, natural rubber dispersions, styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer disper- sions, nitrile-butadiene rubber dispersions, polyvinyl bu- tyral dispersions, styrene-butadiene rubber dispersions, and combinations thereof, the dispersion comprising 30-80 wt.% solids, and wherein the dispersion comprises at least one acid sensitive dispersion, also referred to as a dis- persion sensitive to destabilization, such as polychloro- prene, wherein the dispersion comprises 0.1-7 wt.% of at 2 least one first surfactant, the first surfactant in an al- ternative being present in the first component, preferably
0.2-6 wt.%, such as 0.5-5 wt.%, and 0-70% water, and a second fluid component, comprising 0.1-10 wt.% of at least one destabilizing agent, preferably 0.2-6 wt.%, more pref- erably 0.3-3 wt.%, such as 0.4-2 wt.%, e.g. 0.5-1.6 wt.%, the destabilizing agent directly or indirectly interacting with the first fluid component, such as with the surfac- tant thereof, or with the stabilizer system of the first component, such as by reducing a shear stability of the first fluid component, i.e. by adsorbing first surfactant or decreasing pH, 0-99 wt.% acid stable dispersion, such as a polyacrylate dispersion, preferably 1-90 wt.%, more preferably 2-70 wt.%, even more preferably 5-60 wt.%, such as 7-45 wt.%, wherein a remainder typically is formed of water, thickener, destabilizer, and further additives as stabilizer, pigment, anti-oxidant, HALS, biocide, and com- binations thereof, wherein the phrase “acid stable” indi- cates that the dispersion is not or at least substantially no effected by an acid, that is stable over a prolonged period of time, such as a storage time, 0-6 wt.3 thick- ener, preferably 0.1-4.5 wt.%, more preferably 0.2-3 wt.%, such as 0.5-2.5 wt.%, and 0-99 wt.% water, preferably 1-90 wt.3, more preferably 2-70 wt.%, even more preferably 5-60 wt.%, such as 7-45 wt.%, wherein first and second compo- nent are provided in a volume ratio of 0.1:1 to 100:1, preferably a ratio of 0.5:1 to 30:1, more preferably a ra- tio of 0.8:1 to 15:1, such as of 1:1 to 9:1, e.g. 1:1 to 4:1, wherein all weight percentages are based on a total weight of the respective first and second component. The amount of destabilizing agent, as well as the strength or impact thereof, can easily be adjusted, such as in view of an intended application. It has now been found that it is possible to destabilize the present water based adhesive (first component) by adding a destabilizing second compo- nent to the first component, typically upon application. 3
By adjusting the ratios of both fluids the stability of the adhesive can be adjusted too, anywhere between the time needed to prepare the mixture, transport it to the rollers and apply the adhesive, say a minimum of 10 minutes up to hours or even days.
In other words the sta- bility can be varied between 10 minutes and even up to months, typically up to weeks or days, such as to 96 hours, preferably between 15 minutes and 48 hours, more preferably between 30 minutes and 24 hours, such as pref- erably between 45 minutes and 6 hours.
The stability is thereby an option for a user to be adapted according to requirements which may be determined by the user; the time-frames above are merely to illustrate the variation in stability.
In the light of what was discussed before: the more the mixture has been destabilized the higher the initial tack, thus allowing a faster production process, and also allowing the bonding of parts with a higher ini- tial tension between the parts.
The mode of action of the second component is considered to be in reducing the shear stability of the first component.
The surfactants are con- sidered solely responsible for the stability of the first component, by keeping the individual dispersion particles separate.
So either they may adsorb part of the surfac- tants, making them thus no longer available for the parti- cles of the first component, or make them useless, for ex- ample by decreasing the pH.
Inventors found that a direct decrease of the pH, by adding the acid in a more pure form, does not work.
The pH-shock is apparently too high and immediate coagulation occurs, an effect as is used in the 2C-systems.
Inventors found that upon adding the acid in a diluted form or mixing with a dispersion, which is stable against the acid used, to the acid sensitive dis- persion is was surprisingly found that it was possible to obtain a dispersion with enough stability for use after at least 10 minutes, such as needed for application with a roller system, but often usable for many hours or even 4 many days but with a much increased initial tack as com- pared to the acid sensitive dispersion alone (compared to a standard one-component composition). It is noted that the dispersion particles of the second component need to be kept separated too. This can be done by using less pH sensitive surfactants in the second component, or using surfactants which are based on different principles such as non-ionic surfactants. These principles can, for exam- ple, be found in Applied Surfactants: Principles and Ap- plications by prof. Tharwat F. Tadros (Wiley, 2005). The present 1C- or 2C-system offer possibilities of combining raw materials that normally would negatively influence the ageing and/or transport stability and pot life of the product. It offers a unique way to combine characteristics that otherwise would not be possible to have together.
The present acid-sensitive dispersion, also referred to as a dispersion sensitive to destabilization, refers to a dispersion which, under addition of an acid, or like- wise, when lowering a pH, changes in chemical-physical properties, typically at least the stability thereof; hence, is sensitive to an acid. A typical change in pH es- tablished, such as by the acid, is >(-) 0.2 pH units, de- pending e.g. on the nature of the dispersion (or combina- tions thereof), and typically > {(-)0.5 pH units.
In a second aspect the present invention relates to a method of applying the present adhesive, comprising providing the adhesive, identifying a required stability, adapting an amount of destabilizing agent, and applying the adhesive.
In a third aspect the present invention relates to a product comprising the present adhesive, wherein the prod- uct is selected from a mattresses, upholstery, and combi- nations thereof.
In a fourth aspect the present invention relates to a use of the present adhesive for one or more of obtaining a high initial tack, a high initial tension, destabilizing the 5 adhesive, and reducing shear stability of the first compo- nent.
Thereby the present invention provides a solution to one or more of the above-mentioned problems.
Advantages of the present description are detailed throughout the description.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates in a first aspect to an adjustable water-based adhesive according to claim 1.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the adhesive is a one-component adhe- sive or is a two-component adhesive. It is preferred to use a two-component adhesive, as by destabilizing the ad- hesive the adhesive becomes rather “aggressive”, having a high initial tack. Such an adhesive is then more difficult to apply.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the at least one destabilizing agent provides initial tack and/or accelerates coagulation.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the destabilizing agent is selected from acids, preferably with a pKa of 1.2-6, more prefera- bly with a pKa of 1.5-5, even more preferably with a pKa of 1.8-4.0, such as 2.0-3.5, in particular 2.1-2.8, such as phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, and pyro phosphorous acid, monovalent salts thereof, and combinations thereof. If the acid is a pluriprotic acid, the pKa refers to the dissociation/association of the first proton.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the acid is selected from monoprotic- acids, diprotic-acids, and triprotic-acids, such as amino- acids, phosphoric acid, and organic acids, such as C:-C49 carboxylic acids, such as tartaric acid, malonic acid, citric acid, malic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, and lactic acids.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises 0-50 wt.% first plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer is preferably selected from mono-esters from benzoic acid 6 and a C4-Cis alcohol, and combinations thereof, preferably 1-40 wt.% first plasticizer, such as 2-30 wt.%. In an al- ternative equivalent amounts of acrylate dispersion may be added. Or a combination of the plasticizer and acrylate dispersion.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises
0.0-5 wt.% second surfactant, preferably 0.1-3 wt.%, such as 0.3-1.5 wt.%.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises
0.0-10 wt. % pH stabilizer, preferably 1-7 wt.%, such as 2-4 wt.%.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises
0.0-0.2 wt.% of one or more of a fungicide, a bactericide, and an algaecide, such as 0.02-0.1 wt.%, e.g. 0.1-0.3 wt.%.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises 0-40 wt.% a filler, preferably 0.1-10 wt.%, such as 0.2-5 wt.%, %.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises 0-5 wt.% of an adhesion promotor, preferably 0.1-3 wt.3, such as 0.3-1.5 wt.3.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises 0-30 wt.% of a tackifier, preferably 0.5-20 wt.%, such as 3-15 wt. %, In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises 0-5 wt.% of at least one further additive, preferably 0.1- 3 wt.%, such as 0.3-1.5 wt.3 In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the first fluid component comprises 0-60 wt.% water, preferably 20-55 wt.4, such as 40-50 wt.%..
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the second component comprises 0-5 40 wt.% of a second plasticizer, preferably 1.0-3 wt.%, such 7 as 2-2.5 wt.xz.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the second component comprises 0-5 wt.3 of a rheology modifier, preferably 0.1-3 wt.%, such as 0.3-2 wt.%.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present adjustable water-based adhesive the second component comprises 0-5 wt.% of a second dispersion agent, preferably 0.1-3 wt.%, such as 0.3-1.5 wt.%.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the adhesive is applied by a roller, or roller system. If more than one roller is used, the adhesive is typically applied by providing a thin opening between the rollers, providing the adhesive to the rollers, and applying the adhesive by the rollers to an object to be adhered. Typically, one roller is free of adhesive, or substantially free of adhe- sive, which may be considered as a “neutral” roller, and one roller provides the adhesive.
The invention is further detailed by the accompanying examples, which are exemplary and explanatory of nature and are not limiting the scope of the invention. To the person skilled in the art it may be clear that many vari- ants, being obvious or not, may be conceivable falling within the scope of protection, defined by the present claims.
EXAMPLES /EXPERIMENTS The invention although described in detailed explanatory context may be best understood in conjunction with the ac- companying examples.
The following A and B mixtures were made. The ranges within the A show the versatility of the present invention. compositionw% | JT | | | | | ae ar aar Suratan [14 [04 | 06 | 05 | 05 | Plastieizer | 196 [ | 75 [ | | Demiwater | 41 [ LLL | [Acrylate dispersion | | 375 | | | 230 | 8
Tackyfierdispersion | JL 1 231 | | Total | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 100,0 | Table 1: Formulation component A
EEN EE Compositionw% | | | | 1 | demiwater | 687 | 100 | 323 | | 03 | 806 | Citric acid (0,47 mol/l) 91 16,1 Phosphoric acid (0,47 mol/l) 33,3 30,0 32,3 38,5 Xantan gum thickener 5% 32,3 15,4 Acrylate dispersion | | 600 | | 462 | 888 [ | Sodium gluconate 25% 3,2 3,2 gyeine | | 1 1 1 38 | | total | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 100,0 | 1000 | 1000 Table 2: Formulation component B Sababond | Sababond Pata JL [AT [A1 [A2 | A3 [| A4 [ A1 | A1 | 45 | PatB | |L 181 | B2 [83 | B3 | 83 [ B4 | B5 | Bo | Initial tack 0,33 040 |070 | 043 [0,84 | 0,93 | 0,83 | 0,39 [ 0,41 | 0,81 {N/cm*) Initial tack Nant fom Table 3: Combination of Part A and Part B and test results [CR] means percentage Dispercoll C84 dispersion Sababond 3229 and Sababond 3802 are commercial products of SABA Dinxperlo BV without destabilizing agent. These two products may be considered as representing prior art adhe- sives; all mixtures were stable for at least 10 minutes and often for many hours. In the tables the formulations of the part A and part B are given which are combined prior to application. From the results of the experiments it may be concluded that the ef- fect of the acidic part B on the initial tack is very strong (Exp. 1, 3, 4,8). In cases the level of acid-sensitive poly- chloroprene dispersion has been intentionally lowered the ef- fect still allows such a dispersion to perform comparable to commercially available adhesives which are high in polychlo- roprene dispersion content, such as in experiment 2, 6 and 7 9 compared to both Sababond examples. This can best be seen by comparing the Initial tack/[CR] values as given in table 3. Also from the experiments it may be concluded that different acids and other additives, like polyacrylate dispersions or plasticizers or glycine, do not deteriorate the effect on the initial tack. Testprocedure: Procedure Bond two pieces of foam by glass plate transfer method. 10 . Apply an adhesive film, 250 um, with a doctor blade on the glass plate. . Dip one foam part in the adhesive film, press by hand. Weigh the foam part. Typically 100 g/m? is applied on one side. 15 . Apply the second foam part onto the first part . Press 10 seconds by using 50% compression of the foam . Test in a tensile tester exactly one minute after finish- ing pressing. The maximum strength measured is called “Ini- tial Tack”. 20 . Initial tack is expressed in N/cm?. For the sake of searching the following section is added which represents embodiments of the invention and of which a translation is given into Dutch in the subsequent section.
1. An adjustable water-based adhesive for a roller or roller 25 system comprising a first fluid component, comprising 25-100 wt.% of a dispersion, preferably 50-90 wt.%, more preferably 60-75 wt.%, wherein the dispersion is se- lected from polychloroprene dispersions, poly-urethane dis- 30 persion, poly-acrylate dispersions, natural rubber disper- sions, styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer dispersions, ni- trile-butadiene rubber dispersions, polyvinyl butyral disper- sions, styrene-butadiene rubber dispersions, and combinations thereof, and wherein the dispersion comprises at least one 35 acid sensitive dispersion, such as polychloroprene, the dispersion comprising 30-80 wt.% solids, wherein the disper- sion comprises 0.1-7 wt.% of at least one first surfactant, preferably 0.2-6 wt.%, such as 0.5-5 wt.%, and 0-59% water, 40 and a second fluid component, comprising 0.1-10 wt.® of at least one destabilizing agent, preferably 0.2-6 wt.%, more preferably 0.5-3 wt.%, such as 0.4-2 wt.%, the destabilizing agent directly or indirectly interacting with the first fluid component, 0-99 wt.% acid stable dispersion, such as a poly- acrylate dispersion, 0-6 wt.% thickener, and 0-99 wL.4 water, wherein first and second component are provided in a vol- ume ratio of 0.1:1 to 100:1, preferably a ratio of 0.5:1 to 30:1, more preferably a ratio of 0.8:1 to 15:1, such as of 1:1 to 9:1, wherein all weight percentages are based on a total weight of the respective first and second component.
2. Adhesive according to claim 1, wherein the adhesive is a one-component adhesive or is a two-component adhesive.
3. Adhesive according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one destabilizing agent provides initial tack and/or coagula- tion.
4. Adhesive according to any of claims 1-3, wherein the de- stabilizing agent is selected from acids, preferably with a pKa of 1.2-6, monovalent salts, and combinations thereof.
5. Adhesive according to claim 4, wherein the acid is se- lected from monoprotic-acids, diprotic-acids, and triprotic- acids, such as aminc-acids, phosphoric acid, and organic ac- ids, such as C:-C19 carboxylic acids, tartaric acid, malonic acid, citric acid, malic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, ascorbic acid, and lactic acids.
6. Adhesive according to any of claims 1-5, wherein the first fluid component comprises 0-50 wt.% first plasticizer, wherein the plasticizer is preferably selected from monoesters from benzoic acid and a C4 Cis alcohol, and combinations thereof, preferably 1-40 wt.% first plasticizer, such as 2-30 wt.3,
0.0-5 wt.% second surfactant, preferably 0.1-3 wt.%, such as 0.3-1.5 wt.%,
0.0-10 wt. % pH stabilizer, preferably 1-7 wt.%, such as 2-4 wt.%, 11
0.0 -0.2 wt.? of one or more of a fungicide, a bacteri- cide, and an algaecide, 0-40 wt.% filler, preferably 0.1-10 wt.%, such as 0.2-5 wt. %, 0-5 wt.% of an adhesion promotor, preferably 0.1-3 wt.%, such as 0.3-1.5 wt.5%, 0-30 wt.% of a tackifier, preferably 0.5-20 wt.%, such as 3-15 wt.#%, 0-5 wt.% of at least one further additive, preferably
0.1-3 wt.%, such as 0.3-1.5 wt.5%, and 0-60 wt.% water, preferably 20-55 wt.%, such as 40-50 wL.3.
7. Adhesive according to any of claims 1-6, wherein the sec- ond component comprises 0-5 wt.% of a second plasticizer, preferably 1.0-3 wt.3, such as 2-2.5 wt.%, and optionally 0-5 wt.? of a rheology modifier, preferably 0.1-3 wt.%, such as 0.3-2 wt.z, and 0-5 wt.3 of a second dispersion agent, preferably 0.1-3 wt.%, such as 0.3-1.5 wt.%.
8. Method of applying an adhesive according to any of claim 1-7, comprising providing the adhesive, identifying a required stability, adapting an amount of destabilizing agent, and applying the adhesive.
9. Method according to claim 8, wherein the adhesive is ap- plied in the production of a mattress, or an upholstery.
10. method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the adhesive is applied by a roller, or roller system.
11. Product comprising an adhesive according to any of claims 1-7, wherein the product is selected from a mattresses, up- holstery, and combinations thereof.
12. Use of an adhesive composition according to any of claims 1-7, for one or more of obtaining a high initial tack, a high initial tension, destabilizing the adhesive, and reducing 40 shear stability of the first component. 12
Claims (12)
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NL2027448A NL2027448B1 (en) | 2021-01-27 | 2021-01-27 | 1K/2K Adhesive for roller systems |
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NL2027448A NL2027448B1 (en) | 2021-01-27 | 2021-01-27 | 1K/2K Adhesive for roller systems |
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998053019A1 (en) * | 1997-05-20 | 1998-11-26 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Fast-setting polychloroprene contact adhesives |
DE102009028541A1 (en) * | 2009-08-14 | 2011-02-17 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Process for the introduction of carbon dioxide |
WO2012003596A1 (en) * | 2010-07-09 | 2012-01-12 | Alfa Klebstoffe Ag | Adhesive with buffer system |
EP3260488A1 (en) * | 2015-02-19 | 2017-12-27 | Denka Company Limited | Latex composition and one-pack aqueous adhesive |
US20180320036A1 (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2018-11-08 | Strongbond B.V. | Adhesive composition |
-
2021
- 2021-01-27 NL NL2027448A patent/NL2027448B1/en active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998053019A1 (en) * | 1997-05-20 | 1998-11-26 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Fast-setting polychloroprene contact adhesives |
DE102009028541A1 (en) * | 2009-08-14 | 2011-02-17 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Process for the introduction of carbon dioxide |
WO2012003596A1 (en) * | 2010-07-09 | 2012-01-12 | Alfa Klebstoffe Ag | Adhesive with buffer system |
EP3260488A1 (en) * | 2015-02-19 | 2017-12-27 | Denka Company Limited | Latex composition and one-pack aqueous adhesive |
US20180320036A1 (en) * | 2015-10-30 | 2018-11-08 | Strongbond B.V. | Adhesive composition |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PROF. THARWAT F. TADROS: "Applied Surfactants: Principles and Applications", 2005, WILEY |
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