NL2012104C2 - Release liners for pressure sensitive adhesives. - Google Patents
Release liners for pressure sensitive adhesives. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NL2012104C2 NL2012104C2 NL2012104A NL2012104A NL2012104C2 NL 2012104 C2 NL2012104 C2 NL 2012104C2 NL 2012104 A NL2012104 A NL 2012104A NL 2012104 A NL2012104 A NL 2012104A NL 2012104 C2 NL2012104 C2 NL 2012104C2
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- NL
- Netherlands
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- release liner
- fibers
- high performance
- bonding layer
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J7/00—Adhesives in the form of films or foils
- C09J7/40—Adhesives in the form of films or foils characterised by release liners
- C09J7/405—Adhesives in the form of films or foils characterised by release liners characterised by the substrate of the release liner
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/02—Composition of the impregnated, bonded or embedded layer
- B32B2260/021—Fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
- B32B2260/046—Synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
- B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
- B32B2262/0253—Polyolefin fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/582—Tearability
- B32B2307/5825—Tear resistant
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2405/00—Adhesive articles, e.g. adhesive tapes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/06—Interconnection of layers permitting easy separation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
Title: release liners for pressure sensitive adhesives
The present invention relates to release liners for pressure sensitive adhesives. A pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) is an adhesive that adheres to a surface by applying a pressure. Typically a pressure sensitive adhesive comprises of a combination of an elastomeric compound, such as an acrylic or rubber, with a suitable tackifier, such a rosin ester. It is applied from a liquid carrier or molten form. Pressure sensitive adhesives are typically used in a wide variety of product such as for example single sided or double sided adhesive tapes, surface protection films, masking tapes, bookmark and note papers, labels (e.g. price marking labels or safety labels stickers) promotional graphics materials, wound care dressings, EKG electrodes, athletic tape, analgesic, transdermal drug patches, foil tape for HVAC duct work, automotive interior trim assembly, sound/vibration damping films and many others.
The adhesion of a pressure sensitive adhesive highly depends on surface factors such as smoothness or surface energy, but most important also the presence of contaminants on the interface between the pressure sensitive adhesive and the surface to which it is applied. Therefore, after applying a pressure sensitive adhesive to a product such as for example a sticker or tape, the other side is typically protected by release liner. The release liner shields the pressure sensitive adhesive from the environment and prevents contamination of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer during production, storage or handling. Prior to using the pressure sensitive adhesive, and adhering the product to which it is applied to a secondary object, the release liner is removed. A release liner is typically made from siliconized paper, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). To be able to remove the release liner from the pressure sensitive adhesive layer, it is important that the release liner is flexible and therefore it is typically thinner than 200 micron. If the release liner would be made thicker, it would become rigid and difficult to remove from the pressure sensitive adhesive.
Release liners can, however, break easily. Especially when the release liner is damaged or gets stuck. This is particularly inconvenient when the pressure sensitive adhesive containing product is used in an industrial environment such as the automotive industry. Here pressure sensitive adhesive (foam) tapes are for example used to mount interior/exterior trims. When a release liner breaks upon assembly of the car, the complete car needs to be removed from the production line. At best this causes a delay, but often this causes expensive repairs to car parts which are only partially adhered because part the release liner was not (fully) removed during assembly.
Typical release liner materials have a low yield strength or low fracture toughness at room temperature. A typical release liner material which has a very low yield strength at room temperature is polyethylene (PE), which, depending on the type of PE, has a yield strength of approximately 4-40 MPa. A typical release liner material which has a low fracture toughness at room temperature is polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This relatively brittle material breaks easily when slightly damaged (e.g. from processing or use). Regardless of the mode of failure, all release liner known from prior art will be able to withstand only minor pulling forces and will break catastrophic when processing issues occur (e.g. release liner is accidentally hooked onto something) or upon slight damage of the release liner.
An object of the present invention is to overcome the problems of release liners as mentioned above.
The present invention thus relates to a release liner to be used as a protecting layer for a layer of a pressure sensitive adhesive, the release liner comprising a layer of high performance fibers and an anti-sticking layer, wherein a first anti-sticking layer is positioned between the layer of pressure sensitive adhesive and the layer of high performance fibers.
According to a preferred embodiment the present release liner further comprises a polymeric bonding layer.
In a specific embodiment the layer of high performance fibers comprises an array of high performance fibers embedded in the polymeric bonding layer, wherein the layer of high performance fibers is preferably sandwiched between the first anti-sticking layer and a second anti-sticking layer.
It is also preferred to position the bonding layer between the first antisticking layer and the layer of high performance fibers.
According to a preferred embodiment the present release liner further comprises an additional bonding layer, wherein the additional bonding layer is positioneel such that the layer of high performance fibers is sandwiched between the bonding layer and the additional bonding layer.
According to a preferred embodiment the present release liner further comprises a second anti-sticking layer, wherein the second anti-sticking layer is positioned such that the assembly of bonding layer, layer of high performance fibers and additional bonding layer is sandwiched between the first anti-sticking layer and the second anti-sticking layer.
According to a preferred embodiment the present release liner further comprises a first cladding layer, positioned between the first anti-sticking layer and the bonding layer.
According to a preferred embodiment the present release liner further comprises a second cladding layer, positioned between the second anti-sticking layer and the additional bonding layer.
It is preferred that the first and second cladding layer have a higher melting point than the (additional) bonding layer.
Preferred materials for the high performance fibers are UHMWPE fibers.
Preferred examples of the pressure sensitive adhesive are adhesives comprising at least one elastomer compound and at least one tackifier, wherein the at least one elastomer compound is chosen from the group of Acrylics, Bio-based acrylates, Butyl rubber, Ethylene-vinyl acetates (EVA) with high vinyl acetate content, Natural rubbers, Nitriles, Silicone rubbers, Vinyl ethers and Styrene block copolymers like Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS), Styrene-ethylene/propylene (SEP) or Styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS).
The anti-sticking layer(s) is/are preferably chosen from the group of silicones.
The (additional) bonding layer is/are preferably chosen from the group of thermoplastic polymers.
The cladding layer(s) is/are preferably chosen from the group of thermoplastic polymers.
According to a preferred embodiment the high performance fibers are unidirectionally aligned positioned in the release liner.
According to another preferred embodiment the high performance fibers are in the form of a woven.
According to another preferred embodiment the high performance fibers are in the form of a non-woven.
The high performance fibers according to the invention strengthen the release liner such that it can withstand high forces and does not break even when damaged. The high performance fibers according to the invention are preferably characterized by their high tensile strength which is > 250 Mpa, preferably > 500 Mpa and more preferably > 1 GPa and a tensile modules of > 20 GPa and preferably >40 GPa.
Examples of high performance polymer fibres are polyolefins like ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibres, such as Dyneema, and Spectra or highly drawn polyethylene (PE) fibres, highly drawn polypropylene (PP) fibres, highly drawn polyamide (PA) fibres, para-aramide fibres, such as Twaron and Kevlar, poly(p-phenyle-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibre, such as Zylon, carbon fibres, such as Torayca, and glass fibers.
Preferably, the release liner according the invention is based on high performance fibers that are arranged in tape-like form, such as for example Endumax® or Dyneema® tape, which are both based on highly drawn UHMWPE. In an alternative embodiment the fibers could be arranged in a sheet-like form such as for example Solutech UHMWPE film or drawn HDPE film. The thickness of the layer of high performance fibers is preferably less than 100 micron.
The high performance fibres can be aligned in various directions. They can be woven, non-woven or they can have an uni-direction (UD) alignment. Preferably the fibers have an UD alignment. The high performance fibres are considered to be UD aligned when the majority, thus more than 50%, of the fibres are aligned in the same direction. In a preferred embodiment of the invention a minimum of 75% of the fibres is aligned in the same direction, in more preferred embodiment 90% of the fibres is aligned in the same direction and most preferably all of the fibres are aligned in the same direction.
An anti-sticking layer could be any layer to which the pressure sensitive adhesive adheres poorly and facilitates easy release of the release liner according to the invention. Examples of an anti-sticking layer are a layer of silicone based materials or siliconized surface. Another example of an anti-sticking layer is based on fluoropolymers or is a fluorinated surface. Preferably the release liner according contains a first and second anti-sticking layer, wherein the layer of high performance fibers is sandwiched between the first anti-sticking layer and a second anti-sticking layer. A pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) is an adhesive that adheres to a surface by applying a pressure. A pressure sensitive adhesive typically comprises of at least one elastomer compound and at least one tackifier. The elastomer could for example be chosen from the group of Acrylics, Bio-based acrylates, Butyl rubber, Ethylene-vinyl acetates (EVA) with high vinyl acetate content, Natural rubbers, Nitriles, Silicone rubbers, Vinyl ethers and Styrene block copolymers like Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS), Styrene-ethylene/propylene (SEP) or Styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS). A suitable tackifier is for example a rosin ester.
The release liner according to the invention may further comprise a polymeric bonding layer. The polymeric bonding is used to keep the high performance fibers together, create bonding between the fibers and prevent fibrillation. The (additional) bonding layer is based on a polymeric material and preferably a thermoplastic polymer such polyethylene (PE). In principle the first and second bonding layer could have any thickness, but preferably the layer has a thickness of less than 30 micron.
To create addition strength in the release liner according to the invention it may further comprise a first cladding layer, positioned between the first anti-sticking layer and the bonding layer. Preferably there is also a second cladding layer, positioned between the second anti-sticking layer and the additional bonding layer. The cladding layer is preferably a thermoplastic polymer. Preferably the first and second cladding layers have a higher melting point than the bonding and additional bonding layer. For example a liner according the invention might contain a first and second bonding layer that are based on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) with a melting point of approximately 120C and a first and second cladding layer that are based on high density polyethylene (HDPE) with a melting point of approximately 130C.
The thickness of both the first and second cladding layer is preferably less than 60 micron.
Other aspects, embodiments, and advantages of the process of the present invention are discussed in detail below. Moreover, it is to be understood that both the foregoing information and the following detailed description are merely illustrative examples of various aspects and embodiments, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed features and embodiments. The accompanying drawing is illustrative and is provided to further the understanding of the various aspects and embodiments of the process of the invention.
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 3 is a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 4 is a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 5 is a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 6 is a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 7 is a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 8 is a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention.
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an embodiment according to the present invention, wherein a pressure sensitive adhesive layer (001) is in contact with a release liner (002), and wherein the release liner comprises an anti-sticking layer (003) that is in direct contact with the layer of pressure sensitive adhesive (001) and a layer of high performance fibers (004).
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention, wherein a pressure sensitive adhesive layer (001) is in contact with a release liner (002), and wherein the release liner comprises an anti-sticking layer (003), that is in direct contact with the layer of pressure sensitive adhesive (001), a layer of high performance fibers (004), and a polymeric bonding layer (005).
In Figure 3 a pressure sensitive adhesive layer (001) is in contact with a release liner (002), and the release liner comprises an anti-sticking layer (003), that is in direct contact with the layer of pressure sensitive adhesive (001), a layer of high performance fibers (004) that is embedded in a polymeric bonding layer (005).
In Figure 4 a pressure sensitive adhesive layer (001) is in contact with a release liner (002), and the release liner comprises of an anti-sticking layer (003), that is in direct contact with the layer of pressure sensitive adhesive (001), a layer of high performance fibers (004), and a first and second polymeric bonding layer (005) on each side of the layer of high performance fibers (004).
In Figure 5 a pressure sensitive adhesive layer (001) is in contact with a release liner (002), and the release liner comprises a first anti-sticking layer (003) that is in direct contact with the layer of pressure sensitive adhesive (001) and there is a second anti-sticking layer (003) located on the other outer surface of the liner (002) , a layer of high performance fibers (004), and a polymeric bonding layer (005) on each side of the layer of high performance fibers (004).
In Figure 6 a pressure sensitive adhesive layer (001) is in contact with a release liner (002), and the release liner comprises a first anti-sticking layer (003) that is in direct contact with the layer of pressure sensitive adhesive (001). A second anti-sticking layer (003) is located on the other outer surface of the liner (002). A layer of high performance fibers (004) is embedded in a polymeric bonding layer (005).
In Figure 7 a pressure sensitive adhesive layer (001) is in contact with a release liner (002), and the release liner comprises of a first anti-sticking layer (003) in direct contact with the layer of pressure sensitive adhesive (001), a layer of high performance fibers (004), a first polymeric bonding layer (005) on each side of the layer of high performance fibers (004) and cladding layer (008) between the polymeric bonding layers (005) and the second anti-sticking layer (003). A second anti-sticking layer (003) is located on the other outer surfaces of the liner (002). The first and second polymeric bonding layers (005) have a lower melting point than the cladding layers (008) and the layer of high performance polymers (004).
In Figure 8, i.e. a schematic representation of another embodiment according to the present invention, .HDPE = high density poly(ethylene) Tm = 130 C, LLDPE = linear low density poly(ethylene) Tm = 120 C, and UHMWPE = ultra high molecular weight poly(ethylene) Tm = 144 C.
Figure reference numbers for figure 8: 010 Pressure sensitive adhesive layer 011 Liner 012 Siliconized surface
013 HDPE
014 LLDPE 015 UHMWPE high performance polymers
Example 1
Starting with UHMWPE fibers in tape like form (Endumax® or Dyneema® tape) and apply with e.g. spraying a siliconized layer to one side of the fibers by an continuous process. This way a release liner, based on a high performance fibers (Endumax ® or Dyneema® tape) and an anti-sticking layer is constructed. This construction can be found in Figure 1.
Example 2
Starting with UHMWPE fibers in tape like form (Endumax® or
Dyneema® tape) and having one surface of the fibers exposed to a plasma treatment. The plasma treatment is done to enhance the adhesion of a LLDPE polymeric bonding layer to the surface thus treated. Next, the polymeric bonding layer is applied to plasma exposed surface of the sheet of oriented integrated UHMWPE by hot-laminating at a temperature of 121 degrees Celsius. Then the antisticking layer (silicon based) can be applied by spraying in a continuous process. Finally the release liner of UHMWPE fibers, polymeric bonding layer and anti-sticking layer is constructed. This construction can be found in Figure 2.
Example 3
Starting with UHMWPE fibers in tape like form (Endumax® or
Dyneema® tape). Next, a LLDPE polymeric bonding layer is applied by hot-laminating to both surfaces (optionally a plasma/corona treatment prior to lamination) of the UHMWPE fibers. Next, to both of the surfaces of the polymeric bonding layer an one side siliconized HDPE cladding layer is applied (siliconized layer on the outside of the stack). This stack can be constructed in one hot-laminating step by using a laminator at a temperature of 128 degrees Celsius and a laminator throughput of 10 linear meters per minute. The total thickness of the stack is approximately 130 microns. Finally the release liner of oriented UHMWPE fibers, polymeric bonding layer, and siliconized cladding layer is wound up to form a roll. This construction can be found in Figure 7.
Example 4 UHMWPE (e.g. Dyneema®) fibres are spread and aligned adjacent to each other. Next, a bonding layer of PE is applied to both surfaces of the array of aligned UHMWPE fibers to embed the fibers during a continuous laminating process. In the same laminating process, a siliconized HDPE cladding layer can be applied to both of the surfaces of the polymeric bonding layer where the silicone side of the cladding layer is positioned to the outside of the stack. This can be done in one lamination step with a laminator at a temperature of 122 degrees and a throughput of 8 linear meters per minute. Finally the release liner of UHMWPE fibers embedded in a polymeric bonding layer with silicone on both outer surfaces is formed, Figure 6.
Example 5 A bonding layer of PE is applied to both surfaces of a glass fiber non-woven to embed the glass fibers during a continuous laminating process. In the same laminating process, a siliconized (anti-sticking layer) HDPE cladding layer can be applied to both of the surfaces of the bonding layer where the silicone side of the cladding layer is positioned to the outside of the stack. This can be done in one lamination step with a laminator at a temperature of 131 degrees and a throughput of 16 linear meters per minute. Finally the liner of glass fibers embedded in a polymeric bonding layer with silicone (anti-sticking layer) on both outer surfaces is formed, Figure 6.
Example 6
This example refers to a specific use of the present liner. The liner according to the present invention is applied to prevent liner breaking during peeling off. An example of such application is the importance of an high performance liner in the automotive industry where every liner breaking has a introduces disturbances in the auto production line and additional effort and costs to repair damages to the car. The liner with high performance polymers, is particularly strong and difficult to break. The present liner can prevent mentioned disturbances.
Claims (20)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL2012104A NL2012104C2 (en) | 2014-01-17 | 2014-01-17 | Release liners for pressure sensitive adhesives. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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NL2012104A NL2012104C2 (en) | 2014-01-17 | 2014-01-17 | Release liners for pressure sensitive adhesives. |
NL2012104 | 2014-01-17 |
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NL2012104C2 true NL2012104C2 (en) | 2015-07-20 |
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NL2012104A NL2012104C2 (en) | 2014-01-17 | 2014-01-17 | Release liners for pressure sensitive adhesives. |
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0307578A1 (en) * | 1987-08-14 | 1989-03-22 | Beiersdorf Aktiengesellschaft | Silicone release layers |
WO1992013135A1 (en) * | 1991-01-23 | 1992-08-06 | Custom Papers Group, Inc. | High tear strength, high tensile strength paper |
EP0519611A2 (en) * | 1991-06-17 | 1992-12-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Release liner |
WO1999014281A1 (en) * | 1997-09-15 | 1999-03-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Release liner for pressure sensitive adhesives |
DE102009037834A1 (en) * | 2009-08-18 | 2011-03-03 | Silu Verwaltung Ag | Adhesive tape with a tearable release film |
-
2014
- 2014-01-17 NL NL2012104A patent/NL2012104C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0307578A1 (en) * | 1987-08-14 | 1989-03-22 | Beiersdorf Aktiengesellschaft | Silicone release layers |
WO1992013135A1 (en) * | 1991-01-23 | 1992-08-06 | Custom Papers Group, Inc. | High tear strength, high tensile strength paper |
EP0519611A2 (en) * | 1991-06-17 | 1992-12-23 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Release liner |
WO1999014281A1 (en) * | 1997-09-15 | 1999-03-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Release liner for pressure sensitive adhesives |
DE102009037834A1 (en) * | 2009-08-18 | 2011-03-03 | Silu Verwaltung Ag | Adhesive tape with a tearable release film |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
ENNOURI TRIKI ET AL: "Tear resistance of woven textiles Criterion and mechanisms", COMPOSITES PART B: ENGINEERING, ELSEVIER, UK, vol. 42, no. 7, 15 June 2011 (2011-06-15), pages 1851 - 1859, XP028263610, ISSN: 1359-8368, [retrieved on 20110628], DOI: 10.1016/J.COMPOSITESB.2011.06.015 * |
KROMM F X ET AL: "Tensile and creep properties of ultra high molecular weight PE fibres", POLYMER TESTING, ELSEVIER, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 22, no. 4, 1 June 2003 (2003-06-01), pages 463 - 470, XP002725422, ISSN: 0142-9418, DOI: 10.1016/S0142-9418(02)00127-7 * |
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