NL2010885C2 - Cooling water. - Google Patents
Cooling water. Download PDFInfo
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- NL2010885C2 NL2010885C2 NL2010885A NL2010885A NL2010885C2 NL 2010885 C2 NL2010885 C2 NL 2010885C2 NL 2010885 A NL2010885 A NL 2010885A NL 2010885 A NL2010885 A NL 2010885A NL 2010885 C2 NL2010885 C2 NL 2010885C2
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- NL
- Netherlands
- Prior art keywords
- water
- cooling
- carbon dioxide
- cooling water
- cooling system
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- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 title claims description 40
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 100
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims 4
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 16
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 7
- 241000237852 Mollusca Species 0.000 description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 5
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000033458 reproduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000009899 Agrostemma githago Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 240000000254 Agrostemma githago Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 241000545080 Cerastoderma edule Species 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000237536 Mytilus edulis Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000237502 Ostreidae Species 0.000 description 2
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000020636 oyster Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000015170 shellfish Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002352 surface water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000206761 Bacillariophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000193901 Dreissena polymorpha Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethane Chemical class ClC NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229930002868 chlorophyll a Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000017 hydrogel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000014674 injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000366 juvenile effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000020638 mussel Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009993 protective function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001850 reproductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/02—Non-contaminated water, e.g. for industrial water supply
- C02F2103/023—Water in cooling circuits
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/20—Prevention of biofouling
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
- Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to environmentally friendly methods of reducing and/or preventing fouling on a surface of a component that is in contact with water. The invention further relates to a cooling system that is suited for employing the methods of the invention, and to a power plant, comprising such cooling system.
Description
Title: COOling water
Field: The invention relates to methods and means of reducing and/or preventing fouling on a surface of a component that is in contact with water.
Introduction
Thermoelectric power plants boil water to create steam, which then spins turbines to generate electricity. The heat used to produce steam can come from burning of a fuel, from nuclear reactions, or directly from the sun or geothermal heat sources underground. Once steam has passed through a turbine, it must be cooled before it can be reused to produce more electricity. This cooling of the primary water circuit is generally achieved by a separate cooling water system that consists of a condenser, a cooling tower, and a cooling water pump. The cooling water is either extracted from a nearby water source and discharged back into this source, or cooled down and recirculated for reuse as cooling water after cooling of the primary water circuit.
A first cooling system is also termed a once-through system. Such system takes water from a nearby source (e.g., river, lake, or ocean), circulates it through pipes to absorb heat from the steam in systems called condensers, and discharges the now warmer water to the local source. Once-through systems were initially the most popular because of their simplicity, low cost, and the possibility of situating power plants in places with abundant supplies of cooling water.
A second cooling system is a closed-loop system, also termed a wet-recirculating system. Such system reuses cooling water in a second cycle rather than immediately discharging it back to the original water source. Most commonly, wet-recirculating systems use cooling towers to expose water to ambient air.
Some of the water evaporates; the rest is then returned to the condenser in the power plant. Because wet-recirculating systems only withdraw water to replace any water that is lost through evaporation in the cooling tower, these systems have much lower water withdrawals than once-through systems.
Fouling of a water system, for example a cooling water system, is a major problem for the industry, for example for power plants. Methods for reducing fouling include the addition of a biocide such as, for example, chlorine to the water. However, chlorination is associated with high costs and environmental concerns due to the generation of chloromethanes and other organochlorines as by-products. Most countries, including European countries, have introduced measures to reduce the discharge of organochlorines into the aquatic environment. Because of these measures, alternative chemical products, such as peracetic acid, are replacing chlorine. However, there is still a need for a more environmentally-friendly and cheap agent that prevents fouling on the surface of a water system.
Therefore, the invention provides a method of reducing and/or preventing fouhng on a surface of a component that is in contact with water, the method comprising: transferring carbon dioxide to the water to bring the water at a pH of at most 7.5, whereby the water is not pressurized. Said water preferably is fresh water, for example fresh cooling water that is used in a power plant.
The term “fresh water” includes surface water such as sea water, brackish water, river water, lake water, and ground water. Said water preferably is salt water, preferably seawater.
Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function. Fouling is distinguished from other surface-growth phenomena in that it occurs on a surface of a component, system or plant performing a defined and useful function, and that the fouling process impedes or interferes with this function. The fouling material can consist of either living organisms (biofouling) or non-living substances including, for example, scaling.
Biofouling is the accumulation of micro-organisms (e.g. algae and diatoms), plants, and animals on surfaces. Bacteria can form biofilms or slime layers. The organisms aggregate on surfaces using colloidal hydrogels of water and extracellular polymeric substances such as polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids. Amongst the larger animals that cause widespread fouling are zebra mussel in freshwater, and blue mussel and oyster in seawater.
Scaling, or precipitation fouling, is the undesirable accumulation of solid salts, oxides and hydroxides from water. These include, for example, calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate. Scale deposits are formed by precipitation and crystal growth at a surface in contact with water. The most common scale-forming salts that deposit on heat transfer surfaces are those that exhibit retrograde solubility with temperature. Although they may be completely soluble in the lower-temperature bulk water, these compounds (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and magnesium silicate) supersaturate in the higher-temperature water adjacent to the heat transfer surface and precipitate on the surface. Metallic surfaces are ideal sites for crystal nucleation because of their rough surfaces and the low velocities adjacent to the surface. Corrosion cells on the metal surface produce areas of high pH, which promote the precipitation of many cooling water salts. Once formed, scale deposits initiate additional nucleation, and crystal growth proceeds at an accelerated rate.
The addition of carbon dioxide to water to prevent biofouling is known from United States Patent 6,821,442. As described herein, carbon dioxide is transferred to water to supersaturate the water with dissolved carbon dioxide such that aquatic species are killed. For this supersaturation, the water is contained within a closed system and pressurized such that delta P is greater than 0.0 mm Hg. Delta P is calculated as:
Delta P = pN2 + pC>2 + PH2O + pC02 - pAtm, whereby pN2 includes argon and other trace atmospheric gasses.
It is noted in US6,821,442 that supersaturation of water with carbon dioxide would induce gas bubble trauma (GBT), which may result in the killing of aquatic species.
The present inventor now established that the transfer of carbon dioxide to water at a level such that delta P is below atmospheric pressure prevents growth of young shellfish, prevents scaling and results in distraction of fish. Surprisingly, the inventor established that transfer of carbon dioxide to a level such that the pH of the water is at most 7.5, is sufficient for prevention, or at least for reduction, of fouling on a surface of a component that is in contact with said water. The transfer of carbon dioxide to water at a level such that the pH of the water is at most 7.5, provides an environmentally-friendly and cheap agent to prevent fouling on the surface of a cooling water system. Carbon dioxide is a natural gas essential for life. Within the limits that are sufficient, to reduce fouling, the elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and consequently reduced pH levels will not result in acute killing of aquatic species, but will rather reduce propagation and reproduction.
Said carbon dioxide is preferably transferred at an intake point of the water. Said water preferably is fresh water, including surface water such as sea water, river water and lake water, and ground water. Said fresh water preferably is salt water, preferably seawater.
The pH of the water is preferably reduced to a pH of between 6.0 and 7.5, such as to a pH of 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.95, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 7.4 or 7.5. The pH is preferably not below 6, more preferably not below 6.5 in order not to cause damage to the water system such as corrosion of metal components. The pH of the water is therefore preferably between 6.5 and 7.5, such as 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.95, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 7.4 or 7.5.
Sea water has, on average, a pH of about 8.5. To reduce the pH of sea water to a level of about 7.5, about 10 mgram of C02 is required per liter of water. To reduce the pH of sea water to a level of about 6.0, about 150 mgram of C02 is required per liter of water. Hence, the amount of C02 that is required per liter of water to adjust the pH of the water to a value of between 6.0 and 7.5 is between 10 and 150 mgram. This amount of C02 can be transferred to water using methods and means that are known in the art.
A pH of at most 7.5 will increase carbonate solubility and in this way effectively prevent shell fish such as cockles, mussels, and oysters, and other mollusc larvae from forming the shells necessary to settle and survive in the water system. In addition, the increased carbonate solubility of the water results in decreased scaling, while the increased carbon dioxide concentration results in deterrence of fish.
To reduce the pH of the cooling water of a plant that consumes about 213.120 m3/hr of cooling water to a pH of about 7 requires the addition of about 2771 kg/hr of CO2. To reduce the pH of the cooling water of a plant that consumes about 213.120 m3/hr of cooling water to a pH of about 6 requires the addition of about 29411 kg/hr of CO2. An example of such plant is the Amer power plant in Geertruidenberg, the Netherlands, which has a capacity of about 1245 megawatts. It is further preferred that the carbon dioxide that is transferred to the water to bring the water at a pH of at most 7.5, is produced by the industrial plant that is cooled with the water. An average power plant, for example a NUON multifuel power plant in the Netherlands, produces about 571429 kg of CO2 per hour. The amount of CO2 that is transferred to the water to adjust the pH to a level between 6 and 7.5, more preferred to a level between 6.5 and 7.5, is between about 5% and 10% of the total CO2 emission of the plant.
The carbon dioxide is optionally treated, for example filtered, prior to transferring the carbon dioxide to the water to reduce or eliminate toxic substances. The carbon dioxide that is included in the exhaust gas from a plant, for example a power plant, may contain toxic substances such as fine particulate matter and metals, for example lead and arsenic. Methods, for example filtration technologies, that are used to remove these toxic substances are known in the art and include scrubbers, such as wet and dry scrubbers.
The invention further provides a cooling system comprising means for transferring carbon dioxide to the coohng water to bring the cooling water at a pH of at most 7.5, wherein the cooling water is not pressurized. Said cooling system is preferably for cooling of an industrial plant, for example a power plant, or other industrial plant such as, for example, a chemical plant including a petroleum refinery and a blast furnace.
Said means for transferring carbon dioxide to the water, preferably cooling water, include means for transferring exhaust gas from a plant, preferably filtered exhaust gas, through the water, for example by an exhaust gas discharging chamber for discharging gas in the form of gas bubbles into said water. Said exhaust gas discharging chamber preferably comprises a porous membrane whereby gas absorption rate is enhanced by a bubble dispersion mechanism.
The cooling water may be recycled through a recirculating system or used in a single pass once-through cooling system. In one embodiment, a preferred cooling system according to the invention is a once-through cooling system. The main advantages of a once-through system is that it is a simple type of system and very flexible.
In another embodiment, a preferred cooling system according to the invention is a recirculating system. Recirculating systems may be open if they rely upon cooling towers or cooling ponds to remove heat. If heat removal is accomplished with negligible evaporative loss of cooling water, the recirculating system may be closed. A preferred cooling system, for example for an energy plant is an open recirculating cooling system. Open recirculating coohng systems save a tremendous amount of fresh water compared to the alternative method, once-through cooling. The quantity of water discharged to waste is greatly reduced in the open recirculating method, and chemical treatment is more economical. However, cooling by evaporation increases the dissolved solids concentration in the water, raising corrosion and deposition tendencies. In addition, the relatively higher temperatures significantly increase corrosion potential and increase the tendency for biological growth. The transfer of carbon dioxide to the cooling water of an open recirculating cooling system to bring the water at a pH of at most 7.5, preferably at a pH of between 6.5 and 7.5, whereby the water is not pressurized, provides a very economical method of reducing or preventing both scaling and biological growth.
In a preferred cooling system according to the invention, the cooling water is cooled prior to discharging the cooling water back into its source, or prior to its reuse as cooling water. Cooling of the used cooling water is accomplished, for example by a cooling tower. A cooling tower is designed to provide intimate air/water contact. Heat rejection is primarily by evaporation of part of the cooling water. Some sensible heat loss (direct cooling of the water by the air) also occurs, but it is only a minor portion of the total heat rejection. Said cooling tower preferably is a natural or mechanical draft tower and the direction of airflow, relative to the water flow is either counterflow or crossflow. A cooling tower may further aid in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the cooling water, prior to discharging the cooling water, for example back into its source.
The invention further provides an industrial plant, for instance a power plant, and/or a chemical plant including a petroleum refinery and a blast furnace, comprising a cooling system according to the invention. Said plant comprises means for transferring carbon dioxide to the cooling water to bring the cooling water at a pH of at most 7.5, preferably at a pH between 6.5 and 7.5, wherein the cooling water is not pressurized.
Figure legends Figure 1 pH in the water columns of the experimental ecosystems. CO2 was applied from day 0 onwards.
Figure 2: Number of juvenile bivalves (Cerastoderma edule) in sediment samples at the end of the study 69 days after the start of the CO2 application.
Figure 3: Biomass (measured as chlorophyll-a fluorescence, by means of a Biotek microtiter plate reader with Gen5 software) of algae settled on substrates at the end of the study 69 days after the start of the CO2 application. Series A and B depict substrates at two different positions in the experimental ecosystem.
Examples Example 1
Experiments were performed wherein experimental marine ecosystems were exposed to a series of elevated C02-concentrations. The experiments were conducted in outdoor tanks with a total volume of about 5 m3 containing natural seawater and sediment inhabited by a community of planktonic, meio- and macrofaunal organisms.
CO2 was continuously added to the water column starting on day 0 in three fluxes so that that pH levels of the water column stabihsed around 8.0, 7.5 and 6.8 respectively (Figure 1), corresponding to CO2 pressure of 0.8, 2.6 and 16 m-atm respectively (Table 1). In unexposed control conditions, pH was 8.3 and CO2 pressure 0.4 m-atm.
Table 1 C02 fluxes to the test systems and the related C02 pressure and pH
in the water column.
Bivalve molluscs and algae are important groups of fouling organisms. Figure 2 depicts the impact of increased CO2 levels on reproduction of mollusks. As representative of bivalve molluscs, the cockle Cerastoderma edule was included in the experimental ecosystems. Although it was clear that shells became less robust at higher CO2 levels, the adults survived all treatments. Reproductive success, however, was strongly affected. At 2.6 m-atm CO2 and higher, reproduction was almost completely inhibited (Figure 2). The poor condition of the adult shells indicates erosion of the shell carbonates. The adults can withstand this situation as long as the shell maintains its protective function. It is likely that under these conditions it is not possible for mollusc larvae to develop the shell that is essential for further development and survival. The impact of the elevated CO2 for fouling prevention concerning the reproductions of bivalve molluscs and the sessile algae is clear at different endpoints.
The impact of increased CO2 levels on sessile algae is depicted in Figure 3. Roughly speaking algae can appear planktonic, suspended in the water column, or sessile, on sediments and substrates. By definition, only the sessile algae are concerned for fouling. Although CO2 serves as a fertiliser for planktonic algae, our study revealed an opposite effect on sessile algae (Figure 3). The dataset shows a 50% reduction of the algal biomass at 2.6 m-atm CO2 and over 90% reduction at 16 m-atm CO2. The mechanism behind this is not understood yet, but the experimental set-up excludes competition with planktonic algae as the cause.
Conclusion
These results indicate that a CO2 pressure of 1.6 m-atm (resulting in this seawater in a pH of 6.8) is sufficient to prevent the settlement of cockle larvae and to reduce development of sessile algae with 90%. This makes that CO2 has the potential to be used to prevent fouling of marine organisms. Although sensitivity of other species still has to be tested, it is likely that similar results will be found with fresh water species.
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2010885A NL2010885C2 (en) | 2013-05-29 | 2013-05-29 | Cooling water. |
| EP14729987.9A EP3003990A1 (en) | 2013-05-29 | 2014-05-28 | Cooling water |
| PCT/NL2014/050341 WO2014193230A1 (en) | 2013-05-29 | 2014-05-28 | Cooling water |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2010885A NL2010885C2 (en) | 2013-05-29 | 2013-05-29 | Cooling water. |
| NL2010885 | 2013-05-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NL2010885C2 true NL2010885C2 (en) | 2014-12-02 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2010885A NL2010885C2 (en) | 2013-05-29 | 2013-05-29 | Cooling water. |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3003990A1 (en) |
| NL (1) | NL2010885C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2014193230A1 (en) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4547294A (en) * | 1982-02-18 | 1985-10-15 | Mechanical Equipment Company, Inc. | Alkaline scale abatement in cooling towers |
| EP0451434A1 (en) * | 1990-04-13 | 1991-10-16 | Denac N.V. | Method for controlling deposits and corrosion in water treatment applications |
| JPH07109585A (en) * | 1993-10-07 | 1995-04-25 | Kurita Water Ind Ltd | Circulating water treatment method |
| US5424032A (en) * | 1992-07-23 | 1995-06-13 | Diversey Corporation | Method and apparatus for controlling microorganisms |
| US5591349A (en) * | 1992-04-28 | 1997-01-07 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Microorganism removing method |
| FR2801300A1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2001-05-25 | Carboxyque Francaise | Treatment of water which is cooled by the atmosphere uses injected carbon dioxide which prevents precipitation and scaling |
| FR2832143A1 (en) * | 2001-11-12 | 2003-05-16 | Andre Jevanoff | Controlling pH of water in a receptacle, especially a swimming pool, and/or for cleaning the walls of the receptacle comprises saturating a stream of water with carbon dioxide |
| US6821442B1 (en) * | 2002-08-12 | 2004-11-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of The Interior | Method and apparatus for control of aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate invasive species |
| US20100032030A1 (en) * | 2008-05-22 | 2010-02-11 | Eh2O, Llc | Condenser cleaning and purification system with cooling tower purification for open loop condenser and closed loop evaporative condenser cooling towers |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2246711A1 (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2000-04-02 | Betzdearborn Inc. | Methods for controlling macroinvertebrates in aqueous systems |
-
2013
- 2013-05-29 NL NL2010885A patent/NL2010885C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2014
- 2014-05-28 WO PCT/NL2014/050341 patent/WO2014193230A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2014-05-28 EP EP14729987.9A patent/EP3003990A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4547294A (en) * | 1982-02-18 | 1985-10-15 | Mechanical Equipment Company, Inc. | Alkaline scale abatement in cooling towers |
| EP0451434A1 (en) * | 1990-04-13 | 1991-10-16 | Denac N.V. | Method for controlling deposits and corrosion in water treatment applications |
| US5591349A (en) * | 1992-04-28 | 1997-01-07 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Microorganism removing method |
| US5424032A (en) * | 1992-07-23 | 1995-06-13 | Diversey Corporation | Method and apparatus for controlling microorganisms |
| JPH07109585A (en) * | 1993-10-07 | 1995-04-25 | Kurita Water Ind Ltd | Circulating water treatment method |
| FR2801300A1 (en) * | 1999-11-23 | 2001-05-25 | Carboxyque Francaise | Treatment of water which is cooled by the atmosphere uses injected carbon dioxide which prevents precipitation and scaling |
| FR2832143A1 (en) * | 2001-11-12 | 2003-05-16 | Andre Jevanoff | Controlling pH of water in a receptacle, especially a swimming pool, and/or for cleaning the walls of the receptacle comprises saturating a stream of water with carbon dioxide |
| US6821442B1 (en) * | 2002-08-12 | 2004-11-23 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of The Interior | Method and apparatus for control of aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate invasive species |
| US20100032030A1 (en) * | 2008-05-22 | 2010-02-11 | Eh2O, Llc | Condenser cleaning and purification system with cooling tower purification for open loop condenser and closed loop evaporative condenser cooling towers |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2014193230A1 (en) | 2014-12-04 |
| EP3003990A1 (en) | 2016-04-13 |
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