NL2004768C2 - Method for manufacturing an end product from a torrefied base product, system therefore. - Google Patents

Method for manufacturing an end product from a torrefied base product, system therefore. Download PDF

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Publication number
NL2004768C2
NL2004768C2 NL2004768A NL2004768A NL2004768C2 NL 2004768 C2 NL2004768 C2 NL 2004768C2 NL 2004768 A NL2004768 A NL 2004768A NL 2004768 A NL2004768 A NL 2004768A NL 2004768 C2 NL2004768 C2 NL 2004768C2
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Netherlands
Prior art keywords
cooling
product
precursor
indirect
direct
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NL2004768A
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Dutch (nl)
Inventor
Jacques Poldervaart
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Topell Energy B V
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Priority to NL2004768A priority Critical patent/NL2004768C2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of NL2004768C2 publication Critical patent/NL2004768C2/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
    • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
    • C10L5/34—Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes
    • C10L5/36—Shape
    • C10L5/361—Briquettes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
    • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
    • C10L9/083—Torrefaction
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Description

P90706NL00
Title: Method for manufacturing an end product from a torrefied base product, system therefore
The invention relates to a method for the manufacturing of an end product from a torrefied base product.
Such methods are known. For instance, wood can be torrefied. Torrefaction is widely known and is not described in detail. Many different 5 reactors can be used for the torrefaction of the base product. During torrefaction the base product is heated to a relatively high temperature. The torrefaction of the base product results in a pre-product which still has a relatively high temperature, typically more than 250 °C, for example approximately 280 - 350 °C. The torrefied product is highly reactive. The pre-10 product then needs to be cooled before densification can occur and also to allow safe transport and storage. Known in the art is to cool the torrefied product via wet cooling. The torrefied product is then immersed in a container of relatively cold water, e.g. iced water. After a certain period of time the torrefied product is removed from the water. A drawback of this known method is that the 15 torrefied product is not sufficiently cooled to be processed in a safe manner.
The cooled product may not be safely stored and transported since the cooled product is still slightly reactive whereby a chance on ignition remains. In practice it is for example observed that the temperature in a container with stored cooled torrefied product increases within a few days after the cooling.
20 When stored in the open air, a slight air breeze may already ignite the stored product, which may result in dangerous situations. Also quenching with water requires measures for water vapor exhaust.
An object of the invention is to provide an improved method for the manufacturing of an end product from a torrefied base product.
25 Thereto the invention relates to a method for manufacturing an end product from a pre-product obtained by torrefaction of a base product comprising cooling of the pre-product until an intermediary product is obtained 2 and compacting of the cooled intermediary product to the end product, wherein cooling of the pre-product comprises indirect cooling of the pre-product wherein the pre-product is free from contact with a cooling medium and further comprises direct cooling of the pre-product wherein the pre-product is in 5 contact with a cooling medium.
After torrefaction of the base product, usually a biomass such as wood, the torrefied base product, i.e. the pre-product is cooled. According to the invention the cooling comprises a step of indirect cooling, wherein the preproduct is free from contact of a cooling medium and a step of direct cooling 10 wherein the pre-product is in contact with a cooling medium. In an embodiment, the pre-product can first be indirectly cooled and thereafter be directly cooled. Alternatively, the pre-product can first be directly cooled and thereafter be indirectly cooled. By providing the cooling of the pre-product as a direct cooling step and an indirect cooling step, the pre-product can be cooled 15 until a safe and reliable intermediary product is obtained that is approximately non-reactive and has obtained a temperature allowing safe further processing. The cooling medium can for example be water, other cooling media are also possible.
The product obtained by the torrefaction of the base product is called 20 in the context of this application a pre-product. During cooling, the product is subject to the cooling processes is also referred to as pre-product. After the process of cooling is terminated, the cooled product is referred to as intermediary product.
After the cooling of the pre-product until an intermediary product, 25 the intermediary product can further be compacted until an end product is obtained. The compacted end product can be e.g. pellets or bricks or otherwise densified products.
The step of cooling can also comprise crushing of the pre-product, resulting in an intermediary product that is cooled and crushed. Preferably, 30 the direct cooling step is combined with crushing of the pre-product. By 3 providing a crushed intermediary product, the step of compacting the intermediary product may omit crushing of the product, so only mixing and pressing remains. In the prior art method, compacting of the cooled torrefied product comprises crushing of the product, mixing of the product with a 5 binding agent and pressing of the crushed and mixed product. This results in relatively extensive and complex compacting installations. By combining the cooling of the pre-product with crushing of the pre-product, compacting of the intermediary product may become simpler.
In addition, cooling of the pre-product may further comprise mixing 10 of the pre-product with a binding agent, so the compaction of the intermediary product may further be simplified. Advantageously, the direct cooling step combines the crushing and mixing of the pre-product, since during direct cooling the pre-product is in contact with the cooling medium. By adding the binding agent to the cooling medium, the mixing of the pre-product can be 15 obtained. The direct cooling of the pre-product may for example be done in a helical screw and/or paddle screw installation. By choosing the angle and/or pitch and/or length of the helix and/or paddles, the pre-product may also be crushed.
The step of indirect cooling may further comprise a crushing step as 20 well. By providing crushing of the pre-product also during indirect cooling, either in the apparatus for indirect cooling or as a separate crushing step in a separate crushing installation, the pre-product can be crushed relatively and sufficiently fine. The separate crushing installation may comprise two counter rotating drums. In addition, the step of indirect cooling may be splitted in two 25 indirect cooling steps. For example, first the pre-product undergoes indirect cooling, then crushing and then indirect cooling again. So, the pre-product can be relatively efficiently and safe cooled.
In a preferred embodiment, the direct cooling step follows the indirect cooling step. With indirect cooling the temperature of the pre-product 30 can be largely reduced, for example until approximately 80 - 95 °C. Thereafter, 4 the pre-product can be cooled further by direct cooling, and when appropriate, also further crushed and mixed with binding agent. By direct cooling, the temperature of the pre-product can be reduced further, until any desired temperature, typically below 40 °C, a relatively safe temperature for further 5 compaction of the intermediary product thus obtained. By first indirectly cooling the pre-product and then directly cooling the pre-product, the cooling medium and binding agent, if any, can be partly absorbed in the relatively porous pre-product. The thus intermediary product may be saturated or at least may be partly ‘wetted’, i.e. may comprise cooling medium and/or binding 10 agent, which can be advantageous for further compaction of the intermediary product. Compaction of a ‘wetted’ product may result in a more coherent compacted end product.
The invention further relates to a system for manufacturing of an end product from a torrefied base product.
15 Further advantageous embodiments are represented in the subclaims.
The invention will further be elucidated on the basis of an exemplary embodiment which is represented in a drawing. The exemplary embodiment is given by way of non-limitative illustration of the invention.
20 In the drawing:
Figure 1 shows a schematic flow diagram of an embodiment according to the invention.
It is noted that the figure is only a schematic representation of an embodiment of the invention that is given by way of a non-limiting example. In 25 the figures, the same or corresponding parts are designated with the same reference numerals.
Figure 1 gives a schematic flow diagram of a method for the manufacturing of an end product from a torrefied base product according to the invention. In step 1 a base product 4 is torrefied. During torrefaction the base 30 product 4 is heated until a relatively high temperature, typically more than 5 250 °C. The base product is usually a biomass such as wood. Organic volatile components are evaporated during torrefaction, while still sufficient volatile components remain in the torrefied pre-product 5. After torrefaction a preproduct 5 at a relatively high temperature, typically approximately 280 - 320 5 °C is obtained. The pre-product 5 contains a high percentage of carbons and volatiles and is in view of the high temperature relatively reactive. The reactive pre-product 5 may not be stored and/or transported safely. The preproduct 5 is rather brittle due to the torrefaction.
After the torrefaction step 1, the pre-product is cooled in the cooling 10 step 2 until a relatively low temperature intermediary product 6 is obtained. Preferably, evaporation of the organic volatile components is minimized since these components represent an energy value. The intermediary product 6 is further compacted until an end product 7 in a compaction step 3. The end product 7 can for example be pellets or bricks or otherwise densified products. 15 According to the invention the cooling step 2 comprises indirect cooling 8 and direct cooling 9. In this embodiment, the pre-product 5 is first indirectly cooled and then directly cooled. Alternatively, direct cooling 9 could be before indirect cooling 8. During indirect cooling, the pre-product 5 is not in contact with the cooling medium. During direct cooling, the pre-product 5 is in 20 contact with the cooling medium. The cooling medium can for example be water or nitrogen or any other cooling medium.
For indirect cooling for example a helical casing installation may be used. In a helical casing installation, a helical screw is arranged on a central axis that rotates in a drum. The helical screw typically extends until 25 approximately the casing, the inner wall of the drum. The pre-product enters the cooling installation at one side and is transported by the screw towards an opposite side where it is discharged. The helical screw is preferably hollow and may be cooled internally by a cooling medium. In addition, the helical screw is typically inside a cooled shell, which may also be hollow and cooled internally 30 by a cooling medium. Preferably both the screw and the shell are cooled in this 6 way. Due to contact of the pre-product with the cooled shell and/or screw, the pre-product is cooled indirectly without contact with the cooling medium. By extending the helical screw until approximately the wall of the drum, optimal contact of the pre-product 5 with the helical screw can be obtained, resulting in 5 optimal cooling.
The step of indirect cooling 8 is in this embodiment splitted in a first indirect cooling step 10 and a second indirect cooling step 11. For both cooling steps 10, 11a helical casing installation may be used. However, also alternative indirect cooling installations may be suitable. Here, as shown in 10 figure 1, between the first indirect cooling step 10 and the second indirect cooling step 11a crushing step 12 is provided. The crushing step 12 is optional and can be omitted and/or can be combined with an indirect cooling step. By providing a crushing step 12 in between, the pre-product 5 can become smaller, so in a next indirect cooling step 11, the cooling may be more efficient. For the 15 crushing step 12, a crushing installation comprising for example two counter rotating drums may be provided. In other embodiments more or less indirect cooling steps may be provided, for example a single indirect cooling step may suffice or three or more indirect cooling steps, whether or not with a crushing step between, may be provided. Typically after indirect cooling 8, the pre-20 product is cooled to a temperature of approximately 80 - 95 °C.
After the indirect cooling step 8, the pre-product 5 is further directly cooled in direct cooling step 9. During direct cooling, the pre-product 5 is in contact with the cooling medium, for example water. The pre-product 5 is thus ‘wetted’ during direct cooling. After direct cooling 9 of the pre-product 5, the 25 pre-product is typically further cooled until a temperature of below 40 °C. By first providing indirect cooling 8 and then direct cooling 9 of the pre-product vaporization of the remaining volatile components in the pre-product may be minimized. The energy value of the pre-product can thus be optimized. Also, by cooling the temperature of the reactive pre-product 5 in an indirect cooling 30 step 8 and a direct cooling step 9, the temperature of the pre-product 5 can be 7 lowered in a controlled and predictable way, so a relatively safe intermediary product 6 and end product 7 may be obtained.
For direct cooling 9, a direct cooling arrangement may be used. The direct cooling arrangement may be provided as a troughconveyor containing a 5 centrally rotating axis upon which a helical screw and/or a paddle screw can be arranged. In the troughconveyor a cooling medium can be applied, preferably by spraying on the product. For instance by a spraying installation that may be provided on the top side of the troughconveyor. On the axis a helical screw can be arranged to transport the product from one end, where it is loaded to 10 the troughconveyor to another end, where it is discharged from the troughconveyor. Also, on the axis a paddle screw can be arranged, which also provides for transport of the product through the troughconveyor. A paddle screw may comprise an arrangement of paddles on the axis. By positioning the paddles under an angle, controlled axial transport of the product through the 15 troughconveyor can be obtained. Also, on the axis a helical screw as well as a paddle screw may be arranged. For example, the helical screw may be arranged first and downstream the helical screw the paddle screw may be arranged.
By choosing the angle of the paddles and/or by providing for example 20 a double helical screw with different pitches, the pre-product in the troughconveyorcan also be crushed. The product can for example be pressed between the paddles and the shell and/or subsequent helical screw which may result in crushing of the product. Also, the pre-product in the troughconveyormay be mixed with a binding agent. For example, the binding 25 agent may be a component of the cooling medium. The binding agent may be e.g. fluid yeast, linguine, betadine, corn weak water, or any other binding agent. Due to the arrangement of the helical screw and/or the paddle screw, a mixing of the product with the cooling medium and the binding agent may be obtained.
8
The intermediary product 6, obtained after cooling of the pre-product 5, typically has a temperature of less than 40 °C, which is sufficiently low for further processing such as compacting 3. Typically, before the intermediary product is densified into pellets or bricks or other discrete products, the 5 intermediary product is crushed and mixed with a binding agent. Crushing of the product is usually done to make the product finer so it may be easier to density. Mixing with a binding agent may be done to ensure that the densified product does not fall apart after densifying. Due to these additional two processing steps, a prior art compaction installation is relatively complex and 10 large. According to the invention, the steps of crushing and mixing with a binding agent can also be combined with the direct cooling step 9 of the preproduct 5. The intermediary product 6 thus obtained can be immediately densified without additional preparation steps. The compaction installation can therefore become simpler and more compact. Due to the direct cooling step 15 9, the intermediary product 6 is also ‘wetted’ before entering the compaction step 3, thereby facilitating the densification of the intermediary product.
Many variants will be apparent to the person skilled in the art. All variants are understood to be comprised within the scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.
20

Claims (16)

1. Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een eindproduct uit een door torreficeren van een basisproduct verkregen voorproduct omvattende het koelen van het voorproduct tot een tussenproduct en het compacteren van het gekoelde tussenproduct tot het eindproduct, waarbij het koelen van het 5 voorproduct omvat het indirect koelen van het voorproduct waarbij het voorproduct vrij is van contact met een koelmedium en voorts omvat het direct koelen van het voorproduct waarbij het voorproduct in contact komt met een koelmedium.Method for manufacturing an end product from a precursor obtained by torrefying a basic product comprising cooling the precursor to an intermediate product and compacting the cooled intermediate product to the final product, wherein the cooling of the precursor comprises indirect cooling of the precursor wherein the precursor is free from contact with a cooling medium, and further comprises direct cooling of the precursor wherein the precursor comes into contact with a cooling medium. 2. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 1, waarbij direct koelen tevens omvat 10 het malen van het voorproduct.2. A method according to claim 1, wherein direct cooling also comprises grinding the precursor. 3. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 1 of conclusie 2, waarbij direct koelen tevens omvat het mengen van het voorproduct met een bindmiddel.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein direct cooling also comprises mixing the precursor with a binder. 4. Werkwijze volgens een der voorgaande conclusies, waarbij indirect koelen omvat het malen van het voorproduct.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein indirect cooling comprises grinding the precursor. 5. Werkwijze volgens een conclusie 4, waarbij het gemaaide indirect gekoelde voorproduct verder wordt gekoeld met behulp van een verdere indirecte koelstap.The method of claim 4, wherein the mowed indirectly cooled precursor is further cooled using a further indirect cooling step. 6. Werkwijze volgens conclusie 4 of 5, waarbij het malen wordt uitgevoerd als een aparte maalstap volgend op het indirect koelen.The method of claim 4 or 5, wherein the milling is performed as a separate milling step following the indirect cooling. 7. Werkwijze volgens een der voorgaande conclusies, waarbij het direct koelen volgt op het indirect koelen.A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the direct cooling follows the indirect cooling. 8. Systeem voor het vervaardigen van een eindproduct uit een door torrefactie van een basisproduct verkregen voorproduct, waarbij het systeem een koelinrichting omvat en een compacteerinrichting, waarbij de 25 koelinrichting een indirecte koelinrichting omvat voor het indirect koelen van het voorproduct, waarbij het voorproduct vrij is van contact met een koelmedium en voorts een directe koelinrichting omvat voor het direct koelen van het voorproduct waarbij het voorproduct in direct contact is met een koelmedium.8. System for manufacturing an end product from a precursor obtained by torrefaction of a basic product, the system comprising a cooling device and a compacting device, the cooling device comprising an indirect cooling device for indirect cooling of the precursor, the precursor being free of contact with a cooling medium and further comprises a direct cooling device for directly cooling the precursor wherein the precursor is in direct contact with a cooling medium. 9. Systeem volgens conclusie 8, waarbij de directe koel inrichting voorts is ingericht voor het gelijktijdig malen van het voorproduct.The system of claim 8, wherein the direct cooling device is further adapted to grind the precursor simultaneously. 10. Systeem volgens conclusie 8 of 9, waarbij de directe koel in rich ting tevens is ingericht voor het gelijktijdig mengen van het product met een bindmiddel.10. System as claimed in claim 8 or 9, wherein the direct cooling device is also adapted to mix the product with a binder simultaneously. 11. Systeem volgens een der conclusies 8 - 10, waarbij de directe koelinrichting een spiraalschroef en/of een peddelschroef omvat.11. System as claimed in any of the claims 8-10, wherein the direct cooling device comprises a spiral screw and / or a paddle screw. 12. Systeem volgens een der conclusies 8—11, waarbij de indirecte koelinrichting tevens is ingericht om te malen.12. System as claimed in any of the claims 8-11, wherein the indirect cooling device is also adapted to grind. 13. Systeem volgens conclusie 12, waarbij de indirecte koelinrichting een koelinstallatie en een maalinstallatie omvat.The system of claim 12, wherein the indirect cooling device comprises a cooling installation and a grinding installation. 14. Systeem volgens conclusie 13, waarbij de indirecte koelinrichting 15 een verdere koelinstallatie omvat.14. System as claimed in claim 13, wherein the indirect cooling device 15 comprises a further cooling installation. 15. Systeem volgens conclusie 13 of 14, waarbij de koelinstallatie een mantelspiraalkoelinstallatie is.A system according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the cooling installation is a casing spiral cooling installation. 16. Systeem volgens een der conclusies 13 - 15, waarbij de maalinstallatie twee tegengesteld roterende rollen omvat.A system according to any of claims 13-15, wherein the milling installation comprises two oppositely rotating rollers.
NL2004768A 2010-05-25 2010-05-25 Method for manufacturing an end product from a torrefied base product, system therefore. NL2004768C2 (en)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992017744A1 (en) * 1991-04-05 1992-10-15 Anders Kullendorff A method and a plant for heat treatment of biological material
NL1029909C2 (en) * 2005-09-08 2007-03-09 Stichting Energie Torrefaction process for treating biomass in order to produce biofuel, carried out at pressure chosen so that liquid water is present in torrefaction reactor
GB2448531A (en) * 2007-04-19 2008-10-22 Coal Products Ltd Fuel briquette
WO2010045320A2 (en) * 2008-10-15 2010-04-22 Renewable Fuel Technologies Llc Device and method for conversion of biomass to biofuel

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1992017744A1 (en) * 1991-04-05 1992-10-15 Anders Kullendorff A method and a plant for heat treatment of biological material
NL1029909C2 (en) * 2005-09-08 2007-03-09 Stichting Energie Torrefaction process for treating biomass in order to produce biofuel, carried out at pressure chosen so that liquid water is present in torrefaction reactor
GB2448531A (en) * 2007-04-19 2008-10-22 Coal Products Ltd Fuel briquette
WO2010045320A2 (en) * 2008-10-15 2010-04-22 Renewable Fuel Technologies Llc Device and method for conversion of biomass to biofuel

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BERGMAN P C A: "Combined torrefaction and pelletisation", INTERNET CITATION, July 2005 (2005-07-01), XP002398525, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2005/c05073.pdf> [retrieved on 20060810] *

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