MXPA01004096A - Verbessertes wertstoffgemisch fur die pflanzenaufzucht in boden mit nematodenfall - Google Patents

Abstract

Beschrieben wird die Verwendung von (a) wenigstens anteilig lipophile organische Reste aufweisenden Verbindungen des Phosphors zusammen mit (b) Harnstoff und/oder Hanrstoffderivaten in ausgewählten Mengenverhältnissen von (a):(b), verbunden mit zeitgleichen und/oder zeitversetzem Eintrag von (c) oligomeren und/oder polymeren Chitosanen in bevorzugt wasserlöslicher Zubereitungsform, als Bodenzusatzmittel zur biologischen Bekämpfung pflanzenparasitärer Boden- Nematoden mittels Stärkung des entsprechen antagonistischen Bodendenpotenials, insbesondere durch Stärkung des Wachstrums antagonistischer und/oder nematizider Rhizosphärebakterien und/oder entsprechender Mycorrhiza-Stämme bei gleichzeitiger Stärkung des Wachstums der bodenständigen Pflanzenkulturen. Die das Bakterienwachstrum stärkenden Wertstoffgemische werden vorzugsweise in wäßriger Zubereitung unter Mitverwendung pflanzenverträglicher Emulgatoren vor und/oder während der Pflanzenaufzucht in den Bereich der Pflanzenwurzeln eingetragen. Die Komponenten zu den Unterklassen (a) und (b) werden in solchen Mengenverhältnissen eingesetzt, daßdas Gewichtsverhältnis von C:N den Zahlenwert von 6 und bevorzugt von 5 nichtüberschreitet.

Description

IMPROVED MIXTURE OF USEFUL MATERIALS POTATO CULTURE D? PLANTS IN SOILS INFECTED WITH N? MATQDOS The importance of nematode strains that parasitize plants in the soil dedicated to the cultivation of crops and the loss of harvest caused as well as the decrease in growth has been recognized for decades. Practical experience and scientific research have incorporated numerous measures to combat these unwanted limitations of land use for agriculture. For example, the establishment of certain successive crops - for example sugar beet, winter wheat, and winter barley in a three-year cycle - can lead to a reduction of the problem in question. The use of synthetic nematicides today is limited or prohibited due to the secondary damages caused by them in the saelos used for crops. The introduction of selected organic siscances to improve the soil or to fight against nematodes has been taking place for decades. The success of these means is understood as complex interactions of all soil life forms, see, for example, R.C. COOKE, 1963"Succession of nematophagous fungi during the decompositic cf chronic matter in soil", Nature 4863; 205 as well as S. HOF? MANN-HERGARTEN et al., 1993"Untersuchungen zur Steigerur.s der Wirkung nematodenfangender Pilze gegen den I-Ieterodera-schachtii Frühbefall durch organische Dünger", Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 100 (2); 170-175. The aforementioned literature refers especially to the use of the stimulation of the flora of microorganisms of the soil and especially of the strains that are capable of promoting antagonistic and / or nematicidal effects against plant pathogenic nematodes. Reference is here made especially to document US-PS-5, 5,057,141 as well as to the literature mentioned in said document, especially R. Rodriguez-Kabana et al in "Plant and Soil" (Plants and Soils), 100: 237 to 247 (1987 ). It is especially described that chitin-containing materials mixed with other nitrogen-containing organic compounds such as, for example, ammonium phosphate and urea develop nematic and nematicidal activity in soils against nematode populations pathogenic to plants, and at the same time are not phytotoxic for the plants but they serve as nutrients for the plants. In the same approach are the teachings of US Pat. No. 4,536,207. The nematicidal effect of a chitin / protein complex compound, which is obtained from an insoluble chitin material in demineralized water and a water insoluble protein component, is described therein. For practical use, these water insoluble fine compounds must be introduced into the soil in a known mechanical manner.

The teaching presented below of the present invention is based on the state of the art mentioned last. The mixtures of substances used in the North American Patent Documents mentioned in their essential parts, especially in relation to their content of chitin or of the chitin complex, are not soluble in water. The incorporation of the insoluble material in the upper zone of the soil can therefore be effected effectively only in the areas of the soil still without plants. In accordance with the data of US Pat. No. 5,057,141, a remarkable nematicidal effect is observed especially in the second successive plant cycle. The technical teaching of the oldest unpublished application DE 198 24 358.8 aims to propose an additive for the soil that can be applied in the affected soil zones. Said additive is in liquid form and especially in aqueous preparation and entails a rapid promotion of the antagonistic effects, especially of the microorganism flora of the soil against the nematodes that are pathogenic for the plants. The possibility of introducing the mixture of substances according to the present invention should be provided both before planting or planting the affected soil area and also during this process and during the subsequent growth of the plants, especially in the root zone of plants. The teaching of this older application therefore opens up the possibility of reinforcing strains of the microorganism flora found in the area of the rhizosphere and consequently which are immediately in the superficial zone of the root of the plants - especially of bacteria and / or mycorrhizal fungi that are characterized by an antagonistic and / or nematicidal effect against an undesirable attack of nematodes on the roots of plants. The technical teaching described below has the object of providing another remarkable elevation of effect with mixtures of substances described in the oldest application. The extended technical education in accordance with the present invention is based on the fact that also chitosan or chitosan compounds that can be obtained through deacetylation of chitin possess a nematostatic or nematicidal action, see for example US-P5 5,139,949 . The high molecular weight primary chitosan obtained from the deacetylation of chitin - especially with molecular weights in the order of one million and more - is as such insoluble in water and aqueous alkaline solutions or only slightly soluble in water and aqueous alkaline solutions or only slightly soluble in water and aqueous alkaline solutions. However, it is known to significantly improve the solubility of said chitosan component (s) by simple measures. For example, the chitosan-based components are dissolved in aqueous solutions of organic and inorganic acids. It is also known that chitosan with a degree of deacetylation of 50% is soluble in water. An increase in the solubility in water is possible by means of a decrease in the molecular weight in the range of the oligomers of chitosan, finally, through simple chemical reactions - especially through a carboxymethylation in O-CM-chitosan, N-CM- Chitosan and / or N / O-CM-Chitosan, the solubility in a wide pH range in water can be determined. For more details on this basic knowledge of chitosans see, for example, the publication "Applications of Chitin and Chitosan" (Applications of chitin and chitosan), Goosen Mattheus F.A. (Ed), Lancaster: Technomic Publishing Company, 1996, pages 3-29, chapter 1"Applications and Properties of Chitosar." (Applications and properties of Chitosan), Q. Li, et al., And especially pages 8 and 9. With the background of the state of the art in terms of forms of fluid applications and especially aqueous chitosan will be understood the improved technical education presented below - based on the work indications of the oldest application already mentioned DE 198 24 358.8. Further development within the framework of the present invention contemplates, in addition to the active substances or mixtures of active substances described in the oldest application with nematostatic / nematicidal effect, also the application of chitosan-based mixing components with corresponding effects in the form of soluble in the soil and especially in the root zone of plants. In this way a substantial increase in the protection of plants against attacks by nematodes is achieved. OBJECT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION The object of the present invention is therefore the use of a mixture of active substances of the components defined below in (a), (b) and (c) as an additive for the cultivation of plants attacked by nematodes that parasitize the plants and / or where the desired objective is the optimization of the results of the cultivation of the plants that are threatened by nematode attacks. The active substances belonging to class (a) are phosphorus compounds containing at least partially lipophilic organic radicals, which can be used together with (b) urea and / or urea derivatives. The components of classes (a) and (b) are used in proportions between (a) and (b) such that the weight ratio between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) does not exceed approximately 6. Preferably the The upper limit of the value of this weight ratio between C and N is approximately 5. The additional development according to the present invention contemplates - together with the contribution of the components (a) and (b) - the simultaneous contribution and / or Consecutive of oligosaccharides and / or polymeric chitosans, which will be described below as components of class (c). The consecutive supply of components (c) can be carried out both before and after the application of components (a) and (b). The object of the present invention is an additional embodiment of the use of phospholipids of vegetable origin in combination with urea and / or urea derivatives and in combination with oligomeric and / or polymeric chitosans in accordance with (c) for the biological control against soil nematids that parasitize the plants, through the reinforcement of the potential antagonists of the corresponding soil especially by strengthening the growth of antagonist and / or nematicidal rizcsphere bacteria and / or corresponding mycorrhizal strains - with simultaneous reinforcement of the growth of plant crops in the soil. Here also, the application of mixtures of active substances of the present invention in the line of aqueous preparations in the areas of the usually threatened before and / or especially during the growth of the plants is the preferred embodiment. DETAILS ON THE TEACHING OF THE PRESENT INVENTION The vital biological processes and their effects are, as is known, the results of highly complex interactions between microorganisms, whose development can be determined in turn through numerous external conditions or vital conditions. Another factor of decisive importance is the growth and development of both the flora of microorganisms and the fauna of the soil. This is especially valid in the case of corresponding development processes in the soil and the results obtained in the case of the cultivation of crop plants. Despite this general understanding, the possibility of lastingly influencing these complex and related life processes remains limited. The teaching of DE 44 37 313 A 1 describes a method for improving the growth of plants in the field of agriculture and forestry, as well as in the case of gardening by stimulating the microorganisms living in the substrate of the soil and where the plants grow. The use of certain mixtures based on phospholipids, for example, lecithin, and derivatives of phospholipids whose use in the field of agriculture has already been mentioned for several purposes is proposed. European Patent Application EP 95 071 and Patent Application WO 89/8628 describe the use of phospholipids together with macronutrients as leaf fertilizers. In Patent Application WO 93/1150 the use of phospholipids as emulsifiers in fertilizer preparations is mentioned. DE 42 18 243 discloses that glycerophospholipids and urea moieties may be suitable for activating specific microorganisms that are nourished by hydrocarbons in such a way that contamination by mineral oils in the soil can be removed more quickly. From this knowledge, the teaching of DE 44 37 313 mentioned above raises the use of phospholipids and derivatives of phospholipids especially also in mixture with urea to stimulate microorganisms that live naturally in uncontaminated soils and thus within the framework of a glyceal fertilizing effect - to promote the growth of the plants that grow in the soil treated in this way. The invention is based on another knowledge: by using the mixtures of active substances already mentioned and described in detail below, an action - and thus a biological management - is made possible in the highly complex vital system of the soil. The object is the protection and / or reduction of the growth of nematodes that parasitize the plants and the growth of selected strains of the fauna of the soil by stimulating and encouraging the growth of selected strains of the bacterial-type soil microorganism flora. and / or mushrooms. Basically, it is known that in what is known as rhizosphere, that is, in the few millimeters of soil layer in the root zone of plants and especially of root hairs, there is a large population of bacterial strains ( flora of microorganisms) that, on the one hand, encourages the exchange between the roots of plants and the soil, and on the other hand it also has a protective function for this part of the plants that is found in the soil. The same is valid in the field of interaction between the roots of plants and the populations of mycorrhiza-fungi found in the soil. The teaching in accordance with the present invention is based especially on the knowledge that, by means of the contribution of the additives described in the present invention, a reinforcement of the populations of microorganisms is promoted - and consequently a reinforcement of the bacterial and / or fungal strains is generated - in the soil that develop a nematostatic action and / or nemaficida against nematodes that parasitize the plants and therefore not only prevent or at least limit the further development of populations of nematodes in the soil, but, above all, limit the infiltration of nematodes already present in the roots of the plants . Independently of this and in addition to this previously unknown effect, the use of the mixtures of active substances described maintains the general known fertilizing effect to promote the growth of the plants - independently of the presence of nematodes. Compared with the teaching of the aforementioned documents, US 5,057,141 and US 4,536,207, important advantages are obtained in this way: the preferably aqueous liquid administration form of the mixture of active substances applied in the threatened soil zones of the components (a ), (b) and, c, can also be applied at least partially during the (s) phase (if germination and / or growth of the plants to be protected in the soil.) A corresponding treatment can, according to the need of the individual case to be carried out once and / or several times In a further preferred embodiment of the teaching according to the present invention, physiologically suitable crosslinking agents for plants, especially type 3, are added to aqueous preparations of soil additives. / 7: (oil / water) These crosslinking agents allow a spray of the aqueous phase to active substances in the upper part of the soil and thus in the growth zone of the roots of the plants. In this way, it is possible to directly stimulate the growth of strains of microorganism flora in the rhizosphere and / or of the corresponding mycorrhizal strains and in this way their nematostatic and / or nematicidal effect is reinforced. It is understood in this way that also and especially in the case of the cultivation of plants especially threatened by nematodes such as, for example, sugar beet, the use of teaching in accordance with the present invention can significantly improve the results. The mixtures of active substances to be used according to the present invention are characterized by a combination of representatives selected from the subclasses defined above (a) - phosphorus compounds having at least partially lipophilic organic radicals - and (b) urea and / or urea derivatives - with simultaneous and / or non-simultaneous use of chitosan (c). The preferred components of the class of active substances (a) are esters of phosphoric acids with monovalent or polyvalent alcohols, which present in their molecular structure lipophilic radicals. In particular, corresponding partial esters of phosphoric acid are taken into account, which may be, in general terms, in the form of their (partial) salts. Phosphoric acid esters suitable within the framework of the present invention are corresponding partial esters of fatty alcohols carrying the required lipophilic moiety on the hydrocarbon radical of the fatty alcohol in the phosphoric acid ester molecule. Particularly suitable here are partial phosphoric acid esters with straight-chain fatty alcohols which are preferably processed substantially using C alco-C fatty alcohols and their lower ethoxylates. Phosphoric acid esters of higher fatty alcohols with, for example, 12 to 24 carbon atoms are also basically suitable, so that corresponding olefinically unsaturated fatty alcohol radicals are also particularly important here. Especially preferred phosphoric acid esters for the subclass of active substances (a) are, however, phospholipids and phospholipid derivatives. It is treated here as we know of amphiphilic substances that are obtained from plant or animal cells. Preferred phospholipids within the framework of the present invention are corresponding compounds of plant origin or else phospholipid derivatives obtained in this way. A particularly preferred representative of this class' a) are glycerophospholipids, which are also commonly known as lecithin. Sphingophospholipids are less preferred. Known substances which can be used herein are diacylphospholipids, phosphatidylclines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylglycerins, phosphatidyl glycerin phosphates, diphosphatidylglycerin, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylic acid. Monoacylphospholipids, lysophosphatidylcellines, 1-isophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylinositols, lysophosphatidylserines, lysophosphatidylglycerols, 1-phosphatidyl glycerophosphates, lysophosphatidyl glycerines, lyso-N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines and lysophosphatidinic acid. The technically obtainable and widely available phosphatidylglycerides are commercially available vegetable or animal lecithins and cephalins. These preparations are obtained, for example, from oils such as, for example, corn oil or cottonseed oil or soybean oil. Preferred components according to the present invention of subclass (a) can be enzymatically hydrolyzed glycerophospholipids (enzymatically hydrolyzed lecithin), which have a more hydrophilic character based on the dissociation of a fatty acid ester. Only products that, through enzymatic hydrolysis, have lost their phosphoric acid radical are excepted. Together with these phospholipids they are introduced into the zone of the soil to be protected, as active substances according to the present invention as subclass (b) urea and / or urea derivatives as the main source of N. The teaching in accordance with the present invention in Its main modalities are characterized by an additional determination parameter that regulates the proportions between components (a) and (b) of the mixture. The mixtures of the selected components of these L D two subclasses are used in such proportions of the individual components that the weight ratio between carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in this mixture of components (a) and (b) does not exceed 6. Preferably, they are mixtures of components (a ) and (b) in which the weight ratio between C and N does not exceed 5 and especially does not exceed 3 to 4. An adequate lower limit for this value of the weight ratio between C and N is between 1 and 1.2, and a maximum value of about 2.5 and 2 and especially within a range between about 1.5 and 2 is especially preferred. The determination of these values for C and N also includes the nitrogen atoms which are optionally present in the mixture components (a). In the mixtures of active substances according to the present invention, if a phospholipid is used as representative of the components (a), then suitable proportions of the mixture - proportionally as parts by weight and in relation to the anhydrous materials are suitable together with urea or urea derivative as essential sources of N - - within a range of 3: 1 to 1: 3 parts of phospholipid: urea or derived from urea. It is also possible to prefer approximately equal amounts of these basic components in mixtures between them. As suitable urea derivatives according to the present invention, we can especially contemplate the oligourea or polyurea substances that come from the condensation of primary urea molecules. They are characterized in a way known in practice by means of a prolonged decomposition and consequently a long-lasting fertilizing effect. For the purpose in accordance with the present invention of fighting nematodes by reinforcing the antagonist and nematicide potential found in the soil based on bacterial and / or fungal populations, a long-lasting effect of this type may be desired. In general terms, however, at least partially urea is used as said source of N. Regarding this aspect, we mention an additional possible modification: as part of the mixture of active substances to be used according to the present invention are also adequate known suppliers of N from fertilizer technology. We can especially consider here corresponding ammonium salts, so that, within the framework of the present invention, combinations of ammonium / urea salts can be important suppliers of N. Further indications as to suitable urea derivatives are found, for example, in document mentioned in the introduction US-PS 5,057,141, column 9, rows 40 to 50. The chitosans or chitosan compounds to be used according to the present invention (c) comprise the numerous components known from the state of the art belonging to this (n) class (s) as well as their mixtures. We also mention as a source of literature of the state of the art: "Applications of Chitin and Chitosan", published by Mattheus F.A. Goosen (Lancaster: Technomic Publishing Company, 1996), Chapter 2"Applications of Chitin and Chitosan in the Ecological and Environmental Fields", SHIGEHIRO HIRANO editor in the aforementioned place, pages 31 to 54 and chapter 11"New Applications of Chitin and its Derivates in Piant Protection ", HENRYK STRUSZCZYK et al. In the aforementioned place, pages 171 to 184 as well as the printed publication in "Biotechnology Annual Review Volume 2", Elsevier Science B.V. 1996"Chitin biotechnology applications", SHIQEHIRO HIRANO editor at the aforementioned place, pages 237 to 258. As already mentioned several times, the chitosans to be used according to the present invention (c) are oligomers and polymers of virtually any molecular weight . Both the low molecular weight oligomers and the high molecular weight polymers can be introduced in aqueous forms, in the form already provided, which allows the application on the ground and the spraying of the chitosans in the soil and especially in the zone of the roots of plants. Particularly suitable for this aspect are chitosan compounds which exhibit sufficient water solubility also in the region from neutral to slightly basic pH and are therefore modified in a manner known per se, for example by salt formation with inorganic and / or organic acids , by decreasing and regulating the degree of polymerization or oligomerization and / or by derivatizing chitosans with groups that provide solubility - for example carboxylmethyl groups in the 0 and / or N position. The prior art also clearly describes the employment of such quitosancs c hundred chitosan compounds in the field of agriculture, including the use of corresponding aqueous chitosan preparations. The essential combination according to the present invention within the framework of mixtures of multiple components of the components defined according to the present invention (a) andc) and the related objective of confrmity with the present invention of the effective biogenic control and of the limitation of the multiplication of parasitic soil nematodes in the case of the cultivation of plants, nevertheless, nc = e expressed in the mentioned documents of the state of the art related to chitosan or chitosan compounds also suitable in accordance with the present invention. The introduction of chitosan components (c) in the zones of the soil to be treated can be carried out simultaneously and / or not simultaneously with the application of components (a) and (b).

In an important embodiment, however, it is contemplated that the chitosans or water-soluble chitosan compounds are applied at least partially together with the components (a) in the structure of the soil. It is also important for the components according to the present invention (c) to be sprayed in the upper areas of the soil and especially in the area of the roots of the plants. This generally means the use of surfactant components, whose preferred origin will be discussed later. When chitosans are used in combination with the components (a) and (b), then we speak here of amounts of at least 0.01% by weight, preferably of at least 0.05% by weight and especially of at least 0.1 to 1. % by weight, in each case in relation to the mixture of anhydrous active substances. It is important that even small amounts of quitesan can substantially influence the evolution of the vital process in the soil, which is why the growth of the healthy microorganism flora is especially encouraged while controlling the growth of harmful organisms. At the same time, due to the stimulation / reinforcement of the plants' own defenses, the growth of the plants is encouraged. The amounts to be used, in each individual case, of the soil additive defined according to the present invention from components (a), (b) and (c) is determined from numerous factors. It must be taken into account, among others, the moment of the application of the mixture of multiple components in relation to the expected or existing crop of the plants, the state of the soil, especially the fauna of the soil already present and especially the determinable attack of nematodes, the sensitivity of the crop plants in relation to the action of the nematodes that parasitize the plants and the like. Suitable amounts for the application and introduction of soil additives defined according to the present invention for the protection of plants against attacks by nematodes are usually within a range of at least 0.2 to 0.5 g / rtr of area, of soil - in relation to combinations of anhydrous active substances of phospholipids and ureas or urea derivatives. Especially preferred are amounts of additives for use in accordance with the present invention within a range, again in relation to the abovementioned anhydrous mixtures, of more than 1 g / nr to about 50-60 g / mr and preferably within a range of 10 to 40 g / m "of soil surface The preferred aqueous preparations used in accordance with this invention of this soil additive are, in general terms, in the form of aqueous emulsions and / or dispersions. Preparations for facilitating the penetration of these aqueous preparations into the soil and especially for the spraying of the aqueous preparation of active substances in the soil Joint surfactants are used together in the preferred embodiment of the present invention, especially biologically acceptable emulsifiers are suitable. of type C / W, especially degradable in turn by usual metabolic processes of microorganisms the ground. Both corresponding anionic surfactant compounds and preferred surfactant compounds of the present invention of the class of nonionic surfactants which are biologically total and fully degradable are hereby incorporated. Suitable anionic surfactants are, for example, soaps, but also biodegradable alkyl sulfates, especially fatty alcohol sulfates. Suitable representatives may be the partial esters of phosphoric acid with fatty alcohols, and especially partial esters with straight-chain fatty alcohols, preferably of natural origin and with even carbon atom number. Corresponding esters of short chain fatty alcohols are suitable here, for example with 6 to 10 carbon atoms in the fatty alcohol molecule. Also suitable are alkyl phosphates with longer fatty alcohol radicals, for example with 12 to 24 carbon atoms. In this case, representatives selected from the class of active substances defined in the present invention (a) which are polyfunctional are also important. In addition to the interactions already discussed with the active substances of subclass (b), the tensioactive function of the aforementioned phosphoric acid partial esters can be used here. Especially preferred biodegradable surfactants according to the present invention are corresponding compounds having at least one essentially non-ionic character, preferably having at least the essential part of natural origin and preferably having an HLB value within a range 10 to 18. A class of especially preferred surfactants according to the present invention are the alkyl (oligo) glycoside compounds, which alkyl radical is derived at least mainly from straight chain fatty alcohols. Compounds of this type - in accordance with the current nomenclature, are also known as APG components - they are auxiliary surfactants of a broad spectrum of use. APG-based crosslinking agents may be based entirely on natural substances. In terms of material on broad technical knowledge and literature for the development and procurement of APG-comps of the type in question, we mention here, for example, the publication of Hill et al "Alkylpolyglykosides" VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft bH, Weinheim 1997. They are suitable also other biodegradable and compatible surfactant components with comparable properties. Mention may in particular be made here of glucamines, glucamides or partial monocarboxylic acid esters with in particular 8 to 24 carbon atoms, sorbitan esters of the sorbitan monostearate or sorbitan monooleate type, and also surfactants of biological origin. For example, we can mention sophorose-lipid, tetralosa-lipid or lipopeptides, as they are known as metabolism products, or membrane parts of numerous strains of microorganisms. Additional data regarding biologically acceptable surfactant components are found in the aforementioned document DE 44 37 313. In a further preferred embodiment according to the present invention, it is contemplated that the additives defined above based on phospholipid / urea or derivatives of urea / chitosan provide additional suppliers of C for the growth of the microorganism flora and are applied together with the components of essential active substances mentioned above in the area of the affected soil. A combined use of this type of vehicles containing P and / or N, together with additional suppliers selected from C for the growth of the microorganism flora is the subject, among others, of the previously unpublished German patent application DE 197 48884.6 (H 3143), the disclosure of which is also the object of the teaching of the present invention. Next we will present data on this additional class of active substances of supplier of C within the frame of additives for the ground or mixtures of active substances described in the present invention. However, before, we will mention additional preferred parameters important for the mixtures of active substances of the type commented here: Within the framework of the technical education described here, it is preferred to apply mixtures of active substances in the area of the soil where the proportions of the The components that provide C and / or N are determined in such a way that the weight proportions C / N do not exceed approximately 6, and preferably do not exceed approximately 3 to 4. It is also preferred that, in the mixture of active substances used, the C / N ratio has a maximum value of approximately 2 to 2.5. In the case of such additional suppliers of C in the soil additive used in accordance with the present invention, it may also be important for the selection of components not soluble in aqueous phase to select such compounds which have solidification points equal to or less than 25%. at 30 ° C and especially equal to or less than 10 to 15 ° C. Suitable components here are C_: - fatty alcohols; olefinically unsaturated, for example, especially of natural origin. Fatty alcohols mainly C-_,: - with high degree of olefinic double bonds and solidification temperature equal to or lower than 20 ° C, preferably equal to or less than 10 to 15 ° C are of notable importance. Preferred representatives of these additional C suppliers are biologically compatible, oil-soluble organic compounds with aliphatic and / or olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals and especially with a straight straight chain having at least 6 carbon atoms and especially at least 8 carbon atoms. carbon. Particularly preferred are corresponding compounds that are functionalized as a heteroatom with acid. Classic examples are fatty alcohols and / or fatty acids, or their derivatives as esters, especially partial esters, ethers and / or amides. With regard to the modification presented here of the additional C suppliers, additives which, in addition to their C content, contain additional N in the structure of the molecule, can also be particularly suitable. Typical examples are betaine, proteins such as aminocarboxylic acids and their derivatives as well as their salts. The co-employment of such additional providers of C is a possible but not mandatory measure within the framework of the present invention. The essence of the teaching of the present invention lies in the reinforcement of the nematostatic / nematicidal effect of the mixture of active substances which is provided, as far as possible, through a liquid preparation to the rhizosphere, said mixture consisting of components (a), (b) and (c) and especially phospholipids and urea or urea derivatives, for example, chitosan. This desired effect is also achieved without the combined use of the additional C suppliers mentioned. The principle according to the present invention of the growth enhancement of antagonistic and / or nematicidal microorganisms belonging to the groups of bacteria and / or fungi of the soil produces especially remarkable effects when populations of corresponding microorganisms are already in the zones of the soil at try. Taking into account in current practice the very wide distribution of nematode strains that parasitize plants, we must consider the corresponding very wide presence of populations of suitable microorganisms within the framework of the present invention on soil surfaces used for agricultural purposes. In a manner known per se, in addition to the current technical practice, it is also possible to introduce bacterial and / or fungal strains with a desired antagonistic or nematicidal effect as a reinforcing culture in the area of the soil to be treated. Regarding this aspect we refer to general technical knowledge. Only by way of example we mention the following publications: J. Coosemans (1991), "Methods for introducing Verti cilli um chlamydospori um into soil." In: KERRY, B. R. & CRUMP, D.H .: Methods for studying nematophagous fungi. IOBC / WPRS Bulletin XIV: 39-45 as well as A. Ciancio (1995), "Observations on the nematicidal properties of some mycotoxins", Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 18 (5); 451-454. An additional possible variant within the framework of the teaching of the present invention is found in the combination of measures known in the state of the art for combating nematodes and the proposed measures in accordance with the present invention. It is possible in particular to start from the documents mentioned in US Pat. No. 5,057,141 and 4,536,207 as well as from the literature mentioned therein, by first introducing water-insoluble active substances or mixtures of active substances, especially chitin-based or chitin-complexes. / protein in the zone of the soil to be treated, and then further during the growth of the plants, take advantage of the mixtures of active substances in the form of an aqueous preparation according to the present invention. It is clear that, through the combination of work steps of this type, a biogenic reinforcement and a remarkable protective function of the strains of microorganisms to be reinforced in the sense of the present invention can be achieved. It is especially possible to combine the use of the active substances or mixtures of active substances described according to the present invention with the addition of chemical agents customary in the current practice to combat nematodes. These chemical nematicides widely used today are the subject of numerous printed publications. Only as an example we mention the book by H. Bórner, "Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzanschutz", fifth edition. Auflage, Verlag Eugen Ul er, Stuttgart, 1983, pages 128 to 132. If a combination of this type of teaching according to the present invention is used with conventional nematicides, then the amount of these conventional auxiliaries used is substantially reduced, without fear a significant loss of its effect. In this way, the usual synthetic chemical nematicides of the state of the art can be saved by at least 30%, preferably by at least 50 to 75%, without fearing loss of growth and / or production. The mixtures of active substances to be used according to the present invention can be prepared in the form of aqueous concentrates and stored, said concentrates are diluted with water before their application to the soil.

Suitable concentrates within the framework of the present invention of components (a) and (b) are prepared by way of example, in the following manner: from 10 to 30% by weight of lecithin and / or lecithin hydrolyzate; from 10 to 30% by weight of urea or derivative of urea; from 1 to 10% by weight of surfactant, optionally additional auxiliaries and the rest up to 100% is water. Concentrates of this type are diluted before their application on the area of the soil to be protected preferably in a ratio of 1:20 to 1: 100 with water. The application of the aqueous preparation can be carried out in any known manner. Both a regular distribution of liquid phase on the substrate surface and a targeted point application, for example in what is known as the hydrojet process are suitable. The surfactant components co-employed according to the present invention also cause, in the case of a point penetration in the soil, a diffusion of the mixture of aqueous active substances in a horizontal zone. The same is true in the case of the application of chitosan components (c) when introducing them into the mixtures with the components (a) and (b) and also in the case of the introduction of aqueous surfactant preparations containing only chitosan (c). ). In the case of the application or introduction of the mixtures of multiple components according to the present invention with the simultaneous and / or non-simultaneous use of chitosans, several principles can be involved that have an indirect influence on the quantities of active substance mixtures to be introduced. used in the corresponding processes. Thus, in a first embodiment it is possible to carry out the simultaneous and / or non-simultaneous application of the components or mixture of components according to the present invention only once during the growth period of the affected plants. The possibility envisaged in accordance with the present invention that employs mixtures of active substances soluble in water and / or emulsifiable in water, opens the way to the introduction of active substances or mixtures of active substances at more or less large time intervals several times on the floor. Thus it may be convenient to apply relatively small amounts of active substances according to the present invention at intervals of at least 2 or 3 weeks - for example at intervals of 1 to 2 months - in this way optimum effectiveness can be obtained, also in the case of the application of very small concentrations of active substances or mixture of active substances in the soil. Preferred amounts of application of the mixture of active substances according to the present invention are therefore at the lower limit of at least 0.1 to 0.2 g / m. "As for the rest, the declarations made as to the quantities applied apply. preferably applied in accordance with the present invention Examples In the preparation I provided hereinafter, a fluid aqueous concentrate which can be diluted in water of chitosan-containing active components according to the present invention is described.The concentrate can be diluted with water additionally and applied on the ground in this way without problem for the protection of the plants within the framework of the teaching of the present invention.With regard to the components described by trademarks in this table, we can mention the following: Glucopon 600 UP: O / W crosslinking agent based on APG Lipotin NE: enzymatic soy lecithin hydrolysed As a solution of aqueous chitosan, a water soluble chitosan polymer was used, which was made by using 1 g of chitosan polymer with 5 ml of 1 molar HCl in 100 ml of water with stirring at room temperature until dissolution of chitosan. Preparation II Raw material Quantity Glucopon 600 UP 2 g Chitosan solution at 1%, acid 58 ml Lipothin NE 20 g Urea 20 g 100 g The aqueous mixture of active substances provided here contains 5.8 g of chitosan (solid substance) per kg of product. Suitable applied amounts of these products per working process are, for example, within a range of 2 g / m "to 40 g / m:, so that a preferred applied amount of 20 g / mA is selected. Chitosan embedded This amount corresponds to 0.116 g of chitosan / rrr The product mixture described above can be diluted for example with 6 to 50 times this amount of water and thus applied to the soil.The ratio C: N: P is in this case 17: 10: 0.4.

Claims (24)

1. CLAIMS 1.
2. The use of (a) phosphorus compounds that have organic radicals that are at least partially lipophilic; (b) urea and / or urea derivatives in proportions (a): (b) such that the weight ratio C: N does not exceed 6 and preferably does not exceed 5, together with the simultaneous and / or non-simultaneous application of ( c) oligomeric and / or polymeric chitosan as an additive for the soil in the cultivation of plants that are attacked by nematodes that parasitize the plants and / or where the desired objective of optimization of the result of the cultivation of the plants is threatened by an attack of nematodes The use according to claim 1, characterized in that chitosans or chitosan compounds are used that are at least partially soluble in water and are applied to the culture soils preferably in the form of aqueous preparations.
3. 3. The use according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that chitosans with oligomeric and / or polymeric structure are used, which are obtained at least through a considerable deacetylation of chitin and desirable decrease of the average molecular weight by dissociation chain of aminosaccharide polymers.
4. The use according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that chitosan compounds with improved water solubility are used - preferably also in the neutral to slightly basic pH range - so that solubility in water can be ensured in a manner known per se, for example - by forming salt with inorganic and / or organic acids, by distributing and regulating the degree of polymerization or oligomerization and / or - by derivatizing chitosans with groups that provide solubility, for example, carboxylmethyl groups.
5. 5. The use according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, to the aqueous preparations of soil additives, physiologically suitable crosslinking agents are added for the plants, especially of the O / W type - which facilitate the spraying of the aqueous phase of substances active in the growth zone of the roots of the plants.
6. 6. The use according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the chitosans and their mixtures of active ingredient components (a) and (b) are used with combined use of APG compounds as O / W crosslinking agents.
7. 7. The use according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the chitosan compound is used at least partially in a mixture with P compounds having lipophilic radicals and urea and / or urea derivatives, so the application of corresponding aqueous preparations before or during the growth of the plants in the area of the roots of the plants.
8. The use according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the chitosans are used in the mixture of active substances to be applied in amounts of at least 0.05% by weight, preferably in amounts of at least 0.1 to 1% by weight, each time in relation to the mixture of anhydrous active substances.
9. The use according to claims 1 to 8, characterized in that phosphoric acid esters based on monovalent and / or polyvalent alcohols, including corresponding partial esters and / or their salts, are used as components (a).
10. The use according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that, as components (a), partial esters of phosphoric acid are used with fatty alcohols, preferably phospholipids and / or derivatives of fespholipids.
11. The use according to claims 1 to 10, characterized in that mixtures of (a) and (b) are used in which the weight ratio C: N is equal to or less than 3 to 4, preferably equal to / less than 2.5, and especially they are within a range of 1.5 to 2.
12. 12. The use according to claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the phospholipids together with the urea are used in mixed proportions (parts by weight) of 3: 1 to 1: 3, preferably of about 1: 1.
13. The use according to claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the soil additive - in relation to the anhydrous mixture - is applied in amounts of at least 0.2 g / irr, preferably in quantities of 1 to 60 g / m "and especially from 10 to 40 g / m2 14.
14. The use according to claims 1 to 13, characterized in that lecithins, lecithin hydrolysates and / or chemically modified lecithins which are especially of vegetable origin are used as phospholipids.
15. The use of phospholipids of vegetable origin in combination with urea and / or urea derivatives and in combination with oligomeric and / or polymeric chitosans for the biological control against soil nematodes that parasitize the plants through the reinforcement of the corresponding soil antagonist potential - especially by strengthening the growth of rhizosphere bacteria with antagonistic and / or nematicidal activity as well as by reinforcing growth of corresponding mycorrhiza strains, with simultaneous reinforcement of the growth of the plant cultures.
16. 16. The use according to claim 15, characterized in that the mixture of active substances that reinforce the growth of bacteria and / or fungi in aqueous preparation is preferably applied with the use of suitable emulsifiers for the O / W type plants. , before and / or during the cultivation of the plants in the area of the roots of the plants.
17. 17. Use according to claims 15 and 16, characterized in that additional suppliers of C are introduced simultaneously and / or not simultaneously with the application of the active substance mixture for the growth of the microorganism flora of the soil in the root zone of the plants to be protected, so that the application of saturated and / or olefinically unsaturated lipophilic hydrocarbon radicals with fatty structure as well as organic compounds degradable by aerobes and anaerobes can be preferred as additional suppliers of C.
18. 18. The use according to claims 15 to 17, characterized in that, as additional suppliers of C, oil-soluble organic compounds are used, but also biologically tolerable with aliphatic and / or olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals, preferably mainly straight chain with at least 6 carbon atoms and especially with At least 8 carbon atoms.
19. 19. The use according to claims 15 to 18, characterized in that as additional suppliers of C are used components that are at least partially functionalized with acid as heteroatoms, so the use of fatty alcohols and / or fatty acids or their derivatives, for example, their esters or partial esters, ethers and / or amides.
20. 20. Use in accordance with claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the compounds used as additional suppliers of C present, at least partially, solidification points equal to / below 25 to 30 ° C and especially equal to or less than 10 to 15 ° C, so that they are additionally preferred. components based on corresponding natural substances.
21. 21. The use in accordance with claims 15 to 20, characterized in that, as additional suppliers of C, C?-Α-olefinically unsaturated fatty alcohols of natural origin, especially Cis-is fatty alcohols with a high degree of olefinic double bonds and with a solidification point equal to or less than 20%, are used. ° C, preferably equal to or less than 10 to 15 ° C - preferably in admixture with partial fatty acid esters with glycerin monooleate.
22. 22. The use according to claims 15 to 21, characterized in that the proportions by weight of the components containing C and / or N of the active substance mixtures are determined in such a way that the proportions by weight C / N do not exceed approximately 6, preferably do not exceed 3 to 4.
23. 23. The use according to claims 15 to 22, characterized in that in the aqueous preparations biodegradable surfactants are used which have at least mainly a non-ionic character, which are preferably at least mainly of natural origin and which present preferably HLB values within a range of 10 to 18. The use according to claims 15 to 23, characterized in that the mixtures of active substances are used together with initial cultures with antagonistic and / or nematicidal effect.