MXPA00001652A - Gasification reactor apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

A gasification reactor apparatus (10) comprising a gasification vessel (12), a gas-fired combustion chamber (70) and a combination fan and cyclone unit (20) in an upper part (12') of the vessel (12) with two functions:first, the fan (62, 64) impels incoming feedstock (14, 14') centrifugally into contact with the hot inside surface of the vessel to produce rapid onset of gasification. Second, the unit (20) exerts a cyclonic motion on the product gas causing outward separation of particulate matter from the gas, which passes to the outlet via a path through the middle of the vessel (12).

Description

GASIFICATION REACTOR APPARATUS Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a gasification reactor apparatus. More particularly, the apparatus is for converting organic materials, or materials containing organic matter to a gas of high calorific value. It is especially applicable to waste disposal. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There is an increasing need to eliminate garbage, such as commercial and municipal (household) wastes. Burial has been a traditional means of disposal, but has numerous disadvantages that are well known, incineration is a possibly better method of disposal but has its limitations. In particular, the energy conversion rates are comparatively low and the use of waste heat, such as for district heating, has efficiency problems and high capital costs for heat distribution. The incinerators produce large volumes of smoking gases of low calorific value. It must be cleaned costly before discharging the atmosphere. Incinerators also produce large amounts of ash that require disposal. The incineration is therefore not of any way an ideal alternative compared to landfill. Gasification is a potentially attractive alternative to incineration. In gasification, organic matter is composed directly, that is, it is pyrolytically converted in the absence of air, into a combustible gas and ash. Unfortunately with the current gasifiers, the gas produced is heavily contaminated with coal and ash particles. Gas needs are considerable and cleaning is costly before it can be used efficiently as a source of heat or converted into electricity. Frequently the gas produced by the existing gasification plant is contaminated with very toxic dioxins. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has for its object the development of a highly efficient converter or gasifier capable of providing a clean gas of high calorific value with a minimum of ash. Another object is to present an adaptive converter or gasifier design to be implemented in large scale municipal waste disposal sites, as well as to be applied in small places such as hotels, factories and stores. In the last application, the gasifier desirably should provide all the energy needs of the site and could be basically self-sufficient. A municipal waste disposal plant materializing the present gasification reaction apparatus can be organized as described below. The solid waste that is presented is passed to a selection station. Here ferrous and non-ferrous metal objects are removed. The ceramic and vitreous objects are also removed, the rest of the solid waste is basically organic matter, including cellulose, plastic and rubber materials. The waste now passes to a cutting station to break the material into small particles of a relatively uniform size. At this stage, the waste will normally contain large amounts of moisture, so that it passes to a dryer. The energy for the dryer is taken from the output of the machine or boiler, and it is used for the later conversion of the gas to usable energy, this is electricity or heat. The moisture removed as water vapor can be condensed to discharge to a drain. The dry waste, if it is in the form of a cake, is crumbled and then sent to the gasifier for decomposition into flammable gas and ash. The gas that is produced can be used for different purposes, but the primary use is to drive a gas turbine generator to produce electricity, part or all of which can be supplied for profit to the national system. Some of the gas is used to heat the gasification apparatus. The output of the latter can be used to indirectly heat the dryer. What comes out of the gas turbine generator can be fed to a heat exchanger to produce superheated steam to move a steam turbine generator. Some of the steam can be used to heat the dryer. The electricity produced by the steam turbine generator, can be used for the needs of the plant installation or can be supplied for profit to the network system. It is seen by the previous scheme, that a gasification plant is highly economical is desirable. The acquisition of the fuel (waste), may not cost the operator of the plant, in fact the operator may even charge the waste producers for eliminating the waste. Once established and functioning, the plant has no significant operational costs, apart from routine maintenance and repair, the energy input to operate the plant can be effectively obtained from the same waste. The excess energy derived from the waste can be sold, as electrical or thermal energy. In this invention, a method for gasifying solid or liquid organic matter to produce gas of high calorific value, includes the steps of heating a gasification boiler at an elevated temperature, excluding the air thereof, admitting almost airless feed material in the top of the boiler and centrifugally dispersing the material fed by a fan in immediate contact with the heated inside the boiler, to decompose it into gas and ash and exerting a cyclonic movement in the gas produced inside the boiler to separate it and basically remove the particulate matter in the form of ash, the gas being conducted to an outlet along a central axial path through the boiler or vessel. The present invention provides an improved gasification reaction apparatus. According to the invention therefore, a gasification reactor apparatus is provided, comprising a combustion chamber, where a gasification vessel or boiler is mounted having an inlet for the material to be gasified and an outlet for discharging the gas produced, the inlet includes air insulating and sealing means to prevent the entry of air to the container with the fed material, and in an upper part of the boiler or container there is a combination unit of a rotating fan and a cyclonic unit, which when used respectively a) dispersed in material fed in contact with a heated internal wall of the boiler and b) establishes a cyclone in the gas produced to clean the gas of particulate matter before discharging it from the outlet. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will now be described in greater detail by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIGURE 1 is a partially sectioned view of a first gasification reaction apparatus according to the present invention; invention; FIGURE 2 is a partially sectioned view of a second gasification reaction plant according to the present invention; FIGURE 3 is a cross-sectional view of the rotor assembly of the gasification reaction plant of FIG. 2; FIGURES 4 and 5 are cross-sectional views of the upper and lower shaft assembly respectively supporting the rotor assembly of the gasification plant of FIG. 2; FIGURE 6 is a detailed view of the annular portion VI of FIG. 2; and FIGURE 7 is a detailed view of the annular portion 7 of FIG. 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The gasification reaction apparatus 10 of, Fig. 1 comprises a gassing vessel 12 made of, for example, stainless steel. In this container or boiler, the feed material 14, 14, becomes Piroli ically in a gas high heat value and ash in a non-oxidizing atmosphere within the container 12, the container 12 has a top 12 'cylindrical straight part lower truncated cone 12 '' which tapers towards and terminates in a collecting ash 16, the latter is provided with two gate valves 18, spaced forming an air lock through which ash can periodically be discharged without air enters the gassing vessel 12. The gassing vessel 12, has a cyclonic fan unit 20, at its top 12 ', the cyclonic fan 20 is mounted on a hollow shaft 22 extending upwardly from the vessel. The shaft is contained within a duct 24 welded to an upper cover 26 of the container. In turn, the shaft 22 is coupled to a drive shaft 28. The drive shaft 28 is suspended in a sealed assembly carrier air and protective gas 30 which closes the top of the duct 24 it is preferably cooled by a fluid , and therefore to the cyclonic fan 20. The two axes 22, 28 are essentially supported only by the carrier assembly 30. The shaft 22 extends downwardly through cyclonic fan 20. * "_ 8 Mounted at its bottom end there is a graphite bushing 34 which internally receives a centrally mounted pin on a star 36. There is a space of 1mm or so between the inside of bushing 34 and the centering pin. Together, the bushing and the pin do not function as a support for the shaft 28; only the support assembly 30 supports the shaft for rotation. The pin and bushing 34, first constitute a safety measure to prevent or restrict the radial movement of the shaft 22 and the cyclonic fan 20 within safe limits. The air can not enter the apparatus 10 and particularly the container 12, as described, nor can gas enter from the container except through a gas duct 38. The duct 38 is branched from the stopped duct 24 and includes a connection 40 to a safety pressure seal, not shown. The feed material 14, 14 'for gas conversion is introduced without air into the container 12, by means of an inlet 41 having an air-tight telescopic expansion conduit 42 welded to the upper cover 26. In principle, the material fed 14 will be municipal solid waste in small dried particles that will have a broadly fibrous characteristic. However, the material fed, in no way is limited, to municipal solid waste. Actually other organic materials can be used and do not need to be solid, for example used oils can be fed via line 44 to container 12, for gasification serving as fed material 14 '. Such oils can become a gas of a particularly high calorific value. In some cases it may be desirable to introduce both solid and liquid materials at the same time to the container 12 as to use a mixture of material that allows to control the chemical composition and the calorific value of the gas produced. The solid feed material is supplied without air to the inlet of vessel 41, by a sealed feeder apparatus 50. Briefly the feeder apparatus 50 which supplies the airless solid material to conduit 42, comprises a chamber 52 with a material inlet 54 and an exit of material that opens to the conduit. Sealing means 56 at a location between the inlet and outlet cap the chamber 52. The sealing means includes a pair of rotary counter rollers 58, contacting each other and forming a windable shrinkage. The contraction is a basically vertical extension and allows the fed material to pass between the rollers 58 towards the outlet and forms a seal that basically prevents gas or air from entering between the rollers. The sealed feeder apparatus 50 is placed under a supply conveyor (not shown) to receive material 14 from the conveyance ^ The sealing means 56, effectively divides the chamber 52 into two parts, one including the inlet 54 open to the atmosphere and the other below the sealing means that is isolated by them from the atmosphere. Thanks to the windable rollers 58 that are driven by a motor 60, the material 14 that falls by gravity of the conveyor passes without air to the lower part of the chamber 52, from here, the fed material is advanced to the outlet, to the conduit 42 and to the inlet 41 by an oscillating bar conveyor 61 of known type. The lower part of the chamber can be provided with at least one gas adjustment (not shown). In this way, when the apparatus 10 is turned on, the lower part of the chamber can be evacuated or flushed with inert gas, then filled with gas produced in the container 12 during the gasification process. As indicated, the sealing means comprises a pair of rotating contact rollers 58, which form a windable sealing contraction, the rollers having elastically compressed peripheries which are formed by polymer rims. The particles of the material that enters the sealing contraction, they are transported downwards by means of the understandable elastic peripheral contraction that takes and pulls the particles of the material simultaneously preventing a significant amount of air from entering the lower part of the chamber 52. The cyclonic fan 20, comprises a metal disc up to the top 62, fixed rigidly to the hollow shaft 22. On the upper surface of the disc 62, fan blades 64 are mounted. The disc 62 and the blades 64 are disposed near the upper cover 26 of the container 12, so that the blades rotate by but below the inlet 41, there may be 3, 4 or more fan blades 64. Also rigidly fixed to the shaft 22 and at the bottom of the disk are a plurality of metal blades 66, for example 4. Each blade 66 may project radially from the shaft and it may have its outermost part bent, curved or angled forward, that is in the direction of rotation of the cyclonic fan. The vanes 66 are arranged at a uniform distance around the axis 22. Instead of projecting radially from the axis 22, the vanes can and are preferably arranged tangentially, so that they project forward in the direction of rotation of the cyclonic fan. Again in this arrangement, each vane 66 has its most extreme portion bent or angled forward when used when rotating the cyclonic fan, the vanes 66 establish a swirling movement of the gas in the container 12, as will be described below. .

The vanes 66 each have a square or rectangular top portion 6 'and a lower triangular tapered portion 66". The metal disk 62, the fan blades 64 and the vanes 66 can be made of stainless steel welded together and to the shaft 12. The container 12 is mounted inside a combustion chamber 70. The combustion chamber has an upper part 70 and a bottom 74 and a side wall 76, made of steel with thick insulating coverings, for example refractory bricks, refractory clay or ceramic fiber. A plurality of burners 78 are mounted at spaced intervals around the side wall 76 of chamber 70. They burn a mixture of combustible gas air and when running heat the vessel to a temperature of about 90 ° C or more. When used, the combustible gas can be a proportion of the gas produced by gasification of the fed material. However, at the beginning of the gasification process any combustible gas can be used, for example propane. Gas burners 78 are preferably described in our British patent application GB98122975.2 but any suitable burner can be used. The combustion products inside the chamber 70 are expelled into the atmosphere via an ßO exit duct. Preferably the gaseous combustion products are first cooled by heat exchange in a steam or hot water generator (not shown). The recovered heat is favorably used in the plant, for example, in the dryer to remove moisture from the fed material. After heat exchange, the products of combustion are expelled into the atmosphere. The operation of the reaction apparatus of 10 will now be described. When put in stain when cold, an inert gas such as nitrogen is introduced into the container 12, through an inlet (not shown) and out through the duct 38. The sealed feeder apparatus 50, is then washed with a gas inert. While the inert gas atmosphere is maintained in the vessel 12, the burners 78 are ignited and the vessel is brought to a temperature. The temperature of vessel 12 can be known by known means such as a pyrometer (not shown). Meanwhile, the cyclonic fan 20 rotates at 500-lOOrpm by the electric motor drive device 32. internal surface caliejj§f "of the container 12, the gasification in a gas of al-ugly calorific value begins quickly, it is believed that in a hundredth of a second.It is thought that such rapid start-up of gasification is an important factor in avoiding The production of dioxins As the supply of material and gasification continues, it has been found that the gas produced exerts a propelling effect on the cyclonic fan 20 while maintaining its rotation as a result, the electrical energy to drive the engine 32 can be turned off. In addition it can also be used as a generator of electricity usable in the plant, as gasification continues, the inert gas supply can be cut off and the high calorific value gas can be taken out of the container 12 through the pipeline 38 for further treatment, collection and use. During gasification, the gas may be contaminated by particles, however, as indicated by the paddles. they establish a swirling movement - or cyclonic effect - in the gas. As a result the particulate material is projected outwardly against the interior of the container 12. If this material has not been fully gasified, its decomposition and gasification will continue in the vicinity of the interior of container 12, and finally it becomes ash. The cyclone effectively releases the gas from particulate pollutants.

The gas produced conveniently enters the hollow shaft 22 via an opening 22 ', passes to the shaft 22 and exits to the upper region of the duct 24 through the shaft openings 22' •. Most gas leaves pipeline 24 through pipeline 38, but a proportion of the gas goes down the duct 24 back into the containers 12 where it is pulled by the centrifugal action of the vanes 64, the pulled gas aids the flow of the fed material entering the hot internal surface of the container 12. The gas entering the pipeline 38 passes to a blow cooler, where it is quickly cooled by passing through cold water or oil sprinklers. The cooling in that cooler leaves the gas in a particularly clean state, and can ensure that the conversion of its components to contaminants, such as dioxins, is successfully avoided. The gas that comes out burns very cleanly and its combustion products establish minimal environmental problems when discharged into the atmosphere. The gas produced can be used in a small part to feed the burners 78. The main gas production is converted to thermal or electrical energy. By way of a non-limiting example, the apparatus 10 can have a cyclonic fan 20 of 3.6m in diameter and the container 12 can consume approximately 1.5 tons of dry solid municipal waste per hour. Such an apparatus can start gas production about 1 hour after it has turned cold. In emergency gas production in approximately 25 seconds stopping the supply of feedstock. The conversion efficiency of the fed material 14 14 'to the gas is of the order of 90-95%. The gas produced per hour can yield approximately 2.5 to 14 MW depending on the nature of the fed material 14, 14 '. If this gas is consumed in a turbine generator to produce electricity, the maximum conversion deficiency is 42% or approximately. In practice, depending on the quality of the toothed material, 0.7 to 4.5M of electricity can be generated from one ton of the dry feed material. If the gas obtained by the apparatus 10 is partially used for heating (slow heating) and partially for electricity generation, the yields can be 30% electrical energy and 50% thermal energy. The expected energy loss is 20%. The next tabulation is an analysis of the gas generated by the gasifier of Fig. I, and demonstrates the lack of contaminants with chlorine.

In contrast, the landfill gas is much more contaminated as the following tabulation shows. The analyzes are for the three samples of different landfill gas, in Distington, Cumberland, England.

In the four previous analyzes the unit is mg / mi and ND means not detected. The gas produced by the apparatus 10 has as main constituents, various hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The following tabulation shows the main constituents and the calorific values for the two gas samples obtained by the use of the present apparatus.

Sample 1 was gas produced by gasifying municipal solid waste. Sample 2 was gas produced by gasifying a mixture of oils 50% of which were used machine lubricants. Keeping in mind that the materials fed are made up of free waste material or of all kinds with increasing elimination problems, the clean gas produced with high calorific value is very beneficial. The calorific values are calculated from the gas compositions and are compared well with the calorific value of the natural gas which is approximately 38 MJ / m3. Referring now to Figs. 2 to 7, a second embodiment of the present invention, is a gasification apparatus 100 comprising a gassing vessel 112, for example made of stainless steel. As in the first embodiment, the feed material 14, 14 'is pyrolytically converted to a high-calorific gas and ash in a non-oxidizing atmosphere within the container 112. The container 112 has a cylindrical side wall 112' a wall 112 '' upward dome-shaped and a lower dome-shaped bottom wall 112 '' 'the lower ends of the side wall 112 and the wall 112' • 'are joined in an annular trough 116. The annular trough 116 collects the ash produced by the gasification of the fed material 14, 14 'which is removed from the container 112 by the conduit 117, by operation of a rotary valve 118. The "coal ash" can be treated by one of two ways after removal from the position down the rotary valve 118 by means of an outlet (not shown) that is sealed at full pressure.

In one case the ash is removed to an activating chamber and after it has been activated it is removed by means of another outlet and two air blocking valves not allowing any gas leakage or air infiltration. In another case the ash is brought to a higher temperature and reacted with high temperature steam that reacts completely with the carbon, producing another stream of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The remaining inert ash is discharged in a manner similar to activated charcoal ash. The upper and lower hollow ducts 119 and 121, are welded to the walls of the upper and lower container 112"and, 112" coaxially with each other and the gasification container 112. The feed material 14, 14"is fed of the container 112 by means of a duct 142 placed in the upper wall 112"of the container 112. The feedstock 14, 14" are fed to the container 112 by a duct 142 placed in the upper wall 112"of the container 112 displaced from the vertical axis of the container 112 but close to it. The gassing vessel 112 has a cyclonic fan unit 120 mounted on a hollow shaft 122 supported by rotation about its axis within the ducts 119 and 121. Referring particularly to Figs. 2,4,7 the upper end of shaft 122 has welded to its outer annular collar 200 where a drive shaft 202 with flange 203 is bolted to bolts 204, a ceramic insulator disk 206 is interposed between collar 200 and the flange 203 of the drive shaft 202 to form a thermal break. The upper and lower ducts 119 and 121 are covered by the hoods 216 and 218 with a respective ceramic insulating ring 219, 219 'between them to form thermal ruptures. Mounted in the upper and lower ducts are bearing sealing assemblies 220 and 222. The former is located on a thrust bearing bracket 223 to support the cyclonic fan unit 120. They also support mounting shafts 202 and 210, for rotation in so much that the assembly 220 allows longitudinal expansion and contraction during the thermal cycling of the gasification apparatus 100, as indicated by the dotted lines 223 in Figure 7. The roller bearing sealing assemblies support the cyclone fan 120 in a sealing way tight to air and gas. Preferably they are cooled with fluid. The lower mounting shaft 210 is coupled to an electric motor driver 212, in this 5.5kW mode for rotating the cyclone fan 120. The wall of the hollow shaft 120 is pierced by a row of five vertically aligned through holes 124, row 120 which is positioned to be toward the lower portion of the shaft 122 within the container 112. The shaft 120 is also pierced by a row of five vertically aligned holes of the same type 126, row 126 positioned within the upper portion of the duct 119. duct 128 placed on the side of the upper duct 119 is used to extract gases from the container 112 which pass into the shaft 122 by means of holes 124 and exit into the duct 119 from the interior of the shaft 122 through the holes 128 the upper portion of the duct 119 is basically sealed from the container 112 by a restrictor 129. The feed material 14, 14 'is fed without air to the container 112 by a feeder apparatus (not shown) as described with reference to the embodiment of Figure 1. Referring now to Figures 22 and 3, the cyclone fan 120 comprises a closed cyclone collar 162 fixed on the shaft 122 towards the top of the container 112 and in the upper inclined surface of which there are mounted four stopped equidistant plates 163 (two shown) extending radially from near the axis 122 to the base of the conical collar 162. Depending vertically downwardly of the collar of the conical collar 162 there is in this mode, twenty-four blades or flat fan blades 164 which are set at an angle slightly away from the radial alignment, to be directed towards the direction of movement of the cyclone fan 120 seen radially outwards. The blades 164 may be slightly curved in the radial direction through their horizontal width. The vanes 164 are supported in their vertical orientation from the tapered collar 162 by a pair of vertically spaced stars 136 each fixed horizontally between the shaft 122 and each of the blades 164. A truncated cone wear tube 165 is welded to the corner of the container 112 in the top part of the domed 112", and the side wall 112 'of the container 112 adjacent to the outermost extension of the plates 163. The container 112 is mounted within a combustion chamber 170 with gas burners (not shown) constructed of the same materials as the combustion chamber 170 of the embodiment of Figure 1, but configured to surround the container 112.

The combustion products within the chamber 170 are vented to the atmosphere by an exhaust pipe. { not shown). Preferably, the gaseous combustion products are precooled by heat exchange in a steam generator or hot water (not shown). The recovered heat is favorably used to remove moisture from the fed material. After heat exchange, combustion products are released into the atmosphere. The operation of the gasification reaction apparatus 100 is as described above with reference to the apparatus of Figure 1. Upon starting from the cold, an inert gas such as nitrogen is introduced into the vessel 112 through an inlet (not shown) . As long as the inert gas atmosphere is maintained in the container 112, the container 112 is heated to the desired temperature, and the cyclonic fan 20 rotates at a rate of 500-1000 r.p.m. by the electric motor device 212. Once the container 112 is at the desired temperature, the supply of the feed material begins. The feed materials 14, 14 'passing through the inlet duct 142, meet the rapidly rotating plates 163 and are winged outwardly against the inner hot surface of the container 112, the wear plate 165 shields the container 112. at the initial point of impact with the container 112. Gasification to a high calorific value gas begins rapidly, as before. As the supply of feedstock and gasification continues, the gas produced exerts a propelling effect on the cyclonic fan 12, maintaining its rotation, and again the electric power to the engine device 212 can be turned off, and can be used as a usable electricity generator in the plant. As the gasification proceeds, the inert gas supply can be cut off and the high calorific value gas can be removed from the container 112 through the duct 128 for further treatment, accumulation and use. The vanes 164 establish and maintain a swirl or cyclonic effect in the gas in the space of the container 112 with the particulate material projecting outwardly against the interior of the container 112. If this material has not been completely gasified, its decomposition and gasification it will continue in the vicinity of the inner side of the container 12, and finally it will turn to ash. The cyclonic effect successfully removes the polluting particulate material from the gas as the gas is properly produced and enters the hollow shaft 22 in the center of the container, away from the particles being winnowed onto the side wall of the container 112, by of the lower openings 124, arranged therein. The gas rises up the shaft 22 and exits the upper region of the duct 119 via the shaft openings 126. Most of the gas leaves the duct 119 through the duct 128, but a portion of the gas passes down the duct 119 back to the container 112, which is pulled by the centrifugal action of the plates 163, the pulling or sucking of the gas aids the flow of the feed material that is reaching the hot internal surface of the container 112. The gas entering the pipeline 128, is passed, as previously to a blow cooler or scraper, where it is rapidly cooled by passing through cooling water or oil sprinklers. Cooling by such a cooler leaves the gas in a particularly clean state and ensures that the conversion of its components to contaminants such as dioxins will be successfully avoided. The gas that comes out burns very cleanly and its combustion products can establish a minimum environmental problem when discharged into the atmosphere. The gas produced can be used in a small proportion to feed burners. The main part 'gr' 28 of the gas is converted to "thermal or electrical energy., x place of typical municipal waste, there may be up to nine appliances 10 or 110 running in parallel. Energy production is predicted to be of the order of 30 MW in electric power and 50 -60 MW of thermal energy. The gas produced from municipal waste or solid waste has a desirably low content of harmful halogenated compounds. A typical chromatographic analysis shows that the amount of such compounds is negligible.

Claims (24)

1. Novelty of the Invention Having described the invention as above, the content of the following is claimed as property: CLAIMS l.- Gasification reactor apparatus, comprising a combustion chamber, characterized in that a gasification vessel is mounted, which has an inlet for feed material or supply to be gasified and an outlet for discharging the gas produced, the inlet includes sealing and air insulating means to prevent the entry of air to the container when the matter of supply or feeding, and in an upper part from the container there is a combination of rotary fan and cyclonic unit, which, in use, respectively a) disperses the incoming feed material to bring it into contact with a hot inner wall of the container and b) establishes a cyclonic movement in the gas produced for release algae of particulate material before unloading it from the outlet.
2. 2. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the combustion chamber is a gas-heated oven.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1 to 2, characterized in that the inlet is provided in an upper cover of the container and the fan and cyclonic unit is disposed below and near the upper cover.
4. 4. Apparatus according to claim 3, characterized in that the fan and cyclonic unit comprises a disk element spaced from the upper cover and having fan blades on an upper surface thereof to disperse the incoming supply material. the hot inner wall in the upper part of the container, and the disc element is rigidly fixed to an axial and central shaft or crankshaft.
5. 5. Apparatus according to claim 3, characterized in that the fan and cyclonic unit further comprises a plurality of cyclonic vanes rigidly fixed to a lower side of the disk element and to the shaft.
6. 6. - A gasification reactor apparatus according to any of claims 1-3, characterized in that the ventilated and cyclonic unit comprises a conical collar fixed to a rotating shaft, there being a plurality of plates extending radially stopped from the upper surface of the conical collar and a plurality of vanes depending on the conical collar so that they are adjacent to the side wall of the container.
7. 7. - A gasification reactor apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that it includes one or more stars connecting the vanes to the axis. 8. A gasification reaction apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that it includes a wear plate attached to the container in front of the external extensions of the plates. 9. A gasification reaction apparatus according to any of claims 1-8, characterized in that the container has a dome-shaped bottom wall inwardly, which is joined to the side wall of the container. vessel to form an annular trough. 10.- Gasification reaction device according! I with claim 5 or 6, characterized in that each vane has a radially outermost part that is bent curved or annularly forward in the direction of rotation of the unit. 11. Apparatus according to claim 5, i 6 or 10, characterized in that each vane is arranged tangentially to the axis to project forward in the direction of rotation of the unit. 12. - Apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the container has a closed central duct closed in the upper end by an air-tight support, and the fan and cyclonic unit is mounted on a shaft or crankshaft that extends upwards along the duct. 13. Apparatus according to claim 12, characterized in that, the shaft has a bushing at the lower end, which is loosely placed around a centering pin axially mounted on the container. 14. - Apparatus according to one of claims 12 or 13, characterized in that, the shaft is hollow and has openings adjacent to its upper and lower ends, the hollow shaft is a conduit for transporting the produced gas, free of particles, towards the exit. 15. - Apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outlet is constructed and arranged to recirculate some of the gas produced to the container in the course of its advance to be discharged. 16. Apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the container has an air blocking duct in the bottom thereof to allow the discharge of ash without admitting air to the container. 17. Apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the air-insulating and sealing means is a supply device for supplying the airless feed material to the inlet of the apparatus. 18. Apparatus according to claim 17, characterized in that the feeder device comprises a chamber that has an inlet, sealing means or sealing means comprising rollers with ventricible peripheries defining a windable sealing ridge which, when used, allows particles of feeder material to pass through. , but not air, and a conveyor to advance the feeder material to the entrance. 19. Apparatus according to claim 16 or 17, characterized in that the feeder device further includes a conduit for feeding liquid feed material to the inlet. 20. Apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outlet is coupled to a water or oil curtain cooler / cleaner. 21. A method for gasifying solid and / or liquid organic material to produce a gas of high calorific value, comprising the steps of heating a gasification vessel at an elevated temperature while the air is expelled therefrom, admitting material >; of feeding, without air to the upper part of the container, and disperse the feeding material in immediate contact with the internal heated wall of the container in the upper part thereof, to decompose it into gas and ash exerting a cyclone movement on the gas produced inside of the container and conduct a substantially particle-free gas to an outlet, along the path of the central axis through the container 22. A method according to claim 22, wherein the start of the gasification of the material. feeder is effected in approximately 1/100 of a second after its admission to the container 23. - A method according to claim 22 or 23, wherein the container is heated to a temperature of 900 ° C or higher. Gas produced by the method according to any of claims 22-24, having a gross calorific value of at least 23.1 MJ / m3, for example from 23.1 to 34.
8. 8 MJ / m3.