MX2014001417A - Methods for monitoring bacteria using opticoanalytical devices. - Google Patents

Abstract

In or near real-time monitoring of fluids can take place using an opticoanalytical device that is configured for monitoring the fluid. Fluids can be monitored prior to or during their introduction into a subterranean formation using the opticoanalytical devices. Produced fluids from a subterranean formation can be monitored in a like manner. Specifically, bacteria can be monitored in fluids using opticoanalytical devices. The methods can comprise exposing water to a bactericidal treatment, and after exposing the water to the bactericidal treatment, monitoring live bacteria in the water using an opticoanalytical device that is in optical communication with the water. Optionally, the water can be introduced into a subterranean formation.

Description

METHODS FOR MONITORING BACTERIA USING DEVICES OPTICS-ANALYTICS FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to methods for monitoring fluids in or near real time, and, more specifically, to methods for monitoring fluids before, during or after their introduction to an underground formation and / or to methods for monitoring fluids. produced from an underground formation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION When conducting operations within an underground formation, it may be important to know precisely the characteristics of a fluid or other component present in or being introduced into the formation. Typically, the analysis of fluids and other components that are being introduced into an underground formation has been conducted off-line using laboratory analysis (eg, wet spectroscopic and / or chemical methods). These analyzes can be conducted in our fluid that are being introduced into the underground formation or in our return flow fluid that is being produced from the underground formation after it has a treatment operation has occurred. Depending on the necessary analysis, such an approach can take hours to days to complete, and even in the best scenario, a job can often be completed before the analysis has been obtained. In addition, off-line laboratory analyzes can sometimes be difficult to carry out, require extensive sample preparation and present risks for the personnel carrying out the analyzes. Bacterial analyzes in particular can take a long time to complete, since the cultivation of a bacterial sample is usually necessary to obtain satisfactory results.

Although offline, retrospective analyzes may be satisfactory in certain cases, they usually do not allow proactive control to occur in. Real-time or near real-time operation of an underground operation. That is, offline, retrospective analyzes do not allow the interactive control of an underground operation to occur, at least without significant interruption of the process that occurs while waiting for the results of the analysis. In many underground operations, the lack of proactive control in real time or almost in real time can be extremely detrimental to the intended result of the underground operation. For example, if a fluid of incorrect treatment in the underground formation, or if a correct treatment fluid having a desired composition but at least one undesired characteristic is introduced (eg, the incorrect concentration of a desired component, the incorrect viscosity, the incorrect pH, an impurity of interference, a potential of incorrect subsidence, the type or concentration of incorrect proppant particles, bacterial contamination and / or the like) in an underground formation, the underground operation can produce an ineffective result or a less effective result than desired. Even worse, if an incorrect treatment fluid or a treatment fluid having an undesired characteristic in the underground formation is introduced, formation damage may occur in some cases. Such damage can sometimes result in the abandonment of a well that penetrates the underground formation, or on occasion remediation cooperation may be necessary to at least partially repair the damage. In any case, the consequences of introducing the incorrect treatment fluid into an underground formation can have serious financial implications and result in considerable production delays.

Off-line, retrospective analyzes may also be unsatisfactory to determine the true Suitability of a treatment fluid to carry out a treatment operation or to evaluate the true effectiveness of a treatment operation. Specifically, once removed from its underground environment and transported to a laboratory, the characteristics of a fluid sample can change, thus making the properties of the sample not indicative of the true effect produced by the treatment fluid in the formation underground Similar problems can also be found in the analysis of treatment fluids before they are introduced into an underground formation. That is, the properties of the treatment fluid may change during the delay time between collection and analysis. In such cases, a treatment fluid that seems unsuitable for underground use based on its laboratory analyzes could have been adequate if it were introduced into the underground formation at a previous time. The reverse can also be true. Factors that can alter the characteristics of a treatment fluid during the delay time may include, for example, desquamation, reaction of different components in the fluid with another, reaction of different components in the fluid with the components of the surrounding environment, derating simple chemistry, and bacterial growth.

In addition, it may also be of interest to monitor source materials that are being used in the formation of a treatment fluid. For example, if a wrong originating material or the incorrect quality and / or quantity of a source material is used to form a treatment fluid, it is highly likely that the treatment fluid will have an undesirable characteristic. In this respect, monitoring a source material can also be an important quality control feature in the formation of a treatment fluid.

In addition to monitoring the characteristics of treatment fluids that are being introduced into an underground formation, monitoring of fluids produced from an underground formation can also be of considerable interest. The fluids of interest produced can include both native fluids of the formation and fluids of return flow produced after the completion of a treatment operation. As previously mentioned, the of a luxury return fluid can provide an indication of the effectiveness of the treatment operation, if properly analyzed. Despite the wealth of chemical information that may be present in these fluids, it has sometimes been conventional in the matter simply to have water from the formation produced or return flow fluids that result from a treatment operation. As a further concern, the significant volumes of fluids produced from an underground formation can present enormous problems of waste disposal, particularly in view of the increasingly stringent environmental regulations regarding the disposal of produced water and other types of wastewater. The inability to quickly analyze the fluids produced can make the recycling or disposal of these fluids extremely problematic, since they must be stored until the analyzes can be completed. As previously indicated, even when an analysis has been completed, there is no guarantee that the sample will remain significant from the mass of fluid produced.

More generally, fluid monitoring in or near real time can be of considerable interest in order to monitor how fluids change over time, thus serving as a quality control measure for processes in which the fluids are used. fluids Specifically, problems such as, for example, peeling, accumulation of impurities, bacterial growth and the like can impede the processes in which the fluids are used, and even damage the process equipment in certain cases. For example, the water currents that used in cooling towers and similar processes can become highly corrosive over time and become susceptible to scale formation and bacterial growth. Corrosion and scale formation can damage the pipeline lines through which water flows and potentially lead to system failure. Similar problems can be found for fluids subject to other types of environments.

Spectroscopic techniques to measure different characteristics of materials are well known and are routinely used under laboratory conditions. In some cases, these spectroscopic techniques can be carried out without using an involved sample preparation. It is more common, however, to carry out different sample preparation steps before conducting the analysis. The reasons for conducting the sample preparation steps may include, for example, removing the background materials from the analyte of interest, converting the analyte of interest into a chemical form that can be better detected by the chosen spectroscopic technique, and adding standards to improve the accuracy of quantitative measurements. Therefore, there may be a delay in obtaining an analysis due to the time of the sample preparation, even when discounting the time of transit of the sample to a laboratory. Although spectroscopic techniques can be conducted, at least in principle, at a work site or in a process, prior concerns regarding sample preparation times may still apply. In addition, the transition of spectroscopic instruments from a laboratory to a field or process environment can be costly and complex. The reasons for these problems may include, for example, the need to overcome the inconsistent temperature, humidity and vibration encountered during field or process use. In addition, sample preparation, when required, can be difficult under field analysis conditions. The difficulty of carrying out sample preparation in the field can be especially problematic in the presence of interference materials, which can further complicate conventional spectroscopic analyzes. Quantitative spectroscopic measurements can be particularly challenging in both field and laboratory facilities due to the need for precision and accuracy in specimen preparation and spectral interpretation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to methods for monitoring fluids in or near real time, and, more specifically, to methods for monitoring fluids before, during or after their introduction to an underground formation and / or to methods for monitoring fluids. produced from an underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing at least one source material; combining said at least one source material with a base fluid to form a treatment fluid; and monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: preparing a treatment fluid; transport the treatment fluid to a work site; introduce treatment fluid into an underground formation at the work site; monitoring a feature of the treatment fluid at the work site using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid; determine if the fluid characteristic of treatment that is being monitored using the first optical-analytical device makes the treatment fluid suitable to be introduced into the underground formation; and optionally, adjusting the characteristic of the treatment fluid.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: forming a treatment fluid on the fly by adding at least one component to a base fluid stream; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid using an optical-analytical device while the treatment fluid is being introduced into the underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing at least one acid; combining said at least one acid with a base fluid to form an acidification fluid; and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the acidification fluid.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing an acidification fluid comprising at least one acid; introduce the fluid of acidification in an underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the acidification fluid.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: forming an acidification fluid on the fly by adding at least one acid to a base fluid stream; introduce the acidification fluid in an underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid using an optical-analytical device while the acidification fluid is being introduced into the underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing at least one component of fracturing fluid; combining said at least one component of fracturing fluid, a base fluid to form a fracturing fluid; and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the fracturing fluid.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a fracturing fluid comprising at least one fluid component of fracturing; introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein; and monitoring a characteristic of fracturing fluid using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the fracturing fluid.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: forming a fracturing fluid on the fly by adding at least one fracturing fluid component to a base fluid stream; introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein; and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid using an optical-analytical device while the fracturing fluid is being introduced into the underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation; allowing the treatment fluid to carry out a treatment operation in the underground formation; and monitor a fluid characteristic of treatment or a formation fluid using at least a first optical-analytical device within the underground formation, during a return flow of the treatment fluid produced from the underground formation, or both.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation; and monitoring a feature of the treatment fluid using at least a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid before the treatment fluid is introduced into the underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing an acidification fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one acid; introduce the acidification fluid in an underground formation; allow the acidification fluid to carry out an acidification operation in the underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid or a formation fluid using at least a first optical-analytical device within the formation underground, during a return flow of the acidification fluid produced from the underground formation, or both.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing an acidification fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one acid; introduce the acidification fluid in an underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid using at least one optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the acidification fluid before the acidification fluid is introduced into the underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a fracturing fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one fracturing fluid component; introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein, thereby carrying out a fracturing operation in the underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid or a formation fluid using at least a first optical-analytical device within the underground formation, during a return flow of the fracturing fluid produced from the underground formation, or both of them .

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a fracturing fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one fracturing fluid component; introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein; and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid using at least a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the fracturing fluid before the fracturing fluid is introduced into the underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing water from a water source; monitor a water feature using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the water; introduce the water in an underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: producing water from a first underground formation, thereby forming a produced water; monitor a characteristic of the water produced using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the water produced; forming a treatment fluid comprising the produced water and at least one additional component; and introducing the treatment fluid into the first underground formation or a second underground formation.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing water from a water source; monitor a water feature using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the water; and treating the water to alter at least one property thereof in response to the water characteristic monitored using the first optical-analytical device.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a fluid in a fluid stream; and monitoring a characteristic of the fluid using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the fluid in the fluid stream.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a fluid in a fluid stream; monitoring a characteristic of the fluid using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the fluid in the fluid stream; determine if the characteristic of the fluid needs to be adjusted based on the output of the first optical device- analytical; carry out an action in the fluid in the fluid stream to adjust the characteristic thereof; and after carrying out the action in the fluid in the fluid stream, monitor the characteristic of the fluid using a second optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the fluid in the fluid stream.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing water in a fluid stream; carry out an action in the water in the fluid stream to adjust a water characteristic; after carrying out the action in the water in the fluid stream, monitor the water characteristic using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the water in the fluid stream; and determine if the water feature is within a desired range.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: monitoring live bacteria in water using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with water.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; monitor live bacteria in the fluid of treatment using at least a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid; and introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation, after monitoring the live bacteria in it.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method comprising: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation; and monitor live bacteria in the treatment fluid within the underground formation using an optical-analytical device located therein.

The features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art with a reading of the description of the preferred embodiments that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The following figures are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present invention, and should not be viewed as exclusive modalities. The material that is disclosed is capable of modification, alteration, and considerable equivalents in form and function, as will occur for someone experienced in the subject that has the benefit of this disclosure.

Figure 1 shows a block diagram illustrating non-mechanically how an optical computing device separates electromagnetic radiation related to a characteristic or analyte of interest from other electromagnetic radiation.

Figure 2 shows a non-limiting global schematic illustration where the optical-analytical devices (D) can be used to monitor the process of fluid formation, introduce a fluid in an underground formation, and produce a fluid from an underground formation.

Figure 3 shows an illustrative schematic showing how an optical computing device can be implemented along a flow path that is used to transport fluid.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to methods for monitoring fluids in or near real time, and, more specifically, to methods for monitoring fluids before, during or after their introduction to an underground formation and / or methods for monitoring fluids. produced from an underground formation.

Different modalities described in this document use optical-analytical devices that can be used for real-time or near-real-time monitoring of fluids that are eventually introduced into an underground formation. Likewise, these optical-analytical devices can be used to monitor fluids that are produced from an underground formation (including both the fluids of return flow, as the fluids of the formation, and combinations thereof) or to monitor and regulate fluids that They are used in different processes. These devices, which are described in greater detail in this document, can conveniently provide a quality control measure in real time or almost in real time through the introduction of fluids into an underground formation that currently can not be achieved with any of on-site analyzes at a work site or more detailed analyzes that take place in a laboratory. In addition, these devices can conveniently provide timely information regarding the effectiveness of a treatment operation that is being carried out in an underground formation or the monitoring of a fluid in a fluid stream, particularly while the fluid stream is being modified. somehow. An important advantage of these devices is that they can be configured to detect and / or specifically measure a particular component of a fluid, allowing qualitative and / or quantitative fluid analysis to occur in this manner without the processing of samples occurring. The ability to perform quantitative analyzes in real time or near real time represents a distinct advantage over delayed laboratory analyzes, which may delay the start of an underground operation or provide information too late to proactively guide the performance of an operation underground In addition, optical-analytical devices may be able to monitor a treatment operation while a treatment fluid resides within an underground formation.

The optical-analytical devices that are used in the embodiments described herein may conveniently allow at least some proactive or sensitive control measures to occur on a treatment operation or other type of operation using a fluid. In this respect, the capacity of monitoring in real time or almost in real time using the optical-analytical devices can conveniently allow the automation of a treatment operation through the active feedback of information obtained using the optical-analytical devices. Specifically, when coupling the optical-analytical device to a processor configured to manipulate the analytical data obtained therefrom (e.g., a computer, an artificial neural network, and / or the like), a processing operation can be proactively controlled to allow a most effective treatment operation. In some cases, the analytical data obtained from the optical-analytical device can be manipulated to determine ways in which the fluid can be modified to produce or improve a desired characteristic.

In addition, real-time or near real-time monitoring using optical-analytical devices in accordance with the modalities described in this document can enable the collection and archiving of fluid information in conjunction with operational information to optimize subsequent underground operations in the same formation or in a different formation having similar chemical and physical characteristics.

Significantly, real-time or near-real-time monitoring using optical-analytical devices can improve the ability to remotely execute jobs.

Optical-analytical devices suitable for use in the present embodiments can be displayed at any one of a number of different points along a system to carry out a treatment operation in an underground formation. Depending on the point (s) in which a treatment operation is monitored using the optical-analytical device (s), different types of information about the treatment can be obtained. treatment operation. For example, in some cases, quality control information can be obtained with respect to the source materials and the treatment fluids that are formed from them. In some cases, the change in a treatment fluid can be obtained before and after the introduction in an underground formation. In addition, the optical-analytical devices of the present embodiments can be used to monitor a treatment fluid of a formation fluid while it is inside the well and subject to conditions of the underground environment, where it can interact with the surface of a formation underground Furthermore, optical-analytical devices can be used to monitor a fluid that is being produced from an underground formation. The characterization of the produced fluid can provide information about the effectiveness of a treatment operation that has occurred. In addition, the characterization of the fluid produced can more easily allow the waste or recycling of the fluid to occur, if that is what is desired. HE must recognize that the list of previous information that can be obtained using optical-analytical devices to monitor and / or control a treatment and / or production process should only be considered illustrative in nature. Other types of information can also be obtained depending on the locations of the optical-analytical devices and the processing of information obtained from them.

Even more generally, optical-analytical devices can be used to monitor fluids and different changes in them according to the modalities described in this document. In some cases, optical-analytical devices can be used to monitor changes in a fluid that occur over time, for example, in a pipe line or storage container. In some cases, optical-analytical devices can be used to monitor changes in a fluid that occur as a result of carrying out an action in the fluid (eg, adding a component to it, removing a component from it, or exposing the fluid to a condition that potentially changes a characteristic of the fluid in some way). Therefore, optical-analytical devices can be used to monitor processes that occur in fluids and in which Fluids are used to obtain an additional measure of process control.

As used herein, the term "fluid" refers to a substance that is capable of flow, including solid, liquid, and gas particles. In some embodiments, the fluid may be an aqueous fluid, including water. In some embodiments, the fluid may be a non-aqueous fluid, including organic compounds, more specifically, hydrocarbons, petroleum, a refined petroleum component, petrochemical products, and the like. In some embodiments, the fluid may be a treatment fluid or formation fluid. The fluids may include different mixtures which may include solids, liquids and / or gases. Illustrative gases that can be considered fluid according to the present embodiments include, for example, air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, methane and other hydrocarbon gases, and / or the like.

As used herein, the term "treatment fluid" refers to a fluid that is placed in an underground formation in order to perform a desired function. Treatment fluids can be used in a variety of underground operations, including, but not limited to, drilling operations, production treatments, stimulation treatments, treatments corrective, fluid diversion operations, fracturing operations, and the like. As used herein, the term "treatment", as it refers to underground operations, refers to any underground operation that uses a fluid in conjunction with performing a desired function and / or achieving a desired purpose. The term "treatment", as used herein, does not imply any particular action by the fluid or any particular component thereof unless otherwise specified. Treatment fluids may include, for example, drilling fluids, fracturing fluids, acidification fluids, conformance treatment fluids, diversion fluids, damage control fluids, correction fluids, scale removal fluids and fluids. inhibition, chemical floods, sand control fluids, and the like. Generally, any treatment fluid and any treatment operation can be monitored in accordance with the general techniques described in this document.

As used in this document, the term "characteristic" refers to a chemical or physical property. Illustrative characteristics of a substance that can be monitored according to the methods described in this document may include, for example, a composition chemistry (identity and concentration, in total or of individual components), impurity content, pH, viscosity, density, ionic strength, total dissolved solids, salt content, porosity, opacity, bacteria content, and the like.

As used herein, the term "electromagnetic radiation" refers to radio waves, microwave radiation, infrared and near infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-ray radiation and gamma radiation.

As used herein, the term "in process" refers to an event that occurs while a treatment fluid is being introduced into an underground formation to carry out a treatment operation, while the treatment operation is occurring, or while a return flow fluid is being produced from the underground formation as a result of the treatment operation.

As used herein, the term "return flow fluid" refers to a treatment fluid that is produced from an underground formation subsequent to a treatment operation.

As used herein, the term "produced fluid" refers to a fluid that is obtained from a underground formation. A fluid produced can include a return flow fluid, a fluid of the native formation present in the underground formation (including water or formation oil), or a combination thereof.

As used herein, the term "formation fluid" refers to a fluid that is natively present in an underground formation.

As used in this document, the term "online" refers to an event that occurs during a process without substantially interrupting the process.

As used herein, the term "optical-analytical device" refers to an optical device that is operable to receive an input of electromagnetic radiation from a substance and produce an output of electromagnetic radiation from a processing element that is changed from Some form to be read by a detector, such that an output of the detector can be correlated with at least one characteristic of the substance. The output of electromagnetic radiation from the processing element can be reflected electromagnetic radiation and / or transmitted electromagnetic radiation, and if the reflected or transmitted electromagnetic radiation is analyzed by means of the detector it will be a matter of routine experimental design. In addition, the emission Fluorescent substance can also be monitored by optical devices.

As used herein, the term "flow path" refers to a route through which a fluid is capable of being transported between the points. The flow paths between two points do not necessarily need to be continuous. Illustrative flow paths may include different means of transportation such as, for example, pipeline, hoses, oil tankers, rail car tanks, barges, ships, and the like. Furthermore, the term flow path should not be interpreted to mean that a fluid in it is flowing, rather than a fluid in it is capable of being transported by flow.

As used herein, the term "fluid stream" refers to an amount of fluid that is flowing, for example, in a hose, pipeline or sprayer.

As used herein, the term "death ratio" refers to the number of live bacteria present in a sample after a bactericidal treatment relative to the number of live bacteria present in a sample before a bactericidal treatment.

As used herein, the term "living bacteria" refers to bacteria that are capable of metabolic activity and normal reproduction. In some cases, live bacteria can be metabolically inactive and not be in a normal reproductive state due to exposure to certain environmental conditions (eg, temperature or lack of an appropriate source of nutrients), while still retaining the activity capacity normal metabolic and reproduction with exposure to more favorable environmental conditions. In some embodiments, live bacteria may be part of a population of bacteria that has not been substantially affected by a bactericidal treatment. More specifically, the term "live bacteria" refers to bacteria whose DNA or RNA has not been modified or degraded by a bactericidal treatment or whose cell wall structure has not been modified by a bactericidal treatment.

Optical-Analytical Devices In general, the Lico-analytical optic devices suitable for use in the present embodiments may contain a processing element and a detector. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical devices may be configured to specifically detect and analyze a substance or substance of interest. In some modalities, optical-analytical devices can be configured to quantitatively measure a characteristic or a substance of interest. In other embodiments, the optical-analytical devices may be general-purpose optical devices, with post-acquisition processing (eg, through computer means) that is used to specifically detect a characteristic or substance of interest.

In some embodiments, suitable optical-analytical devices may be an optical computing device. Suitable optical computing devices are described in commonly owned US Patents 6,198,531; 6,529,276; 7,123,844; 7,834,999; 7,911,605, and 7, 920, 258, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and U.S. Patent Applications 12 / 094,460 (U.S. Patent Application Publication 2009/0219538) ), 12 / 094,465 (U.S. Patent Application Publication 2009/0219539), and 12 / 094,469 (U.S. Patent Application Publication 2009/0073433), each of which is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Consequently, these optical computing devices will only be described shortly in this document. Other types of devices Optical computation may also be suitable in alternative modalities, and prior optical computing devices should not be considered as limiting.

The optical computing devices described in the above patents and patent applications combine the energy and precision advantage associated with laboratory spectrometers, while being sufficiently robust and suitable for field use. In addition, optical computing devices can carry out calculations (analysis) in real time or almost in real time without the need for sample processing. In this regard, the optical computing devices can be specifically configured (trained) to detect and analyze particular characteristics and / or substances (analytes) of interest when using our devices that have known compositions and / or features. As a result, the interference signals can be discriminated from fields of interest in a sample by means of appropriate configuration of the optical computing devices, so that the optical computing devices can provide a rapid response with respect to the characteristics of a substance based on the detected outlet. In some embodiments, the detected output can be converted into a voltage that is distinctive of the magnitude of a characteristic that is being monitored in the sample. The above advantages and others make the optical computing devices particularly well suited for use in the field and in the well.

The difference of conventional spectrometers, optical computing devices can be configured to detect not only the composition and concentrations of a material or mixture of materials, but can also be configured to determine the physical properties and other material characteristics, based on his analyzes of the electromagnetic radiation received from the sample. For example, optical computing devices may be configured to determine the concentration of an analyte and correlate the determined concentration with a characteristic of a substance by using suitable processing means. The optical computing devices can be configured to detect as many features or analytes as desired in a sample. All that is required to achieve the monitoring of multiple characteristics or analytes is the incorporation of adequate processing and detection means within the optical computing device for each characteristic or analyte. The properties of a substance can be a combination of the properties of the analytes in it (eg., a linear combination). Consequently, while more features and analytes are detected and analyzed using the optical computing device, the properties of a substance can be determined more precisely.

Fundamentally, optical computing devices use electromagnetic radiation to carry out the calculations, contrary to wired circuits of conventional electronic processors. When electromagnetic radiation interacts with a substance, it encodes the unique physical and chemical information about the substance in the electromagnetic radiation that is reflected from, transmitted through or radiated from the sample. This information is often referred to as the spectral "footprint" of the substance. The optical computing devices used in this document are capable of extracting information from the spectral fingerprint of multiple features or analytes within a substance and converting this information into a detectable output with respect to the general properties of a sample. That is, through proper configuration of the optical computing devices, the electromagnetic radiation associated with the characteristics or analytes of interest in a substance can be separated from the electromagnetic radiation associated with all the other components of a sample with In order to estimate the properties of the sample in real time or almost in real time.

In different modalities, optical computing devices may contain an integrated computational element (ICE) that is capable of separating electromagnetic radiation related to the characteristic or analyte of interest from electromagnetic radiation related to other components of a sample. Further details regarding how optical computing devices can separate and process electromagnetic radiation related to the characteristic or analyte of interest are described in U.S. Patent 7,920,258, previously incorporated herein by reference. Figure 1 shows a block diagram that illustrates not mechanically how an optical computing device separates electromagnetic radiation related to a feature or analyte of interest from other electromagnetic radiation. As shown in Figure 1, after being illuminated with incident electromagnetic radiation, the sample 100 containing an analyte of interest produces an output of electromagnetic radiation, part of which is electromagnetic radiation 101 of the characteristic or analyte of interest and part of which is electromagnetic radiation 101 'of other components of the sample 100. The electromagnetic radiation 101 and 101' impinges on the optical computing device 102, which contains the ICE 103 therein. ICE 103 separates the electromagnetic radiation 101 from the electromagnetic radiation 101 '. The transmitted electromagnetic radiation 105, which is related to the characteristic or analyte of interest, is brought to the detector 106 for analysis and quantification (eg, to produce an output of the characteristics of the sample 100). The reflected electromagnetic radiation 104, which is related to the other components of the sample 100, can be directed away from the detector 106. In alternative configurations of the optical computing device 102, the reflected electromagnetic radiation 104 can be related to the analyte of interest, and the reflected electromagnetic radiation 104 can be related to other components of the sample. In some embodiments, a second detector (not shown) may be present which detects the electromagnetic radiation of the ICE 103. Without limitation, the output of the second detector may be used to normalize the output of the detector 106. In some embodiments, the beam (not shown) can be used to split the two optical beams, and electromagnetic radiation transmitted by reflected can be directed to ICE 103. This is, in such modalities, ICE 103 does not function as the beam splitter, as shown in Figure 1, and the electromagnetic radiation transmitted by reflected simply passes through ICE 103, being processed computationally therein, before traveling to the detector 106.

Suitable ICE components are described in commonly owned US Patents 6,198,531; 6,529,276; and 7,911,605, each previously incorporated herein by reference, and in the document by Myrick, et al. "Spectral tolerance determination for multivariate optical element design", (Determination of spectral tolerance for multivariate optical element design), FRESENUIS 'JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHE ISTRY, 369: 2001, p. 351-355, which is also incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In general, an ICE comprises an optical element whose transmissive, reflective, and / or absorbing properties are suitable for the detection of a characteristic or analyte of interest. The optical element may contain a specific material to achieve this purpose (eg, silicon, germanium, water, or other material of interest). In some embodiments, the material may be impurified or two or more materials may be added in a manner that results in the desired optical characteristic. For example, layers Deposits of materials that have appropriate concentrations and thicknesses can be used to create an ICE that have adequate properties. In addition to solids, an ICE may also contain liquids and / or gases, optionally in combination with solids, in order to produce a desired optics. In the case of gases and liquids, the ICE may contain a container that houses the gases or liquids. In addition to the above, an ICE may also comprise orographic optical elements, grids, and / or acousto-optical elements, for example, which may create transmission, reflection, and / or absorbent properties of interest. Other types of ICE components may also be suitable in alternative modalities, and the previous ICE components should not be considered as limiting.

Once the ICE 103 has separated the electromagnetic radiation 101 related to the sample, the optical computing device 102 can provide an optical signal (eg, transmitted electromagnetic radiation 105), which is related to the amount (e.g. ., concentration) of the characteristic or analyte of interest. In some embodiments, the relationship between the optical signal and the concentration can be a direct proportion. The detector 106 may be configured to detect the transmitted electromagnetic radiation 105 and produce an output of voltage in a modality, which is related to the quantity of the characteristic or analyte of interest.

When more than one analyte is monitored at a time, different configurations can be used for multiple ICEs, where each ICE has been configured to detect a particular characteristic or analyte of interest. In some embodiments, the characteristic or analyte can be analyzed sequentially using multiple ICEs that are presented to a single beam of electromagnetic radiation that is being reflected from or transmitted through a sample. In some modalities, multiple ICEs can be located on a rotating disk, where the individual ICEs are only exposed to the electromagnetic radiation beam for a short time. Advantages of this approach may include the ability to analyze multiple analytes using a single optical computing device and the opportunity to test additional analytes simply by adding additional ICEs to the spinning disk. In different embodiments, the rotating disc can be rotated at a frequency of about 10 RPM at about 30,000 RPM such that each analyte in a sample is measured rapidly. In some modalities, these values can be averaged through an appropriate time domain (eg, approximately 1 millisecond to 1 hour) to more accurately determine the 4 O characteristics of the sample.

In other embodiments, multiple optical computing devices may be placed in parallel, where each optical computing device contains a single ICE that is configured to detect a particular feature or analyte of interest. In such embodiments, a beam splitter can deflect a portion of the electromagnetic radiation that is being reflected by, emitted from or transmitted through the substance being analyzed in each optical computing device. Each optical computing device, in turn, may be coupled to a detector or array of detectors that is configured to detect and analyze an output of electromagnetic radiation from the optical computing device. Parallel configurations of optical computing devices can be particularly beneficial for applications that require low power input and / or no movable part.

In still further embodiments, multiple optical computing devices may be placed in series, such that features or analytes are measured sequentially at different locations and times. For example, in some embodiments, a characteristic or analyte can be measured in a first location using a first optical computing device, and the characteristic or Analyte can be measured at a second location using a second optical computing device. In other embodiments, a first characteristic or analyte can be measured in a first location using a first optical computing device, and a second characteristic or analyte can be measured in a second location using a second optical computing device. It should also be recognized that any of the above configurations may be used for optical computing devices in combination with a serial configuration in any of the present embodiments. For example, optical computing devices having a rotating disk with a plurality of ICEs therein may be placed in series to carry out an analysis. Likewise, multiple detection stations, each containing optical computing devices in parallel, can be placed in series to carry out an analysis.

In alternative embodiments, a suitable optical-analytical device may be a spectrometer that has been reinforced for use in the field. In different embodiments, a suitable spectrometer may include, for example, an infrared spectrometer, a UV / VIS spectrometer, a Raman spectrometer, a microwave spectrometer, a fluorescence spectrometer, and the like. It should also be recognized that any of the preferred embodiments described herein can be practiced using an optical computing device in a similar manner using a spectrometer, which in most cases has been reinforced for use in the field. The techniques for reinforcing the above spectrometers will depend on the field conditions in which the measurements will occur. The proper reinforcement techniques will be apparent to someone experienced in the subject.

Automated Control and Remote Operation In some embodiments, the characteristics of the sample that is being analyzed using the optical-analytical device may be further processed computationally to provide additional characterization information about the substance being analyzed in some embodiments, the identification and concentration of each analyte in A sample can be used to predict certain physical characteristics of the sample. For example, the volume characteristics of the sample can be estimated by using a combination of the properties conferred on the sample for each analyte.

In some embodiments, the concentration of each analyte or the magnitude of each characteristic determined using optical-analytical devices can be fed into an algorithm that operates under computer control. In some modalities, this algorithm can make predictions as to how the characteristics of the sample change if the concentrations of the analytes are changed in relation to one another. In some embodiments, the algorithm can be linked at any step of the process to introduce a fluid or produce a fluid from an underground formation to change the characteristics of the fluid that is being introduced to or produced from an underground formation. In more general modalities, the algorithm can be linked to a fluid being encoded by some process, so that the fluid can be monitored in the process. In some embodiments, the algorithm can simply produce an output that is readable by an operator, and the operator can manually take the appropriate action based on the output. For example, if the algorithm determines that a component of a treatment fluid that is being introduced to an underground formation is out of range, the operator may direct that those additional amounts of the component be added to the "on-the-fly" treatment fluid. In some modalities, monitoring control can be given in H the site by the operator, while in other modalities the operator can be off site while controlling the processes remotely through appropriate means of communication. In some embodiments, the algorithm can take proactive process control by automatically adjusting the characteristics of a treatment fluid that is being introduced to an underground formation or by stopping the introduction of the treatment fluid in response to an out-of-range condition. For example, the algorithm can be configured in such a way that if a component of interest is out of range, the number of components can be automatically increased or decreased in response. In some modalities, the response to the out-of-range condition may involve the addition of a component that was not yet in the treatment fluid. Likewise, if an inappropriate analyte is detected in a fluid that has been introduced into an underground formation, the algorithm can determine a corrective action (eg, a component that will be added) to counteract or remove the characteristics conferred by that analyte.

In some modalities, the algorithm may be part of an artificial neural network. In some modalities, the artificial neural network can use the concentration of each detected analyte in order to evaluate the characteristics of the sample and predict how to modify the sample in order to alter its properties in a desired way. Illustrative but non-limiting artificial neural networks are described in the commonly owned document of U.S. Patent Application 11 / 986,763 (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0182693), which is incorporated herein by reference In its whole. For example, in a fluid containing two analytes of interest, a simple algorithm-based approach could detect that the concentrations of both analytes are out of range and adjust the fluid composition to bring the analytes back into range. However, an adjustment using an artificial neural network could determine that although both analytes are out of range, the entities detected, in combination, maintain a characteristic volume of fluid within a desired range. For example, an algorithm-based approach could determine that both a gelling agent concentration and the ionic strength are outside their specified range for a fluid and order the adjustment thereof; however, an artificial neural network could determine that the concentrations analyzed, in combination, are sufficient to maintain a desired viscosity within the fluid and do not direct the adjustment to be made.

Any combination of analytes and properties determined in this manner fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

It should be recognized that an artificial neural network can be trained using samples that have known concentrations, compositions and properties. As the training of the established information available for the artificial neural network becomes larger, the neural network may be more able to accurately predict the characteristics of a sample that has any number of analytes present in it. In addition, with sufficient training, the artificial neural network can predict more precisely the characteristics of the sample, even in the presence of unknown analytes.

It should be recognized that in the different modalities in this document aimed at computer control and artificial neural networks that the different blocks, modules, elements, components, methods and algorithms can be implemented through the use of hardware, computer software and combinations of the same. To illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, different blocks, modules, elements, components, methods and algorithms have been described generally in terms of their functionality. If such functionality is implemented as hardware or software it will depend on the particular application and any imposed design restrictions. At least for this reason, it must be recognized that someone skilled in the art can implement the described functionality in a variety of ways for a particular application. In addition, different components and blocks can be arranged in a different order or partitioned differently, for example, without departing from the spirit and scope of the modalities expressly described.

The computer hardware used to implement the different blocks, modules, elements, components, methods and illustrative algorithms described in this document may include a processor configured to execute one or more sequences of instructions, programming or code stored in a readable medium. The processor can be, for example, a general purpose microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor, a specific application integrated circuit, a programmable field gate antenna, a programmable logic device, a controller, a state machine , a closed logic, discrete hardware components, an artificial neural network or any similar suitable entity that can carry out calculations or other data manipulations. In some modalities, computer hardware may also include elements such as, for example, a memory (eg, random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), read-only memory (PROM, Programmable Read Only Memory), erasable PROM), registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, or any other similar suitable storage device.

The executable sequences described in this document can be implemented with one or more code sequences contained in memory. In some embodiments, such a code can be read into the memory from another machine readable medium. The execution of the sequences of instructions contained in the memory can cause a processor to carry out the process steps described in this document. One or more processors may also be employed in a multiple processing arrangement to execute instruction sequences in the memory. In addition, wired circuits can be used instead of or in combination with software instructions to implement different modalities described in this document. Therefore, the present modalities are not limited to any specific combination of hardware and software.

As used in this document, a machine-readable medium will refer to any media that you provide directly or indirectly solutions to a processor for its execution. A machine-readable medium can take many forms including, for example, non-volatile medium, volatile medium, transmission medium. The non-volatile media may include, for example, optical and magnetic disks. The volatile means may include, for example, dynamic memory. The transmission means may include, for example, coaxial cables, wire, optical fiber, and wires forming a common link. Common forms of machine-readable media may include, for example, floppy disks, floppy disks, hard drives, magnetic tapes, other similar magnetic media, CD-ROMs, DVDs, other similar optical media, punched cards, paper tapes and physical media Similar with hole patterns, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM and EPROM flash.

In some modalities, data collected using optical-analytical devices can be archived. With data associated with operational parameters that are recorded in a work site. The evaluation of work performance can be valued and improved for future operations or such information can be used to design subsequent operations. In addition, data and information can be communicated to a remote location through a communication system (eg, communication Satelítal O Communication of wide area network) for additional analysis. The communication system can also allow the remote monitoring and operation of a process to occur. Automated control with a long-range communication system can additionally facilitate the performance of remote work operations. In particular, an artificial neural network can be used in some modalities to facilitate the performance of remote work operations. That is, remote work operations can be conducted automatically in some modes. In other modalities, however, remote work operations can occur under the direct control of the operator, where the operator is not at the work site.

Location of the Optical-Analytical Devices Figure 2 shows a non-limiting global schematic illustrating where the optical-analytical devices (D) can be used, according to some embodiments of the present invention, to monitor the process of fluid formation, introduce a fluid into a formation underground, and produce a fluid from an underground formation. It should be recognized that the placement of the optical-analytical devices (D) shown in Figure 2 should be considered illustrative in nature. only for purposes of describing the exemplary flow paths that are used to form and use fluids. As illustrated in Figure 2, recovery of a return flow fluid from an underground formation is also included and considered as part of the normal flow paths for forming and using a fluid, in accordance with the present embodiments. Figure 2 depicts potential monitoring locations along an illustrative flow path that is used to form a fluid, where optical-analytical devices (D) can be used to monitor different fluid characteristics. The monitoring locations are optional, and potentially additive, based on a user's needs. Depending on the needs of the user, an optical-analytical device (D) may be used in one location, or optical-analytical devices (D) may be used in multiple locations in any combination that is suitable for the user. For example, in a particular implementation of a fluid formation, introduction and production process, it is anticipated that only some of the optical-analytical devices (D) will be present, but this will be a matter of operational design for a user depending on the level of monitoring and information required by the user. In addition, optical devices analytical devices (D) may be in locations different from those depicted in Figure 2, and / or multiple optical-analytical devices (D) may be placed in each represented location or others. Without limitation, in some embodiments, the optical-analytical devices (D) may be used in at least the following locations to monitor fluid that is being formed or introduced into / produced from an underground formation: in the supplier for a fluid component, In a means of transport for the component, in a field site at the time of receipt of the component, in a storage site for the component, before and after you combine one or more components to form a treatment fluid, during transportation to and just before the introduction to the underground formation, within an underground formation, and in the return flow fluid produced from the underground formation. The information that can be obtained in each of these locations, including the process control that results from it, will be described in greater detail.

Supply and Transportation Referring to Figure 2, source material 200 can be monitored with an optical-analytical device (Di) before or during the transfer of a material to the medium 201. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device (DI) can be located at the exit of a housing containing source material 200. In other embodiments, the optical-analytical device (DI) can be located in a housing of tank or storage container of source material 200. In still other embodiments, the optical-analytical device (DI) may be located in transport means 201.

Analyzes that can be obtained in this step include, without limitation, the identity, concentration and purity of source material 200. That is, the optical-analytical device (DI) can be used as an initial quality control check to ensure that the material of appropriate origin will be obtained. The source material in the transport medium 201 can then be transported to the storage areas 202, 202 'and 202"at a work site. Although Figure 2 has represented a single transport means 201 that delivers the same source material to the storage areas 202, 202 'and 202", it should be recognized that in most cases the storage areas 202, 202 'and 202' 'will each contain different materials that are transported by separate transport means 201. In addition, it must be recognized that any number of source materials can be used in the processes described in this document. That is, the representation of only three storage areas should not be considered as limiting. Before depositing the source material in the transport means 201 in any of the storage areas 202, 202 'or 202", the optical-analytical devices (D2-D4) can be used again to verify that the source material in transport medium 201 has been delivered to the appropriate storage area and to verify that the source material has not been degraded or otherwise changed during transport. It should be further recognized that storage at the work site can optionally be omitted and that the source material in the transport medium 201 can be combined directly with other materials to make a treatment fluid. The production of the treatment fluids and the monitoring thereof are discussed in greater detail in the following.

In the field of underground operations, source material 200 is most often obtained from a supplier at a location that is remote from the work site. Accordingly, the transport means 201 is more typically a mobile carrier such as, for example, a truck, a cable a boat or a barge. In Figure 2, the lines connecting the source material 200, the means of transport 201 and storage areas 202, 202 'and 202"are dotted to indicate that there is no fixed path between them. Although not typical in the field of underground operations, the transport means 201 may alternatively be a fixed path, such as a pipe, for example, in alternative modes.

In addition, once the source material is in the storage areas 202, 202 'and / or 202", the source material can also be monitored with the optical-analytical devices (not shown) located within each area of storage, for example, to determine if the source material degrades or otherwise changes during storage. In addition, the analysis of the source material while in the storage areas 202, 202 'and / or 202"can be used by an operator to determine the quantities of the source material that will be used in the treatment fluid for the underground operations.

Combination of Source Materials to Make a Treatment Fluid After obtaining one or more source materials at a work site, in some modalities, then the combination of the source materials to make a fluid can occur of treatment. It should be understood that the term "combination" does not imply any particular action to combine (e.g., mix or homogenize) or degree of combination unless otherwise stated. Referring again to Figure 2, the source materials in the storage areas 202, 202 'and 202"can be combined with a base fluid in the container 204 in order to form a treatment fluid therein. The source materials that are transported from the storage areas 202, 202 'and 202"can be monitored again with the optical-analytical devices (D5-D7) before being introduced into the container 204 to ensure that the materials are present. of appropriate origin and that have not been degraded or otherwise changed during storage. Similarly, the base fluid characteristics of the base fluid source 203 can be monitored using the optical-analytical device (D8). As discussed hereinafter, the base fluid may alternatively be obtained from recycled fluid stream 212, as discussed in more detail below. In any case, the monitoring of the base fluid may be important to ensure that a treatment fluid having the desired characteristics is formed.

It should be recognized that the container 204 can take many different forms, and the only requirement is that the container 204 will be suitable for combining the source material (s) with the base fluid. In some embodiments, the container 204 may be a mixer, or homogenizer. In some embodiments, the container 204 may be a mixing tank. In some embodiments, the container 204 may be a tube. In still other embodiments, the container 204 may use a mixer to combine the source materials with a base fluid. In some embodiments, the container 204 may be a reaction chamber in which at least some of the source materials react with each other with the formation of the treatment fluid.

In different embodiments, the base fluid may be an aqueous base fluid such as, for example, fresh water, acid water, salt water, sea water, brine, aqueous solutions of salt, surface water (ie, streams, rivers, ponds and lakes), groundwater from an aquifer, municipal water, municipal wastewater, or water produced (eg, from recycled fluid stream 212) from an underground formation. In alternative embodiments, the base fluid may be a non-aqueous base fluid such as, for example, a hydrocarbon base fluid. As will be evident For someone experienced in the matter, some treatment operations may be ineffective if the base fluid contains certain traces of materials that prevent an effective treatment operation from occurring. For example, fracturing operations may be ineffective in the presence of certain ionic materials or some bacteria. Similarly, certain rate materials in a base fluid may interact in an undesired manner with a source material. For example, if the base fluid contains excess sulfate ions, a precipitate can be formed in the presence of barium ions from a source material. In accordance with the present embodiments, a base fluid containing incompatibilities can be identified prior to the formation of a treatment fluid, thus conserving valuable resources that could otherwise be wasted in the production of an inefficient and potentially ineffective treatment fluid. harmful.

Again it should be noted that until the container 204 is reached, the characteristics of the material (s) and the base fluid are monitored before they are combined with each other. Therefore, incorrect origin materials or out-of-range characteristics can be easily identified and treated according to the modalities described in this document. For example, the The composition of the treatment fluid can be adjusted in order to treat an out-of-range condition. As previously described, the monitoring and control of the process can occur automatically in order to treat out-of-range conditions as soon as possible.

Continuing with Figure 2, a treatment fluid that is formed in the container 204 after its formation can be monitored to verify that they have the desired characteristics to carry out a particular treatment operation. The monitoring can be carried out using the optical-analytical device (D9) as the treatment fluid leaves the container 204. Alternatively, the optical-analytical device (D9) can monitor the treatment fluid while in the container 204. , the treatment fluid can be transported to the pump 205 for introduction into the underground formation 210. In the event that the treatment fluid has not been properly combined in the vessel 204 or if its characteristics are not desired, the fluid of treatment may be diverted back into the container 204 instead of being introduced into the underground formation 210 (the bypass path is not shown). For example, a treatment fluid that was improperly mixed in the container 204 could have A correct composition will obtain a viscosity out of range that could be corrected by means of continuous mixing. Optionally, one or more additional source materials or the same source materials previously added can be added to treat the out-of-range condition. In addition optionally, the treatment fluid may be discarded if its characteristics can not be adequately altered by the addition of one or more additional substances or by continuous mixing. Although not optimal, the disposal of a treatment fluid presents less serious economic concerns than inconsiderately introducing the treatment fluid into the well where it can potentially damage an underground formation.

In some embodiments, the treatment fluid may be formed in the container 204 at a work site and directly transferred to the pump 205 through a pipe line or other type of fixed transfer medium. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid may be formed in the container 204 at a remote site and transferred through mobile transfer means 206 where there is again a non-fixed connection between the container 204 and the pump 205. The latter situation exists for underground operations offshore, where a treatment fluid can be formed on the coast and be transported by means of boat or barge to an offshore drilling platform for introduction into the well. As with the transfer means 201, the treatment fluid can be monitored with the optical-analytical device (DIO) as it is loaded into the mobile transfer means 206 as a quality control check of the transfer process.

In the case of a treatment fluid formed in a work site, the monitoring of the treatment fluid before introduction to the pump 205 is typically not of great concern, since the connection path to it is usually fixed and the delay time between the formation of the treatment fluid and pumping into the well is usually not prolonged. However, in the event that the treatment fluid is stored in vessel 204 or elsewhere before being introduced into the well, the optical-analytical device (Dll) can be used to verify that the characteristics of the treatment fluid are still They are suitable to be introduced into the underground formation. The optical-analytical device (Dll) can be particularly useful for underground operations offshore. In the case of offshore underground operations, there may be a significant delay between the formation of a treatment fluid and the pumping into the well, which may present the opportunity for the degradation of the treatment fluid to occur. That is, the fluid to the treatment that was initially adequate, as measured by the optical-analytical device (D9), can change significantly in the characteristics by the time it reaches an offshore site. In any case, the characteristics of the treatment fluid can again be monitored using the optical-analytical device (Dll) as the final quality control before the treatment fluid is introduced into the underground formation 210. In addition, the monitored features using the optical-analytical device (Dll), in some modalities, as a baseline value to help evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment operation, as discussed in more detail below.

If the characteristics of the fluid to the treatment being introduced into the underground formation 210 are not in the desired range, in some embodiments, the treatment operation may be stopped or the characteristics of the treatment fluid may be used. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid may be returned to the container 204 to adjust the characteristics of the treatment fluid. In other modalities, the treatment operation may be continuous, with one or more components being added to the well head while the treatment fluid is being introduced into the underground formation, referred to herein as "on-the-fly addition" (process not shown).

Monitoring of a Treatment Operation and a Return Flow Fluid Produced from a Subterranean Formation Once introduced into the underground formation 210, in some embodiments, one or more optical-analytical devices (D12) may be used to monitor the treatment fluid. while in the underground formation (eg, in the well). Depending on the location (s) of said one or more optical-analytical devices (D12) in the underground formation 210 (eg, in the well), different types of information about the operation of the well can be determined. Real-time or near-real-time treatment based on fluid flow in and out of the underground formation 210. For example, in some embodiments, the consumption of a substance in the treatment fluid can be monitored according to the treatment fluid It goes through different underground areas. In other modalities, the flow path of the treatment fluid in the underground formation can be monitored as it passes different optical devices. analytical (D12). The information obtained from the optical-analytical devices (D12) can not only be used to map the morphology of the underground formation but also to indicate whether the characteristics of the treatment fluid need to be changed in order to carry out a more effective treatment . For example, the treatment fluid can be modified in order to treat specific conditions that are being found inside the well. In addition, in some embodiments, the treatment fluid can be monitored to ensure that its characteristics do not change in an undesirable way when introduced into the environment of the well interior. In the event that the treatment fluid undesirably changes upon being introduced into the well, the treatment fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation 210 may be modified, as described above, or an additional component may be introduced separately. within the underground formation 210 in order to deal with changes in characteristics that occur during transit to the interior of the well. In some modalities, a treatment fluid can be monitored inside the well using the optical-analytical devices (D12) in order to evaluate the fluid displacement and the fluid deviation in the underground formation (eg, the flow path). In such embodiments, the real-time or near-real-time data from the optical-analytical devices (D12) can be used to adjust the fluid placement using deviation agents and to evaluate the effectiveness of the deviating agents. In some embodiments, the deviating agents can be added to the treatment fluid in response to the observed characteristics using the optical-analytical devices (D12). In other modalities, the fracture conductivity in the underground formation can be monitored using the optical-analytical devices. In still other modalities, a training fluid must be monitored using optical-analytical devices (D12).

In addition to monitoring a treatment operation while the treatment fluid is inside the well, the return flow fluid produced from the underground formation 210 can be monitored using the optical-analytical device (D13) to provide information about the operation of treatment. It should be noted that the return flow fluid monitoring is where one would conventionally monitor the effectiveness of a treatment operation by collecting aliquots of the return flow fluid and conducting laboratory analyzes. adequate. In the present embodiments, the characteristics of the return flow fluid, as monitored using the optical-analytical device (D13), can be compared to the characteristics of a treatment fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation 210, as monitored using the optical-analytical device (Dll). Any change in the characteristics, or lack thereof, may be indicative of the effectiveness of the treatment operation. For example, the total or partial consumption of a component in the return flow fluid (eg, by means of chemical reactions in the underground formation) or the formation of a new substance in the return flow fluid may be indicative that at least some effect of the treatment has occurred. In some embodiments, a change in the concentration of a component in the treatment fluid can be determined by monitoring the concentration in the return flow fluid using the optical-analytical device (D13) and the concentration of the component before it is introduced into the fluid. the underground formation 210 using the optical-analytical device (Dll) or other optical-analytical device upstream. In some embodiments, the change in concentration may be correlated with an effectiveness of a treatment operation that is being carried out in the underground formation 210.

In some embodiments, the return flow fluid may comprise a water-based fluid that is produced from the underground formation 210 as a result of a treatment operation. In other embodiments, the return flow fluid may comprise formation water that is produced from the underground formation 210, particularly as a result of a treatment operation. In still other embodiments, the return flow fluid may also comprise a hydrocarbon produced from the underground formation 210.

After the analysis, the return flow stream 211 can be directed in at least two different ways. In some embodiments, the return flow fluid can be analyzed and discarded. In other modalities, the return flow fluid can be analyzed and recycled.

In some embodiments, if an initial analysis of the return flow fluid is successfully using the optical-analytical device (D13), the return flow stream 211 can optionally be analyzed again with the optical-analytical device (D14) and sent to waste stream 213, provided that the characteristics of the return flow fluid remain within acceptable disposal parameters. If the initial analysis of the fluid of return flow is not satisfactory for disposal, as determined by the optical-analytical device (D13), the return flow fluid stream 211 may have at least one additional substance added thereto in order to adjust its characteristics and make it suitable for its disposal. For example, a fluid from the return flow that is very acidic can be at least partially neutralized and analyzed again using the optical-analytical device (D14) before disposal. Alternatively, the fluid stream of the return flow 211 may have a substance removed therefrom in order to adjust its characteristics and make it suitable for disposal. For example, a metal contaminant in the flow of return flow fluid 211 can be removed by means of ion exchange techniques in one embodiment.

Preferably, the flow of the return flow fluid 211 can be reused in subsequent underground operations such as, for example, while the base fluid of a treatment fluid (eg, a fracturing fluid) or in a flood operation of water. In this regard, the fluid flow of the return flow 211 can be monitored using the optical-analytical device (D15) and modified, if necessary, by adding at least one substance to it or removing at least one substance of the same, to produce the recycled fluid stream 212. After forming the recycled fluid stream 212, it can be monitored using the optical-analytical device (D16) to verify that it has the characteristics to form other treatment fluids in the container 204. The treatment fluid that is formed using the recycled fluid stream 212 may be used in the underground formation 210, in some embodiments, or transported to another underground formation in other embodiments. Alternatively, the recycled fluid stream 212 can be monitored using the optical-analytical device (D17) to ensure that it will be suitable to be reintroduced into the underground formation 210 or other underground formation. That is, in some embodiments, the return flow fluid produced from a first underground formation can be used in a water flood operation in a second underground formation. It should be appreciated that if no modification of the flow of the return flow fluid 211 is necessary, then the formation of a treatment fluid or the introduction into an underground formation can occur without further modification occurring.

In other embodiments, the optical-analytical device (D13) can be used to test a non-aqueous fluid that It is being produced from an underground formation. For example, the optical-analytical device (D13) can be used to determine the composition of a formation fluid (eg, a hydrocarbon) that is being produced from the underground formation.

Monitoring of the Formation and Transport of a Fluid Treatment In different modalities, the methods described in this document can be used to monitor and control the formation and transport any type of treatment fluid that is intended for its introduction into an underground formation. Regardless of the intended shape or function of the treatment fluid, any desired characteristics of the treatment fluid can be monitored according to some modalities described herein. Without limitation, treatment fluids that can be monitored during their formation and transport according to the present embodiments may include, for example, fracturing fluids, gravel filling fluids, acidification fluids, conformance control fluids, gelled fluids. , fluids comprising a relative permeability modifier, diverting fluids, fluids comprising a shredder, treatment fluids biocides, correction fluids, and the like. Although various specific examples of treatment fluids are hereinafter set forth in which the present methods can be used for monitoring, it should be recognized that these examples are illustrative only in nature, and that other types of treatment fluids can be monitored by someone experienced in the subject when employing these techniques.

Illustrative substances that may be present in any of the treatment fluids of the present invention may include, for example, acids, acid generation compounds, bases, base generation compounds, surfers, desquamation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors. , gelling agents, cross-linking agents, anti-sludge agents, foaming agents, anti-foaming agents, anti-foam agents, emulsifying agents, de-emulsifying agents, iron control agents, proppant or other particles, gravel, deviators particles, salts, fluid order control additives, gases, catalysts, clay control agents, chelating agents, corrosion inhibitors, dispersants, flocculants, scavengers (e.g., H? S scavengers, CO2 scavengers or O2 scavengers) r lubricants, shredders, delayed-release shredders, friction reducers, bridge agents, viscosifiers, weighting agents, solubilizantGs, rheology control agents, viscosity modifiers, pH control agents (eg, regulators), hydrate inhibitors, permeability modifiers, deviating agents, consolidating agents, fibrous materials, bactericides , tracers, probes, nanoparticles, and the like. Combinations of these substances can also be used.

In different embodiments, the treatment fluids that are used in the practice of the present invention also comprise a base fluid. In some embodiments, the base fluid may be an aqueous base fluid. In other embodiments, the base fluid may be a non-aqueous base fluid such as a hydrocarbon.

In different embodiments of the present invention, optical-analytical devices (e.g., optical computing devices and reinforced spectrometers) can be used to monitor a treatment fluid during its formation and transport. Monitoring of source materials that can be used in the treatment fluid, including water, can also be carried out by similar techniques as a measure of quality control. In some modalities, the monitoring of the treatment fluid and the source material may occur "in line" or "in process" along a flow path to transport the fluid from treatment or material of origin without transport being interrupted or significantly altered. For example, the modality shown in Figure 2 illustrates how an online process can be implemented in some modalities, where | on-line monitoring can occur using at least one optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the path of flow. As used herein, the term "in optical communication" refers to the condition of an optical-analytical device that is positioned along a flow path and the flow path is configured in such a way that the electromagnetic radiation reflected from, emitted by or transmitted through a fluid in the flow path can be seen by the optical-analytical device. Figure 3, which is discussed in more detail below, shows a modality in which an optical-analytical device can be in optical communication with a flow path. In some embodiments, the monitoring of a fluid along a flow path (eg, in a line) using an optical-analytical device may occur while the fluid flows without the fluid transport process being interrupted. In other modalities, the monitoring of a fluid along a flow path can occur without the fluid being transported. That is, the fluid transport process can be temporarily interrupted while monitoring occurs, with the fluid remaining substantially static in the flow path during monitoring. In still other embodiments, the flow path may be configured to divert a portion of the fluid away from its main transport path, where fluid monitoring may occur using the diverted portion. In alternative modalities, the fluid of the deviated portion can be removed from the system and analyzed using an optical-analytical device at a work site, where the optical-analytical device is not used in the process. That is, in such modalities, the fluid can be monitored off-line using an independent optical-analytical device.

In addition, when the optical-analytical device is located in the same underground formation, the optical-analytical device and the fluid it is monitoring are generally not in physical contact with each other. Generally, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a fluid contained within a flow path, as previously described. However, in some alternative embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in direct physical contact with the fluid (eg, in a tank or within a flow path). Figure 3 shows an illustrative schematic that demonstrates how an optical computing device can be implemented along a flow path to transport fluid. As shown in Figure 3, the source 300 produces the incident electromagnetic radiation 301, which interacts with the fluid 310 within the line 303 having the window 304 defined therein. The window 304 is substantially transparent to the incident electromagnetic radiation 301, allowing it to interact with the fluid 310 inside. The interacting electromagnetic radiation 302 is changed by its interaction with the fluid 310, and exits through the window 304 ', which is substantially transparent to the interacting electromagnetic radiation 302, thereby allowing the fluid 310 to be in optical communication with the optical computing device 305. Part of the interacting electromagnetic radiation 302 is related to a component of interest in the fluid, and the remaining electromagnetic radiation 302 is due to the intervention of electromagnetic radiation with background materials that are not the components fluid. The interacting electromagnetic radiation 302 then enters the optical computing device 305 having the ICE 306 therein. The ICE 306 then separates the electromagnetic radiation interacted into the components 307 and 308, related to the component of interest and others. components, respectively. The electromagnetic radiation component 307 then interacts with the detector 309 to provide information about the component of interest in the fluid 310. Additional details of the operation of the optical computing device were previously established in the foregoing. In some embodiments, the output of the detector 309 may be a voltage signal, which may be proportional to the concentration of the component of interest.

In some embodiments, methods for analyzing the formation and transporting a treatment fluid may comprise: providing at least one source material; combining said at least one source material with a base fluid to form a treatment fluid; and monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in analytical optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid (eg, on-line monitoring). In other modalities, monitoring a feature of the treatment fluid may occur in an off-line manner.

The characteristics of the treatment fluid or source material that can be monitored can include both physical and chemical properties. The characteristics of a Treatment fluid or a source material that can be monitored according to the present methods may include, without limitation, chemical composition identity, chemical composition concentration, chemical composition purity, viscosity, ionic strength, pH, total dissolved solids, total dissolved salt, density, and the like. In some embodiments, the characteristic of the treatment fluid can be determined directly from the output of a detector that analyzes the electromagnetic radiation reflected from, emitted by or transmitted through the treatment fluid. For example, the identity and concentration of a component in a treatment fluid can be determined directly from a detector output (eg, a voltage) based on pre-set calibration curves. In other embodiments, the characteristic of the treatment fluid may be calculated based on a concentration of one or more components in the treatment fluid, as determined using the optical-analytical device. For example, a processing element can determine the viscosity, pH, sink potential, and / or any similar physical property of the treatment fluid based on the content of one or more components of the treatment fluid. In addition, in some embodiments, the processing element can determine a characteristic of the treatment fluid based on a linear combination of property contributions from each component of the treatment fluid.

In some embodiments, the processing element for determining a characteristic of the treatment fluid may be an artificial neural network, which may use the established training information of treatment fluids having known properties and compositions in order to estimate the characteristics of the treatment fluid. treatment fluids that have unknown content before analysis. By determining a linear combination of property contributions based on each component of the treatment fluid, a more accurate estimate of the properties of the unknown treatment fluid can be determined than if the analysis was based on a single component. That is, while an artificial neural network is more fully trained using treatment fluids having known properties, it is more likely to better estimate the characteristics of an unknown treatment fluid.

By using the present methods, at least in some embodiments, a quality control measure can be established during the formation of a treatment fluid. Conventionally, treatment fluids are not rigorously analyzed during their training, or analysis it often occurs after the treatment fluid has already been introduced into the underground formation, at which point of the analysis it is only of use in a retrospective sense. The present methods overcome this limitation in the matter and others by providing multiple opportunities to identify and adjust the characteristics of a treatment fluid before or during its introduction into an underground formation.

In some embodiments, a treatment fluid may be monitored immediately after combining a base fluid and at least one source material to form the treatment fluid. In some modalities, monitoring can occur in a container in which the treatment fluid is formed. In some embodiments, monitoring may occur as the treatment fluid leaves the container in which the treatment fluid was formed. In some modalities, monitoring can occur as the treatment fluid is formed "on the fly". In some embodiments, the treatment fluid may be monitored at one or more points as it is transported from the container to be introduced into an underground formation.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise transporting the treatment fluid to a pump after forming the treatment fluid. In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise introducing the treatment fluid into an underground formation, for example, by use of the pump. In some embodiments, a characteristic of the treatment fluid can be monitored using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the fluid in a flow path to the underground formation. In such modalities, the optical-analytical device can be located in the pump or in a location near the pump, in such a way that changes in the characteristics of the treatment fluid can be evaluated between its formation and its subsequent introduction in the training underground The output from this optical-analytical device can serve as the last line of defense to prevent a treatment fluid having an incorrect characteristic from entering the underground formation. In some embodiments, transporting the treatment fluid to the pump may occur in a pipeline. In some embodiments, transporting the treatment fluid the pump can occur through a mobile means of transport such as a truck or a car.

In some embodiments, transport of the treatment fluid to the pump may occur when using a storage vessel on a ship or barge to transport the treatment fluid to an offshore site.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristics of the treatment fluid that is being monitored makes the treatment fluid suitable for being introduced into an underground formation. In different embodiments, determining whether the treatment fluid is suitable to be introduced into the underground formation of understanding to determine if one or more components therein have a concentration out of range, determining whether an unwanted component or other impurities are present, and / or determine if a physical characteristic of the treatment fluid is out of range, for example. Other criteria may be established to determine the suitability of a treatment fluid that will be introduced into a particular underground formation by someone skilled in the art. In some modalities, determining whether the characteristic makes the treatment fluid suitable to be introduced into the underground formation can occur automatically. For example, a computer or similar processing element may be configured to determine whether the value of a characteristic that is being monitored or estimated represents an out-of-range condition. In some modalities, monitoring and determining the suitability of a treatment fluid to be introduced into an underground formation can occur through remote monitoring and control.

With the determination that the treatment fluid is inadequate, the present methods may further optionally comprise adjusting a characteristic of the treatment fluid. In some embodiments, with the determination that the treatment fluid is inadequate to be introduced into the underground formation, adjustment of a characteristic of the treatment fluid may occur under operator control. For example, an operator may manually direct the addition of one or more components to the treatment fluid to adjust its composition and properties. After that, the characteristic of the treatment fluid can be reevaluated and the suitability for its introduction to an underground formation determined. In some embodiments, the operator may manually add said one or more components to the treatment fluid. In other embodiments, the operator can regulate a quantity of said one or more components that are being added to the treatment fluid from one or more source currents. In some embodiments, adjustment of a characteristic of the treatment fluid can occur automatically under computer control. For example, as described above, if it is determined that a characteristic of the treatment fluid is out of range, a computer or similar processing element may direct that at least one component be added to the treatment fluid to correct the out-of-range condition. In some implementations, an additional amount of a component already in the treatment fluid may be added to the treatment fluid until the characteristic being monitored returns to an acceptable range. In other embodiments, at least one additional component may be added to the treatment fluid in order to bring the characteristic that is being monitored back into range. For example, in the case of an acidification fluid, if it is determined that the acid concentration is too high, an amount of a suitable base can be added to neutralize part of the acid, or additional fluid can be added to the treatment fluid in order to decrease the concentration of the acid. In alternative modalities, a component of the treatment fluid can be removed in order to adjust its characteristics. As previously described, the impact of adding additional components to a treatment fluid can impact other characteristics than those that are being directly treated, and when the adjustment occurs automatically under computer control, at least one estimate of the impact can be determined. of these other characteristics. That is, when a characteristic of the treatment fluid is automatically adjusted, the computer or similar processing element can evaluate whether the chosen setting is expected to impact other characteristics of the treatment fluid in an undesired way and compensates for the adjustment of other characteristics, if required.

In some embodiments, an operator can adjust or reset a set point or adjustment range for a characteristic of a fluid that is being automatically controlled by the computer. In some embodiments, an operator may direct the adjustment of a characteristic or change a set point for automatic control by computer at the location of the treatment operation or through a communication system from a remote location.

In some embodiments, combining the fluid pass and at least one component of the treatment fluid may occur in the wellhead by "on-the-fly" addition of said at least one component. That is, the treatment fluid can be formed in the wellhead without being transported from another location in such modalities. Alternatively, a pre-made treatment fluid in the wellhead can be modified by the addition on the fly of at least one additional component or adjustment of the concentration of a existing component in some modalities. The advantages of on-the-fly addition may include, for example, reduced volumes, lower transport costs, minimization of excess materials at a work site, and less opportunity for degradation of the treatment fluid. Such addition on the fly does not allow the characteristics of the treatment fluid to be tested according to conventional methodology before the treatment fluid is introduced into the underground formation. This represents a particular difficulty with respect to control over a treatment operation, since it can often be difficult to determine precisely how much of a component to add in order to produce a treatment fluid having a desired characteristic. The same can be true even with treatment fluids that are pre-formulated before being transported to a work site. However, these difficulties in the art can be overcome by using methods of the present invention when using optical-analytical devices to monitor the treatment fluid during its formation and introduction to an underground formation.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise monitoring a characteristic of at least one source material that is being used to form a treatment fluid when using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport said at least one source material. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in a tank or other storage container that houses the source material. In other modalities, the monitoring of said at least one source material may occur offline. As discussed above, the monitoring of the source material can serve as additional quality control during the formation of a treatment fluid.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may comprise: preparing a treatment fluid; transport the treatment fluid to a work site; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation at the work site; monitor a feature of the treatment fluid at the work site using an optical-analytical device; determine if the characteristic of the treatment fluid that is being monitored using the optical-analytical device makes the treatment fluid suitable for being introduced into the underground formation; and optionally, if the fluid to the treatment is inadequate, adjust the characteristic of the treatment fluid. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid. In other modalities, monitoring using the optical-analytical device may occur offline.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may comprise: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid using at least a first optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid before the treatment fluid is introduced into the underground formation. In other modalities, monitoring using the optical-analytical device may occur offline before the treatment fluid is introduced into the underground formation.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may comprise: forming a treatment fluid on the fly by adding at least one component to a base fluid stream; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid while it is being introduced into the underground formation using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise: determining whether the characteristic of the treatment fluid that is being monitored using the optical-analytical device makes the treatment fluid suitable for being introduced into the underground formation, and optionally if the treatment fluid is inadequate, adjust the characteristic of the treatment fluid.

Fluid Monitoring within and Produced from a Training Underground In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise introducing the treatment fluid into an underground formation. In some embodiments, the introduction into the underground formation may occur after determining that the treatment fluid is suitable to be introduced into the underground formation. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid may be modified while it is being introduced into the underground formation by adding at least one additional component thereto or adjusting the concentration of an existing component. In some modalities, the treatment fluid can be modify while in an underground formation. According to the present modalities, the monitoring of a treatment fluid in the underground formation or in a return flow fluid produced therefrom occurs in the process. Furthermore, according to some of the present embodiments, a training fluid can be monitored using an optical-analytical device in the formation or in optical communication with a fluid that is being introduced from the formation.

Additional information regarding the effectiveness of a treatment operation can be obtained by means of continuous monitoring of the treatment fluid or a formation fluid while it is inside the well or after the treatment fluid or fluid of the formation It is produced from the underground formation. The monitoring of formation fluids (eg, oil) while within the underground formation or after its production from the underground formation can also provide information about the effectiveness of a treatment operation and / or provide guidance about of how a treatment operation can be modified in order to increase production. In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid and / or a fluid of the training using an optical-analytical device positioned in the formation. In other embodiments, the present methods may also comprise monitoring a of a fluid produced from an underground formation. The fluid produced may be a formation fluid produced in some embodiments or a treatment fluid produced as a return flow fluid in other embodiments. In some embodiments, the return flow fluid and / or the fluid of the produced formation can be monitored using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the return flow fluid. In some embodiments, the return flow fluid may comprise a treatment fluid at least partially spent on the performance of an underground treatment operation.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise carrying out a treatment operation in the underground formation, and monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid and / or formation fluid after the treatment fluid is introduced into the formation. underground using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid and / or formation fluid can be monitored using an optical-analytical device that is located in the underground formation. In some embodiments, the treatment fluid and / or fluid of the formation can be monitored using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport a fluid of return flow or fluid from the formation produced from the underground formation. In some embodiments, monitoring in the underground formation of the return flow fluid and / or the fluid of the formation produced can be conducted in process during the performance of the treatment operation.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise adjusting a characteristic of the treatment fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation in response to the characteristic of the treatment fluid or fluid of the formation being monitored using the optical-analytical device in the formation or in optical communication with the flow path of the return flow fluid. For example, if the optical-analytical device in the formation or monitoring of the return flow fluid indicates that a component of the treatment fluid is spent, or that the treatment fluid no longer has a desired characteristic to perform in a manner appropriate a treatment operation, the treatment fluid that is being introduced in the training Underground can be adjusted to modify at least one characteristic thereof, as previously described. Similarly, fluid monitoring of the formation can be used in models that evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment operation, for example. In some embodiments, adjusting the characteristics of the treatment fluid in response to a characteristic measured in the formation or in the return flow fluid may occur automatically under computer control.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein may comprise: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation; allowing the treatment fluid to carry out a treatment operation in the underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid or a formation fluid using at least a first optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the characteristic of the treatment fluid or formation fluid can be monitored within the formation using the first optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the characteristic of the treatment fluid can be monitored in a fluid of return flow produced from the formation, where the fluid of The return flow contains the treatment fluid from the treatment operation. In some modalities, the formation fluid can be monitored during production. In some modalities, the characteristic of both the treatment fluid and / or the formation fluid can be monitored.

When a characteristic of the fluid treatment is monitored after its introduction to an underground formation, the monitoring of the characteristic may comprise, in some modalities, monitoring at least the identity and concentration of at least one component in the treatment fluid, the fluid of the return flow, or both. According to such modalities, if one knows the concentration of the component before its introduction to the underground formation, the change in the concentration of the component while it is in the underground formation or after the production from the underground formation (optionally in combination with information about the training fluid) can provide information about the effectiveness of the treatment operation that is being conducted. For example, if the concentration of the component fails to change after being introduced into the underground formation, it can probably be inferred that the treatment operation has minimal or no effect on the underground formation. Likewise, if the concentration of the component decreases after being introduced into the underground formation, it is likely that the formation has been modified in some way by the fluid treatment. By monitoring the concentration of a component in a treatment fluid and / or formation fluid before and after the introduction of the treatment fluid into an underground formation, a correlation can be established between the effectiveness of a treatment operation, in some modalities. For example, the change in concentration of a component can be correlated with the effectiveness of a treatment operation that is being carried out in the underground formation. Furthermore, if the treatment fluid is completely spent when it is introduced into the underground formation (that is, the concentration of at least one component in it falls below an effective level or even becomes zero), this may alert a operator or an automated system that oversees the treatment operation that the treatment fluid potentially needs to be altered or that the treatment operation needs to be potentially repaired, for example.

In order to determine a change in the concentration of at least one component in a treatment fluid, the present methods may further comprise monitoring a characteristic of the treatment fluid before the treatment fluid is introduced into the underground formation. In accordance with such modalities, the pre-introduction of the characteristic can serve as a baseline value to establish whether a change in the characteristic has occurred when introduced into the underground formation. In some embodiments, the characteristic of the treatment fluid before its introduction into the underground formation can be used as a basis for adjusting the characteristic of the treatment fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristic of the treatment fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation needs to be adjusted in response to the characteristic of the treatment fluid or the fluid of the formation being monitored in the underground formation or in the return flow fluid that uses the optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the present methods may also include adjusting the of the treatment fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation in response to the characteristic of the treatment fluid or the fluid of the formation monitored in the underground formation or in the return flow fluid. In some modalities, adjusting the fluid treatment feature can occur automatically under computer control. In some embodiments, an artificial neural network can be used in the adjustment of the treatment fluid.

In some embodiments, tracers and / or probes can be deployed in the treatment fluids that are used in the present methods. As used herein, the term "tracer" refers to a substance that is used in a treatment fluid to assist in monitoring the treatment fluid in an underground formation or in a return flow fluid that is being produced from an underground formation. Illustrative tracer may include, for example, fluorescent inks, radionuclides, and similar substances that can be detected in excessively small amounts. A tracer typically does not carry information with respect to the environment to which it has been exposed, unlike a probe. As used herein, the term "probe" refers to a substance that is used in a treatment fluid to interrogate and deliver information with respect to the environment to which it has been exposed. With the monitoring of the probe, physical and chemical information can be obtained regarding an underground formation.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise monitoring a tracer or probe in a treatment fluid using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the tracer or probe can be monitored in the return flow fluid produced from the underground formation. In some modalities, the tracer or probe can be monitored within the underground formation. In the case of probes that are being monitored within an underground formation, the present methods can be particularly convenient, since a probe that is produced in the return flow fluid can sometimes be altered in such a way that it no longer carries a precise representation of the underground environment to which it has been exposed. In some embodiments, the tracers or probes in the treatment fluid can be monitored using optical-analytical devices in order to determine a flow path for the treatment fluid in the underground formation. In some embodiments, the monitoring of tracers or probes can be used to determine the influence of diversion agents on the flow path. Conventional methods for monitoring fluid flow travel inside the well may include, for example, distributed temperature sensing, as described in the property document.

U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0048708, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the treatment fluid that is being monitored by the present methods may be a water treatment fluid. That is, the treatment fluids may comprise an aqueous base fluid. Suitable aqueous base fluids may include those that were established above. In some embodiments, an aqueous base fluid may be water produced from an underground formation. The water produced can be formation water, in some embodiments, or the aqueous base fluid recovered from another aqueous treatment fluid in other embodiments. The aqueous base fluid can be monitored using an optical-analytical device according to some of the present modalities, as described elsewhere in this document.

Monitoring of Produced Water and Reuse of it The treatment, conservation and administration of water are becoming increasingly important in the oil industry. Often, significant water production can accompany the production of hydrocarbons in a well, either from the formation water or the water used in a water treatment operation. stimulation for the well. Increasingly stringent environmental regulations have made the disposal of this water a significant problem. Due to the volumes of water involved (millions of gallons per well), storage of this water while awaiting conventional analyzes can be highly problematic. Water analyzes conducted in accordance with the modalities described herein may address some of these limitations in the art and provide related advantages as well.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention can be applied to the monitoring of a water obtained from a water source. In particular, in some embodiments, the water may comprise the base fluid that is being used to form a treatment fluid. In some modalities, water can be monitored to determine its suitability for disposal or to determine its characteristics in order to find out a correction protocol to make it suitable for disposal. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may comprise determining the suitability of a water for use as the base fluid of a treatment fluid and, if the water is not suitable for a particular treatment fluid, matching at least one characteristic. of water to make it adequate.

In some embodiments, the water that is being monitored by the methods of the present invention may be water produced from an underground formation. The water produced can be formation water in some embodiments and / or comprise water from a base fluid that was part of a treatment fluid that carried out a treatment operation in the underground formation (i.e. aqueous return) in other modalities. As used in this document, the term "produced water" refers to water obtained from an underground formation, regardless of its origin. In determining the characteristics of the water produced, the suitability of the water for disposal or recycling can be determined as a base fluid in a subsequent treatment operation.

In some embodiments, the methods described in this document may include: providing water from a water source; monitor a water characteristic using an optical-analytical device; and introduce the water in the underground formation. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the water.

In some modalities, water may be fresh water, acid water, salt water, sea water, brine, solutions Aqueous salt, saturated salt solutions, municipal water, municipal wastewater, or produced water. The water source can be a source of surface water such as, for example, a stream, a pond, an ocean, a detention pond, or a detention tank. In other embodiments, the water source may be an underground formation that provides the water produced. In some embodiments, a water produced may be the water in the formation. In other embodiments, a produced water may be an aqueous return flow fluid obtained after a treatment operation. In some embodiments, the water produced can be a combination of formation water and an aqueous return flow fluid.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise determining whether the water is suitable to be introduced into the underground formation, and optionally, if the water is not suitable, adjusting the water characteristic. As previously mentioned, determining the suitability of a fluid for its introduction into an underground formation can be vital to the "health" of the underground formation, since the introduction of unwanted components can actually damage the underground formation or lead to an operation of ineffective treatment. For example, the introduction of the wrong treatment fluid to an underground formation can lead to an unwanted precipitation in it. Similarly, the introduction of a treatment fluid containing bacteria can lead to biological fouling or related damage that can impact the production of an underground formation.

In some modalities, water can be introduced directly into the underground formation. For example, water can be introduced into the underground formation as part of a water flood operation. In some embodiments, the water may comprise a tracer or probe when it is introduced into the underground formation. In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise monitoring the tracer or probe in the underground formation using an optical-analytical device or in a return flow fluid produced from the underground formation.

In some modalities, the water introduced into the underground formation can be used for environmental monitoring. That is, water introduced into an underground formation can be monitored at remote well sites from the injection site to ascertain the movement of a fluid through and out of an underground formation. In some embodiments, an optical-analytical device of the present invention can be used to monitor water at remote well sites. In some modalities, tracers or zones in the water can be used when environmental monitoring applications are conducted.

In other embodiments, water can be introduced into the underground formation in a treatment fluid. That is, in some embodiments, the treatment fluid may comprise water. In some modalities, you can adjust a water property by adding at least one additional component to the water. In some embodiments, the combination of water and said at least one additional component can be considered to constitute the treatment fluid. In other embodiments, a property of the water can be adjusted by adding at least one additional component to the water before forming the treatment fluid, and still another additional component can be added later to form the treatment fluid. That is, a treatment fluid formed in such a manner comprises at least two additional components. One reason why one could form a treatment fluid in this manner is if a characteristic of the unmodified water would be detrimental to a component that is being used to form the treatment fluid. In this case, a first component could be added to adjust the water characteristic so that it is no longer detrimental to the second component that will be added subsequently. In alternative modalities, a property The water can be used by removing at least one component of the water before forming a treatment fluid or carrying out at least one water treatment in the water.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may further comprise at least one additional component with the water to alter at least one property thereof. In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise monitoring a feature of the water using an optical-analytical device after adding said at least one additional component. In some embodiments, monitoring the water feature after adding said at least one additional component may occur using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the water. In such embodiments, the optical-analytical device can be used to find out whether said at least one additional component has altered the water characteristic in the desired manner. For example, after adding said at least one additional component, the optical-analytical device can be used to determine whether a component added to the water (which can be a component already in the water) is within a desired concentration range. In alternative modalities, water monitoring using the optical-analytical device may occur offline. In some embodiments, combining said at least one additional component with the water may occur automatically under computer control in response to a water feature monitored using an optical-analytical device. In some modalities, remote monitoring and adjustment can be conducted.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may comprise: producing water from a first underground formation, thereby forming a produced water; monitor a characteristic of the water produced using an optical-analytical device; forming a treatment fluid comprising the produced water and at least one additional component; and introducing the treatment fluid into the first underground formation or a second underground formation. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the produced water. In other modalities, the monitoring of the water characteristic using the optical-analytical device may occur offline.

In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise monitoring a characteristic of the fluid treatment using another optical-analytical device. In some modalities, the optical-analytical device that is Used to monitor the fluid treatment can be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid. In other modalities, the monitoring of the treatment fluid using the optical-analytical device may occur off-line. In some modalities, the fluid treatment can be monitored using the optical-analytical device before it has been introduced into the underground formation. In other modalities, the fluid to the treatment can be monitored after it has been introduced into the underground formation, either in the same formation or in a fluid of return flow produced from the underground formation. In some modalities, the training fluid can also be monitored.

In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention may comprise: providing water from a water source; monitor a water characteristic using an optical-analytical device; and treat the water to alter at least one property of it. In some modalities, water treatment can be conducted in response to the monitored water characteristic using the optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the water.

In some embodiments, the water treatment may comprise adding at least one component of the water. In some embodiments, the treatment may comprise increasing the concentration of an existing component in the water. In other embodiments, the water treatment may comprise removing at least one component from the water. For example, water may be subject to a water purification technique. Illustrative water purification techniques are well known in the art and may include, for example, filtration, activated carbon treatment, ion exchange, reverse osmosis and the like. Generally, these water purification techniques remove at least one component of the water or modify at least one component in the water in order to modify the properties of the water. In some modalities, water can be monitored with an optical-analytical device after the water treatment occurs in order to determine if the water has the desired characteristics. In some embodiments, the water treatment may comprise a bactericidal treatment such as, for example, exposure to ultraviolet light, electrocoagulation, or ozonolysis.

In some modalities, water can be treated selectively to remove, inactivate, or destroy components that can interfere with the formation of a treatment fluid or the effectiveness of a treatment fluid in an underground formation. For example, a water treatment process may be designed to generate water suitable for use in a treatment fluid without full purification being achieved. Suitable water treatment processes for petroleum treatment fluids are described in the commonly owned documents of U.S. Patent Applications 12 / 722,410; 13 / 007,363; and 13 / 007,369, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise discarding the water after treating the water. In such modalities, water treatment can be chosen to make the water suitable for disposal. In some embodiments, the water can be monitored using an optical-analytical device after being treated to verify that the water has been modified in a desired manner, thus making it suitable for disposal. In alternative modalities, water can be discarded without further treatment if it is determined, using an optical-analytical device, that the water is already suitable for disposal.

In some embodiments, the water that is being produced from an underground formation can be recycled for use as the base fluid of a treatment fluid that is being introduced into the same underground formation or a different underground formation. Different types of treatment fluids that can be produced and monitored according to the methods described in this document have been previously established. Depending on the intended treatment operation, the characteristic (s) of the water being monitored will likely vary from application to application. For example, when a fracturing operation is carried out, said certain ionic species, if present, may impact the result of a fracturing operation. Likewise, in an acidification operation, particularly of an underground formation with silica content, the presence of calcium ions in the base fluid may cause undesired precipitation during the acidification operation. In some cases, water may contain materials that, if present, may lead to cross-linking of cross-linking agents and therefore impact the radiological profile of the treatment fluid.

In some embodiments, treatment fluids comprising water, particularly water produced from a Underground formation, can be used as fracturing fluids. In such embodiments, the treatment fluid may be introduced into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one opening therein. In some modalities, the monitoring of a characteristic of a water that will be used in a treatment operation may include monitoring the water for an ionic material. In this regard, the present methods can be particularly convenient, since certain ionic materials, if present, can perjudicially impact a fracturing operation. These ionic materials may include, for example, iron-containing ions (eg, Fe2 +, Fe3- and iron containing complex ions), ions containing iodine (eg, I ~ and I), ions containing boron (eg, 3 ~), ions containing sulfur (eg, SC> 42 ~, SOa2- and S2 ~), barium ions, strontium ions, magnesium ions, or any other combination of them. Other water components can also be detrimental to fracturing operations and will be recognized by someone experienced in the matter. For example, other ionic materials that may be of interest for monitoring a water may include, for example, carbonate ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, aluminum ions, calcium ions, manganese ions, ions of lithium, cesium ions, chromium ions, fluoride ions, chloride ions, bromide ions, iodide ions, arsenic ions, lead ions, mercury ions, nickel ions, copper ions, zinc ions, ions of titanium and the like. In addition, the presence of certain loose minerals in the water may also be of interest. Neutral molecules such as, for example, molecular iodine and boric acid can also be problematic. Furthermore, organic compounds dissolved in water can also be monitored by using optical-analytical devices according to the present methods.

Without being bound by any one mechanism theory in the following discussion, it is believed that certain ionic materials can be detrimental to fracturing operations for a number of different reasons. For example, sodium and potassium ions can affect the hydration of polymers. Other ions such as, for example, borate, iron, sodium and aluminum ions can compete for cross-linking sites. In addition, some characteristics of a water can affect the ability to control the pH of a fluid produced from it. All these factors can influence the general rheological properties and final performance of a fracturing fluid.

In some embodiments, the detection of ionic materials can occur using the optical-analytical device directly. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be specifically configured to detect the ionic materials of interest. In other embodiments, inks or other molecular labels can be used that react with the ionic materials in order to produce a detectable species. That is, the optical-analytical device can be configured specifically to detect the reaction product of the ink or label with the ionic species. Inks and labels can be used, for example, when the ionic species are not easily detectable, or if the sensitivity is not as good as desired. Other types of components in the water can also be detected using inks and labels.

It should be borne in mind that the monitoring of water obtained from a water source is not limited to ionic materials. For example, in some modalities, neutral substances can be monitored (eg, boric acid, molecular iodine, and organic compounds). In other embodiments, biologicals such as bacteria and the like can be monitored using the present methods.

In some embodiments, with the identification of a substance in water that is known to be detrimental to fracturing operations or another type of treatment operation, a water feature can be adjusted by adding at least one additional component to it. In some embodiments, the addition of said at least one additional component to the water can create a treatment fluid having a tailored formulation that is not typically used when a water source having a relatively consistent composition is used to form a fluid. treatment. Specifically, a water from a surface water source can often have a composition that is relatively consistent from batch to batch, unless a contamination event has occurred, allowing treatment fluids having known, relatively constant compositions to be formulated. . In contrast, a produced water can have a widely variable composition from batch to batch, depending on the type of underground formation from which it was obtained and any treatment operations that have previously been carried out in the underground formation. In order to treat the variable characteristics of the water produced, an array of additional components may be added to it, some of which may not be commonly used in the treatment fluids. In this regard, the methods of the present invention may be particularly convenient, since they may be able to treat the widely varying compositions found in the produced waters to predictive estimates of properties and conduct automatic adjustment and monitoring of those properties under computer control during the addition of at least one component to the water produced.

Applications for Fracture Fluids and Fracture Operations In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention can be used to monitor the formation of fracturing fluids and the performance of fracturing fluids during fracture operations conducted in an underground formation. In addition to the problems with the fracturing fluids mentioned above, other fracturing components in the fracture fluid can be monitored using the present methods to determine the suitability of a fracturing fluid to carry out a fracturing operation and to evaluate the effectiveness of a fracturing operation. Particularly, the present methods can be used to monitor a characteristic of a fracturing fluid during its formation and subsequent introduction into an underground formation at a sufficient pressure to create or improve at least one fracture therein.

As non-limiting examples of how the present methods for monitoring a fracture fluid may be convenient, the present methods can be used to monitor the viscosity of the fracturing fluid or the type of proppant particles therein. Having insufficient viscosity may not have the ability to support a proppant in the fracture fluid, thus leading to the failure of a fracturing operation. Likewise, the erroneous type, size or concentration of the propping particles can lead to the failure of a fracturing operation. Similar characteristics can be monitored during a fracturing operation in order to evaluate their effectiveness.

According to the present embodiments, the fracturing fluid may comprise any number of fracture fluid components. In at least some embodiments, the fracturing fluid may contain at least one pass fluid and proppant particles, in addition to other components of fracture fluid. Other components of the fracturing fluid that may be present in the fluid of fracturing include, for example, a surfactant, a gelling agent, a cross-linking agent, a crosslinking gelling agent, a deviating agent, a salt, a scale inhibitor, a corrosion inhibitor, a chelating agent, a polymer , an anti-sludge agent, a foaming agent, a regulator, a clay control agent, a consolidating agent, a grinder, a fluid loss control additive, a relative permeability modifier, a tracer, a probe, nanoparticles, a weighting agent, a rheology control agent, a viscosity modifier (e.g., fibers and the like), and any combination thereof. Any of these components of fracturing fluid can influence the characteristics of the fracturing fluid and can be monitored according to the methods described herein using optical-analytical devices.

In some embodiments, methods for forming a fracturing fluid may comprise: providing at least one component of fracturing fluid; combining said at least one component of fracturing fluid with a base fluid to form a fracturing fluid; and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid using an optical-analytical device. In some modalities, the optical-analytical device may be in Optical communication with a flow path to transport the fracture fluid.

In some embodiments, monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid may comprise monitoring at least the identity of said at least one component of fracture fluid in the fracture fluid when using the optical-analytical device. For example, in some embodiments, the identity and concentration of proppant particles or a surfactant in the fracture fluid can be monitored. In some modalities, the monitoring of a characteristic of the fracturing fluid may comprise monitoring the fracture fluid for impurities using the optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the impurities can be known impurities, where the optical-analytical device has been configured to detect those impurities. In other embodiments, the impurities may be unknown impurities, where the presence of the impurities can be inferred by the characteristics of the fracture fluid determined by the optical-analytical device.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise transporting the fracturing fluid to a pump, and introducing fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve the minus a fracture in it. In some embodiments, a characteristic of the fracture fluid can be monitored while being transported to the pump by using an optical-analytical device located in the pump.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristic of the fracturing fluid that is being monitored makes the fracturing fluid suitable for being introduced into the underground formation, and optionally, if the fracturing fluid is inadequate, adjusting the characteristic. of the fracture fluid. In some modalities, determining if the fracture fluid is adequate and adjusting the characteristic of the fracture fluid can occur automatically under computer control. In some embodiments, adjusting the fracture fluid characteristic may comprise adjusting the concentration of at least one component of the fracture fluid in the fracture fluid or adding at least one additional fracture fluid component to the fracture fluid.

In some modalities, monitoring the characteristic of the fracture fluid and adjusting the fracture fluid characteristic can occur through remote monitoring. Automated control and remote operation can be particularly convenient for operations of fracturing. The information from the optical-analytical devices can be integrated with the information of the fracturing equipment in real time or almost in real time to monitor and control fracturing operations. In addition, fracturing information, including information from optical-analytical devices, can be sent by satellite, wide-area network systems or other communication systems to a remote location to further improve work execution. The monitoring and control of the fracturing operation can occur from this remote location. In some modes, remote operation can occur automatically under computer control.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein. In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid or a formation fluid using an optical-analytical device within the underground formation. In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise producing a return flow fluid from the underground formation and monitoring a fluid characteristic of the return flow. or a fluid of the formation produced using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device that monitors the return flow fluid or the fluid of the produced formation may be in optical connection with a flow path to transport the fluid from the return flow.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein may comprise: providing a fracturing fluid comprising at least one fracturing fluid component; introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein; and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the fracturing fluid before introducing the fracturing fluid into the underground formation.

In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise performing a fracturing operation in the underground formation and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid or a formation fluid after the fracturing fluid is introduced into the underground formation using another device optical-analytical. In such modalities, the optical-analytical device may be located in the underground formation or in optical communication with a flow path to transport a return flow fluid produced from the underground formation. In some embodiments, the characteristic of the fracturing fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation can be adjusted in response to the characteristic of the fracturing fluid or the formation fluid that is being monitored using the optical-analytical device in the underground formation or monitor the fluid of return flow or fluid of the formation produced.

In some embodiments, methods for monitoring a fracture fluid may comprise: forming a fracture fluid on the fly by adding at least one fracture fluid component to a base fluid stream; introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein; and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid while it is being introduced into the underground formation using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the methods may also include determining whether the characteristic of the fracture fluid that is being monitored using the optical-analytical device makes the fracturing fluid suitable to be introduced in the underground formation, and, optionally, if the fracturing fluid is inadequate, adjust the characteristic of the fracture fluid.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein may comprise: providing a fracturing fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one fracture fluid component; introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein; carrying out this way a fracturing operation in the underground formation; and monitor a of the fracturing fluid or a formation fluid using an optical-analytical device. In some modalities, the characteristic of the fracturing fluid or the fluid of the formation in process can be monitored within the underground formation, in a fluid of return flow or fluid of the formation produced from the underground formation, or both, while is conducting the fracturing operation.

In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristic of the fracturing fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation needs to be adjusted in response to a concentration of at least one fracturing component that is being monitored with an optical-analytical device in the underground formation, or in optical communication with a flow path of a return flow fluid that is being produced from the underground formation. In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise adjusting the characteristic of the fracturing fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation. In some modalities, determining if the characteristic of the fracture fluid needs to be adjusted and adjusting the fracture fluid characteristic can occur automatically under computer control.

In some embodiments, the methods for carrying out a fracturing operation may further comprise monitoring a characteristic of the fracture fluid using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the fracture fluid, where the monitoring occurs before the fracturing fluid enters the underground formation. In some embodiments, the methods may comprise determining a change in the concentration of at least one component of fracturing fluid, based on the monitoring of the component before and after the fracturing fluid is introduced into the underground formation. In In some embodiments, the change in concentration of said at least one component of fracturing fluid may be correlated with an effectiveness of the fracturing operation being conducted in the underground formation. In some embodiments, the concentration of a component in a formation fluid may also be correlated with an effectiveness of the fracturing operation.

The analyzes of produced fluids that result from a fracturing operation (ie, return flow fluids and formation fluids) can be used in models to estimate deposit and fracture properties. The methods described in this document can be used to complement and beneficially increase the speed of these analyzes. In particular, the composition of the return flow water and formation water can be modeled to obtain information about permeability, conductivity, fracture dimensional characteristics, and related information (see Gdanski et al, "A New Model for Matching Fracturing Fluid Flowback Composition ", (A New Model for Matching the Return Flow Composition of the Fracturing Fluid), SPE 106040 presented at the SPE 2007 Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference held at the College Station, Texas, United States, January 29-31, 2007 and Gdanski et al, "Using Lines-of-Solutions to Undestand Fracture Conductivity and Fracture Cleanup," (Using Lines of Solutions to Understand Fracture Conductivity and Cleaning of Fracture), SPE 142096 presented at the SPE Production and Operations Symposium held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, March 27-29, 2011). The methods for estimating the properties of an underground formation and determining the fracture characteristics in an underground formation from the data of the return flow fluid are also described in commonly owned U.S. patent document 7,472,748, which it is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, a tracer or probe can be monitored in the fracture fluid using an optical-analytical device. Tracer or probe monitoring can also be beneficial in determining the effectiveness of a fracturing operation. For example, by monitoring a tracer or probe in the fracturing fluid using an optical-analytical device, a flow path can be determined within the underground formation, in some modalities.

In some embodiments, the present methods can be used to monitor a flow path of a fracturing fluid to which a biasing agent has been added. For example, one or more optical-analytical devices may be used to determine where a fracturing fluid or other treatment fluid is flowing before the deviating agent is added to the treatment fluid. After the deviating agent is added, the optical-analytical devices can be used to determine if the flow path has changed within the underground formation.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein may comprise: providing a fracturing fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one fracturing fluid component; introducing the fracturing fluid into an underground formation at a pressure sufficient to create or improve at least one fracture therein; and monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid using an optical-analytical device before the fracturing fluid is introduced into the underground formation. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the fracturing fluid. In some modalities, the methods may also include monitoring a characteristic of the fracturing fluid or a formation fluid after the fracturing fluid is introduced into the underground formation, where the fracturing fluid can be monitored in process within the underground formation or in a return flow fluid produced from the underground formation.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise monitoring at least the identity and concentration of at least one component of fracturing fluid using an optical-analytical device, before the fracturing fluid component is used to form a treatment fluid. In some embodiments, monitoring said at least one component of fracturing fluid can be conducted with an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the fracturing fluid component. In other embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be located in a storage container for the fracturing fluid component.

Applications for Acidification Fluids and Operations Acidification In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention can be used to monitor the formation of fluids of acidification and the performance of acidification operations in an underground formation. In different embodiments, the acidification fluids may contain at least one acid. More typically, said at least one acid of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, and the like can be selected. Hydrochloric acid is typically used to acidify limestone and carbonate-containing underground formations. Hydrofluoric acid is typically used to acidify silicate-containing formations, including sandstone. It should be recognized by someone skilled in the art that other acids or mixtures of acids can also be used. The choice of a suitable acid mixture for a particular underground formation will more often be a matter of routine design for someone experienced in the subject. In addition, suitable compounds that form acids inside the well (ie, acid precursors) can also be used. For example, esters, orthoesters and degradable polymers such as polylactic acid can be used to generate an acid in the underground formation. As someone experienced in the matter will also appreciate, the introduction of an acidification fluid that does not have the proper characteristics or composition during an acidification operation can have important consequences in the success of the same, since damages in the underground formation can happen if the erroneous acid is used. For example, solid precipitation formation may occur in certain cases.

In addition to at least one acid, acidifying fluids suitable for use in the present embodiments may also contain other components in addition to said at least one acid. Two of the most notable components are chelating agents and / or corrosion inhibitors, for example. Chelating agents retard or prevent the precipitation of formation solids even when the appropriate acid is used during the treatment operation. Corrosion inhibitors can retard or prevent the degradation of metal tools during the performance of an acidification operation. If any of these components is out of range in an acidification fluid that is being introduced into an underground formation, serious consequences may result in the performance of an acidification operation. Other components that may optionally be presented in the acidification fluid include for example, a surfactant, a gelling agent, a salt, a scale inhibitor, a polymer, an anti-sludge agent, a biasing agent, a foaming agent, a regulator, a control agent of clays, a consolidating agent, a grinder, a fluid loss control additive, a relative permeability modifier, a tracer, a probe, nanoparticles, a weighting agent, a rheology control agent, a viscosity modifier , and any combination thereof. Any of these additional components can also be monitored using an optical-analytical device in accordance with the methods described in this document.

In some embodiments, methods for forming an acidification fluid may comprise: providing at least one acid; combining said at least one acid with a base fluid to form an acidification fluid; and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the acidification fluid.

In some embodiments, monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid may comprise monitoring at least the identity and concentration of said at least one acid in the acidification fluid when using the optical-analytical device. In some modalities, the monitoring of a feature of the acidification fluid of understanding to monitor at least gives identity and concentration of at least one additional component in the acidification fluid using the optical-analytical device. Additional components may include those established above. In some embodiments, monitoring a feature of the acidification fluid may comprise monitoring the acidification fluid for impurities using the optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the impurities can be known impurities, where the acidic analytical-optical device configured to detect those impurities. In other embodiments, the impurities can be unknown impurities, where the presence of the impurities can be inferred by the characteristics of the acidification fluid determined by the optical-analytical device.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise transporting the acidification fluid to a pump, and introducing the acidification fluid into an underground formation. In some embodiments, a characteristic of the acidification fluid can be monitored using an optical-analytical device while being transported to the pump. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be located in the pump.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristic of the acidification fluid that is being monitored makes the acidification fluid suitable for being introduced into the underground formation, and optionally, if the acidification fluid is inadequate, adjusting the characteristic. of the acidification fluid. In some embodiments, adjusting the acidification fluid characteristic can occur automatically under computer control. In some embodiments, adjusting the characteristic of the acidification fluid can occur manually. In some modalities, adjust the fluid characteristics of it can comprise showing the concentration said at least one acid in it. In some modalities, adjusting the characteristic of the acidification fluid can occur through remote monitoring and control.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise introducing the acidification fluid into an underground formation. In some modalities, the methods may also include monitoring a of acidification fluid or a formation fluid using an optical-analytical device within the underground formation. In some embodiments, the present methods may also comprise producing a fluid of return flow from the underground formation and monitor a characteristic of the return flow fluid or formation fluid produced using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the return flow fluid. In some embodiments, monitoring an acidification fluid characteristic in the underground formation or in the return flow fluid produced from the underground formation may occur in a process while an acidification operation is being carried out.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise adjusting an acidification fluid characteristic that is being introduced into the underground formation in response to a characteristic of the acidification fluid that is being monitored using an optical-analytical device located in a pump to introduce the acidification fluid in the underground formation.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein may comprise: providing an acidification fluid comprising at least one acid; introduce the acidification fluid in an underground formation; and monitor a feature of the acidification fluid using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the acidification fluid.

In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise carrying out an acidification operation in the underground formation, and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid or a formation fluid after the acidification fluid is introduced into the underground formation using another device optical-analytical. In such embodiments, the optical-analytical device may be located in the underground formation or in optical communication with a flow path to transport a return flow fluid produced from the underground formation. In some embodiments, the characteristic of the acidification fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation may be adjusted in response to the characteristic of the acidification fluid or fluid of the formation that is being monitored using the optical-analytical device in the underground formation or monitoring of the flow of return flow.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein may comprise: forming an acidification fluid on the fly by adding at least one acid to a base fluid stream; introduce the acidification fluid in an underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid using an optical-analytical device while the acidification fluid is being introduced into the underground formation. In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristic of the acidification fluid that is being monitored using the optical-analytical device makes the acidification fluid suitable to be introduced into the underground formation, and, optionally, whether the acidification fluid it is inappropriate to adjust the characteristics of the acidification fluid.

In some embodiments, methods for carrying out an acidification operation may comprise: providing an acidification fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one acid; introduce the acidification fluid in an underground formation; allow the acidification fluid to carry out an acidification operation in the underground formation; and monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid or a formation fluid using an optical-analytical device. In some embodiments, the characteristic of the acidification fluid or formation fluid can be monitored in a process within the underground formation, in a fluid of return flow produced from the underground formation, both.

In some embodiments, monitoring a feature of the acidification fluid may comprise monitoring at least the identity and concentration of said at least one acid in the acidification fluid, the return flow fluid, or both. In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristic of the acidification fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation needs to be used in response to the concentration of said at least one acid that is being monitored using optical-analytical device in the underground formation or in optical communication with a flow path to transport a return flow fluid produced from it. In some modalities, the methods may further comprise adjusting the characteristic of the acidification fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation. In some modalities, determining if the characteristic of the acidification fluid needs to be adjusted and adjusting the acidification fluid characteristic can occur automatically under computer control.

In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise monitoring a fluid characteristic of acidification using an optical-ytical device before the acidification fluid is introduced into the underground formation. In some embodiments, the optical-ytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the acidification fluid. In some embodiments, a change in the concentration of at least one acid or other component in the acidification fluid can be determined by monitoring the acidification fluid before it is introduced into the underground formation. In some embodiments, the change in concentration of said at least one acid or other component in the acidification fluid may be correlated with an effectiveness of an acidification operation that is being conducted in the underground formation.

In some embodiments, a tracer or probe can be monitored in the acidification fluid of the return flow fluid using an optical-ytical device in accordance with the present methods.

In some embodiments, the methods described herein may comprise: providing an acidification fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one acid; introduce the acidification fluid in an underground formation; and monitor a feature of the acidification fluid using an optical-ytical device before the acidification fluid enters the underground formation. In some embodiments, the optical-ytical device may be in optical communication with a flow path to transport the acidification fluid.

In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristic of the acidification fluid that is being introduced into the underground formation needs to be adjusted in response to the characteristic of the acidification fluid that is being monitored using the optical-ytical device. In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise adjusting the characteristic of the acidification fluid. In some modalities, determining if the characteristic of the acidification fluid needs to be adjusted and adjusting the acidification fluid characteristic can occur automatically under computer control.

In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise monitoring a characteristic of the acidification fluid or a formation fluid in a process using an optical-ytical device, where the characteristic is measured in the underground formation, in a return flow fluid produced from the underground formation, or both.

Monitoring of Bacteria In some embodiments, the methods described in the foregoing can be extended to the monitoring of bacteria the fluid, particularly a treatment fluid in an underground formation or that is being introduced into an underground formation. The monitoring of bacteria in or near real time is currently believed to be unfeasible using current spectroscopic techniques, particularly at low bacterial levels. The present methods can overcome this limitation in the art.

In particular with respect to underground operations, the water used in different underground operations can be obtained from a number of "dirty" water sources, which have varying levels of bacterial contamination in them. Although bacterial contamination may not be particularly problematic in the treatment fluid when it is on the surface, once the treatment fluid is introduced to a hot underground environment, even low levels of bacteria can multiply rapidly, potentially leading to damage from the underground formation. In some cases, biological incrustation of the surface of the underground formation may occur. Specifically, robic bacteria that produce H2S can be particularly harmful to underground operations. Bacteria that multiply rapidly and their metabolic byproducts can quickly build and run production tubulars, plug formation fractures and produce queS which represents a health risk and can lead to failure of completion and loss of production. Accordingly, it is highly desirable to reduce the levels of bacteria in a treatment fluid before it is introduced into an underground formation.

A number of techniques are known to kill bacteria to reduce bacterial loads in a sample (eg, exposure to ultraviolet light, ozonolysis, electrocoagulation, biocidal treatments and the like). However, it is believed that no current technique is available for real-time or near real-time monitoring of the bacterial load and to monitor the effectiveness of a bactericidal treatment process to determine if the bacterial load in a sample has been reduced to a sufficient degree. Without being limited by a mechanism theory, it is believed that bactericidal treatments such as, for example, exposure to ultraviolet light, rapidly alter deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and / or ribonucleic acid (RNA) of bacteria, sometimes in conjunction with the breaking of its cell walls, for result in his eventual death.

In some embodiments, the optical-analytical devices described herein can be used to monitor bacteria according to the present modalities by monitoring the DNA or RNA of the bacteria, and the changes thereof, as a result of a bactericidal treatment. Optical-analytical devices, in some embodiments, can be configured to detect DNA by the RNA of live bacteria, and the increase or decrease in the amount of DNA or RNA can be used to effectively monitor the amount of live bacteria in the sample. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical devices may be configured to detect DNA or RNA from specific types of bacteria. In some embodiments, fluorescent emission of DNA or RNA can be used as an extremely sensitive detection technique for DNA or RNA. Therefore, the present methods may be suitable for fluids having low bacterial loads (eg, as low as about 1000 bacteria / mL). As increasing numbers of bacteria change their DNA or RNA by the bactericidal treatment, the amount detected by the optical-analytical devices will correspondingly decrease. The decrease in the amount of DNA or RNA can be directly correlated with the number of viable bacteria in the sample. Correspondingly, if it is observed that the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample is increasing, the increase may be indicative of bacterial growth, which may suggest the need to carry out a bactericidal treatment. In alternative embodiments, killed or dying bacteria having their altered DNA or RNA can also be monitored by the present methods, provided that the optical-analytical device is configured for the altered DNA or RNA of these species.

In some embodiments, the methods described in this document may include: monitoring bacteria in water using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication preserved. In some modalities, water may be flowing through a flow path while bacterial monitoring occurs. In some modalities, bacteria can be living bacteria. In other modalities, bacteria can be dead or dying bacteria. In some modalities, monitoring can occur in a static water sample. In other modalities, monitoring can occur while water is flowing through a flow path.

In some modalities, methods to monitor bacteria may include: exposing water to a treatment bactericide; and after exposing the water to the bactericidal treatment, monitor the live bacteria in the water using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the water.

In some modalities, monitoring of live bacteria in water may involve monitoring the DNA or RNA of live bacteria. As previously mentioned, the DNA or RNA of living bacteria can be distinguished from the DNA or RNA of dead bacteria, which are dying or non-viable due to a structural change affected by a bactericidal treatment. In some embodiments, the present methods may comprise detecting and analyzing an emission of fluorescent radiation from live bacteria (eg, from the DNA or RNA of living bacteria). In some other modalities, non-viable bacteria (ie dead or dying bacteria) can be monitored according to the present methods by using the fingerprint of their altered DNA or RNA.

In some modalities, the monitoring of live bacteria in the water may involve monitoring the types of bacteria, the number of bacteria, or both in the water. In some modalities, it may be of interest to determine if there are specific types of bacteria in the water, and optical-analytical devices may be specifically configured to detect different types of bacteria based on differences in their "fingerprint" of DNA or RNA. In other embodiments, it may be of more interest simply to determine the number of bacteria in the water (ie, the bacterial load), and the present methods can be used in this respect as well as in configuring the optical-analytical devices for DNA detection. or less specific RNA.

Illustrative bactericidal treatments may include, for example, exposure of the bacteria to ultraviolet light, electrocoagulation, ozonolysis, or introduction of a biocidal chemical to water. In particular, exposure to ultraviolet light can be an especially easy mechanism to kill bacteria, since a very rapid alteration of their DNA or RNA can occur with exposure to ultraviolet light. Different exemplary bactericidal treatments are described in greater detail in the commonly owned U.S. patent documents 7,332,094, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and in the commonly owned documents of U.S. Patent Applications. No. 12 / 683,337 (U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0163046) and 12 / 683,343 (U.S. Patent Application Publication 2011/0166046), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise determining a death ratio for the bacteria that have been affected by the bactericidal treatment. The death ratio can be determined, in some embodiments, by measuring the live bacterial load before and after the bactericidal treatment is carried out. In some modalities, the death ratio can be at least 75%. In other modalities, the death ratio can be at least 80%, or at least 85%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 96%, or at least 97%. %, or at least 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, if a desired death ratio can not be obtained, the methods may also comprise repeating the bactericidal treatment may carry out a different bactericidal treatment.

In other modalities, methods for monitoring bacteria may include: monitoring live bacteria in a water source using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the water source; and then monitor the live bacteria in the water source, expose the water to a bactericidal treatment. In some embodiments, the methods may also include monitoring live bacteria in the water using a device optical-analytical that is in optical communication with water after bactericidal treatment occurs.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise determining whether the water is suitable to be introduced into an underground formation. In some modalities, determining if water is adequate can be based on the total number of live bacteria in the water. For example, if an excessive number of live bacteria is detected, the water may be inadequate. In some modalities, determining whether water is adequate can be based on the presence of certain types of bacteria in water, particularly over a given bacterial load. For example, the presence of bacteria that produce H2S in the water can make the water unsuitable for introduction into an underground formation. In addition, the mere presence of certain types of bacteria in water can make inadequate water unsuitable for introduction into an underground formation.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise forming a treatment fluid comprising the water and at least one additional component; and introduce the fluid to the treatment in an underground formation. In alternative modes, a water that is suitable to be introduced into an underground formation it can be introduced directly into an underground formation without forming a treatment fluid (eg, for a water flood operation). In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise monitoring the treatment fluid in the underground formation using another optical-analytical device located in the underground formation. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device can be used to monitor live bacteria in the treatment fluid and determine whether a bactericidal treatment needs to be applied to the treatment fluid in the underground formation. In other embodiments, the optical-analytical device in the underground formation can be used to monitor another characteristic of the treatment fluid according to the modalities previously described in this document.

In some embodiments, methods for monitoring bacteria may comprise: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; monitor live bacteria in the treatment fluid using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid; and then monitor the live bacteria in the treatment fluid, introduce the treatment fluid into a formation underground after monitoring the live bacteria in it. In some modalities, the treatment fluid may be flowing in the flow path while bacterial monitoring occurs. In other modalities the treatment fluid may be static while the bacteria are monitored.

In some embodiments, the present methods may further comprise determining a bactericidal treatment for the treatment fluid based on the types of bacteria and the amount of bacteria therein, as monitored using the optical-analytical device, and carrying out the treatment bactericide in the treatment fluid. In some modalities, determining a bactericidal treatment for the treatment fluid can occur automatically under computer control. For example, based on the types and number of bacteria in the treatment fluid, an artificial neural network can terminate the appropriate bactericidal treatment times, concentrations, and the like to predict how bacterial loads can be reduced in a treatment fluid. In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise monitoring the live bacteria in the treatment fluid using an optical-analytical device after carrying out the bactericidal treatment in the treatment fluid.

Monitored bacteria in the treatment fluid after carrying out the bactericidal treatment can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the bactericidal treatment before introducing the treatment fluid to the underground formation.

In some embodiments, the methods may also comprise monitoring live bacteria in the treatment fluid while the treatment fluid is located in an underground formation by using another optical-analytical device located in the underground formation. In some embodiments, the optical-analytical device in the underground formation can be used to determine if the bacterial loads in the underground formation have exceeded the desired levels. In some embodiments, based on the bacteria monitored in the underground formation, the present methods may further comprise adding a bactericidal agent to the treatment fluid in the underground formation.

In some embodiments, methods for monitoring bacteria may comprise: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation and monitor the live bacteria in the treatment fluid within the underground formation using an optical-analytical device located in it. In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise adding a bactericidal agent to the treatment fluid within the underground formation. In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise monitoring the live bacteria in the treatment fluid within the underground formation using the optical-analytical device therein after adding the bactericidal agent.

Moni-bullfighting of the Fluid Currents More generally, the methods described in the foregoing using optical-analytical devices to monitor treatment fluids and different components therein can be executed to monitor the characteristics of fluid streams, particularly fluid streams that are being modified by an operator or under computer control, particularly remote monitoring by means of an operator or artificial neural network, in order to produce a desired effect in the fluid stream. As previously mentioned, fluid streams can be operatively linked to a large number of industrial processes, and the ability to monitor such fluids can be a significant process advantage, particularly when the Monitoring can be conducted in the process. For example, fluids can change over time as a result of their use in an industrial process (or simply degrade), and the ability to monitor and respond quickly to these changes can greatly improve the efficiency of the process. Specifically, in some modalities, optical-analytical devices can be used to determine when a fluid needs to be replaced by monitoring its characteristics. In other modalities, optical-analytical devices can be used to determine when a fluid needs to be treated in order to adjust its characteristics, and in additional modalities, optical-analytical devices can be used to monitor an action taken to adjust the characteristics of the fluid.

In some embodiments, methods for monitoring a fluid may comprise: providing a fluid in a fluid stream; and monitoring a characteristic of the fluid using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the fluid in the fluid stream. In some embodiments, the methods may further comprise determining whether the characteristic of the fluid needs to be adjusted based on an output of the optical-analytical device, and, optionally, whether the characteristic of the fluid it needs to be adjusted, to carry out an action in the fluid in the fluid stream to adjust the fluid characteristic.

In general, an action that can be taken in a fluid in order to adjust its characteristics can include any chemical, physical, or biological process that is undertaken in order to adjust its properties. Any combination or chemical, physical and / or biological process can be used to adjust the characteristics of the fluid. In some embodiments, an action that can be carried out in a fluid may comprise adding at least one component to the fluid or increasing the concentration of the component in the fluid. For example, in non-limiting embodiments, an acid may be added or increased in concentration to lower the pH of a fluid, or a viscosifying agent may be added or increased in concentration to modify the rheological properties of a fluid. In some embodiments, an action that can be carried out in a fluid may comprise removing at least one component from the fluid or reducing the concentration of the component in the fluid. For example, in non-limiting modes, a fluid may be subject to ion exchange to remove ionic species therefrom, or a filtration step may be conducted to remove material particles from the liquid. In still others embodiments, an action that can be carried out in a fluid may comprise exposing the fluid to bactericidal treatment or another type of purification treatment known in the art. As described above, bacterial growth in fluids can present significant problems. The bactericidal treatments can include any of those previously described in the above. It should be recognized that previous examples of actions that can be carried out in a fluid in order to adjust its characteristics should be considered illustrative in their nature only, and someone experienced in the subject will be able to select an appropriate animation to carry out. in a fluid in order to affect its properties in a desired way.

In some embodiments, after an action has been taken on the fluid in order to modify its characteristics, the fluid can be monitored again with an optical-analytical device to determine whether the action taken has had the desired effect. In some embodiments, the present methods may comprise monitoring a characteristic of the fluid using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the fluid in the fluid stream, after an action has been taken in the fluid to modify its characteristics. Consequently, if the characteristic of the fluid has been modified in a desired manner and returned to a value within range, the use of the fluid may continue. Likewise, if the characteristic of the fluid has not returned to a value within range, the action can be carried out again in the fluid or a different action can be selected for it to be carried out in the fluid.

In some modalities, different operations may automatically occur in monitoring the characteristics of a fluid under computer control. In some modalities, computer control can be used to determine if the fluid characteristic needs to be adjusted. In some modalities, an action in the fluid can be carried out to adjust the characteristic. In some modalities, the action carried out in the fluid may occur under computer control. For example, computer control can be used to evaluate an out-of-range characteristic in a fluid and determine an appropriate course of corrective action. After that, the computer control can be used to automatically carry out the action used to adjust the fluid characteristic.

In general, any type of fluid can be monitored in a fluid stream in accordance with the present modalities. Fluids suitable for use in these modalities may include, for example, solids, liquids and / or gases that can flow. In some embodiments, the fluid may be water or an aqueous fluid containing water. In other embodiments, the fluid may comprise an organic compound, specifically a hydrocarbon, a petroleum, a refined petroleum component, or a petrochemical. In addition, fluid currents can be operatively coupled to any type of process or can be used in any type of industrial facility. For example, in some embodiments, the fluid stream may comprise a stream of water that is operatively coupled to a cooling tower or similar heat transfer mechanism. In other modalities, the fluid stream may be located in a refinery or chemical plant. When used in such locations, the fluid stream may comprise a stream of refrigerant in some embodiments, a reagent feed stream in some embodiments, or a product feed stream in other embodiments. Therefore, the present methods can be used to confirm that the correct materials are being supplied to and are being produced from an industrial process, as well as to monitor the use of background that is used to carry out the process.

In some embodiments, methods for monitoring a fluid may comprise: providing a fluid in a fluid stream; monitor a characteristic of the fluid using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the fluid in the fluid stream; determine if the characteristic of the fluid needs to be adjusted based on an output of the optical-analytical device; carry out an action in the fluid in the fluid stream to adjust the characteristic; and after carrying out the action in the fluid in the fluid stream, monitor the characteristic of the fluid using another optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the fluid in the fluid stream.

In some modalities, methods for monitoring water may include: providing water in a fluid stream; carry out an action in the water in the fluid stream to adjust a water characteristic; and after carrying out the action in the water in the fluid stream, monitor the water characteristic using an optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the water in the fluid stream; and determine if the water feature is within a desired range. In some modalities, carry out an action in the water it may comprise at least one action such as, for example, adding at least one component to the water or increasing the concentration of the component, removing at least one component of the water or reducing the concentration of the component, exposing the water to a bactericidal treatment or other treatment of purification, and any combination thereof. In some modalities, the methods may also include repeating the action in the water or carrying out another action in the water, if the water characteristic of ours in a desired range. In some modalities, determining if the water feature is within a desired range and repeating the action in the water and / or carrying out another action in the water can occur automatically under computer control.

Although a number of industrial processes use and produce fluids, it is believed that the present methods can be particularly beneficial in cooling tower and refinery applications. In both of these applications, it may be important to maintain fluid integrity during fluid entry and exit. With respect to refinery applications, the present methods can be applied to monitor the inlet and outlet of fluid from the material being refined. For example, in some modalities, optical-analytical devices can be used to monitor very viscous fluids such as gravity oil 30 in order to monitor the integrity of the process.

Therefore, the present invention is well adapted to achieve the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent to it. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, since the present invention can be modified and practiced in different ways, but apparent equivalents to those experienced in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. In addition, no limitation is intended to the details of construction or design shown in this document, in addition to those described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed above can be altered, combined, or modified in all those variations that are considered within the scope and spirit of the present invention. While the compositions and methods are described in terms of "comprising", "containing", or "including" different components or steps, the compositions and methods may also "consist essentially of" or "consist of" the different components and Steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by an amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit, any number and any included range that falls within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, each range of values (of the form "from a to a to b", OR, equivalently, "from approximately a to b", or, equivalently, "from approximately ab") that are disclosed in this document should be understand that it establishes each number and range within the broadest range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their ordinary, flat meaning unless explicitly stated otherwise and clearly defined by the patentee. In addition, the indefinite articles "one" or "one", as used in the claims, are defined herein as meaning one or more than one of the element that is introduced. If there is any conflict in the uses of a word or term in this specification and one or more patents or other documents that may be incorporated in this document by reference, definitions that are consistent with this specification must be adopted.

Claims (23)

NOVELTY OF THE INVENTION Having described the present invention as above, it is considered as a novelty and, therefore, the content of the following is claimed as property: CLAIMS

1. One method, which comprises: monitor bacteria in the water using a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with water.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the water flows through a flow path while monitoring the bacteria occurs.

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprises: expose the water to a bactericidal treatment; Y after exposing the water to the bactericidal treatment, monitor the live bacteria in the water using the first optical-analytical device or a second optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with the water.

4. The method according to claim 3, further comprises: determine a death ratio for the bacteria affected by the bactericidal treatment.

5. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the bactericidal treatment is selected from the group consisting of ultraviolet light, introduction of a chemical biocide, ozonolysis, electrocoagulation, and any combination thereof.

6. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that monitoring the live bacteria in the water comprises monitoring types of bacteria, the amount of bacteria, or both.

7. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the monitoring of live bacteria in the water comprises monitoring the DNA or RNA of living bacteria.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that the first optical-analytical device detects and analyzes an emission of fluorescent radiation from living bacteria.

9. The method according to claim 1, further comprises: determine if the water is suitable to be introduced into an underground formation.

10. The method according to claim 9, further comprises: forming a treatment fluid comprising the water and at least one additional component; and introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation.

11. The method according to claim 10, further comprises: monitor the treatment fluid in the underground formation using a second optical-analytical device.

12. The method according to claim 11, characterized in that the monitoring of the treatment fluid in the underground formation comprises monitoring the treatment fluid for live bacteria.

13. One method, which comprises: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; monitoring live bacteria in the treatment fluid using at least a first optical-analytical device that is in optical communication with a flow path to transport the treatment fluid; and introduce the fluid to the treatment in an underground formation, after monitoring the live bacteria in the same.

14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the monitoring of live bacteria in the treatment fluid comprises monitoring the types of bacteria, the amount of bacteria, or both.

15. The method according to claim 14, further comprises: determine a bactericidal treatment for the treatment fluid based on the types of bacteria and the amount of bacteria in the same, as monitored using the first optical-analytical device; Y carry out the bactericidal treatment in the treatment fluid.

16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that determining a bactericidal treatment for the treatment fluid occurs automatically under computer control.

17. The method according to claim 15, further comprises: after carrying out the bactericidal treatment in the treatment fluid, monitor the live bacteria in the fluid to the treatment using a second optical-analytical device.

18. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the bactericidal treatment is selected from the group consisting of exposure to ultraviolet light, introduction of a chemical biocide, ozonolysis, electrocoagulation, and any combination thereof.

19. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the treatment fluid flows through the flow path while monitoring live bacteria.

20. The method according to claim 13, further comprises: monitor live bacteria in the treatment fluid while the treatment fluid is in the underground formation by using a second optical-analytical device located therein.

21. One method, which comprises: providing a treatment fluid comprising a base fluid and at least one additional component; introduce the treatment fluid in an underground formation; Y monitor live bacteria in the treatment fluid while in the underground formation using an optical-analytical device located therein.

22. The method according to claim 21, further comprises: add a bactericidal agent to the treatment fluid ..

23. The method according to claim 22, further comprises: After adding the bactericidal agent, monitor the bacteria in the treatment fluid within the underground formation using the optical-analytical device.