LT5895B - Method for extraction of hydrogen from water - Google Patents

Abstract

Invention relates to hydrogen energy technologies and, in particular to hydrogen from water extraction method. The method of the invention characterized in that the hydrogen produced by decomposition of water molecules into H and O atoms by energetic water nanodrops insertion into membranes. This is accomplished by forcing water into water vapor, and water vapor - into the water nanodrops, which continue electrified, accelerated in an electric field and inserted into the surface layers of the membrane that selectively let in hydrogen atoms. Energetic water nanodrops, which kinetic energy exceeds the total communication energy between the atoms that make up nanodrops, resolve into H and O atoms on the surface of the membrane. H atoms have passed through the membrane, forming H2 gas.

Description

The present invention relates to a process for the extraction of hydrogen from water, more specifically hydrogen release from water nanoparticles (clusters consisting of water molecules), followed by ionization acceleration in an electric field and ballistic insertion in the membrane surface layer.

TECHNICAL LEVEL

The processes involved in the extraction, storage, and utilization of its internal energy to generate hydrogen have been the subject of intense research for many years, but despite this, hydrogen power technologies for power generation are not yet able to compete with low-cost technologies using hydrocarbon compounds. In Table 1, we present a comparison of hydrogen technologies currently in use and under investigation for their efficiency. As a reminder, the efficiency of a technology is calculated as the ratio of the energy produced from hydrogen produced to the energy consumed to produce it, expressed as a percentage.

table. Efficiency of different hydrogen production technologies

Extraction technology Energy efficiency Methane gas reformer, 83% Partial oxidation of methane 70-80% Autothermal reformer 71-74% Coal gasification 63% Direct gasification of biomass 40-50% Electrolysis (using nuclear power plants) 45-55% Photocatalytic water splitting 10-14%

Low-temperature water electrolysis, in which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are formed by dissociation in aqueous solution and the gas released is collected in the cathode and anode electrodes, is widely studied in many laboratories around the world. Including the energy required for electrolysis, the efficiency of hydrogen removal from water by electrolysis ranges from 25% to 55%.

Water molecules are attempted to be cleaved into H and O atoms by various other means and methods. The energy required to break up the water molecule into 2H and O atoms is estimated to be about 10 eV. It is obtained by heating water, generating intense mechanical waves and deformations in the water, irradiating water with radio waves, photons, electrons and other particles. The main processes that initiate the breakdown of water molecules are:

- thermolysis is the decomposition of water at high temperatures (3000 K and above), including plasma in the temperature range of 10000 to 12000 K;

- thermochemical processes, including photochemical, photoelectrochemical, photocatalytic and others, which additionally use various chemical reagents, catalysts, electromagnetic waves and electronic processes in the electrolyte. Under laboratory conditions, the efficiency of thermochemical processes reaches 38-40%.

- Radiolysis - uses radio waves and γ-rays to initiate a sequence of processes that result in the removal of hydrogen from water;

- pulsed photolysis - {carbon. flash photolysis) in which short pulses of light initiate chemical reactions that emit hydrogen;

- acoustic luminescence - {carbon. sonoluminescence), which results from acoustic cavitation when sound waves generate small gas bubbles in a liquid, which, during sudden disappearance, produce high local temperatures and radiation

The essence of all of the above methods and techniques is the search for new physico-chemical effects that separate hydrogen from the water molecule.

There are many patents and research papers in the literature where hydrogen is released from water vapor, usually from plasma water vapor:

1. J.D. Holladay, J. Hu, D.L. King, Y. Wang, An Overview of Hydrogen Production Technologies, Catalysis Today, Volume 139, Issue 4, 2009-01-30, p. 244-260;

2. An Introduction to Energy Sources: http://nccr.iitm.ac.in/ebook%20final.pdf (eknyga);

3. Isao Yamada, Noriaki Toyoda, Nano-scale Surface Modification Using Gas Cluster Ion Beams - A Development History and Review of the Japanese Nano-Technology Program, Surface and Coatings Technology, Volume 201, Publications 19-20, 2007-08-05 , p. 85798587;

4. Krull W. A. Jacobson D. C, Sekar K., Horsky T. N., WO / 2008/128039, Cluster ion implantation for defect engineering.

5. J. I. Amo W. K. Olander, R, Kaim, US2011065268, Boron Ion Implantation Using Altemative Fluorinated Boron Precursors, and Formation of Large Boron Hydrides for Implanation.

6. J. O. Borland, J. J. Hautala, W. J. Skinner, US7396745, Formation of ultra-shallow junctions by gas-cluster ion irradiation;

7. M. A. Rosen Advances in Hydrogen Production by Thermochemical Water Decomposition: A Review, Energy, Volume 35, Issue 2, February 2010, p. 1068-10763;

The above-mentioned sources mention the methods of extracting hydrogen from water, whereby water molecules in plasma interact with plasma electrons which, with some probability, break O-H bonds. However, the problem of hydrogen release from plasma remains unresolved.

THE SUBSTANCE OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the production of hydrogen from water, whereby hydrogen is released from water due to ballistic interaction of energetic clusters of water molecules forming nanoscale with membrane atoms. Vigorous accelerated electric field water nanoparticles transfer their kinetic energy to membrane atoms, initiating their deformation, cascade mixing, and collective atomic oscillations, which form a high-temperature localized peak into which embedded water molecules decompose into H and O atoms.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention consists of a sequence of processes: water vapor from water, which is rapidly cooled to form water nanoparticles (water molecule clusters up to 5 nm in size) that are electrified and accelerated in an electric field to obtain kinetic energy several times higher than that required for interatomic to break the bonds in the H2O molecules that form the nanoscale. During ballistic interaction with the membrane, energetic nanoparticles decompose into H and O atoms. The membrane material and temperature are chosen such that the H atoms move through the membrane by diffusion and form H2 molecules on the other side, which are collected in a specialized reservoir.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a device in which the invention is implemented;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a sequence of phase transformations and processes for explaining the extraction of hydrogen from water;

FIG. 3 is a diagram explaining the decomposition of water nanoparticles into H and O atoms.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The process for the production of hydrogen from water nanoparticles according to the present invention is carried out in the following steps:

1. Water 1 (Fig. 1) in a closed thermostat 2 is heated by a heater 3, which produces a saturating water vapor pressure of, for example, 350 K water vapor pressure of -40 kPa.

2. The wall of the vessel with saturated water vapor is provided with diaphragms (holes) 5 having a diameter of 20 to 50 pm, the number of which can be varied from several tens to several thousand.

3. Through the holes, water vapor strikes the vacuum chamber 6, which is vacuumed by 1-0.1 Pa vacuum pumps 7. Water vapor 4, entering the vacuum chamber 6 through the holes 5, expands (adiabatic process), loses part of the internal energy, cools to homogeneous nucleation of water molecules around condensation centers begins and their growth begins. This produces nano-droplets 8 containing several tens of water molecules measuring 2 to 5 nm in size.

4. At the same time, the emerging water nanoparticles 8 are electrolyzed by an independent ionizer 9 and become electrolytic water nanoparticles 10. One of the widely used methods can be used for the electrolysis of the nanoparticles: photoionization, electronic ionization, plasma ionization and others.

5. The electroplated nanoparticles 10 are formed in an electric field 11 where they are accelerated and directed to the surface of the membrane 12. The kinetic energy of the particles reaching the membrane surface is proportional to the difference in potentials between the point where the particle is charged and the surface potential of the membrane 12, which is coupled to source 13 and is controlled over a wide range of several to several tens of kilovolts.

6. Vigorous electric field accelerated nanoparticles 10 reach the surface layer of membrane 12 where they decompose to H and O atoms.

7. Detached H atoms accumulate in the intermembrane atoms of the membrane and are transported through the membrane. On the other side of the membrane, H2 molecules 13 are formed, which are collected in a specialized reservoir 14.

FIG. Figure 2 shows a scheme of phase transformations and processes explaining the extraction of hydrogen from water.

Surface sequence: water 1 (fig. 2) is converted to water vapor 2, water vapor to water nanoparticles 3, water nanoparticles to electric water drops 4, electric water drops to vigorous water drops 5, vigorous water drops decompose to H and And atoms 6 and H atoms turn into H2 molecules 7.

Process sequence: water evaporation 8, water vapor adiabatic expansion and water nano-drop condensation 9, nano-drop electrolysis 10, nano-drop acceleration 11, nano-drop decomposition 12 and H2 capture 13.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the decomposition of energetic water nanoparticles into H and O atoms. The falling energetic nanoscale 1 (Fig. 3) interacts with membrane 2, transferring part of its kinetic energy to membrane atoms, initiating their oscillations and local deformation, resulting in the formation of a local high-temperature peak in which membrane molecules dissociate into hydrogen 3 and oxygen 4 atoms. . The nanoscale completely decays into its atoms after about 20-30 fs.

The proposed method of hydrogen production offers new opportunities for hydrogen from water without the use of expensive catalysts and guarantees 100% eco-friendly technology.

The process is controlled and easily automated.

Consumers will have a new technology for the extraction of hydrogen from water that will address the pressing challenges of the hydrogen economy and nature conservation.

Claims (1)

DEFINITION OF INVENTION A method for extracting hydrogen from water, comprising evaporating water by clustering (nano-forming) water molecules, electronising, accelerating in an electric field, and incorporating into membranes (a) Provides a water-saturated vapor pressure of 340-360 K in a closed thermostat with 2 to 5 pm holes in one of its walls; b) feeding water vapor through the holes in the reservoir wall into a vacuum chamber where the vacuum pumps maintain a stationary pressure of 1-0.1 Pa, where the water vapor is rapidly cooled (adiabatic expansion) and water nanoparticles up to 5 nm in diameter are formed; (c) electrolyze the nanoparticles in the vacuum chamber zone where the nanoparticles are formed, using external independent sources of ionization (X-rays, electrons, plasma, or other), which result in the nanoparticles becoming electroplated nanoparticles, d) generates an electric field in the vacuum chamber zone where the nanoparticles are formed and electrically energized by forming a potential difference of 20-60kV between the wall through which the vapor enters the vacuum chamber and the membrane used to separate hydrogen, (e) accelerating and imparting kinetic energy to the electrolytic nanoparticles in an electric field (f) energetic nanoparticles with energy sufficient to cleave the nanoparticles containing the H and O atoms, and, in interaction with the membrane atoms, decompose into H and O atoms; g) H atoms are transported through a membrane that forms H ₂ molecules on the other side of the membrane.