KR960013597B1 - Tunnel construction method - Google Patents
Tunnel construction method Download PDFInfo
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- KR960013597B1 KR960013597B1 KR1019930026320A KR930026320A KR960013597B1 KR 960013597 B1 KR960013597 B1 KR 960013597B1 KR 1019930026320 A KR1019930026320 A KR 1019930026320A KR 930026320 A KR930026320 A KR 930026320A KR 960013597 B1 KR960013597 B1 KR 960013597B1
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- Prior art keywords
- blasting
- tunnel
- drilling
- resistance line
- hole
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- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019506 cigar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 wire mesh Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
- E21D9/006—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries by making use of blasting methods
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
제1도는 본 발명 터널굴착방법을 설명하는 개략도.1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the tunnel excavation method of the present invention.
제2도는 본 발명에 따라 천공장비로 공공을 천공하는 작업상태도.2 is a working state of drilling the public with the drilling equipment according to the present invention.
제3도는 종래 기술에 따른 터널 굴착방법을 설명하는 개략도이다.3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a tunnel excavation method according to the prior art.
* 도면의 주요부분에 대한 부호의 설명* Explanation of symbols for main parts of the drawings
1 : 공공(空孔) 2 : 장약공(裝藥孔)1: public 2: charge
3 : 천공장비 3a : 복사트럭3: drilling equipment 3a: copy truck
3b : 크레인 3c : 수평천공기3b: crane 3c: horizontal drilling machine
본 발명은 암반으로 형성된 지하터널의 굴착방법에 관한 것으로, 특히 수평천공기가 설치된 천공장비를 이용하여 소정길이의 대구경공공을 길게 천공한 후 1 스트로크씩 발파를 실시함으로써 소음과 진동을 저하시킴을 물론 공정단축에 의한 시공비를 절감할 수 있도록 된 터널굴착방법에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a method of excavating underground tunnels formed of rock, and in particular, by drilling a large diameter hole with a predetermined length using a horizontal drilling machine equipped with a horizontal drilling machine, and then blasting by one stroke to lower noise and vibration. It relates to a tunnel excavation method that can reduce the construction cost due to process shortening.
일반적으로 터널은 도로·철도·수로등을 통하게 하기 위해 땅속을 뚫은 통로로, 터널의 종류에는 여러 가지 분류법이 있지만 용도에 의한 분류로서는 철도·도로·수로·지중선터널등으로 나뉘고, 또 지역 및 장소에 의한 분류로서는 산악·시가·수저(水底)터널등으로 나뉜다.In general, tunnels are passages through the ground to allow roads, railways, waterways, etc. There are various classification methods for tunnels. The categorization is divided into mountain, cigar and cutlery tunnel.
상기 산악이나 시가지의 지질이 암반일 경우의 터널굴착은, 긴 정과 착암기를 사용하여 암반을 천공하는 착암과 그 구멍에 폭약을 장전하고 폭발시켜 암석을 부수는 발파, 파쇄된 암석들을 담푸, 페이로다 기타 운반장비를 이용하여 갱이나 터널밖으로 반출하는 토석반출 및 공동(空桐)화 형상의 초기 단계를 막기 위해 시멘트, 철망(Wire mesh), 철재(Steel rib)등으로 후속작업을 진행하게 된다.Tunnel excavation, when the geology of the mountain or urban area is rock, rock drilling that drills the rock using long tablets and rock drills, and blasts by loading and exploding the explosives into the holes, crushing the rock, damping the rock In order to prevent the initial stage of the excavation and cavitation, which are taken out of the gang or tunnel using other transport equipment, the following work is performed with cement, wire mesh, and steel ribs.
그런데 상기 작업과정인 터널굴진발파에 있어서, 최초의 발파면인 자유면(自由面)이 1개 이므로 굴진방향쪽으로 자유면을 새로 만드는 2자유면 발파로 바꾸기 위하여 발파전단면의 일부분을 먼저 발파하여 새로이 자유면을 하나더 만들 필요가 있다. 이러한 발파를 심발파라고 하고 이것을 이용하여 상·하·좌·우의 주변 확대발파를 하게 된다.However, in the tunnel drilling blasting process, since there is only one free surface, the first blasting surface is blasted a part of the blasting front surface first to change into a two free surface blasting which creates a new free surface in the drilling direction. We need to make another free face. Such blasting is called heart blasting, and the blasting is used to expand the surroundings of the upper, lower, left, and right.
이러한 심발발파를 실시하는 경우에도 폭약을 적게 사용하면서 장송발파가 가능하게 중앙에 폭약을 채우지 않는 공공(空孔)을 천공하게 되는데, 이는 2자유면을 얻기 위한 방법이다.In the case of carrying out such a heart blasting, the explosives are used with a small amount of explosives, so that the blasts can be punched in the center without filling the explosives in the center, which is a method for obtaining two free surfaces.
종래의 심발발파는 제3도에 도시된 것과 같이, 직경이인 공공(1)을 1회 굴착깊이(1Stroke)만큼 터널하단에는 1.7M지점(지반여건 및 단면에 따라 약간의 상하, 좌우이동할 수 있음)에 천공하고, 이 공공(1)의 중심에서 거리가 a(a=1.5 )이고 한변이 W1(W1=a)인 4각형의 모서리와 이 공공(1)을 중심으로 한변이 W2(W2=1.5W1), W3(W3=1.5W2), W4(W4=1.5W3)인 각각의 4각모서리에 폭약을 넣은 장약공(2)을 설치한 뒤, 이 장약공(2)의 주위에 주변발파에 필요한 장약공(2)을 암반 및 지형여건에 따라서 40~100cm의 공간거리로 천공후 폭약을 장전시켜 발파를 해야만 연속 발파인 주변발파까지도 잘될 수 있었다.Conventional heart blasting has a diameter, as shown in FIG. The hole (1) is drilled at the bottom of the tunnel by one digging depth (1 Stroke) at a point of 1.7M (which can be moved up and down or left and right depending on the ground conditions and the cross section), and the distance from the center of the hole (1) a corner of a square with a (a = 1.5) and one side W 1 (W 1 = a) and one side centered around this cavity (1) W 2 (W 2 = 1.5W 1 ), W 3 (W 3 = 1.5W 2 ) and W 4 (W 4 = 1.5W 3 ) are installed at each corner of the explosive charge hole (2), and then the necessary charge for surrounding blasting around the charge hole (2) (2) Depending on the rock and the topography conditions, the explosives should be blasted after loading the explosives with a space distance of 40 ~ 100cm, so that even the continuous blasting could be achieved.
그러나 상기 공공(1)을 75mm 정도로 천공할 경우에는 심발발파 및 주변 발파를 천공작업할 때 사용하던 착암기를 사용할 수 있는 바, 이 75mm 정도의 공공(1)은 자유면이 적어도 상기 W1,W2,W3에 해당하는 심발발파를 할 때 매발파마다 공공(1)을 뚫어주어야 하므로, 심발발파는 천공위치에 대한 허용오차기 극히 저게 요구되어 착암에 걸리는 시간가 인원이 많이 소요되어 시공성이 나쁘고 또 심발발파보다 허용오차가 큰 주변발파와 비교해서 단위길이당 폭약이 많이 소용되므로 진동과 소음이 크게 발생되는 문제점이 있었다.However, when the hole 1 is drilled about 75 mm, the rock drill used when drilling the heart blasting and the surrounding blasting can be used. The hole of about 75 mm has a free surface at least W 1 , W 2 , W 3 When the blasting corresponding to the blasting is required to pierce the public (1) for each blast, heart blasting is required extremely low tolerance for the perforation location, the time required for rock drilling takes a lot of maneuverability and bad construction In addition, since the explosives are used a lot per unit length compared to the surrounding blasts having a larger tolerance than the heart blasting, there was a problem in that vibration and noise were greatly generated.
또한 상기 공공(1)을 50mm, 200mm로 뚫을 때에는 75mm용의 착암기가 아닌 별도의 천공장비를 사용해야 하므로 작업이 번거로운 한편, 허용오차가 적은 심발발파에 해당하는 천공작업도 해야하므로 장공발파에 응용하기가 어려워 일반화 도지 못하였으며, 더구나 공공(1)을 만드는 천공길이를 매 발파시 해야하므로 그 공법이 번거롭고 공사기간이 길며 경제적으로 큰 효과가 없었다.In addition, when drilling the hole (1) with 50mm and 200mm, a separate drilling equipment rather than a 75mm rock drill should be used, which is cumbersome, and the drilling work corresponding to heart blasting with a small tolerance is also required. It was difficult to generalize, and furthermore, it was necessary to blast every drilling length to make public (1), so the construction method was cumbersome, the construction period was long, and it had no economic effect.
한편, 비슷한 공법으로 선진도항(Pilot tunnel)공법은 고가인 장비를 사용해야 하고 공공(1)의 지름은 적어도 1.8M 이상이므로 작업구간 전체에 공공을 굴착한 후 나머지 단면에 2자유면 발파를 함으로써 공사기간을 단축하면서 경제적인 공사를 수행할 수 있었으나, 비교적 강한 암반층이 고르게 발달한 지역이나 터널 길이가 긴 지역에서는 경제적이었으나 변화가 심한 암반층이나 연약지반이 형성되어 있는 암반층 및 짧은 터널의 경우는 시공성과 경제성이 나쁘기 때문에 적용하기에 곤란한 결점이 있었다.In the meantime, the pilot tunnel method should use expensive equipment and the diameter of the public (1) is at least 1.8M. Therefore, excavate the public throughout the work area and blast two free surfaces on the remaining sections. Economical construction could be carried out with shorter periods of time, but it was economical in areas where relatively strong rock layers were developed evenly, or in tunnels with long tunnel lengths. It was difficult to apply because of poor economics.
종래의 심발발파에는 크게 대별하면 경사천공(Angle Cut)와 수평천공(Parall-el Cut)이 있으며, 또 이 수명천공을 분류하면 소구경과 대구경이 있으나, 이 대구경을 200mm 이상 사용한 예가 없었다.Conventional heart blasting is largely divided into an angle cut (Angle Cut) and horizontal (Parall-el Cut), and this life perforation is classified into a small diameter and a large diameter, but there was no use of this large diameter more than 200mm.
이에 본 발명은 상기와 같은 제방결점을 감안하여 안출한 것으로, 공공의 단면적이 0.05m2 이상이 되는 공공을 암반의 여건이나 지형의 여건에 딸 1개 내지 수개를 천공장비로 비교적 길게(6m 이상) 천공한 후 1스트로크(1회 발파깊이)씩 허용오차가 적은 심발발파 없이 비교적 허용오차가 큰 주변 발파만으로 터널굴착을 실시하는 것으로, 상대적으로 진동과 소음을 감소시킬 수 있으면서 기존발파보다는 장공발파도 가능한 터널굴착방법을 제공함에 그 목적이 있다.Accordingly, the present invention has been devised in view of the above embankment defects, and one to several daughters are relatively long (6 m or more) in the condition of rock or the terrain of a cavity having a sectional area of 0.05 m2 or more. After drilling, tunnel excavation is performed only by surrounding blasting with relatively large tolerance, without heart blasting with small tolerance by one stroke (once blasting depth). The purpose is to provide a possible tunneling method.
상기와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명은, 2자유면을 형성하기 위한 공고의 단면적이 0.05m2 이상될 수 있도록 250~ 1000mm의 공공을 암반 지형의 여건에 따라 복사트럭과 크레인 및 수평천공기등을 복합설치시킨 천공장비로 6m 이상 소정길이로 1개 내지 수개를 천공한 후 1차 최소저항선인 W1이 530mm와 1차 최소 저항선의 주위로 암반 및 지형여건에 따라 40~10c0m의 공간거리로 장약공을 천공한 뒤, 이 장약공에 폭약을 장전시켜 1스트로크(1회 발파깊이)씩 허용오차가 극히 적은 심발발파없이 비교적 허용오차가 큰 주변발파만으로 터널을 굴착할 수 있도록 된 것이다.In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a 250 to 1000 mm cavity for radiation trucks, cranes and horizontal boring machines, etc., according to the conditions of rocky terrain, so that the cross-sectional area of the announcement for forming two free surfaces can be 0.05 m2 or more. After drilling one to several pieces with a predetermined length of 6m or more with a complex installation drilling equipment, the first minimum resistance wire W1 is 530mm and the first minimum resistance wire is about 40 ~ 10c0m depending on the rock and terrain conditions. After drilling, the explosives were loaded into the hole so that the tunnel could be excavated only with the surrounding blasts with relatively large tolerances, without deep blasts with very small tolerances per stroke.
이하 본 발명을 첨부된 예시도면에 의거 상세히 설명한다.Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
제1도는 본 발명 터널굴착방법을 설명하는 개략도이고, 제2도는 본 발명에 따른 천공장비로 공공을 천공하는 작업상태로서, 본 발명은 2자유면을 주기 위한 공공(1)의 단면적이 0.05m2 이상 될 수 있도록 250~ 1000mm의 공공(1)을 암반의 여건이나 지형의 여건에 따라 복사트럭(3a)과 크레인(3b) 및 수평천공기(3c)등을 복합설치시킨 천공장비(3)로 6m 이상 소정길이로 1개 내지 수개를 천공한 후 1차 최소저항선(W1)의 주위로 40~100cm의 공간거리에 장약공(2)을 천공한 뒤, 이 장약공(2)에 폭약을 장전시켜 1스트로크(1회 발파길이)씩 심발발파 없이 주변발파만으로 터널을 굴착할 수 있도록 된 것이다.1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the tunnel excavation method of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is a working state for drilling a hole with a drilling device according to the present invention, and the present invention provides a cross section of 0.05 m2 of a cavity 1 for giving two free surfaces. 6m of drilling equipment (3) with a 250 ~ 1000mm cavity (1) combined with a radiation truck (3a), a crane (3b), a horizontal drilling machine (3c), etc. according to the conditions of the rock or the terrain. After drilling one to several pieces with the predetermined length, the hole (2) is drilled at a space distance of 40 to 100 cm around the primary minimum resistance line (W1), and then the explosive is loaded into the charge hole (2). It is possible to excavate a tunnel by surrounding blasting only by one stroke (one blasting length) without heart blasting.
여기서 상기 수평천공기의 앞쪽에는 공공(1)의 천공시 천공장비(3)가 뒤로 밀리는 것을 방지하기 위해 암석에 고정시킨 와이어가 체결되고, 뒤쪽에는 공기파이프라인이 결합되어 있다.In this case, a wire fixed to the rock is fastened to the front of the horizontal drilling machine to prevent the drilling equipment 3 from being pushed backward during the drilling of the cavity 1, and the air pipe line is coupled to the rear of the horizontal drilling machine.
따라서 본 발명에 따라 상기 천공장비가 터널내부로 들어가 터널의 중심부를 이 천공장비에 250~ 1000mm 사이의 회전빗트를 갖춘 수평천공기를 작동시켜 2자유면을 주기 위한 1개 내지 수개의 공공(1)을 약 4~5일 이상의 작업(발파)길 이 만큼 천공 후 터널에서 철수작업완료후, 이 공공(1)의 주위에 지반여건에 따라서 40~100cm의 공간거리로 천공한 후 폭약을 장전시켜 1스트로크씩 수차례의 주변발파를 실시하고, 상기 2자유면을 주기위한 공공(1)의 길이가 부족하게 되면 상기한 바와 같은 천공장비를 이용하여 또다시 4~5일 이상의 작업깊이 만큼 공공을 천공한 다음 주변발파를 계속적으로 실시하면 된다.Therefore, according to the present invention, the drilling equipment enters the inside of the tunnel and operates one or several cavities for giving two free surfaces by operating a horizontal drilling machine having a rotating bit between 250 and 1000 mm in the center of the tunnel. After drilling about 4 ~ 5 days or more (blasting) length after the completion of the withdrawal work in the tunnel, perforated at a space distance of 40 ~ 100cm depending on the ground conditions around this public (1) and load the explosives 1 If the blasting is carried out several times per stroke and the length of the cavity 1 for giving the two free surfaces is insufficient, another hole is drilled for 4 to 5 days or more by using the above-mentioned drilling equipment. And then continue the blasting.
즉 종래 터널굴착공법고 본 발명의 터널굴착공법을 비교하면, 확대공발파(심발발파)에 적용하는 일반화된 공식인(학자에 따라 또는 암반의 성질에 따라다소 차이가 있음) a=1.5 , W1=a, W2=1.5W1, W3=1.5W2, W4=1.5W3를 인용하여 본 발명에 따라 암반이 강한 지역에서 445mm의 공공(1)을 뚫게 되면 1차 최소저항선(W1)이 930mm의 숫치를 얻게 되므로 76mm헤드를 사용한 경우의 4차 최소저항성(W4)과 비슷하고, 154mm헤드를 사용한 3차 최소저항선에 가깝게 된다. 그러나 터널발파에서 공간거리가 1000mm이상 사용하는 현장은 진동과 소음 및 균열등의 관계로 많이 사용하지 않으므로 모든 현장에서 곧바로 공공을 천공한 후 주변발파를 할 수 있다.That is, compared with the conventional tunnel excavation method and the tunnel excavation method of the present invention, the generalized formula applied to the expanded co-explosion (heart blasting) (depending on the scholar or the nature of the rock) a = 1.5, W 1 = a, W 2 = 1.5 W 1 , W 3 = 1.5 W 2 , W 4 = 1.5 W 3 In accordance with the present invention when the hole (1) of 445mm in a strong rock area according to the present invention the primary minimum resistance line ( Since W1) is 930mm, it is similar to the 4th order minimum resistance (W4) using the 76mm head, and close to the 3rd order minimum resistance line using the 154mm head. However, the site using more than 1000mm of space in tunnel blasting is not used much because of vibration, noise, and cracks, so it is possible to blast around immediately after drilling public at all sites.
또한 주변발파는 심발발파보다 허용오차가 크고 장약량이 적게 들어 터널굴착패턴의 응용에 큰 효과가 있다. 예를들면 터널굴착속도를 증가시키면 종래 1, 2, 3차 최소저항선(W1,W2,W3)에 사용하던 만큼의 폭약을 본 발명의 터널굴착방법에 의거 주변발파용 장약공(2)에 장전시키면 되고, 터널공사주변의 기구조물이나 사람 및 동물 등이 있을 때에는 상기 1, 2, 3차 최소저항선(W1,W2,W3)에 사용하던 폭약을 사용하지 않고 터널굴착을 하게 되면 진동과 소음은 훨씬 저하되면서, 굴착깊이는 1, 2, 3차 최소저항성(W1,W2,W3)에 폭약을 사용하던 때보다 결코 짧지 않으면서, 상기 공공(1)의 크기를 변경함에 따라 시공성이 향상되므로 굴전속도는 자연히 빨라지게 된다.In addition, peripheral blasting has a greater tolerance and lower dose than heart blasting, and thus has a great effect on the application of tunnel excavation patterns. For example, if the tunnel excavation speed is increased, the explosive charges used in the first , second , and third resistance lines (W 1 , W 2 , W 3 ) as the conventional explosive charges according to the tunnel excavation method of the present invention (2 ), and if loaded, the tunnel construction the periphery of the group of structures or human or animal, such as without the use of explosives that used in the first, second, third minimum resistance wire (W 1, W 2, W 3) tunnel when there The vibration and noise are further reduced, and the excavation depth is never shorter than when using explosives for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order minimum resistances (W 1 , W 2 , W 3 ), and the size of the cavity 1 By changing the construction property is improved, so the speed of flexion will naturally increase.
이상 설명한 바와 같이 본 발명에 의하면, 수평천공기를 조합시킨 천공장비는 1~2일 동안에 20~60M의 공공을 천공할 수 있으므로 타현장이나 반대편터널등 수개의 현장을 이동하면서 작업이 가능하므로 대구경 공공의 천공경비가 많이 소요되지 않을 뿐만 아니라 종래 심발발파보다 작업이 단순하며 진동과 소음을 상대적으로 감소시키면서 장공발파에는 훨씬 유리함은 물론, 공사기간을 단축시킬 수 있는 효과가 있다.As described above, according to the present invention, the drilling equipment combined with the horizontal drilling machine can drill 20-60M of public spaces in one or two days, so that it is possible to work while moving several sites such as other sites or opposite tunnels. Not only does it cost a lot of drilling costs, but the work is simpler than conventional blasting, while reducing vibration and noise, it is much more advantageous for long blasting, as well as shortening the construction period.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| KR1019930026320A KR960013597B1 (en) | 1993-12-03 | 1993-12-03 | Tunnel construction method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| KR1019930026320A KR960013597B1 (en) | 1993-12-03 | 1993-12-03 | Tunnel construction method |
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| KR950019033A KR950019033A (en) | 1995-07-22 |
| KR960013597B1 true KR960013597B1 (en) | 1996-10-09 |
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| KR100323151B1 (en) * | 1999-12-31 | 2002-02-06 | 조영동 | Tunnel blasting method with large empty holes and pre-splitting of circular cut |
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