KR840000262B1 - System for encoding of arabic-farsi languages - Google Patents

Abstract

The teleprinter operation (the ability to compress the data into 5-bit characters) is based upon two basic criteria of the Arabic-Farsi languages, namely: (1) the form (start, middle, and or independent) of a character can be known if the preceding character and the following characters are known: and (2) there are six characters that are identical except for the presence or absence of a dot. The digital logic circuits make use of the above criteria to permit the encoding and decoding and thus the transmitting and receiving of complete Arabic-Farsi languages.

Description

Arabic-Iranian Processing Unit

1 is a functional block diagram of a telegraph typewriter device operating according to the present invention for transmitting and receiving Arabic-Iranian language using standard 5-bit code.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating the Arabic adapter circuit of FIG. 1 in more detail.

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating in more detail hatching which automatically generates a dot sign and a character code when a character is commanded by a user.

4 is a diagram of one type of telegraph typewriter keyboard that can be used with the present invention for the transmission and reception of Arabic.

5 is a diagram showing a variation of the keyboard of FIG. 4, which also shows English (Roman) characters on a key.

FIG. 6 is a table showing a group of Arabic-Irish character classification in a telegraph typewriter or telex operation to illustrate an example of character type classification according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

7 is a summary table of rules for determining character form in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a table showing an example of Baudot encoding of Arabic-Iranian characters according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.

9A and 9B show two groups of Arabic-Iranian characters with dots on each character in one group and the same character except dots without dots in each group.

FIG. 10 is a table showing another example of the Baudot encoding of Arabic-Iranian characters according to the present invention in which three-level codes are used and characters are arranged in three groups for encoding.

11 is a functional block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention suitable for up to three groups of characters.

12 is a schematic diagram showing a simplified keyboard input device according to the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a functional block diagram of one embodiment of an Arabic-Iranian printing device using the abbreviated keyboard input device as shown in FIG.

The present invention relates to a treatment apparatus of Arabic-Iranian, and in particular, the Arabic-Iranian whole body Tarzangi, a typewriter, a typewriter. Controller. Computer input / output terminal. And an Arabic-language processing device for use in a display device. The device can also be used for similar terminal devices that can combine Arabic with other languages.

Arabic characters used in languages such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu (Arabic-Iranian) generally include more than a lot of Roman characters used in English, French, and the like. Therefore, the coding method developed for the transmission, reception, and typewriter related to the Roman-based language is directly used for encoding and decoding languages that use Arabic characters. Not applicable

A major encoding method used for transmitting English is the 5-bit Baudot code, which is used to telegraph in international exchange systems throughout the world. This 5-bit code can accept Roman characters because it contains only 26 characters, 26 characters, 10 numbers, and various punctuation marks. This is because both the code and the function key can be accommodated in the Baudot code. In contrast, it was thought that the 5-bit Bowdot code could not accommodate the 60 or more characters and character forms needed to transmit high quality Arabic-Iranian telegraphs. Accordingly, various coding schemes and various compromises requiring more than 5-bit have been proposed, which make them unsuitable for the requirements of existing international switching devices.

,a,a와 같은 첨가기호)에 대한 필요성을 고려하지 않았고, 부호화에 대한 필요조건이 확대되어서, 현존하는 전신타자기 장치와 합치되지 못한다. 차우드리는 아라비아 문자를 후술되는 다른 형태를 무시하고 두가지 형태, 즉 간결형태와 완전형태로 분류하여 자판상의 문자의 수효를 감소시켰다. 완전형태와 간결형태 모두를 가진 문자는 뒤에 다른 문자가 계속될 때는 간결형태로 저장되고 스페이스가 계속될 때는 완전형태로 저장된다. 또한 차우드리는 6-비트 부호를 사용하고, 7번째 비트는 "체킹"용으로 사용함으로써 부호화 요건을 확대시켰다. 비록 다른 부호가 사용될 수있다는 제안이 있긴 하지만, 표준 전신타자기 장치로써 아라비아-이란어를 완전히 송신 및 수신할 수 있는 장치가 기재되어 있지는 않다.M. s. One solution proposed in MS Chaudhry's U.S. Patent No. 3,998,310 is that it cannot accept all character forms and does not accept numbers, arithmetic symbols, punctuation, and reader symbols (e.g. for letters of a).

the need for additional symbols such as, a, a) is not taken into account, and the requirements for encoding are expanded, so that they do not match with existing telegraph typewriter devices. Chaudry reduced the number of letters on the keyboard by dividing Arabic letters into two forms, succinct and complete, ignoring other forms described below. Characters with both complete and short forms are stored in short form when other characters follow them, and in full form when spaces continue. Chaudry also extended the encoding requirements by using 6-bit code and using the 7th bit for "checking." Although proposals have been made that other codes may be used, no device is described that can fully transmit and receive Arabic-Iranian as a standard telegraph typewriter device.

Hanson's U.S. Patent No. 3,513,968 describes a typeset control device, in which a six-bit signal representing Arabic characters and space units is stored in the first shift register and subsequently decoded (decoded) so that the data is divided into three categories. It is classified as one and stored in the second shift register. The second decoder determines the form of the characters from the classification of the characters immediately before and after the given character. Character classification information and character form are used to address the memory in order to select the character in its desired form.

Hyder, US Patent No. 3,938,099, describes a printing apparatus for encoding Arabic characters using 8-bits and 11-bits. An analysis device is provided to analyze the chainability applicable to each character using a Boolean equation based on knowledge of the variables of the preceding and following characters. This information from the analysis device, which is then associated with a character code and a compound code, is converted into a code suitable for driving the output device.

Others try to reduce the number of characters required for machines such as telegraph typewriters by omitting some Arabic forms and eliminating arithmetic and punctuation so that the rest of the molecules and manipulations can be coded as standard 5-bit binary Baud-dot code. The method was tried. Other attempts have been made to use English (ie Latin or Roman) alphabets to send Arabic to English telegraphers.

None of the above attempts use high quality Arabic and numerals as an international exchange network using telex and gentex exchanges and using standard 5-bit binary Bowdot code. It did not solve the problem of sending arithmetic codes. Eliminating a character can reduce the quality of Arabic transmissions, cause many expressions to be lost, or at least difficult to interpret.

In the past, more than five binary bits (five binary bits) were required to encode Arabic characters to achieve the desired level of query quality. As a result, a considerable amount of computer storage was required when non-Roman Arabic characters were used in connection with computer devices. Moreover, this reduction is very desirable as the transmit energy of a given communication decreases as the number of bits per character decreases.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel apparatus which can solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel apparatus for high quality reproduction of a language using Arabic characters in which digital encoding and decoding are used and each character can be displayed and transmitted using 5 binary bits or less.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel apparatus for telegraphing Arabic-Iranian language using existing international exchange networks, including telex and gentex exchanges, without changing the code currently used with minimal additional equipment. Is in.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a novel apparatus for encoding and decoding Arabic-Iranian for transmission and storage, in which the input device can be used for various purposes and is not limited to a single function such as the function of a telegraph batter. Is in.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for telecommunications, in which a communication can be transmitted and received in various languages using different character forms.

According to the present invention, a first code generating means in which each character code generates a unique series of character codes for each type of Arabic-Iranian word, at least one of at least three identification codes within the sequence of character codes Inserting means for identifying that at least one subsequent character code belongs to a group of at least three groups of predetermined characters combined with an inserted one identifier. Storage means for storing codes for at least two consecutive characters, classification means for classifying a first stored character as one of a plurality of predetermined character types in response to the two stored codes, immediately before or after the first stored character Second code generating means for generating a second code identifying the first stored character as one of a plurality of Arabic characters in response to the classified type of character, the first stored character code and the Arabic character in response to the second code Means to call data in memory that contains data identifying the proper form of. And means for displaying consecutive characters in the same position in response to said classification means instructing that the character to be displayed is of a character type that does not require a change in the display position thereof. An Arabic-language processing device is provided, which is constituted by means for displaying each Arabic character in a suitable form and position.

In addition, the present invention, the first code generating means is arabic-Iran any Arabic letters or numbers of computer batter. Generates a series of 5-bit character codes each representing one of a plurality of standard telegraph typewriter characters including punctuation and statement characters, irrespective of Arabic characters, and the means for insertion being one of at least three 5-bit identifiers. Is inserted into the series of 5-bit character codes such that at least one subsequent 5-bit character code is within one of at least three predetermined character groups associated with one of the inserted three 5-bit symbols. The storage means receives and stores 5-bit codes for at least two consecutive characters, and the classification means stores each received character in response to each stored 5-bit code of a plurality of predefined character types. And the second code generating means identifies any Arabic character in response to the classification type of the character immediately preceding the stored character. Generating a second code which identifies each stored 5-bit code as one of four possible Arabic characters, the display means in response to the above-described one identification code, the second code and the stored 5-bit code, A device operating as an Arabic-Irane telegraph typewriter device is characterized by displaying each Arabic character corresponding to a stored 5-bit character code in a suitable form.

The device according to the present invention allows a user to transmit and receive up to four forms per letter of Arabic-Iranian letters and numbers 0-9, various telegraph typewriter commands, basic arithmetic codes, and a selected number of punctuation and reader codes. Codes sent and received use standard 5-bit binary bowdot codes. Thus, the international telex and teletex networks can be used to transmit Arabic-Iranian communication completely without compromising the quality of the language, saving the number of codes and bits needed for the communication, and the computing storage necessary for the Arabic-Iranian communication. Saving.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, the various properties of Arabic-Iranian language are used to completely reproduce all Arabic characters and necessary numbers, punctuation, etc. required for full-fledged Arabic-Iranian language using standard 5-bit coding. . The language features used include the following:

1. Although Arabic-Iranian language has more than 60 characters and letter forms (or variations), there are 28 basic characters in Arabic-Iranian language, some of which are preceded by the letter and subsequent characters and their use. It takes different forms depending on the typeface. Therefore, if the logic function of selecting the required form in the receiving printer or display device, selecting the required form in the printer and output display device, and instructing the printer and output display device is implemented, one code word for each Arabic character You may send only.

2. The six Arabic letters of Fig. 9a are identical to the letters of Fig. 9b except that there is a dot on each letter of the first group. Therefore, if the sign for the corresponding character is received following the sign for the dot, each character of the first group can be identified. Therefore, the required code word can be further reduced by five single words.

3. Arabic letters, numbers, punctuation marks, arithmetic symbols, reader symbols including dots on selected characters, and telegraph typewriter operating instructions may be classified into the following types: (Figure 6)

Type A: The characters connected to the preceding character and to the preceding character in the given word.

Type B: Letters connected to subsequent characters in a given word.

Type C: Characters not concatenated with preceding or succeeding characters. These include numbers, arithmetic symbols, and punctuation marks.

Type D: Carriage or printing, such as reader code, upper case (uppercase) signal, and lower case (lowercase) signal.

Or characters that do not move the display to the next space.

Type O: "Hua Yu?" Commands for telegraph typewriter operation such as hair, bell, carriage return and line feed.

4. A reader symbol is printed on or below the character, as a dot on a character. Carriage transfer does not occur when the reader is printed, nor does it cause the printing cylinder, ball or CRT display to advance to the next space and does not affect the choice of character type. In addition, the transmission of the telegraph typewriter command, such as a change from the upper case to the lower case or vice versa, is not printed and does not transfer the carriage or move the display space.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, the total number of code words required to encode a complete Arabic-Iranian word is reduced by using the Arabic-Iranian language defined in the above-mentioned paragraphs 1, 3 and 4. Furthermore, it is additionally used for other encodings at the expense of at least three code words as level indicators. When these level indicator codewords are in a series of character coded words, the immediately following codeword in the series indicates that they are a group of characters. In this way, you can encode up to 93 characters (96 minus three level code words) using 5-bit code, and complete Arabic-Thai and Telex control characters. Other characters such as numbers can be encoded.

In addition to the foregoing, one feature of the present invention is to provide only one form of polymorphic characters on a keyboard to reduce the number of keys in an Arabic typewriter or whole body type keyboard. Using the Arabic adapter according to the principles described above, it is possible to determine the correct form of the letters, and the complete Arabic-Iranian can be written despite the small number of keys. With this device, the keyboard is considerably simplified and the operation of the machine operator is simplified, thereby facilitating the training required for disassembly and operation of the machine.

Another feature of the present invention includes a control device that enables the Arabic-Irane keyboard control print device to be used as a whole-body typewriter and a typewriter. The control also allows Latin and Arabian-Iranian devices to be used with peripherals such as tape punchers.

Utilizing the features described above, the present invention provides an apparatus for encoding a complete Arabic alphavault, numbers, basic arithmetic and optional punctuation marks and readers, and further, a full-text typewriter operation instruction into a 5-bit Arabian Baudot code. In addition, all of the devices required to be connected to the display and the Arabic forms provided to be provided can be indicated and printed or displayed.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Arabic characters are basically 28 in number, but some characters may have different forms depending on their position relative to other characters. As shown in the islands. While there are characters that can have four forms, some can have eight, some have two, and only one. The type of letters is determined by the logic and classification illustrated in Figs.

According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, Arabic characters, numbers, arithmetic symbols, punctuation marks, reader symbols (including dots on the selected character). And the general purpose typewriter operation commands are classified into five types, as already described and as in FIG. 6, the general typewriter characters A, B, C, D and O.

Arabic-Iranian letters come in four forms. Start form. Intermediate form. Last form. And standalone. In a preferred embodiment, the form of the character is determined by the logic according to the rule of FIG. 7 in which the (+) sign means "or".

FIG. 1 shows the whole-body typewriter device of the present invention using the above-mentioned criteria for transmitting and receiving Arabic-Iranian language using standard 5-bit coding. In FIG. 1, the keyboard 11 is connected to the conventional 5-bit Bauddot encoder 13 by line 12. In FIG. The keyboard 11 is, for example, Arabic characters as shown in FIG. A standard English keyboard may be arranged with numbers, arithmetic symbols, and selected punctuation and reader symbols and telegraph typewriter commands. Encoding 13 encodes the character into a 5-bit binary Bowdot code. FIG. 8 also shows an example of a Baudot five-bit binary code and arrangement of keyboard characters.

The 5-bit encoder 13 is connected to a conventional memory or tape puncher 15 via a line 14, and the tape puncher 15 is connected to a suitable memory or tape punch control device 16 via a line 129. In addition, the 5-bit encoder 13 is connected via a line 19 to a conventional modem 111 to a conventional transmitter 117 and a receiver 113. The transmitter and receiver are controlled by conventional call control circuitry 119 by line 16 as shown.

Modem 111 and memory or tape puncher 15 are interconnected by lines 126 and 128 as schematically indicated. Alternatively, the memory or tape puncher 15, the 5-bit encoder 13 and the modem 111 are connected to the switch 125 by lines 17, 18 and 110, respectively, as shown. The switch 125 selectively connects the three units 13, 15 and 111 to a conventional English or other language print or display unit 124 or to the Arabic adapter 120 described in more detail below. The Arabic adapter 120 is connected to an Arabic print or display unit 122, such as a conventional CRT display or a conventional Arabic typewriter.

Keyboard 11, 5-bit encoder 13, memory or tape puncher 15, memory or tape puncher 16, modem 111, receiver with English or other language print or display 124 113, the transmitter 117 and the call control device 119 constitute a standard telegraph typewriter device of the type which is commercially available for language transmission based on Roman characters. One difference in the device is that the keyboard 11 has Arabic letters, numbers, arithmetic symbols, selected punctuation, readers, and in some embodiments a third relevel code, and a telegraph typewriter command as shown in FIG. It is provided. Moreover, the switch 125 would normally be unnecessary in one language device.

The telegraph typewriter of FIG. 1 may be operated in a transmit or receive manner or in a purely local manner in which no data is transmitted or received. In the local mode, the transmitter 117 is deactivated so that the data introduced by the keyboard 11 is not transmitted. However, the data is encoded by the 5-bit encoder 13 into the 5-bit Boudot code. The bit code is supplied to the print or display device 124 or the Arabic adapter 120 according to the position of the switch 125.

If the apparatus is set up for Arabic operation and the user uses Arabic characters on the keyboard 11, the switch 125 is in the position shown in FIG. Each time the key is pressed on the keyboard 11, a five-twice code is generated and supplied to the Arabic adapter 120. The Arabic adapter converts an 8-bit code by adding a 2-bit indicating the proper form of the character to this 5-bit code and 1-bit indicating whether the character is an upper case or a lower case. An additional 2-bit indicating the form of the character is obtained using the Arabic-Iranian characteristics described above.

If the telegraph typewriter operates the reception method with the switch in the position shown in the drawing, the data received by the receiver 113 by the input wire 114 is transferred by the modem 111 to the memory or tape puncher 15 and the Arabic language. It is supplied to the leptor 120. Depending on the state of the memory or tape puncturing control device 16, the received data is stored by the memory or tape puncturer 15 in a conventional manner. The material supplied to the Arabic adapter 120 is converted into the above-mentioned 8-bit signal so that the print or display device 122 reproduces the appropriate Arabic characters.

If the telegraph typewriter of FIG. 1 is operated in a transmission manner with the switch 125 also in the Arabic position as shown, the transmitter 117 is activated and the 5-bit code from the encoder 13 is supplied to the Arabic adapter. At the same time it is supplied to the transmitter 117 via the modem 111. Alternatively, the modem may receive a five-fold code from memory or tape puncturer 15 by line 128 as in a typical conventional telegraph type device. FIG. 8 shows an example of 5-bit binary Bowdot encoding of Arabic characters compared to encoding English characters on a standard telegraph keyboard. As for the whole code, 32 or more than 33-38 characters can be encoded. Because the key can be operated in the upper case or the lower case. In addition, the characters described in columns 33-38 do not have a separate sign and are composed of a complex code of a dot code (00000) and the following corresponding character code. As you can see from Figure 8. All Arabic letters and letter forms are provided on the keyboard, in addition to numbers, arithmetic symbols, selected punctuation and reader symbols, and the general typewriter commands of standard typewriters. Therefore, the character code indicated by the number 33-38 automatically presses the key for the dot (and thus generates the sign) and then the key for the next character, or by pressing only one key as described below. It can be formed by generating.

These characters, having more than one form from FIG. 8, are given only one key position on the keyboard and the corresponding one 5-bit code. Thus, one 5-bit code means one character that may have four forms, and the 5-bit code itself does not indicate the form of the character at all. Therefore, the receiving end of the apparatus (ie, the remote receiver or the local printer) should determine the shape of the character based on the above criteria.

The Arabic characters in the lower case keyboard position indicated by the number (1) in FIG. 8 correspond to, for example, English Q (see FIG. 5), so that in the table of FIG. Is encoded. Thus, if the Arabic character at position (1) in the table of Fig. 8 is pressed on the keyboard of Figs. 1 and 5, the encoder 13 will generate the code 10111. If the switch 125 is in the position shown, one of the two forms of Arabic-Iranian characters at position 8 of Fig. 1 will be reproduced according to its positional relationship to the other characters. Similarly, if the switch 125 is in a position to connect the sign to the print or display device 125, the letter Q will be printed. Thus, despite the fact that the 5-bit code does not directly contain information about the form of the character, the Arabic adapter 120 determines which Arabic character form is to be printed based on the above criteria.

An embodiment of the Arabic adapter 120 of FIG. 1 is shown in more detail in FIG. In FIG. 2, it can be seen that the Arabic adapter uses the standard 5-bit Baudot code for transmitting and receiving Arabic-Iranian language and provides the ability to print all Arabic characters in the correct form at the receiving end of the transmitting device. In addition, the technique used to achieve this result in the circuit of FIG. 2 identifies (A) whether a series of characters is an upper or lower case, and (B) whether the characters are printed with or without carriage feed or printed. Identifying the type of each character, including determination of whether a carriage feed occurs, and (C) using the information of (A) and (B) above with a delay such that the form for each character is identified at print time. will be. Because of this delay, the printed character is usually one character later than the last character received.

In Fig. 2, the Arabic adapter includes two position selection switches 25 and 28, each of which uses encoded character information and character indication information (a strobe signal IND serving as a timing signal for the received information) to the local keyboard or the like. Receive from memory or transmitter.

For example, if the switches 25 and 28 are in one position, the 5-bit Boudot code and character indication signal (the strobe signal IND) will be accepted from the transmitter modem 111 of FIG. If the switches 25 and 28 are in different positions, the character and molecular designator will be accepted from the keyboard encoder 13 of FIG.

The selected character is supplied to the conventional 5-bit parallel input parallel output shift register 210 along line 26 as a 5-bit signal. The output signal from the register 210 is supplied to the second same shift register 220, the upper and lower case identification circuits 218, and the address input terminal of the read only memory (ROM) 231.

The character indication signal selected by switch 28 is supplied along line 29 to a conventional delay circuit 213, such as a flip knee, and to one input terminal of gate 216. The output signal from the delay circuit 213 is supplied via the line 212 to the shift input terminal of the register 210 and the conventional second delay circuit 214. The signal from the second delay circuit 214 is supplied to one of the conventional third delay circuit 222 and one of the conventional three input terminal logic gate 235. The output signal from the delay circuit 222 is supplied to the clock input terminal of the register 227 and one input terminal of the logic gate 247.

A change output signal from the upper and lower case identification circuit 218 indicating that a change has occurred from top to bottom case or vice versa is one input terminal of the gate 235. The gate 216 is supplied to one input terminal of each of an inverted (negative) logic input terminal and three conventional logic gates 243, 245 and 247 (e.g., AND gates). The output signal from the logic gate 216 is supplied to the clock or shift input (terminal) of the register 220 along the line 217. The output signals from the logic gates 243, 245 and 247 are respectively indicated by the indicator signal IND, It is supplied to the printer 122 of FIG. 1 as a carriage feed signal and a print signal.

The read-only memory 224 receives a 9-bit address signal (a 2-bit signal mode specifying the delayed character + upper / lower case "STATE" + character form), and converts the 8-bit character code into a conventional 8-bit register. 227 is supplied. The output signal " CHAR " from the register 227 is a code identifying which character form should be printed.

The read only memory 231 receives 6-bits of information, including the last received 5-bit character code and the current upper / lower case status (STATE), specifies the type of received character (TYPE), It provides four bits of information indicating whether it should be shifted or not (CARRICAGE, PRINT). The " TPE " signal is a 2-bit code supplied to the register 236 and logic circuit 241. The type of character is of type A, B, C or O as described above (except because type D is a non-carriage character) .The CARRLAGE signal indicates whether carriage movement is specified by that character. It is a 1-bit signal The PRINT signal is a 1-bit signal that specifies whether or not a character is to be printed (e.g. a form O character will not be printed).

The " TYPE " signal is supplied via line 232 to two data input terminals of a conventional 4-bit parallel input parallel output shift register 236. The output signal from the first two stages is supplied to the other two stages of the input terminal of the register 236 via the line 238, and the output signal from the other two stages of the register 236 is conventional as a PRECEDE signal. Is supplied to the logic circuit 241. The TYPE signal is supplied to two other input terminals of the logic circuit 241 as a FOLLOW signal. The logic circuit 241 may be any conventional logic circuit (for example, a plurality of AND, OR, NAND, or NOR gates) connected in a conventional manner to solve the equation of FIG. The resulting signal thus represents one of the four possible types described above in two bits.

In operation, switches 25 and 28 allow selection of 5-bit Boudot characters and valid character indicators from either the local keyboard or the transmitter. The transmitter is in standard 5-bit Bowdot format.

A letter indicating pulse is supplied to the telegraph typewriter device as conventionally to indicate the presence of a letter. This pulse is delayed by the delay circuits 213, 214, and 222, respectively, to control the order of events to be described later.

The upper / lower case determination circuit 218 examines the last received character in the register 210 and generates two output signals. The current status output signal " STATE " indicates whether all the characters are the upper case or the lower key until the state changes according to the indicated binary state. For example, the binary one-on top case on line 229 indicates zero while the bottom case. The CHANGE signal on line 219 indicates a state change when the last received character was an upper or lower case indicator. If the last received character was an upper or lower case indicator (i.e., a character indicating that the upper or lower case key was pressed, as shown in Figure 8), all that is needed for the next character is to change the state 229 and register. If only 210 is loaded, and there is a " CHANGE " signal on the conductive line 219, the gate 216 is suppressed and the load on the register 220 is suppressed.

If the last received character is not an upper or lower case indication, then the next received character indication pulse on conductive wire 29 passes through gate 216 to transmit the surrogate character of register 210 to register 220.

next. After a delay time of T ₁ , the latest character received on line 29 is stored in register 210 in response to a delayed pulse from circuit 213. This latest 5-bit character, along with the 1-bit "STATE" signal, creates a 6-bit address for the read-only memory (RON) 231. This ROM stores 4-bit words for each address. Two bits identify the type as O, A, B, or C as shown in Figure 7, where one bit indicates whether the carriage feed is accompanied by the character and the other one bit indicates whether printing is accompanied by the character. Indicates. For example, spaces do not involve printing, while adding dots or readers to characters involves printing but not carriage feed.

After a delay of T ₂ time, the " TYPE " data in register 236 is advanced by the signal from logic gate 234. If the letter of register 210 is an upper or lower case indication. Or if this character, including the upper and lower case states indicated by the " CARRLAGE " signal on line 233, does not carry a carriage feed, then the data in register 236 is not advanced. As the data is advanced, the " TYPE " signal of the 2-binary bit is stored in register 236 and appears in lead 238, while previous data on lead 238 is advanced simultaneously to lead 240 in register 236. Appears on the screen. A 4-bit applied from the register 236 to the logic element 241 generates a "MODE" output signal. The " MODE " signal identifies a character form as one of start, middle, last or independent form as shown in FIG. The 5-bit character code from register 220 thus forms an address with the character signal "MODE" and the upper / lower case status signal, which addresses the appropriate character from the appropriate memory location in ROM 224 for printing. Select the type of instruction.

The final operation is again to load the register 227 after a delay of T ₃ hours and to output the character indication to the printer via the lead 248.

If the last received character was an upper or lower case indication, the character indication number 4ND, the carriage feed signals CARR, EEED and the print command PRINT to the printer are all suppressed. Depending on the type of printer used, independent carriage feed and print commands may not be needed since these information are also originally included in the 8-bit characters 228 supplied to the printer.

The final selection of 8-bit character data (some devices only require 7-bits) for the printer goes into ROM 224. The 8-bit address for the ROM is the 5-bit 221 of the Baudot character initially received as above, the 1-bit 229 indicating the upper or lower case, and the 2-bit indicating the mode. 242.

As described above, the six Arabic characters constitute the other six characters which are completely identical but completely distinct except for having dots on these characters. Using the keyboard shown in FIG. 8, these characters with dots are encoded for later decoding by providing a "dot" key on the keyboard to convert these keys into dot characters by pressing them before pressing six existing dotless characters on the keyboard. can do. Alternatively, the letters with dots themselves may be placed on a keyboard as shown in FIG. 4 and a circuit as shown in FIG. 3 is used to press the dot code and the corresponding letter whenever the letters are pressed. You can also generate codes automatically. Of course, this does not require additional code words, but only simplifies the manipulation of the keyboard.

FIG. 3 shows a circuit for transmitting a dot code (00000) and then transmitting a code of the corresponding character when any of the characters above the dot is selected. For example, if the third character from the left of Figure 9a is selected, two character codes will be transmitted. That is, the code 10101 corresponding to the character (the third from the left in Fig. 9a) attached to the dot after the dot code (00000) is transmitted.

The six input characters (the first of which is denoted by the sign 301) are six Arabic characters without dots, which are processed by the 5-bit keyboard encoder 305 as described above. Six character forms that are the same (the dots with dots are different) are denoted by the sign 302. Pressing one of the six characters, each with or without a dot, on the keyboard enters the encoder 305 simultaneously through the six OR gates 303. In addition, the six input terminal OR gauges 304 supply an output signal to the conductive wire 319 in response to the input of one of the six dotted characters. The text indication pulses traveling from the encoder 305 on the line 318 are associated with signals from the OR gate 304 and their inverted form, respectively, via AND gates 310 and 311. The signals from AND gates 310 and 311 and from encoder 305 are then sent to conventional delay circuit 312, OR gate 308, AND 306, and OR gate 313, respectively. Generate a response and output as follows:

When the key 301 of a character without a dot is pressed, the AND gate 306 is activated while the single character instruction is displayed on the lead 317. A 5-bit character is generated at the output terminal 307.

When the key 302 of the character with dots is pressed, two consecutive character command pulses separated by the delay circuit 312 are generated on the output line 317. This delay is around 10-30 milliseconds and is sufficient for separation and enough to prevent the operator from pressing another key before the end of the double character output. During the first and CHAR IND pulse periods, the AND gate 306 becomes inoperative and therefore the output on the conductive line 307 becomes a zero dot symbol in its entirety. During the second character indication pulse period, the OR gate 308 is activated and a code 301 of the dotless character on the lead 306 from the encoder appears at the output stage 307.

In the first embodiment of the present invention using the coding of the character classification of FIG. 8, a dot code is provided to indicate the difference between the characters of FIGS. 9A and 9B. As shown in the table of FIG. 10, letters are classified into three groups, and one level code is provided for each group. In this way 93 characters and control codes can be used. Therefore, all the information shown in FIG. 10 and additional information may be encoded to be transmitted or stored as necessary.

As can be seen from FIG. 10, the two level codes are the lower and upper case codes 11111 and 11011, respectively. A total code 0 (00000) can be used as the third level code. In the case of using such a three-level system, in the circuits of FIGS. 1 and 2, slight modifications are made to the upper and lower case identification circuits 218 and the read-only memory, so that the third level code has the appropriate characters in the memory as described above. Can be identified and used to address. Of course, such a function as described above may be implemented using a standard microprocessor and a memory book (integrated circuit) for added flexibility.

Alternatively, a circuit as shown in FIG. 11 may be used. In FIG. 11, the keyboard 440 as shown in FIG. 4 (or a standard Arabic typewriter with a telex operation key) supplies an ASCII code and a character signal CHAR to the input memory 402, and strobes. A signal CHAR IND is supplied to the input logic circuit 404.

Since the CHAR signal from the keyboard is an 8-bit ASCII signal when using commercially available equipment, the input memory 402 is a 2-bit code "level" (LVL) from this code and the input logic circuit 404. Use to address the appropriate 5-bit Boudot code character (CHAR ') in memory. In addition, a 3-bit identification code (ID) is stored in the memory along with a 5-bit code, and the 3-bit code is supplied to the input logic circuit 404.

A "CHAR '" signal is supplied to a conventional "first-in" "first-out" (FIFO) circuit 406, which is input from logic circuit 404. The " CHAR " Controlled by the (IN) and output (OUT) signals. Since FIFO circuits typically smooth the transmission speed of CHAR 'signals, the transmission speed is relatively uniform and does not exceed the capacity of the telex or printer (e.g., no baud).

A 5-bit character signal (CHAR ') is fed from a FIFO circuit to a conventional 2 "universal asynchronous transceiver (UART) 408, which STUNT 410 sends this signal back to an acceptable and appropriate level for transmission and reception of the signal. The control signal of the circuit 410 is supplied from the signal control logic circuit 412, and is supplied to the conventional interface circuit (STUNT circuit) 410 which controls in the form. 412 receives control signal LOCAL and OFF-LINE from a keyboard or other control signal source, thus, if the device is a telex system (not local and off-line), the keyboard ( Input information received from 400) is transferred to the stunt circuit and then sent back to the UART at the same time as the stator circuit, and is transmitted and printed simultaneously.When the device is LOCAL, it is transmitted from the transceiver (UART). The transmit (TS) signal sent to the STUNT circuit will be sent as a receive (RS) signal from the STUNT circuit to the printer via a predetermined path and at the same time to a path switch (not shown). Keyboard data can be printed and recorded by sending it to (punctured) or other forms of memory, and this device may be off-line, in which case all data received by the STUNT circuit is authorized and recorded in the path switch and printed later. do.

Referring back to FIG. 11, a receive (RS) signal from the UART is applied to the print control circuit. This circuit is similar to the input circuit in that the level signal is discriminated to help discriminate the received character, the form of the character is determined, and the appropriate character is selected by the memory address. A receive (RS) signal is applied to register 414 (register 1) and its output signal goes to register 416 and register 418.

Output signals from registers 416 and 418 are supplied to output memory 420, which outputs a PRINT signal (ASCII code or other suitable letter code) to a suitable printing mechanism, such as a full-length typewriter solenoid drive. This solenoid drive unit drives each character printing unit. The PRINT signal is also supplied to an output logic circuit 422 which supplies a " print strobe " signal (PRINT STRB) to the telegraph typewriter or other output device. The output logic circuit also generates a control signal for controlling the load of the register 414 with a 2-bit level indication signal.

In operation, the 7-bit character signal CHAR from the keyboard and the level LVL signal from the input logic circuit 404 select the appropriate 5-bit Bowdot code from the memory 402 and apply it to the FIFO. The selected code is strobed into the FIFO by the logic signal input IN, and also determines the group to which the logic circuit 404 character belongs and calls the memory at the appropriate level code to place it in the character code permutation.

The input logic circuit also determines from the identification (ID) signal whether the called code is the code of the reader. If so, it is printed on the immediately preceding character if it is placed in a character sequence without any particular form (eg first, middle, last, independent). Therefore, the character sequence C ₁ , C ₂ , C ₃ , C ₄ ,. If a DMZ is entered between C ₂ and C ₃ (ie with permutations C ₁ , C ₂ , DM. C ₃ , C ₄ ), the DM must be printed before C ₃ is printed, but C ₂ is After the character cannot be printed until C ₃ is received. To avoid the need for the printer to be printed at twice the normal speed, the input logic 404 changes the permutation by adding a first level character code L ₁ (11111) after the character that appears above the reader (i.e. after C ₃ ). The permutations are then C ₁ , C ₂ , DE, C ₃ , L ₁ , C ₄ . Thus at the receiving end C ₂ is printed when C ₃ is received, and DM is printed when L ₁ is received, and when C ₃ ˙ C ₄ is received. Therefore, the printer sometimes stalls, but it never needs to print at more than normal speed. Of course, since the FIFO acts as a smoothing buffer during the insertion of level codes and between the insertion of characters uniformly, a uniform transmission speed is achieved.

When receiving a character for printing, register 414 stores the last received character code. The received character then causes the contents of register 414 to be passed to register 416 (or register 418 if there is a read symbol in register 414), and this received character is then strobe into register 414. The output logic circuit 422 determines the shape of the character and supplies a form identification signal with a 5-bit character code to the output memory 420. Of course, the character form is a 5-bit code, the position of the character in the word. And the level code (first, second or third level) preceding the character, since the reading symbol does not cause a carriage feed, the printing order is determined by the character reading opportunity. The call is stored in register 418 and the timing permutation begins, resulting in the above-described order of printing (ie C ₁ , C ₂ , DM C ₃ , L ₁ , C ₄ ).

In accordance with the present invention, the Arabic adapter of FIGS. 2 or 11 may be used to simplify the keyboard of an Arabic typewriter or other such printing machine, increase the operator's operating speed and simplify training. How this can be accomplished is shown in FIGS. 12 and 13.

A simplified Arabic-Iranian keyboard 450, in which only one form of each letter is shown in FIGS. 12 and 13, is connected to an Arabic adapter 120 as shown in FIG. In this regard, the signals shown at the input and output terminals of the adapter 120 are the same as shown in FIG. The output signal from adapter 120 is supplied to a suitable conventional printer or other suitable output device 452.

The tines 211 from the register 210 of the Arabic adapter (as shown in FIG. 2) are sent to the light emitting diode (LED) display 452 for displaying the last entered character code. Supply. The LED display is placed in a suitable position that is easily visible to the machine operator.

In operation, the machine operator is given a keyboard 450 with a key only for one type of Arabic-Iranian letters. Thus, each character is typed without having to shift from one character level to another (for example, when one key is used for two characters, a shift from the upper case to the lower case is required). When a word is typed, the code of each letter key pressed by the operator is generated in the usual manner and the Arabic adapter 120 determines the shape of the letter by the position of the letter in the sequence of letter sequences as described above. . Thus, the typed or printed characters are in the proper form despite the fact that the operator always enters only one form on the keyboard. In this respect, the output device is a device of the type described above (for example, a conventional full Arabic-Iranian typewriter output device) and can print any type of text.

Since the Arabian adapter 120 generates output characters only after two consecutive characters have been received by the keyboard, an LED display is provided to display the last input character. This indicator may not be necessary for a trained operator but is valid when interruptions occur while typing.

This simplified type of keyboard greatly reduces the amount of displacement currently required on standard Arabic typewriters. The skilled hitter can type 35-40 words per minute on a standard device, while using the devices of FIGS. 12 and 13 the speed will almost double that of a Latin machine.

In addition, standard keyboards with all forms of Arabic-Iranian characters may also be used if the skilled operator would still like to use such machines. However, the same device as shown in Fig. 13 can still be used, and there is no displacement from the upper case to the lower case or from the lower case to the upper case, and if displaced, it is ignored when encoding the characters.

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. For example, it should be understood that the present invention can be easily used for storing and retrieving information as shown in FIG. 1 by only operating in a local manner and also recording and storing information in the memory 15 via the keyboard 11. do. If the information needs to be used, the information is retrieved and displayed through the Arabic adapter.

Claims (1)

Any letter in Arabic-Iranian language, regardless of the form of the letter. Or code generating means for generating a 5-bit code for selecting one of a plurality of standard telex characters including telex punctuation and an indication character, and at least one of at least three kinds of 5-bit code, By inserting in the -bit character code, at least one subsequent character code belongs to a character group corresponding to the inserted 5-bit code among at least three kinds of character groups predetermined in relation to the at least three kinds of five-bit codes described above. Identification means for identifying an object, storage means for receiving and storing a 5-bit code corresponding to at least two consecutive characters, and each character received in response to the stored 5-bit code. A sorting means for sorting into one of the types and a character representing any Arabic character in response to the sorted type of the character immediately before or after the stored character. Identification code generating means for generating a second code identifying each of the stored 5-bit codes in the form of four Arabic characters, and stored in response to the second code and the stored 5-bit code; Display means for displaying each Arabic character represented by each 5-bit code in an appropriate form and at an appropriate position, in response to an instruction from the classification means, indicating that the character to be canceled is a type that does not require a change in the display position. Arabic-Ylang processor (Syst4m) comprising display means with a character display for displaying a sequence of characters in the same position

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