KR20210141172A - A liquid direct 3d printer and 3d printing method using the same - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination and a 3D printing method using the same, and more specifically, to the 3D printer and the 3D printing method using the same, wherein a step difference between layers are small, shape lamination is freely possible, and liquid direct lamination is possible without using powder materials. To achieve the purpose, the present invention provides the 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, comprising: a dissolution unit which is provided to store a material formed by dissolving a metal raw material; a supply unit which inserts the metal raw material into the dissolution unit; and a nozzle unit which controls the material stored in the dissolution unit to a predetermined solid/liquid mixing region temperature and then directly sprays the same on a plate to be laminated.

Description

A 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination and a 3D printing method using the same

The present invention relates to a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination and a 3D printing method using the same, and more particularly, to a 3D printer capable of direct lamination of a liquid without using a powder material, which has a small step difference between layers, enables free shape lamination, and does not use powder materials. It relates to a printer and a 3D printing method using the same.

In general, a 3D printer is a device that creates a physical model as if printing three-dimensional mechanical parts from a computer file designed by a CAD program.

In the 3D printer method, SLA (Stereo Lithographic Apparatus) uses the principle that the injected part is cured by injecting a laser beam into the photocurable resin, and a functional polymer or metal powder is used instead of the photocurable resin in SLA and the laser beam is used. There is SLS (Selective Laser Sintering), etc., which uses the principle of injection and consolidation and molding.

As such, the conventional metal 3D printer generally performs 3D printing in a manner in which a metal powder is sprayed, and a laser is irradiated to the metal powder for sintering.

However, when the metal powder is laminated using a laser, expensive laser equipment is required, and after irradiating the metal powder, the laser is irradiated and sintered, so a lot of printing takes a lot of time.

In addition, when the metal powder is sintered using a laser, since pores are formed, the density of the generated three-dimensional object is lowered, thereby increasing the defect rate.

In addition, the conventional 3D printer can stack only one layer in one direction, so it takes a lot of time to form a three-dimensional object.

Accordingly, in the prior art, a method of shortening the time by stacking each layer with a high height was used. However, when each layer is stacked with a high height in this way, the step difference between the layers increases, so that the surface is not uniform and there is a problem that a defect occurs.

Furthermore, since laser sintering was performed in a state in which metal powder was piled up in the prior art, there was a limit in reducing the thickness of each layer.

Therefore, there is a need for a 3D printer that has a small step difference between layers, can stack shapes freely, and has a low defect rate due to low density.

Korean Patent No. 1646773

An object of the present invention for solving the above problems is to provide a 3D printer that has a small step difference between layers, allows free shape lamination, and enables liquid direct lamination without using a powder material, and a 3D printing method using the same.

The technical problems to be achieved by the present invention are not limited to the technical problems mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned can be clearly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs from the description below. There will be.

The configuration of the present invention for achieving the above object includes a dissolving unit provided to store a material formed by dissolving a metal raw material; a supply unit for introducing the metal raw material into the dissolution unit; and a nozzle unit provided to directly spray and laminate the material stored in the dissolving unit to a preset solid/liquid mixing region temperature to provide a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the dissolution unit, receiving the metal raw material from the supply unit, the melting heating furnace provided to store the material in a state in which the metal raw material is dissolved; and a nozzle unit capable of spraying the liquid metal supplied from the melting and keeping furnace at an appropriate temperature and pressure.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the nozzle unit may control the temperature of the metal raw material to a preset solid/liquid mixing region temperature so that the raw material is in a state in which a solid and a liquid are mixed.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the solid/liquid mixing region temperature is a range of the type of material constituting the metal and the ratio range of the solid phase and the liquid phase that allows the material to be solidified within a preset time when the material is sprayed and laminated on the plate It may be characterized as a preset temperature value according to

In an embodiment of the present invention, the nozzle unit is provided with a plurality of nozzles provided to directly spray and laminate the material stored in the dissolving unit on the plate, and may be characterized in that it is provided to laminate a plurality of layers at the same time. have.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of nozzles may be characterized in that the separation distance from the plate is adjustable.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the plurality of nozzles are provided such that the separation distance from the plate gradually increases from the nozzle in the front to the nozzle located in the rear, based on the stacking direction of the material, each nozzle It may be characterized in that the height is independently controlled so that the distance from the lamination surface is constant.

In an embodiment of the present invention, it includes a heating unit capable of adjusting the temperature of the nozzle unit, and further comprises a nozzle coupling unit provided to be coupled to the nozzle unit, wherein the nozzle coupling unit includes a temperature of a plurality of nozzles constituting the nozzle unit. , it may be characterized in that it is provided to control the spacing and height.

In an embodiment of the present invention, it further comprises a heterogeneous dissolving unit provided to dissolve and store the material stored in the dissolving unit and the transfer material, wherein the nozzle unit is provided to further spray the dissimilar material stored in the dissolving unit can be done with

The configuration of the present invention for achieving the above object is a 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, comprising: a) injecting a metal raw material into the dissolving unit; b) dissolving the metal raw material to form the raw material; and c) controlling the material to a temperature optimized for the process, and directly spraying on the plate for lamination.

In an embodiment of the present invention, step b) may be characterized in that the metal raw material is dissolved so that the material has sufficient fluidity and all alloy components are completely dissolved or dissolved.

In an embodiment of the present invention, before step c), the method may further include spraying an oxidizing protective gas between the nozzle unit and the plate or maintaining a vacuum state.

In an embodiment of the present invention, in step c), the nozzle unit is provided with a plurality of nozzles, and each nozzle utilizes an independently mounted heating source to control the temperature of the solid/liquid mixing area and the injection height , speed, time and on/off may be determined.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the solid/liquid mixing region temperature is a range of the type of material constituting the metal and the ratio range of the solid phase and the liquid phase that allows the material to be solidified within a preset time when the material is sprayed and laminated on the plate It may be characterized as a preset temperature value according to

The configuration of the present invention for achieving the above object provides a 3D sculpture manufactured by a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination.

The configuration of the present invention for achieving the above object provides a three-dimensional object manufactured by a 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination.

The effect of the present invention according to the configuration as described above, since it is possible to laminate several layers at once at the same time, the 3D printing time can be significantly shortened compared to the prior art.

In addition, since the material is laminated and solidified as soon as it is sprayed, a laser is not required, which is economical.

In addition, since the layer is laminated by spraying a material in a liquid state rather than a metal powder, the thickness of the layer may be reduced, and thus the step difference between the layers may be reduced.

In addition, since sintering using a laser is not performed, a problem of decreasing density due to pores does not occur, so that a high-quality three-dimensional object can be formed.

In addition, according to the present invention, a plurality of nozzles are provided so as to form a plurality of rows and columns so that they can be simultaneously discharged and stacked, and since each nozzle can be independently controlled whether or not to be discharged, free shape stacking is possible. That is, the width of each layer can be easily adjusted with one movement.

In addition, although the nozzles are stacked in an ultra-close proximity to the stacking surface, the distance between each nozzle and the stacking surface is uniformly adjusted to reduce the shape defect rate.

In addition, according to the present invention, a material in a liquid phase that is easily oxidized through an oxidation protective gas or a vacuum atmosphere can be sprayed and laminated without being oxidized.

It should be understood that the effects of the present invention are not limited to the above-described effects, and include all effects that can be inferred from the configuration of the invention described in the detailed description or claims of the present invention.

1 is an exemplary diagram of a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to an embodiment of the present invention.
2 is an exemplary view showing a cross section of a nozzle unit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
3 is an exemplary view illustrating a height difference of a nozzle unit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
4 is a graph showing a solid/liquid mixing area according to an embodiment of the present invention.
5 is an exemplary diagram of a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to another embodiment of the present invention.
6 is a flowchart of a 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to an embodiment of the present invention.
7 is a process exemplary diagram of a 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention may be embodied in several different forms, and thus is not limited to the embodiments described herein. And in order to clearly explain the present invention in the drawings, parts irrelevant to the description are omitted, and similar reference numerals are attached to similar parts throughout the specification.

Throughout the specification, when a part is said to be “connected (connected, contacted, coupled)” with another part, it is not only “directly connected” but also “indirectly connected” with another member interposed therebetween. "Including cases where In addition, when a part "includes" a certain component, this means that other components may be further provided without excluding other components unless otherwise stated.

The terms used herein are used only to describe specific embodiments, and are not intended to limit the present invention. The singular expression includes the plural expression unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In this specification, terms such as "comprises" or "have" are intended to designate that the features, numbers, steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof described in the specification exist, but one or more other features It should be understood that this does not preclude the existence or addition of numbers, steps, operations, components, parts, or combinations thereof.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1 is an exemplary diagram of a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 1 , the 3D printer 100 capable of liquid direct lamination includes a dissolving unit 110 , a supply unit 120 , a nozzle unit 130 , a nozzle coupling unit 140 , and a heating unit 150 . .

The melting unit 110 is provided to store a material formed by melting a metal raw material, and includes a melting heating furnace 111 and a heater 112 .

The melting heating furnace 111 may be provided to receive the metal raw material from the supply unit 120 and to store the metal raw material in a dissolved state.

The heater 112 is formed in the melting and keeping furnace 111 , and may be provided to completely dissolve the metal raw material provided to the melting and warming furnace 111 .

The supply unit 120 may be provided to inject the metal raw material into the dissolving unit 110 .

2 is an exemplary view showing a cross section of a nozzle unit according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 is an exemplary view showing a height difference of the nozzle unit according to an embodiment of the present invention.

1 to 3 , the nozzle unit 130 may be provided so that the material stored in the dissolving unit 110 is directly sprayed onto the plate to be laminated.

The nozzle unit 130 may be provided with a plurality of nozzles provided to directly spray and laminate the material stored in the dissolving unit 110 on the plate 10 , and may be provided to stack a plurality of layers at the same time.

In addition, the plurality of nozzles may be provided so that a separation distance from the plate 10 is adjustable.

Specifically, the plurality of nozzles are provided such that the separation distance from the plate 10 from the nozzle located at the front to the nozzle located at the rear gradually increases based on the stacking direction of the material, and each nozzle is disposed on the stacking surface It may be provided so that the height is independently controlled so that the distance from the pole is constant.

For example, the nozzle unit 130 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a first nozzle 131, a second nozzle 132, a third nozzle 133, The fourth nozzle 134 and the fifth nozzle 135 may be included, and may be formed to have a plurality of rows and columns.

At this time, the number and arrangement of the nozzles of the nozzle unit 130 are not limited as described and illustrated as detailed in order to more easily understand the description of the nozzle unit 130 .

The first nozzle 131 , the second nozzle 132 , the third nozzle 133 , the fourth nozzle 134 , and the fifth nozzle 135 may be provided to simultaneously spray and stack materials.

At this time, the first nozzle 131 , the second nozzle 132 , the third nozzle 133 , the fourth nozzle 134 , and the fifth nozzle 135 are independently turned on/off, and the injection speed and the injection time The like may be provided to be controlled.

In addition, the height of the first nozzle 131 , the second nozzle 132 , the third nozzle 133 , the fourth nozzle 134 , and the fifth nozzle 135 increases so that the distance from the plate 10 increases in the order. can be controlled. In this case, the distance between each nozzle and the lamination surface may be the same. That is, the height of the nozzle may be controlled so that the distance between the first nozzle 131 and the plate 10 is the same as the distance between the second nozzle 132 and the layer stacked by the first nozzle.

In addition, the first nozzle 131 , the second nozzle 132 , the third nozzle 133 , the fourth nozzle 134 , and the fifth nozzle 135 are shaped by spraying the material in a state as close to the stacking surface as possible. It may be provided to reduce the defect rate.

Each nozzle unit may be connected to a heating unit 150 which is an independent heating source to control the temperature of the nozzle unit.

The nozzle coupling unit 140 may be provided to be coupled to the nozzle unit 130 , and may be provided to control the spacing and height of a plurality of nozzles constituting the nozzle unit 130 .

In addition, the nozzle unit 130 may include a heating unit 150 . In this case, the heating unit 150 may be provided in the nozzle coupling unit 140 to control the temperature of the material included in each nozzle of the nozzle unit 130 .

The heating unit 150 may be provided to control the temperature so that the material transferred to the nozzle unit in a dissolved state can be sprayed in a state in which a solid and a liquid are mixed.

To this end, the heating unit 150 may be provided to control the melting temperature for efficiently spraying the metal raw material within a preset solid/liquid mixing region temperature range.

4 is a graph showing a solid/liquid mixing area according to an embodiment of the present invention.

4 , the horizontal axis represents the metal raw material ratio, and the vertical axis represents the temperature.

4, the solid/liquid mixing region temperature is in the range of the ratio of the solid phase and the liquid phase that allows the type of material constituting the metal and the material to be solidified within a predetermined time when the material is sprayed and laminated on the plate. It may be a preset temperature value.

Therefore, when dissolving a metal material, the high / It may be provided so that the dissolution temperature of the metal powder is controlled so as to be located in the liquid mixing region.

As such, the material whose dissolution temperature is set to be located in the solid/liquid mixing region shown in FIG. 4 is a mixture of solid and liquid, sprayed, and solidified within a preset time as it is in a laminated form to form a three-dimensional sculpture.

The metal raw material includes metal materials such as aluminum, magnesium, silicon, copper zinc, and the like, and the metal raw material may be prepared as a single pure metal or alloy.

On the other hand, when the nozzle unit 130 injects the material, the space between the plate 10 and the nozzle unit 130 may be in a state in which an oxidation protective gas is injected or in a vacuum state.

Specifically, the material sprayed by the nozzle unit 130 is mixed with a liquid phase. As such, the liquid metal can be easily oxidized by oxygen in the air to form an oxide.

Therefore, it is provided to spray the material in an oxidizing protective gas atmosphere or a vacuum atmosphere, and it is possible to prevent stacking failure due to oxidation.

5 is an exemplary diagram of a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to another embodiment of the present invention.

5, the 3D printer 200 capable of liquid direct lamination according to another embodiment has a dissolving unit 210, a supply unit (not shown), a heterogeneous dissolving unit 220, a nozzle unit 230, a nozzle coupling unit ( 240 ) and a heating unit 250 .

The dissolving unit 210, the supply unit (not shown), the nozzle unit 230, the nozzle coupling unit 240 and the heating unit 250 are substantially configured with the 3D printer 100 capable of liquid direct lamination according to an embodiment. Since these are the same, duplicate description will be omitted and only the configuration of the heterogeneous dissolving unit 220 with a difference will be described.

The heterogeneous dissolving unit 220 may be provided to store the material stored in the dissolving unit 210 and the transfer material.

In addition, the nozzle unit 230 may be provided to further spray different materials stored in the heterogeneous dissolving unit 220 .

For example, the first nozzle 231 and the second nozzle 232 are provided to spray and laminate the different materials stored in the heterogeneous melting unit 220, the third nozzle 233, the fourth nozzle 234, The fifth nozzle 235 may be provided to spray and stack the material.

In addition, the heating unit 250 may be provided to correspond to each nozzle of the nozzle unit 230 to individually control the temperature according to the material.

As described above, according to the present invention, a three-dimensional object can be quickly formed by stacking a plurality of layers and different materials.

6 is a flowchart of a 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 7 is a 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to an embodiment of the present invention. is an example of the process.

6 and 7 , the 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination may first perform a step (S10) of injecting a metal raw material into a dissolving unit.

In the step (S10) of injecting the metal raw material into the dissolving unit, the supply unit 120 may be provided to inject the metal raw material into the dissolving unit 110 .

After the step (S10) of injecting the metal raw material into the melting part, the step (S20) of dissolving the metal raw material to form a material may be performed.

After the step (S20) of dissolving the metal raw material to form the material, the step (S30) of spraying an oxidizing protective gas or forming a vacuum between the nozzle unit and the plate may be performed.

Specifically, the material sprayed by the nozzle unit 130 is mixed with a liquid phase. As such, the liquid metal can be easily oxidized by oxygen in the air to form an oxide.

Therefore, in the step (S30) of spraying the oxidation protection gas between the nozzle unit and the plate, the oxidation protection gas is sprayed to spray the material in the oxidation protection gas atmosphere in a subsequent step, so that the stacking failure due to oxidation occurs. can be prevented It can also maintain a vacuum

After the step of spraying the oxidizing protective gas between the nozzle unit and the plate (S30), the step of laminating the material by directly spraying it on the plate (S40) may be performed.

In the step of laminating by spraying the metal raw material, the material may be in a state in which a solid and a liquid are mixed. To this end, the metal raw material may be provided to be controlled within a preset solid/liquid mixing region temperature range.

Here, the solid/liquid mixing region temperature is a predetermined temperature value according to the type of material constituting the metal and the ratio range of the solid phase and the liquid phase that allows the material to be cured within a predetermined time when the material is sprayed and laminated on the plate. can

In the step (S40) of spraying and stacking the material directly on the plate, each nozzle may independently determine the spray height, speed, time, and on/off.

As each nozzle constituting a plurality of rows and columns is turned on/off independently, it is easy to simultaneously control the width and height of each layer when stacking each layer.

According to the present invention prepared as described above, since it is possible to laminate several layers at the same time, the 3D printing time can be significantly shortened compared to the prior art.

In addition, since the material is laminated and solidified as soon as it is sprayed, a laser is not required, which is economical.

In addition, since the layer is laminated by spraying the solid/liquid material rather than the metal powder, the thickness of the layer may be reduced, and thus the step difference between the layers may be reduced. Specifically, in the case of the conventional method of laminating metal powder by laser sintering, the step difference between the layers is at least 1 mm and the thickness of each layer is at least 300 μm, but according to the present invention, the step difference between the layers is at least 10 μm or more, The thickness of each layer can also be reduced to at least 30 μm.

In addition, since sintering using a laser is not performed, a problem of density reduction due to pores does not occur, and a high-quality three-dimensional object can be formed.

In addition, according to the present invention, a plurality of nozzles are provided so as to form a plurality of rows and columns so that they can be sprayed at the same time to be stacked, and since each nozzle can be independently controlled whether to spray or not, free shape stacking is possible. That is, the width of each layer can be easily adjusted with one movement.

In addition, although the nozzles are stacked in an ultra-close proximity to the stacking surface, the distance between each nozzle and the stacking surface is uniformly adjusted to reduce the shape defect rate.

In addition, the present invention can make the material in the liquid phase, which is easily oxidized through an oxidation protective gas or a vacuum atmosphere, sprayed and laminated without being oxidized.

The above description of the present invention is for illustration, and those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains can understand that it can be easily modified into other specific forms without changing the technical spirit or essential features of the present invention. will be. Therefore, it should be understood that the embodiments described above are illustrative in all respects and not restrictive. For example, each component described as a single type may be implemented in a distributed manner, and likewise components described as distributed may be implemented in a combined form.

The scope of the present invention is indicated by the following claims, and all changes or modifications derived from the meaning and scope of the claims and their equivalents should be construed as being included in the scope of the present invention.

10: plate
100: 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination
110: dissolution unit
111: melting heating furnace
112: heater
120: supply unit
130: nozzle unit
131: first nozzle
132: second nozzle
133: third nozzle
134: fourth nozzle
135: fifth nozzle
140: nozzle coupling part
150: heating unit
200: 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination
210: dissolution unit
211: melting heating furnace
212: heater
220: Lee Jong-yong
221: melting heating furnace
222: heater
230: nozzle unit
231: first nozzle
232: second nozzle
233: third nozzle
234: fourth nozzle
235: fifth nozzle
240: nozzle coupling part
250: heating unit

Claims (16)

a dissolving unit provided to store a material formed by dissolving a metal raw material;
a supply unit for introducing the metal raw material into the dissolution unit; and
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, comprising a nozzle unit provided to stack the material stored in the dissolving unit at a preset solid/liquid mixing region temperature to directly spray it onto the plate.
The method of claim 1,
The dissolving part,
a melting heating furnace provided to receive the metal raw material from the supply unit and to store the metal raw material in a dissolved state; and
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that it is formed in the melting furnace and includes a heater provided to melt the metal raw material provided to the melting furnace.
The method of claim 1,
The nozzle unit,
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that it comprises a heating unit for controlling the temperature of the material directly sprayed on the plate to the solid/liquid mixing region temperature so that the material is in a state in which the solid and the liquid are mixed.
The method of claim 1,
The solid/liquid mixing region temperature is
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that it is a preset temperature value according to the type of the material constituting the metal and the ratio range of the solid and liquid phase that allows the material to be solidified within a preset time when the material is sprayed and laminated on the plate .
The method of claim 1,
The nozzle unit,
Liquid direct lamination, characterized in that it is provided with a plurality of nozzles provided to directly spray and laminate the material supplied from the dissolving unit to the plate while maintaining a preset temperature and pressure, and to laminate a plurality of layers at the same time Possible 3D printer.
6. The method of claim 5,
The plurality of nozzles,
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that the separation distance from the plate is adjustable.
7. The method of claim 6,
The plurality of nozzles,
Based on the stacking direction of the material, it is provided such that the separation distance from the plate is gradually increased from the nozzle in the front to the nozzle located in the rear,
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that the height of each nozzle is independently controlled so that the distance from the lamination surface is constant.
6. The method of claim 5,
The nozzle unit,
Further comprising a nozzle coupling portion provided to be coupled to the plurality of nozzles,
The nozzle coupling part,
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that it is provided to control the spacing and height of the plurality of nozzles constituting the nozzle unit.
The method of claim 1,
It further comprises a heterogeneous dissolving unit provided to store the material stored in the dissolving unit and the transfer material,
The nozzle unit,
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that it is provided to further spray different materials stored in the heterogeneous dissolving unit.
In the 3D printing method using the 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to claim 1,
a) adding a metal raw material to the melting part;
b) dissolving the metal raw material to form the raw material; and
c) 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, comprising the step of directly spraying and laminating the material on the plate.
11. The method of claim 10,
In step c),
3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that the material is sprayed while being controlled to a preset solid/liquid mixing region temperature so that the solid and liquid are mixed.
12. The method of claim 11,
The solid/liquid mixing region temperature is
3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that it is a preset temperature value according to the type of the material constituting the metal and the ratio range of the solid and liquid phase that allows the material to be solidified within a preset time when the material is sprayed and laminated on the plate 3D printing method using
11. The method of claim 10,
Prior to step c),
3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that it further comprises spraying an oxidizing protective gas between the nozzle unit and the plate, or creating a vacuum between the nozzle unit and the plate.
11. The method of claim 10,
In step c),
The nozzle unit is provided with a plurality of nozzles,
Each nozzle is a 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination, characterized in that the injection height, speed, time, and on/off are independently determined.
A 3D sculpture manufactured by a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to claim 1 .
A three-dimensional object manufactured by a 3D printing method using a 3D printer capable of liquid direct lamination according to claim 10.

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