KR20200125804A - Transparent Electrode and the Smart Window Film Having the Same - Google Patents

Abstract

According to the present invention, provided is a transparent electrode including a metal nanowire network and a conductive material positioned in an empty space of the metal nanowire network. According to the present invention, the transparent electrode may be a transparent electrode for a smart window film wherein transmittance of light including sunlight is adjusted.

Description

Transparent Electrode and the Smart Window Film Having the Same

The present invention relates to a transparent electrode and a smart window film including the same, and more particularly, to a metal nanowire-based transparent electrode and a smart window film including the same.

A smart window refers to a window manufactured to freely control the transmittance of sunlight, and is also called a smart glass.

Although it can be classified into various types according to the type of material used for the smart window, a smart window using a polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC) layer that is easy to increase in size is widely used.

PDLC is a major component of a smart window, a complex in which numerous droplets of microscopic liquid crystals are randomly dispersed in a polymer matrix, and a homogeneous mixture of liquid crystal and polymer is phase separated into liquid crystal and polymer. Is formed.

Liquid crystal droplets (or liquid crystal domains) finely dispersed in the polymer matrix provide an electro-optical control function because they are arranged under an electric field, and the polymer matrix mainly plays a role in imparting mechanical, thermal, and durable stability.

The transmittance of sunlight of the smart window can be adjusted by the voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer. For example, when a voltage is applied to the smart window, the liquid crystal is aligned according to the applied electric field direction and transmits light, and when the voltage is not applied to the smart window, the liquid crystal is irregularly arranged and scatters light, making it opaque. Becomes.

Such smart windows are mainly used for controlling the transmittance of light by being applied to windows, display devices, and automobile windows of buildings.

In recent years, it improves the flexibility of the smart window, enables the large area of the smart window, and, unlike the transparent conductive oxide (TCO), is a metal nanowire-based transparent electrode that can be manufactured by simple coating instead of a high vacuum sputtering process. Smart windows to use are being developed.

However, in the case of a smart window using a nanowire-based transparent electrode compared to a transparent electrode using a transparent conductive oxide, there is a problem that a certain color is displayed in a transparent state.

Republic of Korea Patent Publication No. 2014-0166139

An object of the present invention is to provide a transparent electrode capable of preventing a color expression phenomenon in which a specific color appears in a transparent state, and a smart window including the same.

The transparent electrode according to the present invention includes a metal nanowire network and a conductive material positioned in an empty space of the metal nanowire network.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive material may be one or more selected from the group of conductive carbon, metal, and conductive polymer.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive material may be one or more selected from particles, plates, rods, wires, and tubes.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive material may be distributedly located in at least an empty space of the metal nanowire network.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive material may be in contact with the metal nanowire network and extend into the empty space.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the transparent electrode comprises a film of a conductive material; Line; Circles, ovals, polygonal or irregularly shaped dots; Or it can include lines and dots.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the transparent electrode includes a matrix of a first conductive material positioned in an empty space of a metal nanowire network; And a dispersed phase of the second conductive material dispersed in the matrix.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the transparent electrode may include a pattern in which lines or dots of the conductive material are spaced apart in at least one direction.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, based on d, which is the average diameter of the metal nanowires, the thickness of the conductive material may be 0.1d to 10d.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, in the metal nanowire network, the metal nanowires may be fused to each other.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, in the metal nanowire network, the metal nanowire may include silver nanowire.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the transparent electrode may include a transparent substrate, and the metal nanowire network may be positioned on one side of the transparent substrate and bound to the transparent substrate.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive polymer may be one or more conductive polymers selected from polythiophene-based, polypyrrole-based, polyphenylene-based, polyanilene-based, and polyacetylene-based.

In the transparent electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention, the conductive carbon is carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, mesoporous carbon, graphite, graphite nanofibers (GNF; Graphite Nanofiber), carbon fiber, graphene, fullerene, carbon nanotube (CNT), or a mixture thereof.

The present invention includes a smart window including the above-described transparent electrode.

The smart window according to the present invention includes electrodes facing each other; And a liquid crystal layer interposed between the electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes facing each other may be the above-described transparent electrode.

The transparent electrode according to the present invention is provided with a transparent electrode based on a metal nanowire network, has excellent flexibility, and is easy to manufacture and large-area at low cost, so that it has excellent commerciality, and at the same time, when provided in a smart window, the voltage is applied to the transparent electrode. In the applied ON state, there is an advantage of exhibiting excellent transparency in which a specific color does not appear while having high visible light transmittance. When used in a smart window film, the transparent electrode according to an embodiment may have optical characteristics (eg, color characteristics according to a viewing angle) corresponding to a smart window film using a conventional indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrode.

Hereinafter, the smart window film of the present invention will be described in detail. At this time, unless there are other definitions in the technical and scientific terms used, they have the meanings commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the technical field to which this invention belongs, and unnecessarily obscure the subject matter of the present invention in the following description. Description of possible known functions and configurations will be omitted.

The applicant noted the problem that when a voltage is applied through a transparent electrode based on a metal nanowire in a smart window film, the film transmits light and becomes transparent, but a specific color such as blue appears throughout the film, and various experiments to solve this problem Was performed. As a result of the experiment, when a voltage is applied by a metal nanowire network, which is basically a network structure, under the condition that the liquid crystal domains are randomly located and has a wide size distribution, this color expression phenomenon is caused by the liquid crystal domain(s) that are incompletely aligned It was found to appear. Based on these findings, when an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal layer by the metal nanowire network, but the conductive material is placed in the empty space due to the network structure of the metal nanowire network, the lower (or upper) empty space of the metal nanowire network It was confirmed that the liquid crystal domains located at) were completely aligned in the electric field direction and color expression phenomenon was prevented, thereby completing the present invention.

The transparent electrode according to the present invention based on the above discovery includes a metal nanowire network and a conductive material positioned in an empty space of the metal nanowire network. The transparent electrode according to the present invention is very useful for a smart window, and when used as an electrode of a smart window, a specific color such as blue does not appear and a smart window having excellent transparency can be implemented.

In one embodiment, the conductive material may be selected from the group of conductive carbon, metal, and conductive polymer, but is not limited thereto.

Conductive carbon is carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, mesoporous carbon, graphite, graphite nanofiber (GNF), carbon fiber, graphene, fullerene. , Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or mixtures thereof may be included, but the present invention is not limited thereto.

The metal may include copper, aluminum, nickel, palladium, gold, silver, platinum, chromium, cobalt, tin, lead, zinc, iron, tungsten, magnesium, titanium, molybdenum, or alloys thereof, but are limited thereto. It is not.

The conductive polymer may be a polythiophene-based, polypyrrole-based, polyphenylene-based, polyanilen-based, or polyacetylene-based conductive polymer, and in one embodiment, polytriphenylamine, polyacetylene (PA), and polythiophene ( polythiophene: PT), poly(3-alkyl)thiophene [poly(3-alkyl)thiophene: P3AT], polypyrrole (PPY), polyisothianapthelene: PITN, polyethylene dioxythiophene: PEDOT ), polyparaphenylene vinylene (PPV), poly(2,5-dialkoxy) paraphenylene vinylene [poly(2,5-dialkoxy)paraphenylene vinylene], polyparaphenylene: PPP ), polyparaphenylene sulphide (PPS), polyheptadiyne (PHT), poly(3-hexyl) theophene [poly(3-hexyl)thiophene: P3HT], poly(3,4-ethylene Dioxythiophene): poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and polyaniline [polyaniline: PANI], etc., but are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the conductive material may have a shape selected from one or more particles, plates, rods, wires, and tubes. Specifically, particles of a conductive material, a plate of a conductive material, a rod of a conductive material, a wire of a conductive material, a tube of a conductive material, or a mixture thereof may be located in the empty space of the metal nanowire network.

As a specific example, the particles of the conductive material may have a size of several nano-order to tens of micrometers order, and may include conductive carbon particles, metal particles, conductive polymer particles, or mixtures thereof.

In an embodiment, the plate may include a nanoplate, such as a single material layer, and the diameter may have a size of several tens of nanometers on the order of several hundred micrometers. The plate of the conductive material may include a conductive carbon plate (including graphene, etc.), a metal plate, a conductive polymer plate, or a mixture thereof.

As a specific example, the length of the long axis of the rod may be in the order of tens of nanometers to several tens of micrometers, and the aspect ratio obtained by dividing the length of the long axis by the short axis diameter may be 2 to 5, but is not limited thereto. The rod of the conductive material may include a conductive carbon rod, a metal rod, a conductive polymer rod, or a mixture thereof.

In a specific embodiment, the wire may include fibers, and may include nanowires or nanofibers. The length of the long axis of the wire may be in the order of several nanometers to several hundred micrometers, and the aspect ratio obtained by dividing the length of the long axis by the short axis diameter may be 7 to 1000, but is not limited thereto. The wire of the conductive material may include a conductive carbon wire, a metal wire, a conductive polymer wire, or a mixture thereof.

As a specific example, the tube (tube) may include a nanotube, may be a few nanometers order to hundreds of micrometers order, and the aspect ratio obtained by dividing the long axis length by the short axis diameter may be 7 to 1000, but is limited thereto. no. The tube of the conductive material may include a conductive carbon tube (including carbon nanotubes), a metal tube, a conductive polymer tube, or a mixture thereof.

When particles of conductive material, plates, rods, wires, tubes, or mixtures thereof are referred to as the dispersed phase, the dispersed phase can be dispersed at least in the empty space of the metal nanowire network. have.

The dispersed phase may be in a state in contact with the metal wire network, independently or in a state in which the dispersed phases are in contact with each other, or in a state spaced apart from each other. In more detail, the dispersed phase is located in an empty space of the metal nanowire network, but may have a structure that contacts the metal wire network and extends into the empty space.

In one embodiment, the transparent electrode is a film of a conductive material; Line; Circles, ovals, polygonal or irregularly shaped dots; Or it can include lines and dots. That is, the transparent electrode may include a metal nanowire network and a film made of a conductive material positioned at least in an empty space of the metal nanowire network; Line; Circles, ovals, polygonal or irregularly shaped dots; Or it could include a line and a tote.

membrane; Line; Circles, ovals, polygonal or irregularly shaped dots; Alternatively, the conductive material in the form of lines and dots may be placed in an empty space of the metal nanowire network while contacting the metal nanowire network.

The film of the conductive material may include a conductive carbon film, a metal film, a conductive polymer film, a mixture film thereof, or a laminate film thereof. The thickness of the conductive material film may be 0.1d to 10d based on d, which is the average diameter of the metal nanowires, but is not limited thereto.

The line of conductive material may include a strip of conductive material. The wire of the conductive material may include a conductive carbon wire, a metal wire, a conductive polymer wire, or a mixed wire thereof or a laminated wire thereof. The width of the line of the conductive material may be on the order of several tens of nanometers to the order of several millimeters, the length of the line may be several hundred nanometers or a size that can cross the transparent electrode corresponding to the size of the transparent electrode, and the thickness of the line is metal nanometers. Based on the average diameter d of the wire, it may be 0.05d to 10d, but is not limited thereto.

The dot of the conductive material may be a circle, ellipse, triangle, square, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, dodecagonal polygon or irregular shape, and when converted to a circle of the same area, the diameter of the dot is in the order of tens of nanometers to tens of millimeters. It may be ordered, and may have a thickness of 0.05d to 10d based on d, which is the average diameter of the metal nanowires, but is not limited thereto. One or more dots of the conductive material may be selected from conductive carbon dots, metal dots, and conductive polymer dots.

In one embodiment, when the transparent electrode includes a film of a conductive material, a film of a conductive material may be positioned at least in an empty space of the metal nanowire network. As a specific example, the film of the conductive material may cover both the metal nanowire network and the empty space of the metal nanowire network. Alternatively, it may be located in a metal nanowire network on top of a film of a conductive material.

Specifically, when the transparent electrode includes a film of a conductive material, the transparent electrode is a transparent substrate; And a metal wire network positioned on at least one side of the transparent substrate; when included, the transparent electrode may include a transparent substrate, a metal wire network positioned on at least one side of the transparent substrate, and a film of a conductive material covering the metal wire network. have. Alternatively, the transparent electrode may include a transparent substrate, a film of a conductive material positioned on at least one side of the transparent substrate, and a metal wire network positioned on the film of the conductive material.

In one embodiment, when the transparent electrode includes a line of a conductive material, the transparent electrode may include a pattern in which lines of a conductive material are spaced apart from each other in at least one direction (in-plane direction of the electrode). Alternatively, the transparent electrode may include a pattern in which lines of a conductive material are spaced apart in at least two or more different directions (different from each other, but in an in-plane direction of the electrode). As a specific example, when the direction in which the conductive polymer strips are spaced apart is one direction, the conductive polymer may have a comb shape. As a specific example, the pattern in which the lines of the conductive material are spaced apart from each other in two or more directions may correspond to the mesh of the conductive material, and the shape of the mesh eye may be determined according to two or more different directions. In this case, as an example of two or more different directions, directions that are orthogonal to each other may be exemplified, and the shape of the mesh eye may be a square angle or a rectangular angle, but is not limited thereto. Independently of each other for each separation direction, the separation distance between lines of the conductive material may be in the order of several tens of nanometers to several millimeters, but is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the transparent electrode may comprise a mesh of one or more conductive materials. When the transparent electrode includes a mesh of two or more conductive materials, the meshes of the conductive material may be spaced apart from each other, or the edges of the mesh may be arranged to overlap each other. The transparent electrode is a transparent substrate; And a metal wire network positioned on at least one side of the transparent substrate; when including, the transparent electrode comprises a transparent substrate, a metal wire network positioned on at least one side of the transparent substrate, and a mesh of a conductive material positioned on the metal wire network. Can include. Alternatively, the transparent electrode may include a transparent substrate, a mesh of a conductive material positioned on at least one side of the transparent substrate, and a metal wire network positioned on the mesh of the conductive material.

In one embodiment, when the transparent electrode includes dots of a conductive material, the transparent electrode may include a pattern in which dots of a conductive material are spaced apart from each other in at least one direction (in-plane direction of the electrode). Alternatively, the transparent electrode may include a pattern in which dots of a conductive material are spaced apart in at least two or more different directions (different from each other, but in an in-plane direction of the electrode). In this case, examples of two or more directions that are different from each other may be directions that are orthogonal to each other, but are not limited thereto. In a porous metal nanowire network, one or more conductive polymer dots may be located in one empty space. Alternatively, one conductive polymer dot may be located in two or more empty spaces that are in contact with at least one metal nanowire and are adjacent to each other. Independently of each other for each separation direction, the separation distance between dots of the conductive material may be in the order of several tens of nanometers to several millimeters based on the distance between the edges of adjacent dots, but is not limited thereto.

The conductive material in contact with at least one metal nanowire of the metal nanowire network and located in the empty space of the metal nanowire network, the voltage applied through the metal nanowire network providing a low impedance path spreads evenly in the in-plane direction of the transparent electrode. As a uniform electric field is formed, a structure in which a current movement path is not formed in an in-plane direction may also be included, such as lines or dots of a conductive material arranged spaced apart from each other. .

The length, width, thickness, distance between lines of conductive material, spaced distance between lines, and spaced direction lights, or the size, shape, separation distance, and arrangement of dots of conductive material can be determined by the use of transparent electrodes, advantageous examples, and transparent electrodes for smart windows. When used as a metal nanowire, the liquid crystal layer located in the lower (or upper) empty space of the metal nanowire network can be controlled to the same level as the liquid crystal domain in the lower (or upper) and adjacent regions with the metal nanowire. Do.

In one embodiment, the above-described dispersion phase (only) may be located in the empty space of the metal nanowire network, or the matrix of the first conductive material and the dispersed phase of the second conductive material dispersed in the matrix may be located. Two or more dispersed phases may be partially or completely embedded in the matrix, which is a continuum of the first conductive material, or may be positioned by binding to the surface.

The matrix of the first conductive material may be a film filling the empty space of the metal nanowire network, but is not limited thereto. The matrix of the first conductive material may correspond to the film, line or dot of the conductive material described above.

The first conductive material as a matrix-the second conductive material in the dispersed phase is a first conductive polymer-a second conductive polymer different from the first conductive polymer, conductive polymer-conductive carbon, conductive polymer-metal, conductive polymer-conductive carbon and metal, metal -Conductive polymer, metal-conductive carbon, and the like, but are not limited thereto.

In one embodiment, the metal nanowire network may mean a structure in which a continuous charge transfer path is formed in one direction belonging to the in-plane direction of the transparent electrode by physical contact between at least conductive metal nanowires.

The metal nanowire network may be a porous structure in which metal nanowires are physically bonded to each other (including fusion) or a porous structure formed by contacting, entangled or attached (including attachment by a binder) metal nanowires to each other. .

That is, the metal nanowire network includes a porous network structure in which metal nanowires that regularly or irregularly contact each other are physically bonded to each other by fusion of contact areas to form a single body; Alternatively, it may have a porous network structure formed by regularly or irregularly contacting, entangled or attached metal nanowires.

As a representative example of a metal nanowire in consideration of excellent conductivity, prevention of decrease in transparency, and commerciality, the metal nanowire may include a silver nanowire, but is not limited thereto.

The size of the metal nanowire can be as long as it does not significantly lower the light transmittance while stably forming a network. As a specific example, the average diameter of the metal nanowire may be 5 to 100 nm, and the aspect ratio may be 50 to 20000, but the present invention cannot be limited by the spherical size of the metal nanowire.

In terms of forming a stable and low-resistance conductive network by metal nanowires while preventing a decrease in light transmittance, the mass of the metal nanowire per unit area of the transparent electrode is 0.0001 to 0.01 g/cm ² , specifically It may be 0.0001 to 0.001 g/cm ² , but is not limited thereto.

The mass of the metal nanowire per unit area of the transparent electrode is based on one side (electrode surface) of the transparent substrate on which the metal nanowire network is located, per unit surface area, and the metal nanowire positioned above the unit surface area. It can mean the mass of the network.

When the transparent electrode further includes a transparent substrate, the transparent substrate may be a rigid substrate or a flexible substrate, and the rigid substrate is a glass substrate, and the flexible substrate is PET (Poly Ethylene Terephthlate), PC (Polycarbonate). ), PEN (Polyethylene Napthalene), PU (Polyurethane), PI (Polyimide), TAC (Triacetylcellulose), or laminated substrates thereof, but are not limited thereto.

When the transparent electrode further includes a transparent substrate, the metal nanowire network may be bound to or partially embedded in the transparent substrate. Alternatively, a film of a conductive material between the transparent substrate and the metal nanowire network; line; dot; Alternatively, when the lines and dots are located, the metal nanowire network may be bound or partially embedded in a conductive material.

The present invention includes a smart window including the above-described transparent electrode.

The smart window according to the present invention includes electrodes facing each other; And a liquid crystal layer interposed between the electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes facing each other may be the above-described transparent electrode, and each of the substantially facing electrodes (first transparent electrode and second transparent electrode) is It may be the above-described transparent electrode. Previously, the above-described information related to the transparent electrode may correspond to each of the first transparent electrode or the second transparent electrode facing each other, and the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode may be the same or different from each other in the concrete material or the spherical structure. have.

In the smart window according to the present invention, when an electric field is formed in the liquid crystal layer through the transparent electrode, as the conductive material is located in an empty space inevitable from the porous structure of the metal nanowire network, the liquid crystal domain formed in the liquid crystal layer Incomplete alignment according to position can be prevented, and color expression caused by incomplete alignment according to the position of the liquid crystal domain can be prevented.

In the transparent electrode, the conductive material located in the empty space of the metal nanowire network is the lower part of the empty space between the metal nanowires of the metal nanowire network, rather than the role of forming a current transfer path in the in-plane direction of the transparent electrode. The role of forming a strong electric field in the area of the liquid crystal layer (or upper part), that is, to apply a more uniform electric field to the entire area of the liquid crystal layer including the area where the metal nanowire is located and the area where the empty space is located. Play a role.

The smart window film according to the present invention may have excellent transparency in which a specific color does not appear while having an increased light transmittance compared to an off state in which a voltage is not applied in an ON state in which a voltage is applied to the transparent electrode.

The liquid crystal layer may be a polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer, but is not limited thereto. The polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer may have a structure in which liquid crystal domains (or liquid crystal droplets) having a size of several hundred nanometers to tens of micrometers are randomly dispersed and impregnated in a polymer matrix including a photocurable resin. The liquid crystal in the liquid crystal domain may be any liquid crystal used in the smart window field, and a Nematic, Smetic, or Cholesteric liquid crystal may be used, and may be substantially a nematic liquid crystal. The polymer matrix can be any curable resin used as a liquid crystal layer in the smart window field. As a specific example, the curable resin may be a photocurable resin such as a urethane-based acrylate photocurable resin, a silicone-based acrylate photocurable resin, or the like, but is not limited thereto. The liquid crystal layer may contain 20 to 70% by weight of liquid crystal, but is not limited thereto.

The present invention includes a smart window or smart glass including the above-described smart window film and a glass layer to which the above-described smart window film is attached to at least one surface. In this case, when the transparent substrate on which the metal nanowire network is located in the transparent electrode is glass, the smart window film itself may correspond to the smart window (or smart glass).

The metal nanowire network of the above-described transparent electrode may be manufactured by referring to Korean Patent No. 10-1802952 or Korean Patent No. 10-1771001 of the present applicant. The conductive material may be prepared by applying (including printing) and drying a conductive ink in which the conductive material is dissolved or dispersed. Application is spray coating, dip coating, inkjet printing, slot die coating, gravure printing, flexography printing, doctor blade coating, screen printing, electrostatic hydraulic printing, micro contact printing, imprinting, reverse offset printing, bar-coating, It is fine to use a method commonly used to apply (print) materials in the shape and size designed on the substrate, such as gravure offset printing and roll coating.

At this time, a film of a conductive material between the transparent substrate and the metal nanowire network; line; dot; Alternatively, when lines and dots are located and a metal nanowire network is bonded to a conductive material, after forming a conductive polymer film on a transparent substrate first, refer to Korean Patent No. 10-1802952 or Korean Patent No. 10-1771001 of the present applicant. Thus, a method of forming a metal nanowire network can be used. However, it goes without saying that the present invention cannot be limited by a method of forming a concrete metal nanowire network or a method of manufacturing a transparent electrode.

As for the smart window film, any method used to manufacture a stack of transparent electrodes/liquid crystal layers/transparent electrodes in the smart window field may be used. For example, it may be prepared through a method such as photocuring after placing two transparent electrodes apart to face each other, and then injecting a composition for a polymer dispersion liquid crystal layer (PDLC) between the two transparent electrodes.

As described above, the present invention has been described by specific matters and limited embodiments and drawings, but this is provided only to help a more general understanding of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the present invention is Those of ordinary skill in the relevant field can make various modifications and variations from this description.

Therefore, the spirit of the present invention is limited to the described embodiments and should not be defined, and all things that are equivalent or equivalent to the claims as well as the claims to be described later fall within the scope of the spirit of the present invention. .

Claims (15)

A transparent electrode comprising a metal nanowire network and a conductive material positioned in an empty space of the metal nanowire network. The method of claim 1,
The conductive material is a transparent electrode selected from the group of conductive carbon, metal, and conductive polymer. The method of claim 1,
The conductive material is a transparent electrode selected from at least one particle, plate, rod, wire, and tube. The method of claim 3,
The conductive material is a transparent electrode that is distributed at least in an empty space of the metal nanowire network. The method of claim 3,
The conductive material is in contact with the metal nanowire network and extends into the empty space. The method of claim 1,
The transparent electrode may be formed of a conductive material; Line; Circles, ellipses, polygons or irregularly shaped dots; Or lines and dots; transparent electrode comprising a. The method of claim 1,
The transparent electrode may include a matrix of a first conductive material positioned in an empty space of the metal nanowire network; And a dispersed phase of the second conductive material dispersed in the matrix. The method of claim 6,
The transparent electrode includes a pattern in which lines or dots of the conductive material are spaced apart from each other in at least one direction. The method of claim 6,
Based on the average diameter d of the metal nanowires, the thickness of the film of the conductive material is 0.1d to 10d transparent electrode. The method of claim 1,
In the metal nanowire network, a transparent electrode in which metal nanowires are fused together. The method of claim 1,
In the metal nanowire network, the metal nanowire is a transparent electrode comprising silver nanowires. The method of claim 1,
The transparent electrode includes a transparent substrate, and the metal nanowire network is located on one surface of the transparent substrate and is bonded to the transparent substrate. The method of claim 2,
The conductive polymer is a conductive polymer selected from one or more of polythiophene-based, polypyrrole-based, polyphenylene-based, polyanilen-based and polyacetylene-based transparent electrode. The method of claim 2,
The conductive carbon is carbon black, ketjen black, acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, mesoporous carbon, graphite, graphite nanofiber (GNF), carbon fiber, graphene, A transparent electrode comprising fullerene, carbon nanotube (CNT), or a mixture thereof. Electrodes facing each other; And a liquid crystal layer interposed between the electrodes,
At least one of the electrodes facing each other is a transparent electrode according to any one of claims 1 to 14, the smart window film.