KR20200098636A - Laminated glass system - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a laminated glass system 101, which includes at least the following:
-Outer pane (1) and inner pane (2) joined to each other by at least one intermediate layer (3),
-A functional element 4 arranged on or behind the outer surface IV of the inner pane 2,
Here, a metal protective layer 5 is arranged between the outer pane 1 and the functional element 4.

Description

Laminated glass system

The present invention relates to a laminated glass system having a functional element and a metal protective layer, a method of making the laminated glass system and its use.

Extensive legal requirements are imposed on automotive glazing with internal combustion engines. The following legal provisions apply regarding the size of the field of view and the structural stability of the panes:

-ECE R 43: Uniform regulations for approval of safety glazing and composite glazing materials and

-Technical requirements for automotive parts for type testing §22 StVZO German Road Vehicle Code, No.29 "Safety Glass".

These regulations are usually met by laminated panes. Laminated panes are usually composed of an outer pane and an interior pane, in particular made of float glass, and are firmly bonded to each other in one or a plurality of intermediate layers by heat and pressure. Interlayers are usually made of thermoplastics such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).

State-of-the-art vehicle glazings have many functional elements that are fixedly bonded to the laminated panes, for example OLED displays or sensor electronics. Such functional elements are often very sensitive to temperature or to UV radiation.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved laminated glass system having a functional element that protects the functional element against infrared and ultraviolet rays, and which can be easily and economically incorporated into a laminated glass.

The object of the invention is achieved according to the invention by a laminated glass system according to independent claim 1. Preferred embodiments emerge from the dependent claims.

The laminated cage system according to the invention includes at least the following features:

-An outer pane and an inner pane joined together by at least one intermediate layer,

-At least one functional element arranged on or behind the outer surface (IV) of the inner pane,

Here a metallic protective layer is arranged between the outer pane and the functional element.

The laminated pane of the laminated glass system according to the present invention includes an outer pane and an inner pane that are bonded to each other through an intermediate layer. The outer pane is suitable for facing external infrared and or ultraviolet light sources, for example the sun.

The individual surfaces of the outer pane and the inner pane are numbered consecutively with Roman numerals as in conventional laminated panes. The surface of the outer pane facing outward (briefly: outer surface) is referred to as the Roman numeral I; The inner surface of the outer pane facing the inside of the laminated pane is indicated by Roman numeral II; The inner surface of the inner pane facing the laminate pane is indicated by Roman numeral III; And the surface of the inner pane facing the inside (briefly: the outer surface) is referred to as the Roman numeral IV.

What is meant by the "back" of the outer surface (IV) of the inner pane is, in the present invention, "in the direction of the vertical surface of the outer surface (IV) of the inner pane," or in other words "the perspective direction from the outer pane through the laminated pane. Refers to "the back of the laminated pane, seen as."

In one embodiment according to the present invention, the protective layer is disposed between the outer pane and the inner pane. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the protective layer is disposed directly on the back surface IV of the inner pane.

In another advantageous embodiment of the laminated glass system according to the invention, the distance d between the functional element and the outer surface IV of the inner pane is between 0 cm and 30 cm, preferably between 0 cm and 10 cm and in particular Preferably it is 0 cm to 5 cm.

In another advantageous embodiment of the laminated glass system according to the invention, the distance d between the functional element and the outer surface IV of the inner pane is 0.5 cm to 30 cm, preferably 1 cm to 10 cm and in particular Preferably it is 1 cm to 10 cm.

In another advantageous embodiment of the laminated glass system according to the invention, the functional element is rigidly bonded to the laminated glazing or both the functional element and the laminated glazing are external attachment devices, for example vehicle panes and dashboards ( dashboard) in or on the functional element.

A metal protective layer is implemented so that the infrared and/or ultraviolet rays entering the laminated pane through the outer pane do not reach the functional element or only less. Thus, the functional element is protected against damage caused by excessive temperature rise or UV rays. At the same time, the metallic protective layer can protect the functional element against electromagnetic and particularly high-frequency electromagnetic radiation in the kiloheltz (KHz), megaheltz (MHz), or gigahertz (GHz) range.

In another advantageous embodiment of the protective layer according to the invention, at least 80%, preferably 90% and in particular at least 99% of the ultraviolet rays entering the laminated pane through the outer pane are absorbed or reflected by the protective layer. Herein, "absorbed or reflected" means that the ratio of radiation is blocked by either absorption or reflection. If, for example, 99% is absorbed or reflected, this means that only 1% is transmitted.

In one advantageous embodiment of the protective layer according to the invention, at least 80%, preferably 90% and in particular at least 99% of the ultraviolet rays entering the laminated pane through the outer pane are absorbed or reflected by the protective layer.

In another advantageous embodiment of the laminated glass system according to the invention, the metal protective layer comprises or consists of at least one metal layer, preferably an aluminum layer, a stainless steel layer, a copper layer, a silver layer or a gold layer. Such metal layers are particularly suitable for sufficiently absorbing or reflecting infrared or ultraviolet rays. The aluminum layer is particularly advantageous for its good thermal conductivity and low UV transmission.

In another advantageous embodiment of the protective layer according to the invention, at least one metal layer is arranged over at least one carrier film. The carrier film is preferably a polymer film and in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl butyral (PVB) (e.g. Mowital), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), It contains or consists of polyepoxides or polyimides. Arranging the metal layer over the carrier film makes it easy to handle even thin and brittle metal layers.

In another advantageous embodiment of the protective layer according to the invention, the metal layer is congruent or substantially congruent with the at least one carrier film. What this means is that the lateral dimensions of the metal layer and the carrier film are the same or, in other words, that the metal layer completely or almost completely covers the carrier film.

In another advantageous embodiment of the protective layer according to the invention, the protective layer comprises or consists of at least one metal foil. That is, the metal layer is implemented with a metal foil. The metal foil is preferably self-supporting, ie thick and stable enough to be inserted and processed without an additional carrier film. Preferred metal foils are aluminum foils, stainless steel foils, copper foils, silver foils or gold foils. It goes without saying that a plurality of metal foils can be bonded together to achieve optimized opacity, for example for infrared and ultraviolet.

In another advantageous embodiment, the metal layer or metal foil has a thickness of 0.5 μm to 500 μm, preferably 1 μm to 200 μm, in particular 20 μm to 50 μm. Metal layers of such thickness have sufficiently good opacity to infrared and/or ultraviolet rays. Also, such metal layers are good and easy to process.

In another advantageous embodiment, a metal layer or metal foil is implemented so that the transmittance of visible light through the protective layer is less than 50%, preferably less than 30%, more preferably less than 10% and in particular less than 5%. For those of ordinary skill in the art, this can be achieved by a suitable combination of material selection and thickness in a simple experiment.

The metal protective layer can be laminated by being inserted into a stack sequence of laminated panes. Optionally the metal protective layer is additionally on one of the surfaces of the layers of the laminated pane, for example on the inner surface (II) of the outer pane, on the inner surface (III) of the inner pane, on the outer surface (IV) of the inner pane or It can be glued onto the functional element.

The protective layer according to the invention is arranged between the functional element and the outer pane. This means that the projection area of the vertical projection of the functional element onto the outer pane is at least completely congruent with the vertical projection of the protective layer onto the exterior pane. Preferably, the area of vertical projection of the protective layer onto the outer pane is larger than the area of vertical projection of the functional element onto the outer pane. This ensures that even the edge regions of the functional element are protected against infrared (IR) and/or ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In particular, the vertical projection area of the functional element overlaps the vertical projection area of the functional element by at least 2 mm, preferably at least 5 mm each, in particular at least 10 mm, in particular 20 mm. This effectively prevents IR and/or UV radiation impinging on the outer pane at an angle other than vertical from reaching the functional element.

The functional element is a temperature-sensitive and/or UV-sensitive functional element and preferably an electrical functional element.

Such functional elements preferably comprise or consist of:

-A light source, preferably an LED light source and particularly preferably an OLED light source,

-Displays, preferably OLED displays, particularly preferably transparent OLED displays,

-A sensor, preferably a temperature sensor, a contact sensor, a moisture sensor, a vibration sensor or a brake sensor,

-RFID chip, switching logic or microprocessor.

In an embodiment according to the invention, the protective layer is arranged between the outer pane and the functional element. The outer pane and the inner pane are joined by at least one intermediate layer. This includes the protective layer, the functional element and all other configurations of one or more intermediate layers, assuming that the protective layer is arranged between the outer pane and the functional element. This ensures a simpler and more effective protection of the functional element from infrared and/or ultraviolet rays penetrating through the outer pane into the laminate pane.

In one advantageous embodiment, the protective layer is arranged directly or only through masking printing on the inner surface II of the outer pane. In addition, the functional element is arranged in the protective layer directly behind the inner pane or at a distance d.

In an alternative embodiment, the protective layer is arranged directly on the inner side III of the inner pane or only through masking printing. In addition, the functional element is arranged at a distance d above the protective layer or behind the inner pane.

Basically, all electrically insulating substrates that are not only thermally and chemically stable, but also dimensionally stable under the conditions of production and use of the laminated pane according to the present invention, are all arranged between the outer pane and the inner pane or the outer pane and the inner pane. It is suitable as other flat glass.

It is preferred that the panes preferably comprise or consist of flat glass, most particularly preferably float glass, such as soda lime glass, borosilicate glass or quartz glass. Alternatively, the panes are made of transparent plastics, preferably rigid transparent plastics, in particular polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyamide, polyester, polyvinyl chloride and/or mixtures thereof. Contains or consists of them. The flat glass is preferably transparent in order to use the flat glass as a windshield or rear window of a vehicle or for use in a case where a high light transmittance is desired. In the context of the present invention, a pane having a transmittance in excess of 70% in the visible spectral range is understood to be transparent. However, in the case of panes that are not within the driver's driving-related field of view, for example roof panels, the transparency can be very low. For example, it can exceed 5%.

The thickness of the panes can vary widely and can therefore be ideally suited to the requirements of the individual case. Preferably, the standard thickness of the individual panes is 1.0 mm to 25 mm, preferably 1.4 mm to 2.5 mm for vehicle glass and 4 mm to 25 mm for furniture, appliances and buildings, especially electric heaters. do. The size of the panes can vary widely and depends on the size of the application according to the invention. The first pane and the second pane have a typical area of 200 cm 2 to 20 m 2, for example in the field of vehicle manufacturing and construction.

The laminated pane can have any three-dimensional shape. Preferably the three-dimensional shape does not have shadow zones which can be coated by cathodic sputtering, for example with an area-wise infrared reflective coating or low-E coating. Preferably the panes are flat or slightly or strongly curved in one or more spatial directions. In particular, planar substrates are used. The panes can be colorless or colored.

The panes are joined to each other by at least one intermediate layer, preferably by means of a first and a second intermediate layer. It is preferable that the intermediate layer is transparent. The interlayer preferably comprises at least one plastic, preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) and/or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). However, the intermediate layer can also be used, for example, polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyacrylate, polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyacetate resin, casting Resins, acrylates, fluorinated ethylene propylene, polyvinyl fluoride and/or ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. The intermediate layer may also be formed by one or a plurality of films arranged on one another, the thickness of the film is preferably 0.025 mm to 1 mm, typically 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm. The interlayers may preferably be a thermoplastic resin, and after lamination the panes and any other interlayers may be bonded to each other.

The terms "outer pane" and "inner pane" are chosen to distinguish between the two panes in the laminate pane according to the invention. This term is not meant to refer to geometric arrangements. When the laminated pane according to the invention is provided, for example, in an opening of a vehicle or building, to separate the interior from the exterior environment, the exterior pane is generally faced with the exterior environment and thus strong and routine infrared or ultraviolet rays such as sunlight. .

In an advantageous embodiment of the laminated glass system according to the invention, a masking print, for example a black print, a white print or another color print is arranged at least between the outer pane and the metal protective layer. The masking print is preferably arranged at least in the vertical projection area of the protective layer over the outer pane, between the outer pane and the protective layer. The masking print is preferably arranged directly on the inner surface II of the outer pane.

In an alternative embodiment of the laminated pane according to the invention, no masking printing is arranged between at least the outer pane and the metal protective layer. As a result, the reflective properties of the metal layer are improved.

Another aspect of the invention encompasses a method of producing a laminated glass system according to the invention, comprising at least the following steps:

(a) producing a stack sequence of one inner pane with at least one outer pane, one intermediate layer and a protective layer,

(b) laminating the stack sequence to form a composite pane,

(c) placing the functional element on or on the inner pane.

The intermediate layers are each formed by a single film or by two or more films arranged one on top of the other in area or in part.

The joining of the stack sequence in step (b) is preferably done under the action of heat, vacuum and/or pressure. Methods known per se can be used to produce laminated panes.

For example, so-called autoclave methods are carried out at high pressures of about 10 bar to 15 bar and at temperatures of 130° C. to 145° C. for about 2 hours. Vacuum bag or vacuum ring methods known per se are for example operated at about 200 mbar and 80° C. to 100° C. The outer pane, the thermoplastic interlayer and the inner pane may be compressed in a calender between at least a pair of rollers to form the pane. Plants of this type for producing panes are known and generally have at least one heating turnnel in front of the pressurization plant. The temperature during the compression process is for example between 40°C and 150°C. Combining the calender method and the autoclave method has proven to be particularly useful in practice. Alternatively, vacuum laminators can be used. They consist of one or more heatable and evacuable chambers, in which the panes are laminated therein, for example at a reduced pressure of 0.01 mbar to 800 mbar and a temperature of 80° C. to 170° C. for about 60 minutes.

Another aspect of the invention is a built-in part of furniture and household appliances in buildings, in particular in entrance areas, window areas, roof areas or facade areas, on land, in the air or in water, especially in trains, ships and automobiles, for example windshields ( windshield), rear windows, side windows and/or roof panels.

The invention further comprises the use of a metallic protective layer in the laminated glass system according to the invention for the protection of the functional element, in particular for the protection of the functional element against infrared and/or ultraviolet light.

In the following, the present invention is described in detail with reference to the drawings and exemplary embodiments. The drawings are schematic representations and not to scale. The drawings in no way limit the invention.
1 is a plan view of an embodiment of a laminated glass system according to the present invention having a laminated pane according to the present invention,
2A is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A' of FIG. 1;
2B is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment taken along line A-A' of FIG. 1;
2C is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment taken along line A-A' of FIG. 1, and
3 is a detailed flowchart of an embodiment of the method according to the present invention.

1 shows a top view of an exemplary embodiment of a laminated glass system 101 according to the invention having a laminated glass 100 according to the invention using an example of a vehicle window, in particular a windshield of a passenger car.

The laminated pane 100 of the laminated glass system 101 is, for example, substantially trapezoidal. The dimensions of the laminated pane 100 are, for example, 0.9 m x 1.5 m on the long side. In the installation position, the inner pane 2 is adapted to face the inside of the vehicle, for example. That is, the outer surface IV of the inner pane 2 is accessible from the inside, while the outer surface I of the outer pane 1, on the contrary, faces outward with respect to the vehicle interior. The terms "inside" and "outside" refer to the inside and outside of the laminated pane 100, respectively. The outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2 are made of, for example, soda lime glass. The thickness of the inner pane 2 is, for example, 1.6 mm and the thickness of the outer pane 1 is, for example, 2.1 mm. It goes without saying that the outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2 can have any thickness and, for example, can have the same thickness.

Laminated pane 100 may also be, for example, architectural glazing, furniture glazing or the like. The laminated pane 100 may be part of an insulating glazing unit and may be installed on a window of a building, for example. Alternatively, the laminated pane 100 may be installed in an interior, for example, and may be, for example, a meeting room or a refrigerator or glazing of furniture parts.

FIG. 2A is an exemplary cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A' of FIG. 1. Here, the laminated plate glass 100 includes an outer plate glass 1 and an inner plate glass 2 that are bonded to each other through an intermediate layer 3, for example. The intermediate layer 3 has a full surface design.

In the above exemplary embodiment, the electrically functional element 4 is, for example, an OLED display and is arranged on the outer surface IV of the inner pane 2 in the lower central region of the laminated pane 100. These OLED displays are very sensitive to temperature and deteriorate with UV radiation. The metal protective layer 5 is arranged between the functional element 4 and the outer pane 1. The protective layer 5 is arranged so that the functional element 4 is completely within the projection area 10 perpendicular to the protective layer 5 relative to the outer pane 1. Thereby IR and/or UV radiation 30 entering the laminated pane 100 through the outer pane 1 is blocked by the protective layer 5 before striking the functional element 4. The metal protective layer is made of, for example, an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 μm. The protective layer 5 is here arranged between the outer pane 1 and the intermediate layer 3 for example. It should be noted that the protective layer 5 can be disposed between the intermediate layer 3 and the inner pane 2, between the first intermediate layer and another intermediate layer, or directly on the outer surface IV of the inner pane 2. no need.

In the above exemplary embodiment, the black masking printing 20 is selectively applied to the inner surface II of the outer pane 1 between the protective layer 5 and the outer pane 1 and between the outer edge regions of the laminated pane 100. ) Is applied directly on top. The masking printing 20 prevents through-vision through the laminated glass 100 and the edge regions of the laminated glass 100 from being visible from above. The laminated pane 100 is bonded together with an edge region to the frame of the vehicle body through the outer surface IV of the pane 2. In addition, it is also prevented from being seen from above the metal protective layer 5 which has a metallic luster in general and can cause unaesthetic reflections.

The UV and IR radiation 30 striking the outer pane 1 of the laminated pane 100 from the outside depends on the construction according to the invention of the metallic protective layer 5 between the functional element 4 and the outer pane 1. Blocked by This results in overheating the functional element 4 or avoiding thermal damage in the case of IR radiation. UV protection reduces or prevents deterioration of the electronics of the functional element 4. With these two, the service life of the functional element 4 is extended and the operational reliability is also improved.

FIG. 2B shows an exemplary cross-sectional view illustrating an alternative exemplary embodiment along line AA′ of FIG. 1. Here the laminated pane 100 substantially corresponds to the selection of structures and materials from the embodiment of FIG. 2A. In contrast to FIG. 2a, in FIG. 2b the functional element 4 is not arranged directly on the inner pane 2. But instead it is placed at a distance d, eg 10 cm. The functional element 4 is for example arranged on a dashboard of a vehicle.

FIG. 2C depicts an exemplary cross-sectional view of an alternative exemplary embodiment taken along line AA′ of FIG. 1. The laminated glass system 101 here substantially corresponds to the selection of structures and materials from the embodiment of FIG. 2B. In contrast to FIG. 2b, in FIG. 2c the protective layer 4 is disposed directly on the outer surface IV of the inner pane 2 and is, for example, permanently adhered to this surface.

Needless to say, in each embodiment of the laminated glass system 101 according to the present invention, whether shown or not shown here, the metal protective layer 5 is a self-supporting metal layer or a thin, independently or non-independently stable It may be a polymer carrier layer having a metal layer.

Further, the location of the functional element 4 with the protective layer 5 can be arranged in the area of the laminated pane 100 as desired and within the environment of the desired application. It is preferable to place it above the top or side edges of the laminated pane 100, in particular outside of the central view through the laminated pane 100. It goes without saying that the laminated glass system 101 according to the invention may have a plurality of functional elements 4 with one or more adjacent or non-adjacent protective layers 5.

3 shows a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a method according to the invention for producing a laminated glass system 101 according to the invention according to FIG. 2B comprising the following steps S1-S6:

S1: printing masking prints 20 on the inner surface II of the outer pane 1;

S2: arranging the intermediate layer 3 on the inner surface II of the outer pane 1;

S3: disposing a metal protective layer 5 on the lower region of the intermediate layer 3;

S4: arranging the inner pane 2 on the intermediate layer 3;

S5: laminating a stack sequence to form a laminated pane 100;

S6: Arranging the functional element 4 at a distance d from the inner pane 2.

1 exterior pane
2 inner pane
3 middle floor
4 functional elements
5 protective layer
10 projection area
20 masking print, black print
30 Infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV)
100 laminated panes
101 laminated glass system
AA' cutting line
D Distance between functional element (4) and inner pane (2)
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 steps
I The outer surface of the outer pane (1)
II The inner surface of the outer pane (1)
III Inner surface of inner pane (2)
IV outer surface of inner pane (2)

Claims (14)

At least as the laminated glass system 101
-Outer pane (1) and inner pane (2) joined to each other by at least one intermediate layer (3),
-Comprising a functional element 4 arranged on or behind the outer surface IV of the inner pane 2,
Laminated glass system (101), wherein a metal protective layer (5) is disposed between the outer pane (1) and the functional element (4).
The laminated glass system (101) according to claim 1, wherein the metal protective layer (5) comprises or consists of a metal layer, preferably an aluminum layer, a stainless steel layer, a copper layer, a silver layer, a gold layer.
The method of claim 2, wherein the metal layer is disposed on at least one carrier film and the carrier film is preferably a polymeric carrier film, in particular polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). , A laminated glass system 101 containing or consisting of polyethylene or phthalate (PEN), polyepoxide or polyimide.
The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the metal protective layer (5) comprises or consists of a metal foil, preferably an aluminum foil, a stainless steel foil, a copper foil, a silver foil or a gold foil. , Laminated glass system 101.
5. A thickness according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the metal protective layer (5) and in particular the metal layer or metal foil has a thickness of 0.5 µm to 500 µm, preferably 1 µm to 200 µm, in particular 20 µm to 50 µm. With, laminated glass system 101.
6. The area according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the area (10) of the protective layer (5) vertically projected onto the outer pane (1) is the area of the functional element (4) vertically projected onto the outer pane (1) Equal to or greater than, laminated glass system 101.
7. A protective layer (5) according to any of the preceding claims, arranged between the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2) or directly on the outer surface (IV) of the inner pane (2). Being, laminated glass system 101.
The distance (d) between the functional element (4) and the outer surface (IV) of the inner pane (2) is 0 cm to 30 cm, preferably 0 cm to 10 cm, or particularly preferably 1 cm to 30 cm, laminated glass system 101.
Laminated glass according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the metal protective layer (5) reflects or absorbs infrared rays and/or ultraviolet rays by at least 80%, preferably at least 90% and in particular at least 99%. System 101.
10. The method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the functional element (4) is an electrical functional element, preferably at least:
-A light source, preferably an LED light source and particularly preferably an OLED light source,
-Displays, preferably OLED displays, particularly preferably transparent OLED displays,
-A sensor, preferably a temperature sensor, a contact sensor, a moisture sensor, a vibration sensor or a brake sensor,
-RFID chip, switching logic or microprocessor
Laminated glass system 101 comprising or consisting of.
11. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the masking print (20) is for example a black print, a white print, or a colored print and is at least arranged between the outer pane (1) and the metal protective layer (5). , The masking print 20 is preferably disposed directly on the inner surface II of the outer pane 1, the laminated glass system 101.
A method of producing a laminated glass system (101) according to claims 1 to 11, comprising:
(a) producing a stack sequence of one inner pane (2) with at least one outer pane (1), one intermediate layer (3) and a protective layer (5),
(b) laminating a stack sequence to form a laminated pane 100, and
(c) placing the functional element 4 on or behind the inner pane 2
Method comprising at least.
The laminated glass system 101 according to claims 1 to 11 is used in land, air, water transport vehicles, in particular in automobiles, for example as windshields, rear windows, side windows and/or roof panels. And as individual functional parts and as built-in parts in furniture, household appliances and buildings, in particular as electric heaters or as building glazing in indoors or outdoors in the field of construction and construction.
Use of the metal protective layer (5) in the laminated glass system (101) according to claims 1 to 11 for the protection of functional elements, preferably for the protection of functional elements against infrared and/or ultraviolet rays.

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