KR20200002316A - TEM Cooling device for cooling and preserving vaccine using PV solar cell - Google Patents
TEM Cooling device for cooling and preserving vaccine using PV solar cell Download PDFInfo
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- KR20200002316A KR20200002316A KR1020180075686A KR20180075686A KR20200002316A KR 20200002316 A KR20200002316 A KR 20200002316A KR 1020180075686 A KR1020180075686 A KR 1020180075686A KR 20180075686 A KR20180075686 A KR 20180075686A KR 20200002316 A KR20200002316 A KR 20200002316A
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- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title abstract description 29
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010419 agar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013527 bean curd Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036760 body temperature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000805 cytoplasm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021109 kimchi Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002255 vaccination Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F25D11/00—Self-contained movable devices, e.g. domestic refrigerators
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
- F25B21/02—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effect; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effect
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
- H02S40/00—Components or accessories in combination with PV modules, not provided for in groups H02S10/00 - H02S30/00
- H02S40/30—Electrical components
- H02S40/38—Energy storage means, e.g. batteries, structurally associated with PV modules
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E70/00—Other energy conversion or management systems reducing GHG emissions
- Y02E70/30—Systems combining energy storage with energy generation of non-fossil origin
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
냉각장치, 냉동소자Chiller, Refrigeration Element
본 발명품은 열전소자로 부피를 최대한 줄여 만든 작품으로 전원부, 발열부 흡열부가 있는데 상자 아래에 있는 알루미늄으로 되어있는 냉각판이 흡열부로 열전소자에서 발생된 열을 흡수 하기 위해 금속중 비열이 큰 알루미늄을 사용하였다.The present invention is a work made by reducing the volume of the thermoelectric element as much as possible, the heat-absorbing portion of the power supply portion, the heat-generating portion. It was.
이냉각소자의 최저온도는 영하20도도 가능하나 본작품에서는 단열장치를 충분히 넣지 않았고 최대한 냉각을 시킬 수 있는 강력 냉각팬을 사용하지 않아서 영상 10도 정도의 온도를 유지한다. 물론 전원을 12V 1A 강한 전원장치를 사용하면 영하온도도 가능하나 작품 제작시 너무 오랬동안 전기를 켜놓아서 전자 부품이 망가져서 6V로 안전한 전원을 공급하여 냉동고의 역할을 보여주고자 하였다. 태양열전원도 가능하지만 밖에서 직사광선을 받을때만 충전이 가능하다.The minimum temperature of this cooling element can be minus 20 degrees, but in this work, the temperature of about 10 degrees is maintained because there is not enough heat insulator and a strong cooling fan that can maximize the cooling is not used. Of course, if you use a 12V 1A strong power supply, it can be below freezing temperature, but when the work was made for a long time, the electric parts were broken because the electronic parts were broken. Solar power is also available, but can only be recharged in direct sunlight.
펠티어 소자(Pletier)의 주요 용도는 다음과 같다. 자동차의 온도조절(Climate Control) 시트, 반도체분야에서는 칠러, 순환기(Circulator), 냉각판과 척, 의료기구 중 혈액분석기, PCR, 시료온도싸이클테스터 이화학의 써큘레이터, 제습기, 스펙트로포토미터, 광학에서는 CCD 쿨링, 적외선센서 냉각, 레이저다이오드 냉각, 포토디이오드 냉각, SHG레이저 냉각, 컴퓨터에서는 CPU 냉각, 칩세트 번인에 사용되고 그밖에 냉장박스, 소형냉장고, 냉온수기, 와인냉장고, 쌀통, 소형김치냉장고, 제습기 그리고 산업용으로 폐열발전기, 리모트파워발전 등에 사용되고 있다. Pletier's main uses are as follows: In the temperature control sheet of automobiles, in the field of semiconductors, chillers, circulators, cold plates and chucks, blood analyzers in medical instruments, PCR, sample temperature cycle testers, circulators in chemistry, dehumidifiers, spectrophotometers, and optics CCD Cooling, Infrared Sensor Cooling, Laser Diode Cooling, Photodiode Cooling, SHG Laser Cooling, Computer Cooling for CPU, Chipset Burn-in, etc. It is used for waste heat generator and remote power generation for industrial purposes.
쿨매트의 원리는 열흡수성 냉감소재인 젤이다. 광고에 의하면 체온이 닿으면 신속하게 열을 흡수하고 지속적인 뒤척임을 통해 젤이 이동하면서 열을 방출한다고 한다. 즉, 냉각젤은 흡열과 발열을 통해 적당한 온도를 유지시킨다는 원리이다. The principle of the cool mat is gel, which is a heat-absorbing cold material. According to the ad, when the body temperature reaches, it absorbs heat quickly and releases the heat as the gel moves through continuous twisting. In other words, the cooling gel maintains a proper temperature through endothermic and exothermic heat.
-흡열반응(endothermic reaction): 반응물질의 에너지가 상대적으로 작고 생성물질의 에너지가 커서 반응이 진행되기 위해 주위로부터 열에너지를 흡수해야 하는 반응.Endothermic reaction: A reaction in which the energy of the reactant is relatively small and the energy of the product is so large that the heat energy must be absorbed from the environment in order for the reaction to proceed.
-발열과정(exothermic reaction): 반응한 물질들의 에너지가 생성된 물질들의 에너지보다 더 커서 그 차이에 해당하는 에너지가 외부로 방출되는 반응. 연소반응, 중화반응 등 상온에서의 반응을 주로 포함한다. Exothermic reaction: the energy of reacted substances is greater than the energy of the produced substances, and the energy corresponding to the difference is released to the outside. It mainly includes reactions at room temperature such as combustion reactions and neutralization reactions.
-젤: 용액 속의 콜로이드 입자가 유동성을 잃고 약간의 탄성과 견고성을 가진 고체나 반고체의 상태로 굳어진 물질. Gel: A substance in which the colloidal particles in solution lose their fluidity and harden into a solid or semi-solid state with some elasticity and firmness.
-젤의 형태 및 예: 콜로이드 입자가 서로 이어진 채로 입체 그물 모양을 하고, 그 공간에 액체가 채워져 있다. 한천, 젤라틴, 두부, 생물체의 원형질 등의 그 예이다.Shape and example of the gel: The colloidal particles are connected to each other in a three-dimensional mesh shape, and the space is filled with liquid. Examples are agar, gelatin, tofu and the protoplasm of living organisms.
-비열(specific heat): 어떤 물질 1g의 온도 1℃를 또는 1K 높이는 데 필요한 열량.Specific heat: The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance to 1 ° C or 1K.
-비열 구하는 공식: 질량이 m(g) 인 물질이 Q(cal)만큼의 열량을 공급받을 때 ΔT(°C)만큼의 온도변화가 발생했다면 이 물질의 비열은 다음의 식에 의해 얻어진다.-Specific heat formula: If a mass of m (g) is supplied with Q (cal) of heat, if the temperature change by ΔT (° C) occurs, then the specific heat of this material is obtained by the following equation.
C=Q/m △T (cal/g·℃)C = Q / m ΔT (cal / g ℃)
-비열 측정 방법: 열량 Q=cm△t 라는 공식과 (고온의 물체가 잃은 열량)=(저온의 물체가 얻은 열량)임을 이용하여 한 물체의 비열을 측정한다. -Specific heat measurement method: Measure the specific heat of an object using the formula: Q = cm △ t and (calories lost by a high temperature object) = (heat obtained by a low temperature object).
-열전도(heat conduction): 물질의 이동이 잃어나지 않음에도 불구하고 고온물질에서 저온물질로 연속적으로 열에너지가 전달되는 현상. 주로 고체 내부에서 일어나며 도체인 경우 열이 더 빨리 전달된다. 액체·기체는 고체에 비해 열전도가 매우 느리고 일부에 가해진 열을 전체에 확산시키기 어렵다. 이처럼 물질의 종류에 따라 전도되는 속도가 크게 다르다.Heat conduction: A phenomenon in which thermal energy is continuously transferred from a high temperature material to a low temperature material even though the movement of the material is not lost. It occurs mainly inside solids and, in the case of conductors, heat transfers faster. Liquids and gases have a very slow thermal conductivity compared to solids, and are difficult to diffuse the heat applied to a part. As such, the rate of conduction varies greatly depending on the type of material.
-냉각장치(cooling system): 내연기관에서 생기는 고온에 의한 실린더의 과열을 방지하는 장치. 크게 공랭식과 수랭식으로 구분된다. 공랭식의 경우, 실린더의 주위에 냉각핀이 있어 이를 통해 실린더 내의 온도의 일부를 대기 속으로 방산한다. 냉각작용은 수랭식에 비해 뒤지기 때문에 소형기관 외에는 사용하지 않는다. 수랭식의 경우, 실린더의 주위에 물재킷·라디에이터 ·팬 ·온도 조절기(서모스탯) 등이 설치되어 있다. 구조는 공랭식에 비해 다소 복잡하지만 냉각작용이 훨씬 우수하기 때문에 내연기관의 냉각장치에 널리 사용된다Cooling system: A device that prevents the cylinder from overheating due to the high temperature generated in an internal combustion engine. It is largely divided into air cooling and water cooling. In the air-cooled case, there are cooling fins around the cylinder, which dissipate some of the temperature in the cylinder into the atmosphere. Since cooling is inferior to water cooling, only small engines should be used. In the case of water cooling, a water jacket, a radiator, a fan, and a thermostat (thermostat) are installed around the cylinder. The structure is somewhat more complicated than air cooling, but it is widely used in the cooling system of internal combustion engine because it has much better cooling action.
-냉각소자: 펠티어 소자(Petier), 열전소자(Thermoelectric Module), 펠체소자, 써머모듈이라고도 한다. 두 개의 다른 금속이 양끝만 서로 접합한 어느 한 시스템의 양쪽 접합에 전기를 흘려주면 한 접합에서는 열을 흡수하고 다른 접합에서는 열을 방출하는 장치이다. 열은 열전소자를 통해서 흡열면에서 방열면으로 이동되고 이동되는 열은 공급되는 전압에 비례한다. -Cooling element: Also known as Peltier, Thermoelectric Module, Pelce, and Thermo Module. When two different metals deliver electricity to both junctions of a system where only the two ends are joined together, one device absorbs heat and the other bonds heat. Heat is transferred from the heat absorbing surface to the heat radiating surface through the thermoelectric element, and the heat transferred is proportional to the voltage supplied.
-냉각소자의 이용: 반도체분야에서는 순환기(Circulator), 냉각판과 척, 의료기구 중 혈액분석기, PCR, 스펙트로포토미터, 적외선센서 냉각, 컴퓨터에서는 CPU 냉각, 칩세트 번인에 사용되고 그밖에 냉장박스, 소형냉장고, 냉온수기, 와인냉장고, 쌀통, 소형김치냉장고, 제습기 그리고 산업용으로 폐열발전기, 리모트파워발전 등에 사용되고 있다. -Cooling element: Circulator, cooling plate and chuck in medical field, blood analyzer in PCR, PCR, spectrophotometer, infrared sensor cooling, CPU cooling in computer, chipset burn-in, etc. It is used in refrigerators, hot and cold water heaters, wine refrigerators, rice barrels, small kimchi refrigerators, dehumidifiers, and waste heat generators and remote power generation.
본발명은 의료용 휴대냉장고에 관한 것으로 혈액이나 백신을 운반 할 경우에 온도상승에 의한 내용물의 변질에 의한 병원에서 질병을 일으키는 큰 원인이 항시 존재하였다. 백신을 한곳에서 다른곳으로 이동 할 때에 품질을 일정하게 유지하기 위해서는 일정온도로 유지하는 것이 매우 중요한 요건이지만 실상은 여름이나 이동이 지체될 경우 냉동장치의 얼음이 녹아서 온도가 상승할 경우가 발생한다. 이에 대한 해결을 위하여 본 발명품을 생각할 수 있었다.The present invention relates to a medical portable refrigerator, and there has always been a great cause of disease in hospitals due to deterioration of contents due to temperature rise when carrying blood or vaccine. In order to maintain a constant quality when moving vaccines from one place to another, it is very important to maintain the temperature at a constant temperature.However, in the event of a delay in summer or migration, ice in the freezer may melt and rise in temperature. . In order to solve this problem, the present invention could be considered.
백신 보관통을 차갑게 하면 세균들의 번식이 느려 지고 혈액이나 백신의 변질릉 방지 하고자 항시 휴대 할 수 있는 소형휴대용 백신 보관함를 만들고자한다. 전에 만든 컴퓨터 CPU냉각에 사용되는 작은 크기의 냉동 소자를 이용하여 단열 전도의 원리에 따라 상자안의 온도를 일정하게 유지 시키기 위하여 냉동소자와 팬을 결합하여 상자 내부의 온도가 오랫동안 일정한 온도로 유지가 되는 온도 조절기능과 온도의 상태를 실시간으로 기록하여 전송 할 수 있는 휴대용 냉장고를 발명 하고자 한다.Cold storage of vaccination slows the growth of bacteria and prevents the deterioration of blood or vaccines. In order to keep the temperature in the box constant according to the principle of adiabatic conduction, the temperature inside the box is kept at a constant temperature for a long time. It is intended to invent a portable refrigerator capable of recording and transmitting the temperature control function and the state of the temperature in real time.
이발명은 혈액이나 백신의 온도를 낮게 일정하게 유지시키는 기능을 기존의 아이스박스와 같은 임시대처 방안의 장치보다는 훨씬 정밀하고 온도범위를 넘어설 경우 언제든지 폐기하여 환자의 안전을 우선시 하는 휴대용 냉동장치를 제안 하였다. 또한 사정상 오랜 시간의 운송이나 열대 지방에서의 이용시 전력의 사용이 제한 되었을 경우에 대비하여 태양광 에너지를 이용하여 충전 할 수 있는 충전장치를 부가적인 에너지원으로 사용할 수 있도록 하였다. The present invention proposes a portable refrigeration apparatus that prioritizes the safety of patients by discarding the function of keeping blood or vaccine at a low temperature much more precisely than the existing countermeasures such as the existing ice box, and discarding it whenever it exceeds the temperature range. It was. In addition, in case of long time transportation or use in the tropics, when the use of electric power is limited, a charging device that can be charged using solar energy can be used as an additional energy source.
도면.1 은 본 발명의 실시 예1 is an embodiment of the present invention.
컴퓨터에 사용되는 힛 파이프(Heat Pipe)와 알루미늄 냉각 블록(Aluminum Cooling Plate)을 이용하여 열전소자(TEM)를 붙힌다. 이때 냉각이 얼마나 되는지를 시험하여 기초연구를 진행한다.The thermoelectric elements (TEM) are attached using heat pipes and aluminum cooling plates used in computers. At this time, test how much cooling is done and conduct basic research.
종이박스를 준비하여 열전달을 최소화하기 위하여 알루미늄 단열 필름으로 박스를 감싼 후에 냉각장치를 밑바닥에 고정 시킨다In order to minimize heat transfer by preparing a paper box, wrap the box with aluminum insulation film and fix the cooling device on the bottom.
열전소자(TEM)를 알루미늄 냉각판에 고정시키는데 이때 열전도 그리스(Silicone Heat Sink Compound)를 바른 후 접착제로 강하게 고정 시킨다. 그 다음에 12V 소형 팬을 연결하여 차가운 공기가 잘 순환하도록 한다(Heat Convection의 원리 이용).Fix the TEM on the aluminum cold plate, and apply heat grease (Silicone Heat Sink Compound) and fix it strongly with adhesive. Then connect a small 12V fan to allow the cool air to circulate well (using the principle of heat convection).
박스 내부와 외부를 Metallic Tape로 코팅을 하여 열의 차단을 방지하도록 한다.(Heat Radiation Minimize).The inside and outside of the box is coated with metallic tape to prevent heat blocking (Heat Radiation Minimize).
아두이노로 프로그램된 온도조절 장치( Aduino base Temperature Control Device)를 연결하여 냉각상자 안의 온도를 자동으로 조절 하도록 한다.Connect the Arduino base Temperature Control Device to automatically adjust the temperature inside the cooling box.
태양광 셀을 연결하여 리튬 2차전지를 Backup Battery로 사용하도록 충전 조절장치로 연결하여 작동 시켜 보았다. 실제로 3분후에 10도 이하로 온도가 내려가는 것을 확인 할 수 있었고 태양광의 면적이 충분히 크다면 실외에서 충전하여 냉각상자의 온도를 차갑게 유지 할 수 있다는 결론을 얻었다.I connected the solar cell and operated it with a charge controller to use the lithium secondary battery as a backup battery. In fact, after 3 minutes, the temperature was lowered to below 10 degrees, and if the area of sunlight was large enough, it was concluded that the temperature of the cooling box can be kept cold by charging outdoors.
하지만 백업 받데리의 성능이 매우 중요 하므로 리튬전지를 3개이상 또는 6개이상을 연결하여 30W이상의 전력을 얻는다면 안정적으로 냉각을 유지 할 수 있다.However, the performance of the backup battery is very important, so if you connect more than 3 or 6 lithium batteries to get more than 30W of power, you can keep the cooling stable.
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KR102309521B1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2021-11-04 | (주)다솔닷아이엔씨 | System and method for managementing record of vaccine carrier on on-line |
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KR102309521B1 (en) | 2021-05-17 | 2021-11-04 | (주)다솔닷아이엔씨 | System and method for managementing record of vaccine carrier on on-line |
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