KR20190052140A - Infrared cloud detector system and method - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention generally relates to an infrared cloud detector system and method for detecting cloud volume conditions. An infrared cloud detector system includes an infrared sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, and logic. The infrared sensor is configured to measure the sky temperature based on infrared radiation received within the field of view. The ambient temperature sensor is configured to measure the ambient temperature. And the logic is configured to determine the cloud condition based on the difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature.

Description

Infrared cloud detector system and method

Relevant Application Cross Reference

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 453,407 entitled " INFRARED CLOUD DETECTOR SYSTEMS AND METHODS " filed February 1, 2017, And are incorporated by reference for all purposes. This application is also a continuation-in-part of US patent application Ser. No. 14 / 998,019 entitled " MULTI-SENSOR (Multiple Sensors) " filed on October 6, 2015 Multiple Sensors) " (assigned U.S.P.); and U.S. Provisional Application No. PCT / US16 / 55709 This application of both is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes. This application is also a continuation-in-part of US patent application Ser. No. 14 / 998,019 entitled " MULTI-SENSOR (Multiple Sensors) " filed on October 6, 2015 Quot; Multiple Sensors) ", which is a continuation-in-part of U. S. Serial No. 15 / 287,646; This application of both is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and for all purposes.

Technical field

Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates generally to arrangements of sensing elements for detecting cloud-like states, particularly infrared cloud-detector systems and methods for detecting cloud-like states.

Detecting the amount of cloud can be an important part of making decisions about operating equipment, for example, in a robotic observatory because astronomers may want to detect clouds that can interfere with their observations. Conventional methods of charting the sky to detect the amount of cloud typically rely on expensive imaging devices that rely on visible light measurements.

Certain aspects relate to infrared cloud detector systems and methods for detecting cloud volume conditions.

Certain aspects relate to infrared cloud detector systems. In some aspects, an infrared cloud detector system includes an infrared sensor configured to measure a temperature of the sky based on infrared radiation received in view, an ambient temperature sensor configured to measure ambient temperature, And logic configured to determine a cloud condition based on the difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature.

 In some aspects, an infrared cloud detector system includes an infrared sensor configured to measure a temperature of the sky based on infrared radiation received in view, an ambient temperature sensor configured to measure ambient temperature, an optical sensor configured to measure the intensity of visible light, And logic configured to determine a cloud condition. When the date and time is between the first time before sunrise and the second time after sunrise or between the third time and before sunset, the logic determines the cloud condition based on the difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature . And the logic is configured to determine the rolling status based on the intensity of the visible light measured from the photosensor if the date and time is between the second time after sunrise and the third time before sunset.

 Certain aspects relate to infrared cloud detector methods. In some aspects, an infrared cloud detector method includes receiving a sky temperature reading from an infrared sensor and an ambient temperature reading from an ambient temperature sensor, Determining a cloud state based on the difference between the calculated sky temperature reading and the ambient temperature reading.

In some aspects, an infrared cloud detector method includes receiving a sky temperature reading from an infrared sensor, an ambient temperature reading from an ambient temperature sensor, and an intensity reading from an optical sensor, and the date and time: (i) Between the second time and the third time and before the sunset; (Ii) between said second time after sunrise and a third time before sunset; (Iii) after (i) or after (iii); Or (iv) (iii) after (i). If the date and time is (i), (iii) or (iv), the rolling condition is determined based on the difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature. If the date and time is (iii), the rolling status is determined based on the intensity reading received from the optical sensor.

These and other features and embodiments will be described in more detail below with reference to the drawings.

1 shows a schematic diagram of a side view of an infrared cloud detector system, in accordance with some embodiments.
Fig. 2A shows a graph in which two diagrams of temperature readings are taken over time by an infrared sensor of an infrared cloud detector, according to this embodiment.
Figure 2B shows a graph with two lines of ambient temperature readings taken over time by the ambient temperature sensor of the infrared cloud detector discussed with respect to Figure 2A.
Figure 2C shows a graph with two lines of calculated delta between temperature readings taken by the infrared sensor discussed with respect to Figures 2A and 2B and temperature readings taken by the ambient temperature sensor of the infrared cloud detector.
3 shows a schematic (side) view of an infrared cloud detector system including an infrared cloud detector and an optical sensor, according to one embodiment.
4A illustrates a perspective view of a schematic depiction of an infrared cloud detector system including an infrared cloud detector in the form of multiple sensors, in accordance with one embodiment.
FIG. 4B shows another perspective view of an infrared cloud detector system including an infrared cloud detector of the multi-sensor type shown in FIG. 4A.
4C shows a perspective view of a portion of the inner components of the multiple sensor device of the infrared cloud detector system shown in Figs. 4A and 4B.
FIG. 5A is a graph in which a line of intensity readings over time is taken by a visible light sensor. FIG.
5B is a graph with a plot of the difference between the temperature readings taken by the infrared sensor and the temperature readings taken by the ambient temperature sensor over time.
6A is a graph in which a line of intensity readings over time is taken by a visible light sensor.
6B is a graph with a plot of the difference between the temperature readings taken by the infrared sensor over time and the temperature readings taken by the ambient temperature sensor over time.
FIG. 7A is a graph in which a line of intensity readings over time is taken by a visible light sensor. FIG.
7B is a graph with a plot of the difference between the temperature readings taken by the infrared sensor and the temperature readings taken by the ambient temperature sensor over time.
Figure 8 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method for determining the amount of cloud condition using temperature readings from an infrared sensor and an ambient temperature sensor, in accordance with embodiments.
9 shows a flowchart illustrating a method for determining a cloud amount status using readings from an infrared sensor, an ambient temperature sensor and an optical sensor of an infrared cloud detector system, in accordance with embodiments.
10A shows a schematic cross section of the electrochromic device.
10A shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrochromic device in a decolored state (or in a decolorized state).
Fig. 10C shows a schematic cross section of the electrochromic device shown in Fig. 10B but in a colored state (or in a colored state).
Figure 11A illustrates the direct sunlight penetration depth into a room through an electrochromic window between the interior and exterior of a building containing the room, according to one embodiment.
Figure 11B illustrates direct sunlight and radiation under clear sky conditions entering a room through an electrochromic window, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 11C illustrates radiation from the sky when it is blocked or reflected by objects, such as clouds, and other buildings, according to one embodiment.
12 shows a flow diagram illustrating overall control logic for a method of controlling one or more electrochromic windows in a building, in accordance with embodiments.
13 is a diagram illustrating a particular implementation of one of the blocks from FIG. 12, according to one implementation.
14A is a flow diagram illustrating a particular implementation of the control logic of the operation shown in FIG. 13, in accordance with one implementation.
14B is a flow diagram illustrating a specific implementation of the control logic of the operation shown in FIG. 14A, according to one implementation.

Ⅰ. Introduction

At certain times such as early morning at sunrise and evening just before sunset, the intensity of visible light is low. A calibrated light sensor (collectively referred to herein as a " visible light sensor " or collectively referred to as a " light sensor ") for measuring the intensity of visible light does not detect direct sunlight, Is ineffective in determining when it is clear ("clear") and when the sky is cloudy ("cloudy"). That is, visible light sensors directed toward the sky at these times will measure low intensity values during the " clear " and " cloudy " As a result, intensity measurements taken by the visible light sensor alone can not be used to accurately distinguish between "cloudy" and "clear" states at these times. When the intensity measurements from the visible light sensor alone are used to determine a "blurry" state (eg, when the measured intensity levels fall below a certain minimum value) at night prior to evening sunset, a false "blurry" state Can be detected. Similarly, visible light sensor measurements are not effective in distinguishing between "cloudy" and "clear" conditions when there is no direct sunlight immediately before sunrise. At any one of these times, a false "blur" condition can be detected using the optical sensor. As a result, a controller that relies on erroneous " blur " decisions from such photosensor readings can implement an improper control decision based on such erroneous " blur " For example, if photosensor readings determine a time " blurry " prior to sunrise, a window controller that controls the tonal levels of an optically switchable window (e.g., an electrochromic window) So that the direct flash from the rising sunlight can be brought into the room.

Also, a controller that makes decisions based primarily on current readings from the visible light sensor may be generated, for example, by considering intensity levels based on the fact of the geographic area that is related to the present / The control commands can not be issued in anticipation of a possible state. For example, light levels may be low on the basis of facts when small clouds pass through geographic areas in the morning. In such an environment, a small cloud that temporarily interferes with daylight to the optical sensor may determine a " cloudy " condition, such as when a large rain spreads to the area. In such a case, the passage of the small cloud will cause the controller to switch the window to an inappropriately low tone level until the window can switch to a higher (darker) tone level, and to switch the optically switchable window to that level It can be fixed.

Ⅱ. Infrared (IR) cloud detectors

Clouds and water vapor absorb and re-emit radiation in the individual bands over the infrared (IR) spectrum. When a cloud absorbs and re-emits an IR radiation and the clear sky transmits an IR radiation, the cloud generally becomes warmer (has a higher temperature) than a clear sky. In other words, clouds, in general, exceed the signal in the clear sky and produce an enhanced IR signal (which corresponds to a spectrum close to the black body at about temperature). Especially at low altitudes, the effect of atmospheric humidity is also diminished, which also produces an enhanced IR signal. Based on these distinctions, devices that measure IR radiation to detect cloud and " cloudy " conditions can be used.

Various implementations relate to infrared cloud detectors and methods thereof for detecting the amount of cloud based on infrared readings. Infrared cloud detectors generally include at least one infrared (IR) sensor and an ambient temperature sensor that are used together to take sky temperature readings that can be used to detect cloud volume conditions. Generally speaking, the amount of infrared radiation emitted by the medium / object and then measured by the IR sensor is determined by the temperature of the medium / object, the surface of the medium / object and other physical characteristics, the view of the IR sensor and the media / It depends on the distance between IR sensors. The IR sensor converts the IR radiation received in its field of view into voltage / current and converts the voltage / current to corresponding temperature readings (e.g., digital temperature readings) of its in-view media / object . For example, an IR sensor (directed) toward the sky outputs temperature readings of the sky in its field of view. The IR sensor can preferentially acquire IR radiation in the sky's geographic area in its field of view with a particular direction (eg, azimuth and altitude) centered on that direction. Measure the temperature of the air. In general, the ambient temperature sensor is positioned to measure the temperature of the ambient air around the infrared cloud detector. The infrared cloud detector also includes a processor that determines the difference between the temperature readings taken by the IR sensor and the ambient temperature sensor and uses this difference to detect the amount of cloud in the sky in the field of view of the IR sensor.

In general, the sky temperature readings taken by the ambient temperature sensor tend to fluctuate to a lesser degree depending on the weather conditions that change over the sky temperature readings taken by the infrared radiation sensor. For example, sky temperature readings taken by infrared radiation sensors tend to fluctuate more frequently in weather patterns that are moving fast during the " intermittent cloudy " state. Certain embodiments of the infrared cloud detectors are infrared sensor temperature readings (T _IR) any according to equation 1 in order to normalize the variations, the infrared sensor temperature readings (T _IR) and the ambient temperature readings at (T _A) between Difference, and delta ([Delta]). In one example, the logic determines a "blur" state when the delta (Δ) is determined to exceed an upper limit (eg, about 0 degrees Celsius) and the delta (Δ) ), And determines the " intermittent cloudy " state when it is determined that the delta (?) Is between the upper limit value and the lower limit value. In another example, the logic determines a "fuzzy" state when the delta (Δ) is determined to exceed a single threshold and a "fuzzy" state when the delta (Δ) is determined to be below its threshold. In one aspect, the logic may apply one or more correction factors to the delta (?) Before determining whether it exceeds or is below the threshold (s). Some examples of correction factors that may be used in embodiments include humidity, sun angle / altitude, and zone altitude. For example, the correction factor may be applied based on the altitude and density of the detected clouds. Higher altitude and / or higher density clouds are more closely related to ambient temperature readings than infrared sensor readings. Higher altitude and / or lower density clouds are more closely related to infrared sensor readings than ambient temperature readings. In this example, a correction factor may be used that weights the ambient temperature readings to a higher altitude and / or higher density cloud higher and weighs the infrared sensor readings to a higher altitude and / or lower density cloud. In another example, the correction factor can accurately describe the amount of cloud based on humidity and / or sun position and remove any outliers. 2A to 2C to illustrate the technical advantages of using delta ([Delta]) to determine the rolling status.

Since the sky temperature readings are generally independent of whether there is direct sunlight, the temperature readings are detected by the infrared cloud detector at low times of daylight intensity in certain instances (e. G., Just before sunrise, In the early evening just before sunset), more accurately than the visible light. At these times, the visible light sensor may detect an erroneous " cloudy " state. According to these implementations, infrared cloud detectors can be used to detect the amount of cloud and their accuracy of detection can be determined whether the sun is flooded or other light intensity is low, such as immediately before sunrise or just before sunset Regardless of whether or not. In these embodiments, a relatively low sky temperature generally indicates the possibility of a " clear " condition and a relatively high sky temperature reading generally indicates a possibility of a " cloudy "

In various implementations, the IR sensor of the infrared cloud detector is calibrated to measure the radiant flux of infrared radiation of long wavelengths within a certain range. A processor of the IR sensor or a separate processor may be used to infer temperature readings from these measurements. In one aspect, the IR sensor is calibrated to detect infrared radiation within a wavelength range between about 8 microns and about 14 microns. In another aspect, the IR sensor is calibrated to detect infrared radiation having a wavelength in excess of about 5 [mu] m. In another aspect, the IR sensor is calibrated to detect infrared radiation in the wavelength range between about 9.5 microns and about 11.5 microns. In another aspect, the IR sensor is calibrated to detect infrared radiation in the wavelength range between about 10.5 microns and about 12.5 microns. In another aspect, the IR sensor is calibrated to detect infrared radiation in the wavelength range between about 6.6 microns and about 20 microns. Some examples of the types of IR sensors that can be used include infrared thermometers (e.g., thermal transfer), infrared radiometers, infrared night radiometers, infrared pyrometers, and the like. An example of a commercially available IR sensor is the Melexis MLX90614 made by Melexis of Detroit, Michigan. Another example of a commercially available IR sensor is the TS305-11C55 temperature sensor made by TE connectivity Ltd., Switzerland. Another example of a commercially available IR sensor is the SI-111 infrared radiometer manufactured by Apogee Temperature Sensor, manufactured by TE connectivity Ltd., Switzerland.

In various implementations, the infrared cloud detector has an IR sensor positioned and oriented such that its field of view can receive infrared radiation from a particular area of the sky of interest. In one implementation, the IR sensor is located on the roof of the building and its sensing surface is oriented at a small angle from vertical to upward or vertical to have a field of view whose field of view is a distance or more away from the building.

In certain embodiments, the infrared cloud detector has a housing for protection and an infrared sensor is located within the housing. The housing may have a cover with one or more apertures or thin areas that allow / restrict the transfer of infrared radiation to the infrared sensor. In some cases, the cover may be formed of plastic, such as polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene and / or thermoplastic, such as nylon or other polyamide, polyester or other thermoplastics, among other suitable materials. For example, the material is weather-resistant plastic. In other cases, the cover may be formed of a metallic material such as aluminum, cobalt or titanium, or a semi-metallic material such as an alumite. In some embodiments, the cover may be formed obliquely or convexly to prevent water from becoming cold. Depending on the type of material or materials used to form the cover, the cover may be formed through 3D printing, injection molding or any other suitable process or processes.

In some embodiments, the cover includes one or more apertures or thin regions to increase (reduce interference) the incident radiation or other signals in the detectors in the housing. For example, the cover may include one or more apertures or thin regions in proximity to the infrared sensors in the housing to allow improved transmission of infrared radiation incident on the infrared sensors. The apertures or thin areas may also improve the delivery of other signals (e.g., GPS signals) to other detection devices in the housing. Additionally or alternatively, some or all of the cover may be formed of a light diffusing material. In some embodiments, the cover may be connected to the housing via an adhesive, or some mechanical coupling mechanism, such as using threads and through threading or through a pressure gasket or other compression fitting.

The field of view of the sensing surface of an infrared sensor is defined by its material composition and its structure. In some cases, the field of view of the infrared sensor may be narrowed by interception. Some examples of barriers include building structures such as baying or rooftop structures, obstacles around buildings such as trees or other buildings. In another example, when the infrared sensor is positioned within the housing, the structures in the housing can narrow the field of view.

In one aspect, a single IR sensor has a vertical unrestricted field of view of about 50 degrees to about 130 degrees off the + - 40 degrees from vertical. In one aspect, the IR sensor has a field of view in the range of 50 degrees and 100 degrees. In another aspect, the IR sensor has a field of view in the range of 50 degrees and 80 degrees. In another aspect, the IR sensor has a field of view of about 88 degrees. In another aspect, the IR sensor has a field of view of about 70 degrees. In another aspect, the IR sensor has a field of view of about 44 degrees. The field of view of the IR sensor is typically defined as the cone volume. IR sensors typically have a wider field of view than visible light sensors and as a result can receive radiation from larger areas of the sky. Since the IR sensor can take readings of larger areas of the sky, the IR sensor is more likely to be in the approaching state than the visible light sensor, which can be further limited by detecting the current state affecting the proximity of the light sensor in the smaller field of view For example, an incoming cloud). In one aspect, the IR sensor arrangement (e.g., multiple sensor configuration) in which five sensors of the mounted sensors are intercepted is shown in the form of four obliquely mounted IR sensors each of which is limited to a field of view of 20-70 degrees or 110-160 degrees And an upwardly directed IR sensor limited to a field of view of 70-110 degrees.

Certain IR sensors tend to be more effective at measuring sky temperatures when direct sunlight does not reach the sensing surface. In certain implementations, the infrared cloud detector may have a structure that obscures direct sunlight from the sensing surface of the IR sensor, or a structure (e.g., an opaque plastic enclosure) that spreads the direct sunlight before it reaches the sensing surface of the IR sensor . In one implementation, the IR sensor may be obscured by the bayonet structure of the building of the infrared cloud detector. In another embodiment, the IR sensor is located in a protective housing having a diffusing material between the sensing surface of the IR sensor and the sky to diffuse any direct sunlight from reaching the sensing surface of the IR sensor, It can provide protection from harmful elements. Additionally or alternatively, some embodiments use only IR sensor readings taken before or after sunrise to avoid the possibility that direct sunlight will contact the IR sensor. In these implementations, photosensor readings or other sensor readings may be used to detect cloud conditions between sunrise and sunset.

In various embodiments, the infrared cloud detector has an ambient temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the ambient air around the ambient temperature sensor. Typically, the ambient temperature sensor is located in contact with the outdoor environment (e.g., located outside the building) to take the sky temperature readings. The ambient temperature sensor may be, for example, a heat conduction regulator, a thermocouple, a resistance thermometer, a thermocouple, a silicon bandgap temperature sensor, or the like. One example of a commercially available ambient temperature sensor that can be used is a Pt100 thermometer probe made by Omega. Certain embodiments include an ambient temperature sensor positioned to avoid direct sunlight from touching its sensing surface. For example, the ambient temperature sensor may be located under the bite or under the structure that shields the ambient temperature sensor from direct sunlight.

Although many implementations of the infrared cloud detectors described herein include one IR sensor and one ambient temperature sensor, other implementations may include more than one IR sensor and / or more than one ambient temperature sensor Can be understood. For example, in one implementation, the infrared cloud detector includes more than two IR sensors for redundancy and / or to direct IR sensors to different areas of the sky. Additionally or alternatively, the infrared cloud detector may have more than one ambient temperature sensor for redundancy in other implementations. An example of a system using two IR sensors directed at different regions of the sky to detect the cloud is disclosed in " SUNLIGHT INTENSITY OR CLOUD DETECTION WITH VARIABLE DISNCE SENSING " filed on September 29, 2015 &Quot; Cloud Detection ", which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Various implementations of infrared cloud detectors have a basic function of detecting cloud quantities. In some cases, the infrared cloud detector can detect "cloudy" and "clear" conditions. In addition, some implementations may also classify the " cloudy " state into " cloudy " states. In another example, one embodiment may specify a cloudiness of different levels (e.g., 1-10) in the " cloudy " state. As another example, one embodiment may determine the cloud state in the future. Additionally or alternatively, some implementations may also detect other weather conditions.

In various implementations, the infrared cloud detector includes an IR sensor (T _IR ) configured to take temperature readings and an ambient temperature sensor (T _A ) configured to take ambient temperature readings. The infrared cloud detector also includes one or more processors that include program instructions that may be executing to perform various functions of the infrared cloud detector. The processor (s) execute program instructions to determine a temperature difference, delta, [Delta], between the temperature readings as provided in Equation (1). The processor (s) execute program instructions to determine the cloud amount state based on the delta ([Delta]). As discussed above, using ambient temperature readings can normalize any sudden fluctuations in IR sensor temperature readings in some situations.

Delta (Delta) = Infrared sensor temperature reading (T _IR )

- Ambient temperature reading (T _A ) (Equation 1)

 In one implementation, the processor (s) compare the delta (Delta) with the upper and lower limits and execute program instructions to determine the cloud amount state. If the delta (DELTA) exceeds the upper limit value, the " clear " state is determined. When the delta (DELTA) is less than the lower limit value, the "blur" state is determined. If the delta (A) is below the upper limit value below the lower limit value (i.e., between the thresholds), the " intermittent " Additionally or alternatively, additional factors may be used to determine the cloud amount condition when the delta (Delta) is between the thresholds. This embodiment is effective in accurately determining the " cloudy " or " clear " state in the evening when the morning is around at dawn. Between sunrise and sunset, additional factors may be used to determine the amount of cloudiness, such as by, for example, visible light sensor values. Some examples of additional factors include: altitude, wind speed / direction, and sun altitude / angle.

A. Infrared (IR) cloud detection sensor systems

1 shows a schematic diagram of a side view of a system having an infrared cloud detector 100, according to some embodiments. The infrared cloud detector 100 includes a housing 101 having a cover 102 having an aperture or a thin portion 104 on a first surface 106 of the housing 101. The housing 101 also has a second surface 108 opposite the first surface 106. Infrared cloud detector 100 also includes an IR sensor 110 configured to take temperature readings T _IR based on the infrared radiation received in its conical field of view 114 and the ambient temperature readings T _A And a processor 140 in communication with the IR sensor 110 and the ambient temperature sensor 130 (either wired or wireless). In one aspect, the IR sensor is one of an infrared thermometer (e.g., thermal retraction), an infrared radiometer, an infrared night radiometer, and an infrared pyrometer. In one aspect, the ambient temperature sensor is one of a heat regulator, a thermometer, and a thermocouple.

In FIG. 1, the IR sensor 110 is positioned behind the aperture or thin portion 104 and in the enclosure of the housing 101. The aperture or thin portion 104 allows the IR sensor 110 to be transmitted through the aperture or thin portion 104 and to measure the infrared radiation received at its sensing surface. The IR sensor 110 includes a telescope 112 perpendicular to the sensing surface of the IR sensor 110 and passing through the center of the IR sensor 110. In the illustrated example, the IR sensor 110 is oriented such that its axis 112 is in the vertical direction and the sensing surface is facing upward. In other instances, the IR sensor 110 may be oriented such that the sensing surface faces the other direction, for example, a specific area of the sky. The IR sensor 110 has a conical field of view 114 outside the housing 102 through the aperture or thin portion 104. In this example, the portions of the aperture or cover 104 surrounding the thin portion 104 are made of a material that blocks infrared radiation and the perimeter of the aperture or thin portion 104 defines a view 114. Field of view 114 has an angle a and is centered on axis 112. In Figure 1 the ambient temperature sensor 130 is off the edge to avoid direct sunlight from touching the ambient temperature sensor 130 when the infrared cloud detector 100 is in this direction and the second surface of the housing 102 108 < / RTI > Although not shown, the infrared cloud detector 100 also includes one or more structures that hold the structure 110 and other components in place within the housing 101.

The infrared cloud detector 100 calculates the delta ( _A ) between the infrared sensor sky temperature readings (T _IR ) and the ambient temperature readings (T _A ) ≪ / RTI > During operation, the IR sensor 110 takes temperature readings (T _IR ) based on the infrared radiation received from the sky area in its field of view 114 and the ambient temperature sensor 130 detects ambient temperature around the infrared cloud detector 100 Take ambient temperature readings (T _A ) of ambient air. The processor 140 receives signals having temperature readings T _IR from the IR sensor 110 and signals having ambient temperature readings T _A from the ambient temperature sensor 130. The processor 140 may use a logic to calculate the delta ( _A ) between the infrared sensor temperature readings (T _IR ) and the ambient temperature readings (T _A ) at a particular time to determine the cloud amount status ). ≪ / RTI > For example, the processor 140 determines a " cloudy " state when the delta (DELTA) exceeds the upper limit at that time, determines the &Quot; intermittent blur " state when the upper limit is between the upper limit and the lower limit. The processor 140 may also execute instructions stored in memory to perform other operations of the methods described herein.

Although a single infrared sensor 110 is shown in Figure 1, in other implementations, more than one infrared sensor 110 may be used for redundancy if one fails and / or is interrupted by, for example, Can be used. In one implementation, two or more infrared sensors are used to direct different directions to obtain IR radiation from different views and / or at different distances from the building / structure. When two or more IR sensors are located in the housing of the infrared cloud detector 100, the IR sensors are offset from each other by a distance sufficient to reduce the likelihood that the shutdown driver will affect all IR sensors. For example, IR sensors are separated by at least about 1 inch or at least about 2 inches.

B. Comparison of infrared sensor temperature readings, ambient temperature readings and delta values during sunny days and afternoon cloudy days

As discussed above, the sky temperature readings taken by the ambient temperature sensor tend to fluctuate to a lesser extent than the sky temperature readings taken by the infrared radiation sensor. Certain embodiments of the infrared cloud detectors are infrared sensor temperature readings (T _IR) any according to equation 1 in order to normalize the variations, the infrared sensor temperature readings (T _IR) and the ambient temperature readings at (T _A) between Difference, and delta ([Delta]). By comparison, Figures 2A-2C illustrate temperature readings (T _IR ) taken by an infrared sensor of an infrared cloud detector according to an embodiment, temperature readings T _A () taken by an ambient temperature sensor of an infrared cloud detector ) And graphs of examples of delta (?) Between these readings. Each graph includes the following two lines: a chart of readings taken during a clear day and a chart of readings taken during an afternoon drawn day. The infrared cloud detector used in this example includes components similar to those described for the infrared cloud detector 100 shown in FIG. In this case, the infrared cloud detector is located on the roof of the building and the infrared sensor is oriented towards the vertical image. The infrared sensor is calibrated to measure infrared radiation within a wavelength range from about 8 microns to about 14 microns. In order to avoid direct sunlight from reaching the infrared sensor, the infrared sensor may be a light diffusing material, among other suitable materials, such as a plastic such as polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene and / or thermoplastics such as nylon or other polyamides, poly Ester or other thermoplastics. In this example, the infrared cloud detector also detects the difference between the temperature readings (T _IR ) taken by the IR sensor and the ambient temperature readings (T _A ) taken by the ambient temperature sensor of the external _infrared cloud detector, delta It includes logic that can be used to compute. Determines the "cloudy" state when the delta (Δ) is above the upper limit value and determines the "clear" state when the delta (Δ) is below the lower limit value and sets the "intermittent cloudy" state when the delta Logic for determining can also be used.

Figure 2a shows a graph of two diagrams of temperature readings (T _IR ) taken over time by an infrared sensor of an infrared cloud detector, according to this embodiment. Each of the two diagrams has temperature readings (T _IR ) taken by the infrared sensor over a period of one day. First line 110 has temperature readings (T _IR ) taken by the infrared sensor during the first day of the cloud in the afternoon. Second line 112 has temperature readings (T _IR ) taken by the infrared sensor during the second clear day of the day. Shown, the temperature readings of the first lead 110, the PM is taken for the afternoon of a cloudy first day (T _IR) temperature readings of the second lead 112 is taken for all clear the second day, generally as (T _IR) Respectively.

Figure 2B shows a graph with two lines of ambient temperature readings (T _A ) taken over time by the ambient temperature sensor of the infrared cloud detector discussed with respect to Figure 2A. Each of the two diagrams has temperature readings (T _A ) taken by the ambient temperature sensor over a period of one day. In order to avoid direct sunlight from reaching the ambient temperature sensor, it is obscured from direct sunlight. First line 220 has temperature readings (T _A ) taken by the ambient temperature sensor during the first cloudy day in the afternoon. The second line 222 has temperature readings taken by the infrared sensor during the second day of the clear day. As shown, while the cloud in the afternoon the first day is taken first temperature reading of the diagram 220, the second lead 222 taken ambient temperature readings (T _A) for the all-clear on the second day of the teeth (T _A) There is a lower standard.

Fig. 2c is a graph showing the relationship between the temperature readings T _IR taken by the IR sensor discussed with respect to Figs. 2A and 2B and the temperature readings T _A taken by the ambient temperature sensor of the infrared cloud detector. Figure 2 shows a graph with two lines. Each of the two diagrams is a delta (?) Calculated over the time of day. First line 230 is the calculated delta ([Delta]) of the readings taken during the first cloudy day in the afternoon. The first line 232 is the calculated delta (?) Taken for the second day, which is clear all day. The graph also includes an upper limit value and a lower limit value.

In Figure 2c, the values of the delta (Delta) of the second line 232 are less than the lower limit values during the time interval from just before sunrise to just after sunset and from the time just before sunset to the sunrise. Using the computed delta (?) Shown in the diagrams in FIG. 2c, the logic of the infrared cloud detector can determine the " clear " state during this time interval. Also, since the values of delta (?) Of second line 232 are less than the lower limit at most other times of the day, the logic of the infrared cloud detector will also determine the "clear" state for other times.

In FIG. 2C, the values of the delta (?) Of first line 230 will exceed the upper limit for most of the afternoon and the infrared cloud detector will determine the "cloudy" state during the afternoon. The values of the delta (A) of the first line 230 are less than the lower limit values during the time interval until just before sunrise and during the time interval from just before sunset to sunrise. Based on these calculated delta ([Delta] values), the infrared cloud detector will determine a "clear" state during this time interval. The values of the delta (?) Of the first line (230) are between the lower and upper limits for short periods in the transition in the early afternoon and late afternoon. Based on these calculated delta ([Delta]) values, the infrared cloud detector will determine the " intermittent cloudy " state.

C. Infrared cloud detector system optionally with optical sensor (s)

In certain embodiments, the infrared cloud detector systems optionally include a visible light sensor (e.g., a photodiode) to measure the intensity of visible radiation during operation. Such systems generally include logic for determining the amount of cloud condition based on readings taken by one or more of an infrared sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, a visible light sensor, and an infrared sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, and a visible light sensor. In some cases, the infrared sensor is calibrated to measure the wavelength in the 8-14 μm spectrum. In some cases, the photosensor is calibrated to detect the intensity of visible light (e.g., between about 390 nm and about 700 nm) within the range of spots. The optical sensor may be located on / in the same housing as the infrared sensor and the ambient temperature sensor or may be located separately. In some cases, the logic may be configured such that the calculated delta (DELTA) value between the infrared sensor temperature readings (T _IR ) and the ambient temperature readings (T _A ), when the confidence level of the infrared sensor is high and / To determine the cloud amount status. The logic determines the cloud amount status based on the light sensor readings when the confidence level of the infrared sensor is low and / or the confidence level of the optical sensor is high.

In various implementations, an infrared cloud detector system may include, as inputs, temperature readings (T _IR ) from the transient, daily, and infrared sensors, ambient temperature readings (T _A ) from ambient temperature sensors, The vibration frequency of the visible light intensity readings from the optical sensors, and the oscillation frequency of the temperature readings (T _IR ) from the infrared sensor. In some cases, the logic determines the oscillation frequency from the visible light intensity readings and / or the oscillation frequency from the temperature readings (T _IR ). The logic determines whether the date and time is during one of the following four periods: (i) the period immediately before sunrise and immediately after sunrise; (ii) the day defined as (i) after (iii); (Iii) the time before sunset and before sunset; Or (iv) (iii) after (i) night. In one case, the sunrise time can be determined from measurements taken by the visible wavelength light sensor. For example, timing (i) may end at a point where the visible light wavelength photosensor begins to measure direct sunlight, i.e., the intensity readout of the visible light photosensor is above a minimum intensity value. Additionally or alternatively, the timing (iii) may be determined as the intensity reading from the visible light wavelength sensor ending at a point below the minimum intensity value. As another example, the sunrise time and / or sunset time may be calculated using a solar calculator based on a date, and the times (i) and (iii) may be calculated at predefined times before and after the calculated sunrise / sunset times 45 minutes). When the date and time are within (i) or (iii) times, the confidence level of the photosensor readings is low and the infrared sensor readings tend to be high. In this situation, the logic determines the amount of cloud condition based on the delta (?) Calculated with or without correction factors. For example, the logic determines the "cloudy" state when the delta (Δ) exceeds the upper limit, determines the "fine" state when the delta (Δ) is below the lower limit, and the delta It can determine the " intermittent cloudy " state. As another example, the logic may determine a " cloudy " state if the delta (A) exceeds a single threshold and a " fine " state if the delta (A) is below that threshold. When the date and time is (ii) during the day, the confidence level of the photosensor readings is at a high level and the confidence level of the infrared sensor readings is low. In this case, the logic can use the light sensor readings to determine the cloud amount status as long as the calculated difference between the infrared readings and the light sensor readings remains below the allowable value. For example, the logic may determine a " faint " state when the photosensor readout exceeds a certain intensity level and a " faint " state if the readout is below its intensity level. If the calculated difference between the infrared readings and the photosensor readings increases beyond a tolerance, the level of infrared readings is increased and the logic determines the cloud amount condition based on the delta (?) As described above. Alternatively or additionally, when it is determined that the photosensor readings are oscillating at a frequency that is higher than the first defined level, the confidence level of the infrared readings is increased and the logic determines the cloudiness state based on the delta If it is determined that the infrared readings are oscillating at a higher frequency than the second defined level, the confidence level of the photo sensor readings is increased and the logic determines the cloud amount state based on the photo sensor readings. If the date and time is (iv) during the night, the logic can determine the cloud amount state based on the delta (?) As described above.

3 shows a schematic (side) view of an infrared cloud detector system 300 including an infrared cloud detector 310 and an optical sensor 320, according to one embodiment. The infrared cloud detector 310 includes a housing 312, an infrared sensor 314 in the enclosure of the housing 312 and also an enclosure ambient temperature sensor 316 of the housing 312. The infrared sensor 314 is configured to take temperature readings T _IR based on the infrared radiation received from the sky area in its cone field 315. The ambient temperature sensor 316 is configured to measure ambient temperature readings of ambient air around the infrared cloud detector 310. In one aspect, the IR sensor is one of an infrared thermometer (e.g., thermal retraction), an infrared radiometer, an infrared night radiometer, and an infrared pyrometer. In one aspect, the ambient temperature sensor is one of a heat regulator, a thermometer, and a thermocouple.

The infrared cloud detector 310 is located on the roof of a building having a room 330 with a window 332 (e.g., an electrochromic window with at least one electrochromic element) to which a color can be added, (320) is located on the outer surface of the building. A window 332 to which colors can be added is located between the exterior and interior of the building, which includes a chamber 330. Fig. 5 also shows desk 334 in room 330. Fig. In this example, the optical sensor 320 is located away from the infrared cloud detector 310, but in other embodiments, the optical sensor 320 is located on the housing of the housing or on the outside of the housing 312.

The infrared sensor 314 includes an axis perpendicular to the sensing surface of the infrared sensor 314 and passing through the center thereof. The infrared cloud detector 310 is supported by a wedge-shaped structure that directs the infrared cloud detector 310 such that its axis is oriented at an inclination angle? From the horizontal plane. Other components may be used to support the infrared cloud detector 310 in other implementations. The infrared sensor 314 is oriented such that the sensing surface is directed toward the sky and can receive infrared radiation from an area of the sky within its field of view 315. The ambient temperature sensor 130 is located within the enclosure of the housing 312 away from the edge of the housing 312 to avoid direct sunlight from touching the sensing surface of the ambient temperature sensor 130 and is obscured by the seaming portion. Although not shown, the infrared cloud detector 310 also includes one or more structures that hold its components within the housing 312.

3, the infrared cloud detector system 300 also includes a controller 340 having a processor that is capable of executing instructions stored in a memory (not shown) to use the logic of the infrared cloud detector system 300. The controller 340 communicates (either wired or wireless) with the infrared sensor 314 and the ambient temperature sensor 316 to receive signals having temperature readings. Controller 340 also communicates (either wired or wireless) with optical sensor 320 to receive signals having visible light intensity readings.

In some implementations, the power / communication lines may extend from the building or other structure to the infrared cloud detector 310. In one implementation, the infrared cloud detector 310 includes a network interface that can connect the infrared cloud detector 310 to a suitable cable. The infrared cloud detector 310 may transmit data to the controller 340 or another controller of the building (e.g., a network controller and / or a master controller) via a network interface. In some alternative implementations, the infrared cloud detector 310 may additionally or alternatively include a wireless network interface that enables wireless communication with one or more external controllers.

In some implementations, the infrared cloud detector 310 or other examples of infrared cloud detectors may also include a battery that is in or connected to the housing and its housing to provide power to the sensors and internal electrical components. A battery may provide such power in addition to or in addition to power from a power source (e.g., from a building power source). In one embodiment, the infrared cloud detector also includes at least one photovoltaic cell, for example, on the outer surface of the housing. Such at least one photocell may provide power instead of or in addition to the power provided by any other power source.

The infrared cloud detector system 300 also includes as input the temperature readings T _IR from the temporal, daily, infrared sensor 314, the ambient temperature readings T _A from the ambient temperature sensor 316, Determines the amount of cloud state using the light intensity readings from the light sensor 320, the frequency of oscillation of the visible light intensity readings from the optical sensor 320, and the oscillation frequency of the temperature readings T _IR from the infrared sensor 314 Lt; / RTI > During operation, infrared sensor 314 takes temperature readings T _IR based on infrared radiation received from an area of sky in its field of view 315 and ambient temperature sensor 316 receives infrared readings from infrared cloud detector 310, Takes ambient temperature readings (T _A ) of ambient ambient air, and photosensor 320 takes intensity readings of visible light received on its sensing surface. The processor of the controller 340 may be configured to receive signals having temperature readings T _IR from the infrared sensor 314, signals having ambient temperature readings T _A from the ambient temperature sensor 316, 0.0 > 320). ≪ / RTI > The processor executes instructions stored in memory for using logic to determine the amount of cloud condition based on the various inputs. One example of such logic is described above and with reference to FIG. In one implementation, the controller 340 is also configured to communicate with and control one or more building components. For example, controller 340 may be configured to communicate with window 332 where color may be added and to control its hue level. In this implementation, the infrared cloud detector system 300 also includes logic for determining a control decision for one or more building components, e.g., window 332 to which a color may be added, . One example of logic for determining control decisions based on the determined cloud amount conditions is described in more detail with respect to FIG.

Although the single infrared sensor 314, the ambient temperature sensor 316 and the optical sensor 320 are shown in FIG. 3, it will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited thereto and that additional components may be used in other embodiments. For example, multiple components can be used for redundancy when one fails and / or fails to function. As another example, two or more components may be used at different locations or in different directions to obtain different information. In one implementation, two or more infrared sensors are used to direct different directions from different views and / or to obtain infrared radiation at different distances from the building / structure. In cases with multiple sensors, the average value of values from multiple sensors may be used to determine the state of the cloud quantity condition. When two or more IR sensors are located in the housing of the infrared cloud detector 310, the IR sensors are typically offset from one another by a distance sufficient to reduce the likelihood that the shutdown driver will affect all IR sensors. For example, IR sensors are separated by at least about 1 inch or at least about 2 inches.

Other examples of infrared cloud detector systems are described below with respect to Figures 11A-11C in Section III.

- Multiple sensor implementation examples

In certain embodiments, the infrared cloud detector system includes an infrared cloud detector having a visible light photosensor in the form of multiple sensor devices with various other optical sensors and electrical components within its housing. Details of different examples of multiple sensor devices are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 998,019 entitled " MULTI-SENSOR ", filed October 6, 2016, Lt; / RTI > The multiple sensor devices of these embodiments are configured to be located in a building exterior environment to expose sensors to the exterior environment. In some of these implementations with multiple sensor devices, power / communication lines are extended from the building to multiple sensor devices. In one such case, multiple sensor devices include a network interface that can connect multiple sensor devices to the appropriate cable. Multiple sensor devices may communicate data to a local controller or controllers, a network controller and / or a master controller of the building via a network interface. In other implementations, the multiple sensor devices may additionally or alternatively include a wireless network interface that enables wireless communication with one or more external controllers. In some embodiments, the multiple sensor device may also include a battery that is within or connected to its housing to provide power to the sensors and internal electrical components. A battery may provide such power in addition to or in addition to power from a power source (e.g., from a building power source). In some embodiments, the multiple sensor device also includes at least one photovoltaic cell, for example, on the surface of its housing.

4A, 4B, and 4C illustrate perspective views of a schematic depiction of an infrared cloud detector system 400 that includes an infrared cloud detector in the form of multiple sensor devices 401, in accordance with one implementation described above. 4A and 4B illustrate that multiple sensor devices 401 include a housing 410 coupled to a post 420. The post 420 may serve as a mounting assembly including a first end for engagement with the base portion 414 of the housing 410 and a second end for mounting to the building. In one example, the base portion 414 is fixedly attached to, or connected to, the first end of the pillar 420 via mechanical threading or through rubber gasket squeezing. The pillars 420 may also be attached to the roof of the building (e.g., on the roof of a building having the room 330 shown in Figure 3), such as to a roof, a wall on the roof, And a second end that may include a mounting or attachment mechanism for mounting or attaching the post 420. The housing includes a cover 411 formed of a light diffusing material. The cover 411 also includes a thin portion 412.

Figure 4b also shows that the infrared cloud detector system 400 includes an ambient temperature sensor 420 that is positioned on the bottom surface of the base portion 414 of the multiple sensor device 401. The ambient temperature sensor 420 is configured to measure the ambient temperature of the external environment during operation. The ambient temperature sensor 420 is positioned on the lower surface such that the infrared cloud detector system 400 has an upwardly facing top surface and is directly shielded from the solar radiation when placed in an outdoor environment. The temperature sensor 420 may be, for example, an electrothermal regulator, a thermocouple, a resistance thermometer, a silicon bandgap temperature sensor, or the like.

4C shows a perspective view of some of the inner components of the multiple sensor device 401 of the infrared cloud detector system 400 shown in Figs. 4A and 4B. As shown, the infrared cloud detector system 400 also includes a visible light sensor 440, a first infrared sensor 452, and a second infrared sensor 454. The first infrared sensor 452 and the second infrared sensor 454 are disposed behind a cover 411 (shown in Figures 4A and 4B) positioned on the upper portion of the multiple sensor device 401 and formed of a light diffusing material .

As shown in FIG. 4C, the first infrared sensor 452 has a first axis 453 in a direction perpendicular to its sensing plane. The second infrared sensor 454 has a second axis 455 in a direction perpendicular to its sensing plane. In the illustrated example, the first and second infrared sensors 452 and 454 are configured such that their direction axes 453 and 455 are temperature readings during operation based on the infrared radiation obtained from the multiple sensor device 401 described above (Shown in Figs. 4A and 4B) in order to be able to take a predetermined amount of fluid. The first infrared sensor 452 is separated from the second infrared sensor 454 by at least about one inch. During operation, the first and second infrared sensors 452 and 454 detect infrared radiation emitted from any objects or media in view. The field of view is based on the physical and material properties of the first and second infrared sensors 452, 454. Based on their physical and material properties alone, some examples of infrared sensors have a field of view ranging from about 50 degrees to about 80 degrees. In a particular example, the infrared sensor has a field of view of about 70.

The light sensor 440 has an axis 442 perpendicular to its sensing plane. The light sensor 440 is positioned behind the thin portion 412 of the housing 410 as shown in FIG. The thin portion 412 allows the photosensor 440 to receive visible radiation radiation through the thin portion 412. During operation, the light sensor 440 measures the intensity of the visible light received through the thin portion 412.

In one implementation, the infrared cloud detector system 400 also includes a controller having a processor capable of executing instructions stored in a memory (not shown) to use the logic of the infrared cloud detector system 400. In this embodiment, the infrared cloud detector system 400 also includes, as input, temperature readings (T _IR ) from the temporal, daily, infrared sensors 452 and 454, ambient temperature readings from the ambient temperature sensor 420 Light intensity readings from the teeth T _A and the optical sensor 440, the frequency of oscillation of the visible light intensity readings from the optical sensor 440 and the temperature readings T _IR from the infrared sensors 452 and 454, Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > a < / RTI > Examples of such logic are described with respect to this specification, e.g., Figs. 8-10.

The external controller communicates with the infrared sensors 452 and 454 and the ambient temperature sensor 420 (either wired or wireless) to receive signals having temperature readings. The controller also communicates with the light sensor 440 (either wired or wireless) to receive signals having visible light intensity readings. In some implementations, the power / communication lines may extend from the building or other structure to the infrared cloud detector system 400. In one implementation, the infrared cloud detector system 400 includes a network interface that can be connected to a suitable cable. The infrared cloud detector system 400 may communicate data to an external controller or other controller of the building via a network interface. In some alternative implementations, the infrared cloud detector system 400 may additionally or alternatively include a wireless network interface that enables wireless communication with one or more external controllers. In some implementations, the infrared cloud detector system 400 may also include a battery within or connected to the housing to provide power to the sensors and internal electrical components. A battery may provide such power in addition to or in addition to power from a power source (e.g., from a building power source). In some implementations, the infrared cloud detector system 400 also includes at least one photovoltaic cell, for example, on the surface of the housing.

D. Comparison of Delta Values and Intensity Readings from Optical Sensors During Different Cloud Amount States

As noted above, infrared sensors may be more accurate than visible light sensors in detecting " clear " conditions early in the morning and evening. However, direct sunlight and other conditions can cause some noise, which causes the infrared sensor readings to vibrate. When the frequency of such vibrations is low, the cloud amount status can be evaluated with high confidence using infrared sensor readings. In addition, certain states (e.g., fast-moving clouds) may cause vibrations in the photosensor readings. If the frequency of the oscillations is low, the amount of cloudiness can be assessed with high confidence using light sensor readings during the day. In certain implementations, the logic may determine whether the vibrations of the infrared sensor readings have a high frequency and / or whether the vibrations of the photo sensor readings have a high frequency. When the vibration of the infrared sensor readings is determined to have a high frequency, the logic uses the photosensor readings to determine the cloud amount status. If the vibration of the light sensor readings is determined to have a high frequency, the logic uses the difference between the infrared sensor readings and the ambient temperature sensor readings to determine the cloud amount status. 5A, 5B, 6A, 6B, 7A and 7B illustrate the technical advantages of this logic in selecting the type of sensor reading for use in accordance with vibration, Of the intensity reading (I) taken by the visible light sensor for comparison with the difference between the temperature readings (T _IR ) taken by the ambient temperature sensor and the temperature readings (T _A ) taken by the ambient temperature sensor, Includes graphs of leading graphs. The visible light sensor, the infrared sensor, and the ambient temperature sensor are similar to those described for the components of the infrared cloud detector 310 shown in FIG. Each of the leads has readings taken during a day's time.

Figures 5A and 5B include graphs of the readings of the readings taken during a full sunny and clear day, with the exception of clouds passing during the daytime. 5A is a graph in which a line 510 of intensity readings I is taken by a visible light sensor over time. 5B is a graph with a difference 520, a difference between the temperature readings T _IR taken by the infrared sensor over time and the temperature readings T _A taken by the ambient temperature sensor. As shown in the diagram 510 of FIGURE 5a, the intensity readings I taken by the visible light sensor are high in most of the daytime and fall into high frequency (short cycle) vibrations as the cloud passes during the daytime. 5A shows that the values of delta (DELTA) do not increase over the lower limit for one day, indicating a " clear " state of high confidence.

Figures 6a and 6b include graphs of graphs of the readings taken during the day when clouds pass frequently through the morning to the afternoon and two slowly moving clouds pass late in the afternoon. 6A is a graph in which a line 610 of the intensity readings I is taken by a visible light sensor over time. 6B is a graph with a difference 660 between the temperature readings T _IR taken by the infrared sensor over time and the temperature readings T _A taken by the ambient temperature sensor over time, to be. As shown in the diagram 610 of FIG. 6A, the intensity readings I taken by the visible light sensor have a high frequency portion 620 during periods of frequent clouding until the morning afternoon. The line 610 has a low frequency portion 630 when two slowly moving clouds pass late afternoon. The diagram 640 in FIG. 6B shows that the values of delta (DELTA) have a high frequency during the frequent passing of clouds until the morning afternoon, and the values are kept between the upper and lower limits, indicating intermittent fogging. The values of the late afternoon delta ([Delta]) have low frequency vibrations between the upper and lower limits and also with values less than the lower limit values that change the "intermittent blur" and "clear" states. In this case, the infrared sensor values represent a high confidence "blurred" state from morning to afternoon, and photo sensor values show a high "blurred" state at late afternoon.

Figures 7a and 7b include graphs of graphs of readings taken over time during a cloudy day, except for short clouds during the day. FIG. 7A is a graph in which a line 710 of the intensity readings I is taken by the visible light sensor over time. 7B is a graph with a difference 720 between the temperature readings T _IR taken by the infrared sensor over time and the temperature readings T _A taken by the ambient temperature sensor. As shown in the diagram 710 of FIG. 7A, the intensity readings I taken by the visible light sensor are raised at a high frequency (short cycle) when the sky is clear in most of the daytime and short during the day. 7A shows that the values of delta (DELTA) do not go below the upper limit for one day, indicating a high confidence " cloudy " state.

In some implementations, the infrared cloud detector system uses readings from an infrared sensor to measure temperature readings from an infrared sensor that measures wavelengths in the ambient and infrared ranges, e.g., between 8 and 14 micrometers Evaluate the differential delta. In some cases, one or more correction factors are applied to the calculated differential delta. The differential delta provides a relative sky warmth value that can be used to classify cloud volume conditions. For example, the cloud volume status can be determined to be one of three buckets " clear ", " cloudy " When using this infrared cloud detector system, the amount of cloud determined is independent of whether the sun is floating or before sunrise / sunset.

An infrared cloud detector system according to certain embodiments may have one or more technical advantages. For example, during early morning and evening conditions, the infrared sensor can determine whether it is cloudy or sunny, regardless of the level of visible light intensity. During such times, the determination of this cloud-positive state may provide additional context for determining the color tone state of the window where color may be added when the light sensor is not effective while the sky is still floating. As another example, an infrared sensor may be used to detect a general cloud volume condition within its field of view. This information can be used with the photosensor readings to determine if there is a likelihood of a " clear " or " cloudy " condition being determined by the photosensor. For example, if the light sensor detects a sharp rise in the intensity level that tends to indicate a " clear " state, but the infrared sensor is not expected to sustain the " cloudy " Conversely, if the infrared sensor indicates a " clear " state and the photosensor readings indicate a " clear " state, then the " clear " As another example, in situations where a window where color can be added needs to be in a steady state at sunrise, the transition needs to start at X hours before sunset (eg, transition time). During this time, the light sensor is not effective when there is very little light exposure. The IR sensor can determine the state of the cloud before sunrise to inform the control logic whether to start the process of adding colors (during clear sky) or to expect a "cloudy" state at sunrise to keep the window in which color can be added transparent .

Ⅲ. Methods for determining the amount of cloud condition using readings from at least one infrared sensor and one ambient temperature sensor

Figures 8-10 illustrate flow diagrams illustrating methods for determining a cloud amount status using readings from at least one infrared sensor and one ambient temperature sensor, in accordance with various embodiments. In Figures 9 and 10, the readings from the at least one photosensor can also be used to determine the cloud amount status under certain conditions. In some cases, an infrared sensor used to take temperature readings is calibrated to detect infrared radiation in the about 8 urn to 14 탆 spectrum and / or has a field of view of about 72 degrees. In some cases, the photosensors used to take photosensor readings are calibrated to detect intensities of visible light (e.g., between about 390 nm and about 700 nm) within a range of spots, (E.g., a luminance level ranging from about 10 cd / m² to about 108 cd / m²). Although these methods are described for readouts from a single infrared sensor, a single ambient temperature sensor, and / or a single optical sensor, values from multiple types of sensors, e.g., from multiple sensors directed at different directions, Will be understood. When multiple sensors are used, the method may use a single value based on a particular orientation of the sensor (e.g., the acting sensor), or use an average or other statistically related value of the readings from multiple acting sensors I can take it. In other cases, there may be redundant sensors and may have logic that uses values from the sensor on which the infrared cloud detector operates. For example, by evaluating which sensors of the sensors are functioning and / or which sensors are not functioning based on comparing the readings from the various sensors.

A. Method I

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart 800 illustrating a method for determining a cloud amount status using temperature readings from an infrared sensor and an ambient temperature sensor, in accordance with embodiments. The infrared sensor and the ambient temperature sensor of the infrared cloud detector system typically take readings (at sample times) periodically. The processor executes instructions stored in memory to perform operations of this method. In one implementation, the infrared cloud detector system has components similar to those described for the system having the infrared cloud detector 100 described with respect to FIG. In another embodiment, the infrared cloud detector system has components similar to those described for the system having the infrared cloud detector 310 in FIG.

In Fig. 8, the method begins with an operation 801. Fig. At operation 810, the processor receives a signal (s) having a temperature reading T _IR taken by the infrared sensor and a temperature reading T _A taken by the ambient temperature sensor. Signals from the infrared sensor and / or the ambient temperature sensor are received wirelessly and / or via a wired electrical connection. The infrared sensor takes temperature readings based on infrared radiation received within its field of view. The infrared sensor is generally directed towards an area of the sky of interest, for example, an area above the building. The ambient temperature sensor is configured to be exposed to the outdoor environment to measure ambient temperature.

At operation 820, the processor computes the difference, Delta, between the temperature reading T _IR taken by the infrared sensor and the temperature reading T _A taken by the ambient temperature sensor at sample time. Optionally (denoted by the dotted line), the correction coefficients are applied to the calculated delta (act 830). Some examples of correction factors that may be applied include humidity, sun angle / altitude and zone altitude.

At operation 840, the processor determines whether the calculated delta ([Delta]) value is below a lower limit value (e.g., -5 degrees Celsius, -2 degrees Celsius, etc.). If the calculated delta ([Delta]) is determined to be below the lower limit value, then the cloudy state is determined to be a "clear" state (act 850). During operation of the infrared cloud detector, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 810.

If it is determined that the calculated delta (?) Exceeds the lower limit, the processor determines whether the calculated delta (?) Exceeds an upper limit value (e.g., 0 degrees Celsius, 2 degrees Celsius, etc.) )). If the calculated delta (?) In operation 860 is determined to exceed the upper limit, then the processor determines that the cloudy state is a "cloudy" state (act 870). During operation of the infrared cloud detector, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 810.

If the calculated delta? At operation 860 is determined to be below the upper limit, then the processor determines that the cloudy state is "intermittent cloudy" or other intermediate state (act 880). During operation of the infrared cloud detector, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 810.

B. Method II

FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart 900 illustrating a method for determining a cloud amount status using readings from an infrared sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, and an optical sensor of an infrared cloud detector system, in accordance with embodiments. Infrared sensors, ambient temperature sensors and optical sensors typically take readings (at sample times) periodically. The infrared cloud detector system also includes a processor capable of executing instructions stored in memory to perform operations of this method. In one embodiment, the infrared sensor, ambient temperature sensor, and light sensor are similar to those of the infrared cloud detector system 300 described with respect to FIG. In another embodiment, the infrared sensor, the ambient temperature sensor, and the optical sensor are similar to those of the infrared cloud detector system 400 described with respect to Figs. 4A-4C.

In Fig. 9, the method begins with an operation 901. Fig. In operation 910, a temperature reading (T _IR ) taken by the infrared sensor at a specific sample time to the processor, a temperature reading (T _A ) taken by the ambient temperature sensor at that sample time, One or more signals having intensity readings taken are received. Signals from the infrared sensor, the ambient temperature sensor and the optical sensor are received wirelessly and / or via a wired electrical connection. The infrared sensor takes temperature readings based on infrared radiation received within its field of view. The infrared sensor is generally directed towards an area of the sky of interest, for example, an area above the building. The ambient temperature sensor is configured to be exposed to the outdoor environment to measure ambient temperature. The sensing surface of the light sensor is also generally directed towards the region of the sky of interest and is blocked or diffused from direct sunlight reaching the sensing surface.

At operation 920, the processor determines whether the date and time is during one of the following periods: (i) immediately before sunrise (45 minutes before sunrise, 30 minutes before sunrise, 20 minutes before sunrise, (E.g., starting at a first time before the sunrise) (e.g., starting at 45 minutes after sunrise, 30 minutes after sunrise, 20 minutes after sunrise, or at a second time after a suitable amount of sunrise) ) It is time to sunset just before sunset (45 minutes before sunset, 30 minutes before sunset, 20 minutes before sunset, or any other sunset). In one case, the sunrise time can be determined from measurements taken by the visible wavelength light sensor. For example, timing (i) may end at a point where the visible light wavelength photosensor begins to measure direct sunlight, i.e., the intensity readout of the visible light photosensor is above a minimum intensity value. Additionally or alternatively, time (iii) may be determined to end at a point at which the intensity reading from the visible light wavelength photosensor is below the minimum intensity value. As another example, the sunrise time and / or sunset time may be calculated using the Sun calculator and the dates, and the times (i) and (iii) may be calculated at predefined times before and after the calculated sunrise / sunset times ). ≪ / RTI >

If it is determined at operation 920 that the date and time is during either (i) or (iii), then the processor determines at a sample time the temperature reading T _IR taken by the infrared sensor and the temperature taken by the ambient temperature sensor The difference between the readings (T _A ), delta (?) Is calculated (act 930). Optionally (denoted by the dotted line), the correction factors are applied to the calculated delta (act 930). Some examples of correction factors that may be applied include humidity, sun angle / altitude and zone altitude.

In one embodiment, the processor also determines at operation 920 whether the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency greater than the first defined level. If the processor determines in act 920 that the date and time is within either time (i) or (iii) and the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency higher than the second defined level, To determine the cloud status using the photo sensor readings. For example, the processor may determine a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading exceeds a certain minimum intensity level and a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading is below its intensity level. If the system continues to operate, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 910.

At operation 934, the processor determines whether the calculated delta ([Delta]) value is below a lower limit value (e.g., -5 degrees Celsius, -2 degrees Celsius, etc.). If the calculated delta ([Delta]) is determined to be below the lower limit value, then the cloud amount condition is determined to be a "clear" condition (act 936). During operation of the infrared cloud detector, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation (910).

If it is determined that the calculated delta (?) Exceeds the lower limit, the processor determines whether the calculated delta (?) Exceeds an upper limit (e.g., 0 degrees Celsius, 2 degrees Celsius, etc.) )). If the calculated delta? At operation 940 is determined to exceed the upper limit, then the processor determines that the cloudy state is a "cloudy" state (act 942). If continuing to operate, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 910.

If the computed delta (?) At operation 940 is determined to be below the upper limit, then the processor determines (at operation 950) that the cloudy state is "intermittent cloudy" or some other intermediate state. If the system continues to operate, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 910.

If it is determined at act 920 that the date / time is not during any of period (i) or (iii), then the processor determines whether the date / time is after period (i) and during period (iii) (Act 960). If the processor determines at (960) that it is during a period of time (ii) a week, the processor calculates the difference between the temperature reading taken by the infrared sensor (T _IR ) and the intensity reading taken by the optical sensor Operation 970). At operation 980, the processor determines whether the calculated difference is within an allowable limit. If the processor determines that the difference calculated at operation 980 exceeds the tolerance limit, then the processor applies operation 930 to calculate the delta (Delta) and uses the calculated delta (Delta) As such, it determines the cloud amount status.

In one embodiment, the processor also determines at operation 960 whether the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency greater than the first defined level. If the processor determines in operation 960 that the date and time are within a time period (ii) and the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency that is higher than the second defined level, then the processor applies operation 990 to read the photosensor readings To determine the state of the cloud. For example, the processor may determine a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading exceeds a certain minimum intensity level and a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading is below its intensity level. If the system continues to operate, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 910.

If the processor determines that the difference calculated at operation 980 is within the tolerance, then the light sensor reading is used to determine the cloud amount status (act 990). For example, the processor may determine a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading exceeds a certain minimum intensity level and a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading is below its intensity level. If the system continues to operate, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 910.

In one embodiment, the processor also determines at operation 970 whether the photosensor readings are vibrating at a frequency higher than the first defined level and whether the infrared readings are vibrating at a frequency higher than the second defined level . If the processor determines that the calculated difference in operation 980 is within the tolerance and the processor determines that the photo sensor readings are oscillating at a frequency that is higher than the first defined level, then the processor applies the operation 930 to the delta (Δ) and uses the calculated delta (Δ) to determine the cloud amount condition as discussed above. If the processor determines that the difference calculated at operation 980 is not an allowable limit and the processor determines that the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency that is higher than the second defined level, Use the teeth to determine the state of the cloud. For example, the processor may determine a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading exceeds a certain minimum intensity level and a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading is below its intensity level. If the system continues to operate, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 910.

If the processor determines at operation 960 that it is within (i) a preceding night time (iv) after the time period (iii), then the processor calculates the delta at operation 930 and uses the calculated delta And determines the cloud amount status as discussed.

C. Method III - Module C algorithm using infrared sensor, ambient temperature sensor and optical sensor readings

In energy efficient buildings, the control logic to set the levels of its building systems can take into account the amount of clouds. For example, in buildings with optically switchable windows, the control logic may consider the amount of cloud in setting the optical states of the window (e.g., the tint states of the electrochromic window). Conventional systems claiming to provide such functionality typically employ expensive sensing equipment to chart the entire sky and track clouds. This charting technique may also be interrupted by the inability to match them until there is sufficient light to view the clouds. Accordingly, building systems may not need to be tuned until the clouds are matched.

In various implementations described herein, an infrared cloud detector system (e.g., the system of FIG. 1, the system 300 in FIG. 3, the system 400 in FIGS. 4a-4c, (E.g., the described infrared cloud detector system) can be used to set levels of building systems. As an example, this section uses the sensor readings from the sensors in the infrared cloud detector system to determine the cloud amount status and to determine, based on the determined cloud amount status, one or more optically switchable windows (e.g., Color change window) of the color tone. US Patent No. 8,764,950 entitled " ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES ", issued Jul. 1, 2014, and U.S. Patent No. 8,764,950 entitled " ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES " filed May 2, Such as the electrochromic devices described in U.S. Patent Application No. 13 / 462,725, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

i) Introduction to electrochromic devices / windows

10A schematically shows a cross section of the electrochromic device 1000. Fig. The electrochromic device 1000 includes a substrate 1002, a first conductive layer (CL) 1004, an electrochromic layer (EC) 1006, an ion conducting layer (IC) 1008, a counter electrode layer (CE) 1010, and a second conductive layer (CL) 1014. In one embodiment, the electrochromic layer (EC) 1006 comprises tungsten oxide and the counter electrode layer (CE) 1010 comprises nickel tungsten oxide. The layers 1004, 1006, 1008, 1010, and 1014 are collectively referred to as the electrochromic stack 1020. A voltage source 1016, operable to apply a potential across the electrochromic stack 1020, may be used to provide a voltage to the electrochromic device 1030, for example, in a decolorized state (e.g., as shown in FIG. 10B) For example, as shown in FIG. 10C). The order of the layers may be reversed relative to the substrate 1002. [

In some cases, the electrochromic devices can be made of all solid state elements and / or all inorganic elements with separate layers. Examples of such devices and methods of making them are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 645,111, entitled " Fabrication of Low-Defectivity Electrochromic Devices, " filed December 22, And US patent application Ser. No. 12 / 645,159 entitled " Electrochromic Devices " filed December 22, 2009, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, . However, it should be understood that any one or more of the layers in the stack may contain a certain amount of organic material. The same may be true of liquids that may be present in small amounts in one or more layers. It should also be understood that the solid state material may be deposited or otherwise formed by processes that employ liquid components, such as certain processes employing a sol-gel, or by chemical vapor deposition. It should also be understood that reference to the transition between the decolored and colored states is non-limiting and presents only one example of many of the electrochromic conversions that may be implemented. Unless stated otherwise in this specification (including the discussion above), no matter when the discoloration-to-color conversion is mentioned, the corresponding element or process may be used for other optical state transitions, such as non-reflective-reflective, It covers. Further, " bleached " refers to optically unstable, e.g., uncolored, transparent or translucent. Further, unless stated otherwise herein, the " color " of electrochromic conversion is not limited to any particular wavelength or wavelength range. As will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, proper electrochromatography and selection of counter electrode materials depend on the optical transition involved.

In some embodiments, the electrochromic device is configured to reversibly cycle between a decolorized state and a colored state. Potential is applied to the electrochromic stack 1020 such that the available ions in the stack are primarily in the counter electrode 1010 when the electrochromic material is in a decolorized state. When the potential on the electrochromic stack is reversed, the ions are transported to the electrochromic material 1006 over the ionic conductive layer 1008 and cause the material to transition to a colored state. In a similar manner, the electrochromic devices of the specific embodiments described herein may have different hue levels (e.g., between the decolored state, darkly colored state, and intermediate levels between the decolorized and darkly colored states) So as to be reversibly circulated.

Referring again to FIG. 10A, a voltage source 1016 is configured to operate with inputs from the sensors. As described herein, the voltage source 1016 interfaces with a controller (not shown in this figure). In addition, the voltage source 1016 may interface with an energy management system that controls the electrochromic devices according to various criteria such as time of day, date and time, and measured environmental conditions. Such an energy management system can significantly reduce the energy consumption of a building with electrochromic windows, along with a large area of electrochromic windows.

Any material having suitable optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties can be used as the substrate 1002 or other substrate of the electrochromic stack described herein. Suitable substrates include, for example, glass, plastic and mirror materials. Suitable glasses include any of transparent or colored soda lime glass, including soda lime float glass. The glass may be tempered or not tempered. In many cases, the substrate is a glass panel having the dimensions of residential window applications. The size of such a glass panel can vary widely depending on the specific needs of the residence. In other cases, the substrate is a glass for construction. Architectural glass is typically used in commercial buildings, but can also be used in residential buildings, and typically separates the indoor environment from the outdoor environment, but this is not necessarily so. In certain instances, the architectural glass is at least 20 inches by 20 inches and may be much larger, e.g., about 80 inches by 120 inches. Architectural glass typically has a thickness of at least about 2 mm, typically about 3 mm And about 6 mm thick. Of course, electrochromic devices can be scaled to smaller or larger substrates than architectural glass. Furthermore, the electrochromic device may be provided on a mirror of any size and shape.

On the substrate 1002 shown is a conductive layer 1004. In certain embodiments, one or both of the conductive layers 1004 and 1014 are inorganic and / or solid. Conductive layers 1004 and 1014 may be made of a number of different materials, including conductive oxides, thin metallic films, conductive metal nitrides and complex conductors. Typically, the conductive layers 1004 and 1014 are transparent at least in the wavelength range where electrochromism appears by the electrochromic layer. Transparent conductive oxides include metal oxides and metal oxides doped with one or more metals. Examples of such metal oxides and doped metal oxides are indium oxide, indium tin oxide, doped indium oxide, tin oxide, doped tin oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, doped zinc oxide, ruthenium oxide, doped ruthenium Oxides and the like. Since the oxides are usually used in these layers, they are sometimes referred to as " transparent conductive oxide " (TCO) layers. Also, as well as combinations of TCOs and metallic films, substantially transparent thin metallic films may be used.

The function of the conductive layers is to spread the potential provided by the voltage source 1016 to the inner regions of the stack over the surfaces of the electrochromic stack 1020 with relatively little resistance potential drop. The potential is transferred to the conductive layers through the electrical connection to the conductive layers. In some aspects, at least one of the bus bars is in contact with the conductive layer 1004 and at least one of the bus bars in contact with the conductive layer 1014 provides electrical connection between the voltage source 1016 and the conductive layers 1004 and 1014. The conductive layers 1004 and 1014 may also be connected to the voltage source 1016 by other conventional means.

The illustrated electrochromic layer 1004 covers the electrochromic layer 1006. In some aspects, the electrochromic layer 1006 is an inorganic and / or solid. The electrochromic layer may contain any one or more of a number of different electrochromic materials including metal oxides. Some examples of suitable metal oxide is tungsten oxide (WO _3), molybdenum oxide (MoO _3), niobium oxide (Nb ₂ O _5), titanium oxide (TiO _2), copper oxide (CuO), iridium oxide (Ir ₂ O ₃ ) and chromium oxide (Cr2O3), manganese oxide (Mn2O3), vanadium oxide (V2O5), nickel oxide (Ni ₂ O _3), cobalt oxide (Co ₂ O ₃₎ include the same type of guitar. During operation, the electrochromic layer 1006 transmits and receives ions from the counter electrode layer 1010 to cause a reversible optical transition. In general, the electronic coloration (or any optical properties - e.g., changes in absorbance, reflectivity and transmittance) of an electrochromic material can be determined by reversible ion implantation (e.g., intercalation) It is caused by the injection of electrons. Typically, some of the ions responsible for optical conversion are irreversibly bound to the electrochromic material. Some or all of the irreversibly constrained ions are used to compensate for " blind charge " in matter. In most electrochromic materials, suitable ions include lithium ions (Li +) and hydrogen ions (H +) (i.e., protons). However, in some cases, other ions may be suitable. In various embodiments, lithium ions are used to effect electrochromism. Intercalation of tungsten oxide of lithium ions (WO _3-y (0 < y &lt; / = 0.3) causes the tungsten oxide to change from transparent (decolorized) to blue (colored).

Referring again to FIG. 10A, an ion conductive layer 1008 is interposed between the electrochromic layer 1006 and the counter electrode layer 1010 in the electrochromic stack 1020. In some embodiments, the counter electrode layer 1010 is an inorganic and / or solid. The counter electrode layer may comprise one or more of a number of different materials which act as reservoirs of ions when the electrochromic device is in a decolorized state. For example, during electrochromic switching initiated by application of a suitable potential, the counter electrode layer transfers some or all of the ions it retains to the electrochromic layer to change the electrochromic layer to a colored state. At the same time, in the case of NiWO, the counter electrode layer is colored by the loss of ions. Suitable materials include nickel oxide (NiO), nickel-tungsten oxide (NiWO), nickel vanadium oxide, nickel, chromium oxide, nickel, aluminum oxide, nickel manganese oxide, nickel, magnesium oxide, and chromium oxide for the complementary counter electrode on WO ₃ (Cr ₂ O ₃ ), manganese oxide (MnO ₂ ), and Prussian blue. When the charge is removed from the counter electrode 1010 made of nickel tungsten oxide (that is, when the ions are transported from the counter electrode 1010 to the electrochromic layer 1006), the counter electrode layer 1010 is changed from a transparent state to a colored state State.

In the electrochromic device 1100 shown in the figure, an ion conductive layer 1008 is provided between the electrochromic layer 1006 and the counter electrode layer 1010. The ionic conductive layer 1008 acts as a medium through which the ions are transported (in an electrolytic manner) when the electrochromic device is switched between a decolorized state and a colored state. Preferably, the ionic conductive layer 1008 has a sufficiently low electrical conductivity for ions associated with the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer, but negligible electron transfer occurs during normal operation. A thin ion conducting layer with high ionic conductivity enables fast ion conduction and hence rapid conversion to high performance EC devices. In certain aspects, the ionic conductive layer 1008 is an inorganic and / or solid.

Examples of materials suitable for the ionic conductive layer (i.e., for electrochromic devices having separate IC layers) include silicates, silicon oxides, tungsten oxides, tantalum oxides, niobium oxides, and borates. These materials, including lithium, can be doped with different dopants. Lithium doped silicon oxides include lithium silicon aluminum oxide. In some embodiments, the ionic conductive layer comprises a silicate based structure. In one aspect, a silicon aluminum oxide (SiAlO) is used in the ion conductive layer 1008.

In certain embodiments, the electrochromic device 1000 comprises one or more additional layers (not shown), such as one or more passive layers. Passive layers used to enhance certain optical properties may be included in the electrochromic device 1000. Passive layers for providing moisture or scratch resistance may also be included in the electrochromic device 1000. For example, the conductive layers can be treated with oxide or nitride layers for anti-reflection or protection. Other passive layers may serve to seal the electrochromic device 300.

10B is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrochromic device in a decolorized state (or in a decolorized state). According to this illustrated example, the electrochromic device 1100 includes a tungsten oxide electrochromic layer (EC) 1106 and a nickel tungsten oxide counter electrode layer (CE) 1110. The electrochromic device 1100 further includes a substrate 1102, a conductive layer (CL) 11011, an ion conductive layer (IC) 1108, and a conductive layer (CL) The layers 1104, 1106, 1108, 1010, and 1114 are collectively referred to as the electrochromic stack 1120. The power source 1116 is configured to apply potential and / or current to the conductive layers 1104 and 1114 through suitable electrical connections (e.g., bus bars) to the electrochromic stack 1120. In one aspect, the voltage source is configured to apply a potential of a few volts to induce conversion of one optical state of the device to another optical state. The polarity of the potential as shown in FIG. 10B is such that ions (lithium ions in this example) are predominantly in the nickel tungsten oxide counter electrode layer 1110 (as indicated by the dashed arrow).

Fig. 10C is a schematic cross-sectional view of the electrochromic device 1100 in the colored state (or switching to the colored state) shown in Fig. 10B. In Fig. 10C, the polarity of the voltage source 1116 is reversed, whereupon the tungsten oxide electrochromic layer 1106 becomes more negative and accepts additional lithium ions, thereby converting to a colored state. Lithium ions are transported to the tungsten oxide electrochromic layer 1106 across the ionic conductive layer 1108, as indicated by the dashed arrows. The tungsten oxide electrochromic layer 1106 is shown as being in a tinted or colored state. The nickel tungsten oxide counter electrode 1110 is also shown in a state of being switched to a colored state or a colored state. As will be explained, the nickel tungsten oxide becomes progressively more opaque as it drops (desorbs) lithium ions. In this example, there is a synergistic effect where the conversion of both layers 1106 and 1110 to colored states is towards increasing the amount of light delivered through the electrochromic stack and substrate.

In certain embodiments, the electrochromic device comprises an electrochromic (EC) electrode layer and a counter electrode (CE) layer separated by an ion conducting (IC) layer having a very high conductivity for ions and a very high resistance to electrons . As is generally understood, the ion conductive layer thereby prevents shorting between the electrochromic layer and the counter electrode layer. The ionic conductive layer allows the electrochromic and counter electrodes to have charge and thereby maintain their decolorized or colored states. In electrochromic devices having separate layers, the components form a stack comprising an ion conductive layer interposed between the electrochromic electrode layer and the counter electrode layer. These three stack component boundaries are defined by the abrupt change of composition and / or microstructure. Accordingly, the devices have three distinct layers with two abrupt boundary edges.

According to certain embodiments, the counter electrode and the electrochromic electrode are formed in direct contact with each other, sometimes directly, without separately depositing the ionic conductive layer. In some embodiments, electrochromic devices having interfacial regions other than a separate IC layer are employed. Such devices and methods of making them are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 8,300,298, 8,582,193, 8,764,950 and 8,764,951, respectively, entitled " Electrochromic Devices " Each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In certain embodiments, the electrochromic device may be integrated into an insulated glass unit (IGU) of an electrochromic window or may be a single panel electrochromic window. For example, the electrochromic window may have an IGU comprising a first electrochromic light and a second light. The IGU also includes spacers for separating the first electrochromic light and the second light. The second light in the IGU may be non-electrochromic light or other. For example, the second light may have one or more films thereon, such as electrochromic devices and / or low-E films, and the like. Either of the lights may also be a laminated glass. There is a major seal between the spacer and the first TCO layer of the electrochromic light. This primary sealant also exists between the spacer and the second free light. There is a secondary seal around the circumference of the spacer. This sealing helps to keep moisture out of the interior space of the IGU. They also serve to help the escape of argon or other gases that can be introduced into the inner space of the IGU. The IGU also includes bus bar wiring for connecting to the window controller. In some implementations, one or both of the bus bars are internal to the finished IGU, but in one embodiment, one bus bar is outside the seal of the IGU and one bus bar is inside the IGU. In the former embodiment, the region is used to seal with one side of the spacer used to form the IGU. Thus, other connections to the wires or bus bars extend between the spacer and the glass. As many spacers are comprised of a conductive metal, for example stainless steel, it is desirable to take steps to avoid circuit shorts due to electrical communication between the metal spacers and the bus bars and the connector to it.

Iii) logic for controlling electrochromic devices / windows

In some implementations, a controller (e.g., a local window controller, a network controller, a master controller, etc.) may be configured to calculate, determine, and / or control color tone states for one or more optically switchable windows (e.g., Selection or other generation of intelligent control logic. This control logic can be used to determine the cloud amount conditions based on the sensor data from the infrared cloud &lt; Desc / Clms Page number 7 &gt; detector system in the building and to determine the tint conditions for the optically switchable windows using the determined cloud amount conditions. This control logic may be used to determine and control the desired tone levels for a window in which one or more electrochromic windows or other colors may be added, taking into account the comfort and / or energy consumption considerations of the occupant. In some cases, the control logic employs one or more logic modules. Figures 11A-C include illustrations illustrating some common inputs to each of the three logic modules A, B, and C of the exemplary control logic of the disclosed implementations. Additional examples of Modules A, B, and C are described in International Patent Application No. PCT / US16 / 41344, entitled " CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS, " filed July 7, And International Patent Application No. PCT / US15 / 29675 entitled &quot; CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS, &quot; filed May 5, 2015, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety Whereby the entirety is incorporated by reference.

Figures 11A-C include illustrations illustrating some common inputs to each of the three logic modules A, B, and C of the exemplary control logic of the disclosed implementations. Each illustration is a schematic side view of a room 1200 of a building having a desk 1201 and an electrochromic window 1205 located between the inside and outside of the building. The illustration also shows an infrared cloud detector system according to an example. In other implementations, other examples of the infrared cloud detector system described herein may be used. In the illustrated example, the infrared cloud detector system includes an infrared cloud detector 1230 located on the roof of the building. The infrared cloud detector 1230 includes a housing 1232 having a cover made of a light diffusing material, an infrared sensor 1234 and an optical sensor 1210 in the enclosure of the housing 1232 and a housing 1232 on the obscured surface of the housing 1232 And an ambient temperature sensor 1236, Infrared sensor 1234 is configured to take temperature readings T _IR based on the infrared radiation received from the sky area in its cone field of view 1235. The ambient temperature sensor 1236 is configured to measure ambient temperature readings (T _A ) of ambient air around the infrared cloud detector 1230. The infrared sensor 1234 includes an axis perpendicular to the sensing surface of the infrared sensor 1234 and passing through its center. The infrared sensor 1234 is oriented so that its sensing surface faces upward and can receive infrared radiation from the area of the sky in its field of view 1235. Ambient temperature sensor 1236 is located on the obscured surface to avoid direct sunlight from hitting its sensing surface. Although not shown, the infrared cloud detector 1230 also includes one or more structures that hold its components within the housing 1232.

The infrared cloud detector system also includes a local window controller 1250 having a processor capable of executing instructions stored in a memory (not shown) to implement control logic to control the tint level of the electrochromic window 1205. [ The controller 1250 communicates with the electrochromic window 1205 to transmit control signals. Controller 1250 also communicates (either wired or wireless) with infrared sensor 1234 and ambient temperature sensor 1236 to receive signals having temperature readings. Controller 1250 also communicates (either wired or wireless) with optical sensor 1210 to receive signals having visible light intensity readings.

According to certain aspects, the power / communication lines extend from the building or other structure to the infrared cloud detector 1230. In one implementation, the infrared cloud detector 1230 includes a network interface that can connect the infrared cloud detector 1230 to a suitable cable. Infrared cloud detector 1230 may transmit data to controller 1250 or other controller of the building (e.g., a network controller and / or a master controller) via a network interface. In some alternative implementations, the infrared cloud detector 1230 may additionally or alternatively include a wireless network interface that enables wireless communication with one or more external controllers. In some aspects, infrared cloud detector 1230 may also include a battery that is within or connected to its housing to provide power to sensors and internal electrical components. A battery may provide such power in addition to or in addition to power from a power source (e.g., from a building power source). In one aspect, the infrared cloud detector 1230 also includes, for example, at least one photocell on the outer surface of the housing. Such at least one photocell may provide power instead of or in addition to the power provided by any other power source.

11A shows the transmission depth of direct sunlight to the room 1200 through the electrochromic window 1205 between the inside and outside of the building including the room 1200. Fig. The penetration depth is a measure of where direct sunlight will penetrate to room 1200. As shown, the penetration depth is measured away from the door frame (bottom portion) of the window 1205 in the horizontal direction. In general, a window defines an aperture that provides a receive angle for direct sunlight. The penetration depth may be determined by the geometry of the window (e.g., window dimensions), its location and orientation in the chamber, any pins or other shades outside the window or the location of the sun and the sun (e.g., ). &Lt; / RTI &gt; The external shading of the electrochromic window 1205 may be due to any type of structure that may hinder the window, such as bite, pin, and the like. In FIG. 11A, there is an inboard 1220 on the electrochromic window 1205 that shortens the transmission depth as it interferes with a portion of the direct sunlight entering the room 1200.

Module A may be used to determine the level of hue through the electrochromic window 1205 that comforts the occupant from direct sunlight into the occupant or their active area. The tint level is determined based on the calculated penetration depth of direct sunlight into a room at a particular moment (date and time) and the type of space in the room (e.g., window table, porch, etc.). In some cases, the tint level may also be based on providing sufficient natural light to the room. In some cases, the penetration depth is a value calculated at a future time taking into account the glass transition time (for example, 80%, 90% or 100% of the desired hue level, time required to add color) to the window. The issue handled in module A is that the direct sunlight can penetrate too deeply into the room 1200 so that it appears directly on the occupant's desk or other occupant working in the workbench. Publicly available programs can provide a calculation of the position of the sun and enable easy calculation of the penetration depth.

Figures 11A-11C also show desk 1201 in room 1200 as an example of the type of space associated with the location of the active area (i.e., desk) and the active area (i.e., the location of the desk). Each type of space is associated with different hue levels for occupant comfort. For example, if activity is an important activity, such as work done in an office desk or computer, and the desk is located near a window, the desired hue level may be higher than if the desk is further away from the window. As another example, if activity is not as important as in-door activity, the desired hue level may be lower than the same space with the desk.

FIG. 11B shows a clear sky under direct sunlight and radiation entering a room 1200 through an electrochromic window 1205, according to one embodiment. Radiation can come from daylight scattering by molecules and particles in the atmosphere. The module B determines the color tone level based on the calculated illuminance values calculated in the clear sky state flowing through the electrochromic window 1205. A variety of software, such as open source RADIANCE programs, can be used to calculate a clear sky survey for a given latitude, longitude, year and time and date and for a given window orientation.

FIG. 11C illustrates radiation from the sky when it is blocked or reflected by objects, such as clouds, and other buildings, according to one embodiment. Such interception and reflection are not considered for clear sky radiation calculations. Radiation from the sky is determined based on sensor data from sensors such as, for example, infrared sensor 1234, light sensor 1210 and ambient temperature sensor 1236 of an infrared cloud detector system. The tone level determined by module C is based on the sensor data. In many cases, the tint level is based on the amount of cloud condition determined using sensor data from the sensors. In general, the operations of module B will determine a hue level that darkens (or does not change) the hue level determined by module A, and the operations of module C will cause the hue level to lighten (or not change) Will determine the level.

The control logic may implement one or more of the logic modules A, B, and C separately for each electrochromic window 1205 in the building. Each electrochromic window 1205 can have a unique set of dimensions, direction (e.g., vertical, horizontal, tilted at a certain angle), location, associated spatial type, A configuration file having such information and other information can be maintained for each electrochromic window 1205. [ The configuration file may be stored on the local window controller 1250 of the electrochromic window 1205 or on a computer readable medium at a building management system (" BMS ") as will be described later in the present invention. The configuration file may include information such as window configuration, use lookup table, information about the associated reference window, and / or data used by other control logic. The window configuration may include information such as the dimensions of the electrochromic window 1205, the orientation of the electrochromic window 1205, the location of the electrochromic window 1205, and the like. Usage lookup tables describe hue levels that provide occupant comfort for specific space types and penetration depths. That is, the hue levels in the use lookup table are designed to provide comfort to the occupant (s) who may be in room 1200 from the occupant (s) or direct sunlight on their working area. The type of space is a measure for determining how much color should be added to solve the concerns of occupant comfort for a given penetration depth and / or to provide comfortable natural daylight to the room. The spatial type parameter can take many factors into account. Among these factors are types of work or other activities carried out in specific rooms and places of activity. A lounge or a meeting room can have a different type of space, while tasks that are closely related to detailed studies that require high concentration can be made in one type of space. In addition, the position of the desk or other workbench relative to the window is a consideration in defining the type of space. For example, the type of space may be associated with a desk located near the electrochromic window 1205 or a resident's office with other workspaces. As another example, the spatial type may be a porch.

In certain embodiments, the one or more modules of the control logic may determine desirable tint levels while considering energy consumption in addition to occupant comfort. These modules can determine the energy savings associated with such tint levels by comparing the performance of the electrochromic window 1205 at a particular tint level with a reference glass or other standard reference window. The purpose of using these reference windows may be to ensure compliance with the requirements of the local municipal building ordinance or other requirements on the reference windows used in the field of control logic buildings. Normally, the municipalities define reference windows that use the low radiation glass of the moon to control the air conditioning load in the building. As an example of how the reference window 1205 is suitable for the control logic, the logic may be configured so that the irradiance coming through a given electrochromic window 1205 is not greater than the maximum irradiance through the reference window as specified by the respective municipality Can be designed. In the disclosed embodiments, the control logic determines the energy savings of using the hue level using the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) value of the electrochromic window 1205 at a particular hue level and the SHGC of the reference window . In general, the value of SHGC is part of the incident light of all wavelengths transmitted through the window. Although reference glass is described in many embodiments, other standard reference windows may be used. The SHGC of a reference window (e.g., a reference window), which may differ for different geographic locations and window orientations, is generally variable and is based on ordinance requirements specified by each municipality.

Generally, buildings are designed to have a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (" HVAC ") system with the capacity to fulfill the maximum expected heating and / or the required air conditioning load for any given case. The calculation of the required capacity may take into account the reference glass or reference window required for the building at the particular location where the building is constructed. Accordingly, it is important that the control logic meets or exceeds the functional requirements of the benchmark to enable building designers to confidently decide how much HVAC capacity to place on a particular building. Since the control logic can be used to add color to the window to provide additional energy savings relative to the reference glass, the control logic can be required by building designers using the reference glass specified by the bylaws and standards May be useful to have a lower HVAC capacity.

The specific embodiments described herein assume that energy savings are achieved by reducing the air conditioning load in the building. Thus, many implementations of the implementations attempt to add as much color as possible, taking into account the occupant comfort level and perhaps the lighting load in the room with the window. However, in some climates, such as those for distant northern latitudes and southern latitudes, heating may be more worrisome than air conditioning. Thus, the control logic can be modified in such a way that less color is added to ensure that the heating load of the building is reduced, in particular, some problematic loads are reversed.

12 shows a flowchart 1400 illustrating general control logic for a method of controlling one or more electrochromic windows (e.g., electrochromic window 1205) in a building, in accordance with embodiments. The control logic uses one or more of modules A, B, and C to calculate the hue levels for the window (s) and sends commands to convert the window (s) to the hue levels. The calculations in the control logic are performed 1 to n times at intervals set by the timer in operation 1410. [ For example, the tone level may be recalculated from 1 to n times by one or more of modules A, B, and C and calculated for moments at time t _i = t ₁ , t ₂ ... t _n . n is the number of recursions performed and n can be at least one. Logic calculations can be made in some cases at regular time intervals. In one case, the logic calculations can be done every 2 to 5 minutes. However, hue conversion for electrochromic glasses of large pieces (e.g., up to 6 'x 10 feet) can take up to 30 minutes or more. For these large windows, calculations can be done less frequently, such as every 30 minutes.

At operation 1420, logic modules A, B, and C perform calculations to determine the tint level for each electrochromic window at a single instant in time t _i . These calculations can be performed by the processor of the controller. In certain embodiments, the control logic calculates how long the window should be before the actual transition. In these cases, the calculations in modules A, B and C are based on future time, for example, at or around the time the transition is completed. For example, the future time used in the calculations may be a future time sufficient to cause the conversion to be completed after receiving the switching instructions. In these cases, the controller can transmit tone commands at the preceding current time of the actual switch. Upon completion of the transition, the window will switch to the desired hue level during that time.

In operation 1430, the control logic enables certain types of overrides to separate the algorithms in modules A, B, and C, and defines override tone levels based on some other considerations in operation 1440. One type of override is manual override. This is an override implemented by the end user using the room and determines that a particular hue level (override value) is desirable. There may be situations where the user's manual override is overridden by itself. An example of an override is a high demand (or peak load) override, which is associated with utility requirements that reduce energy consumption in the building. For example, especially on hot days in metropolitan areas, municipalities may need to reduce their energy consumption to avoid over taxing municipal energy generation and delivery systems. In such cases, the building may override the tint level from the control logic described herein to ensure that all windows are added to a particularly high level of color. Another example of an override may be a weekend without a resident in a room of a commercial office building. In these cases, the building can separate one or more modules associated with the comfort of the occupant and all windows can add color to the low level in cold weather and add color to the high level in warm weather.

In operation 1450, the control signals for implementing the tint levels are transmitted over a network to a power supply mechanism in electrical communication with the electrochromic element (s) in the at least one electrochromic window in the building. In certain embodiments, transmission of tone levels may be implemented with efficiency in mind. For example, if recalculation of the hue level suggests that no change in hue from the current hue level is required, no hue level update command is sent. In another example, a building may be divided into zones based on window size and / or location within the building. In one case, the control logic recalculates the hue levels more frequently for zones with smaller windows for zones with larger windows.

In some embodiments, the control logic in Figure 12 for implementing the control method (s) for multiple electrochromic windows in an entire building may be on a single device, e.g., a single master window controller. Such a device can be used to perform calculations for windows in which each and every color in a building can be added and also to send an interface for transmitting tone levels, for example, to a plurality of EC lights on an insulating glass unit, To one or more electrochromic devices in individual electrochromic windows. Some examples of multi-zone windows are found in PCT Application No. PCT / US14 / 71314 entitled " MULTI-ZONE EC WINDOWS ", which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

There may also be specific adaptive components of the control logic of the embodiments. For example, the control logic may utilize this information in a more predictable manner to determine how much the end user (e.g., the resident) will attempt to override the algorithm for certain dates and times and determine the desired tone levels. In one case, the end user may be using a wall switch to override the tint level provided by the control logic at a particular time each day with an override value. The control logic may receive information about these cases and change the control logic to change the hue level to an override value at such time and time.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating a specific implementation of block 1420 from FIG. 12. This illustration shows how to perform all three modules A, B and C in a sequence for calculating the final color tone level of a particular electrochromism window for a single instant (t _i ). The final hue level can take into account the maximum permissible transmittance of the window. Figure 13 also shows some representative inputs and outputs of Modules A, B, The calculations in Modules A, B and C are performed by a window controller, a network controller or a processor of the master controller. Although specific examples illustrate that all modules A, B, and C are used, other implementations may use one or more of modules A, B, and C and may use additional / different modules.

In operation 1470, the processor uses Module A to determine the tint level for occupant comfort to prevent direct flash from daylight transmitting through the room. The processor uses module A to calculate the direct sunlight penetration depth into the room based on the position of the sun in the sky and the window configuration from the configuration file. The position of the sun is calculated based on the latitude and longitude of the building and the date and time. Usage lookup tables and space types are inputs from a configuration file for a particular window. Module A outputs the tone level from A to module B. The purpose of module A is generally to ensure that direct sunlight or glare does not strike the occupant or his or her workspace. The tone level from module A is determined to realize this goal. Subsequent calculations of hue levels in modules B and C may reduce energy consumption and may require larger hues. However, if the subsequent calculations of the hue level based on energy consumption suggest that color is less than that required to avoid interference with the occupant, then the logic may determine that the calculated higher level of transmission is &lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; .

In operation 1480, the calculated tint level in module A is input to module B. In general, module B determines the hue level that darkens (or does not change) the hue level calculated in module B. The hue level is based on the calculations of the irradiance under clear sky conditions (clear sky survey). The controller's processor uses module B to calculate a clear sky survey for the electrochromic window based on the window configuration from the configuration file and based on the latitude and longitude of the building. These calculations are also based on date and time. Open-source programs, such as publicly available software, such as the RADIANCE program, can provide calculations to calculate clear sky views. The SHGC of the reference glass is also input into the module B from the configuration file. The processor uses Module B to determine a tint level that is darker than the tint level at A and transmits that less than the reference glass is calculated to deliver under the maximum clear sky illumination. The maximum clear sky survey is the highest survey level for all times calculated for clear sky conditions.

In operation 1490, the tint level from module B and the calculated clear sky survey are input to module C. [ Sensor readings based on measurements taken by the infrared sensor (s), ambient temperature sensor (s), and light sensor (s) are input to module C. The processor uses module C to determine the cloud quantities based on the sensor readings and the actual irradiance. The processor also uses module C to calculate the illuminance transmitted to the room when the color is added to the hue level from module B in a clear sky state. The processor uses Module C to find an appropriate tint level if the actual illumination through the window with this tint level is less than the illumination through the window with the tint level from module B based on the amount of cloud determined from the sensor readings . In general, the operations of module C will determine the hue level that brightens (or does not change) the hue level determined by operations in module B. In this example, the tint level determined in module C is the final tint level.

Many of the information entered into the control logic is determined from fixed information about latitude and longitude, date and time and date. This information describes where the sun is about the building, and more specifically the window where the control logic is implemented. The position of the sun relative to the window provides information such as the direct sunlight penetration depth into the room associated with the window. It also provides an indication of the maximum irradiance or solar radiation flux coming through the window. The level of surveyedness thus calculated may be based on the sensor input, which may be indicated as being determined based on the determined cloud quantity condition or other obstacles between the window and the sun.

A program such as the open source program Radiance is used to determine a clear sky survey based on the window orientation and the latitude and longitude coordinates of the building for both a single instant (t _i ) and the maximum for all times. The reference glass SHGC and the calculated maximum clear sky irradiance are input to module B. Module B increases the tint level calculated in Module A step by step and selects the tint level if the internal radiation is below the reference internal irradiance, where: Internal irradiance = tint level SHGC x clear sky irradiance and reference internal irradiance = reference SHGC x Maximum clear sky survey. However, when module A calculates the maximum hue of the glass, module B does not change the hue brighter. The hue level calculated in module B is input to module C. The calculated clear sky survey is also entered into module C.

- Example of control logic for determining hue using infrared cloud detector system with optical sensor

14A is a flow diagram 1500 illustrating a particular implementation of the control logic of operation 1420 shown in FIG. 13, according to one implementation. While such control logic is described for a single window, it will be appreciated that control logic may be used to control multiple windows or zones of one or more windows.

In operation 1510, the control logic determines whether the date and time is during one of the following periods: (i) beginning just before sunrise (45 minutes before sunrise, 30 minutes before sunrise, 20 minutes before sunrise, (Starting at the first time before the appropriate amount of time), starting immediately after the sunrise (e.g., starting at 45 minutes after sunrise, 30 minutes after sunrise, 20 minutes after sunrise, or at a second time after a suitable amount of sunrise) And (iii) a sunset to the sunset just before sunset (45 minutes before sunset, 30 minutes before sunset, 20 minutes before sunset, or the first hour before sunset time appropriate for any other sunset), or (ii) ) After (iii) before. In one case, the sunrise time can be determined from measurements taken by the visible wavelength light sensor. For example, timing (i) may end at a point where the visible light wavelength photosensor begins to measure direct sunlight, i.e., the intensity readout of the visible light photosensor is above a minimum intensity value. Additionally or alternatively, time (iii) may be determined to end at a point at which the intensity reading from the visible light wavelength photosensor is below the minimum intensity value. As another example, the sunrise time and / or sunset time may be calculated using the Sun calculator and the dates, and the times (i) and (iii) may be calculated at predefined times before and after the calculated sunrise / sunset times ). &Lt; / RTI &gt; If the date and time are determined not to be during one of the periods (i), (ii), or (iii) in the operation 1510, then the control logic may determine the timing (iii) That is, at night. In this case, the control logic conveys a night shade state (e.g., &quot; clear &quot;) and proceeds to operation 1570 to determine whether there is an override, e.g., an override command received as a signal from the operator. If it is determined at operation 1560 that there is an override, the override value is the final tone level. If it is determined that there is no override at that position, the tint level from module C is the final tint level. At operation 1570, a control command is sent over the network or sent to the window's electrochromic element (s) to switch the window to the final hue level, the date and time are updated, and the method returns to operation 1510. Alternatively, if it is determined at act 1510 that the time period is during one of time periods (i), (ii), or (iii), then the date and time are between immediately before sunrise and the sunset, It is determined whether or not it is between the critical angles of the window where color can be added.

If it is determined by the control logic in operation 1520 that the sun azimuth angle is outside the critical angles, module A is bypassed and the " fine " hue level is passed to module B, . If at operation 1520 it is determined that the sun azimuth is between critical angles, the control logic uses module A to calculate the appropriate hue level based on the penetration depth and the tint level at operation 1530. [ The hue level determined from module A is then input to module B and module B is used for computation in operation 1540. [

At operation 1540, the control logic from module B determines the hue level that darkens (or does not change) the hue level from module A. The hue level is based on the calculations of the irradiance under clear sky conditions (clear sky survey). Module B is based on the window configuration from the configuration file and is used to calculate a clear sky survey for the window based on the latitude and longitude of the building. These calculations are also based on date and time. Open-source programs, such as publicly available software, such as the RADIANCE program, can provide calculations to determine a clear sky survey. The SHGC of the reference glass is also input into the module B from the configuration file. The processor uses the control logic of module B to determine a hue level that is darker than the hue level from module A and transmits that less heat is calculated to pass under the maximum clear sky exposure than the reference glass. The maximum clear sky survey is the highest survey level for all times calculated for clear sky conditions.

At operation 1550, the tint level from module B and the calculated clear sky irradiance and sensor readings from infrared sensor (s), ambient temperature sensor (s), and light sensor (s) are input to module C. The control logic of module C determines the cloud amount condition based on the sensor readings and determines the actual irradiance based on the cloud amount condition. The control logic of module C also calculates the illuminance level that can be delivered to the room when the color is added to the hue level from module B under clear sky conditions. The control logic in module C reduces the hue level when the actual illumination through the window determined based on the cloud amount condition is below the illumination through the calculated window when the color is added to the hue level from module B. In general, the operations of module C will determine the hue level that brightens (or does not change) the hue level determined by operations in module B.

At operation 1550, the control logic determines the tint level from module C based on the sensor readings and then proceeds to operation 1560 to determine whether to override at that position, e.g., override received at the signal from the operator Command is present. If it is determined at operation 1560 that there is an override, the override value is the final tone level. If it is determined that there is no override at that position, the tint level from module C is the final tint level. At operation 1570, a control command is sent over the network or sent to the window's electrochromic element (s) to switch the window to the final hue level, the date and time are updated, and the method returns to operation 1510.

14B is a flowchart 1600 illustrating a particular implementation of the control logic of operation 1550 shown in FIG. 14A. At operation 1610, a temperature reading (T _IR ) taken by the infrared sensor at a specific sample time to the processor, a temperature reading (T _A ) taken by the ambient temperature sensor at that sample time, One or more signals having intensity readings taken are received. Signals from the infrared sensor, the ambient temperature sensor and the optical sensor are received wirelessly and / or via a wired electrical connection. The infrared sensor takes temperature readings based on infrared radiation received within its field of view. The infrared sensor is generally directed towards an area of the sky of interest, for example, an area above the building. The ambient temperature sensor is configured to be exposed to the outdoor environment to measure ambient temperature. The sensing surface of the light sensor is also generally directed towards the region of the sky of interest and is blocked or diffused from direct sunlight reaching the sensing surface.

If it is determined at operation 1620 that the date and time is during either (i) or (iii), then the processor determines the temperature reading T _IR taken by the infrared sensor at sample time and the temperature taken by the ambient temperature sensor The difference between the readings (T _A ), delta (?) Is calculated (act 1630). Optionally (denoted by a dotted line), the correction factors are applied to the calculated delta (act 1630). Some examples of correction factors that may be applied include humidity, sun angle / altitude and zone altitude.

In one embodiment, the processor also determines at operation 1620 whether the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency greater than the first defined level. If the processor determines at operation 1620 that the date and time is within either time (i) or (iii) and the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency that is higher than the second defined level, To determine the cloud status using the photo sensor readings. For example, the processor may determine a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading exceeds a certain minimum intensity level and a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading is below its intensity level. If the system continues to operate, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 1610.

At operation 1634, the processor determines whether the calculated delta ([Delta]) value is less than a lower limit value (e.g., -5 degrees Celsius, -2 degrees Celsius, etc.). If the calculated delta ([Delta]) is determined to be below the lower limit value, then the cloudy state is determined to be a "clear" state (act 1636). During operation of the infrared cloud detector, the method is incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 1610.

If it is determined that the calculated delta (?) Exceeds the lower limit, the processor determines whether the calculated delta (?) Exceeds an upper limit value (e.g., 0 degrees Celsius, 2 degrees Celsius, etc.) )). If the computed delta (?) In operation 1640 is determined to exceed the upper limit, then the processor determines that the cloudy state is a "cloudy" state (act 1642).

In operation 1695, the control logic determines the actual illuminance based on the cloud amount status and calculates the illuminance level that can be delivered to the room when the color is added to the tint level from module B under clear sky conditions. The control logic in module C reduces the hue level from module B if the illumination intensity based on the cloud amount condition is less than the illumination through the calculated window when the color is added to the hue level from module B. The control logic is then incremented with the next sample time and returns to operation 1560.

If the calculated delta (A) in operation 1640 is determined to be less than the upper limit, then the processor determines that the cloudy state is " intermittent cloudy " or another intermediate state (act 1650) 1695).

If it is determined during operation 1620 that the date and time is not during either (i) or (iii), then the date and time are during the period (ii) week and the processor reads the temperature reading T _IR taken by the infrared sensor, And the temperature readout value T _A taken by the ambient temperature sensor (act 1670). At operation 1680, the processor determines whether the computed difference is within an allowable limit. If the processor determines that the calculated difference in operation 1680 exceeds the tolerance limit, then the processor applies operation 1630 to calculate the delta ([Delta]) and uses the calculated delta ([Delta] As such, it determines the cloud amount status.

In one embodiment, the processor also determines at operation 1660 whether the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency greater than the first defined level. If the processor determines in operation 1660 that the date and time are within the time period (ii) and the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency that is higher than the second defined level, then the processor applies operation 1690 to read the photosensor readings To determine the state of the cloud. For example, the processor may determine a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading exceeds a certain minimum intensity level and a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading is below its intensity level. The control logic then proceeds to operation 1695 detailed above.

If the processor determines that the calculated difference in operation 1680 is within the tolerance, then the photosensor readout is used to determine the cloud amount status (act 1690). For example, the processor may determine a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading exceeds a certain minimum intensity level and a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading is below its intensity level. The control logic then proceeds to operation 1695 detailed above.

In one embodiment, the processor also determines at operation 1670 whether the photosensor readings are vibrating at a frequency higher than the first defined level and whether the infrared readings are vibrating at a frequency higher than the second defined level . If the processor determines that the calculated difference in operation 1680 is within the tolerance and the processor determines that the photo sensor readings are oscillating at a frequency greater than the first defined level, then the processor applies operation 1630 to the delta (Δ) and uses the calculated delta (Δ) to determine the cloud amount condition as discussed above. If the processor determines that the calculated difference in operation 1680 is not an allowable limit and the processor determines that the infrared readings are oscillating at a frequency that is higher than the second defined level, then the processor applies operation 1690 to read the optical sensor readings Use the teeth to determine the state of the cloud. For example, the processor may determine a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading exceeds a certain minimum intensity level and a " fuzzy " state if the photosensor reading is below its intensity level. The control logic then proceeds to operation 1695 detailed above.

While it is described that a single infrared sensor is included in the infrared cloud detector of certain implementations, according to other implementations, one may fail and / or, if for example, be dropped by a new drop or other environmental driver, Two or more infrared sensors may be used. In one aspect, the two or more infrared sensors may be included to direct different directions from different views and / or to obtain infrared radiation at different distances from the building / structure. When two or more infrared sensors are located in the housing of the infrared cloud detector, the infrared sensors are offset from each other by a distance sufficient to reduce the likelihood that the shutdown driver will affect all infrared sensors. For example, the infrared sensors are separated by at least about 1 inch or at least about 2 inches.

It should be appreciated that the invention as described above may be implemented in the form of control logic using computer software in a modular or integrated fashion. Based on the disclosure and teachings provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize and appreciate other ways and / or methods of implementing the invention using hardware and a combination of hardware and software.

Any software components or functions described in this application may be software code to be executed by a processor using any suitable computer language, such as, for example, Java, C ++, or Perl, for example, Oriented techniques. The software code may be stored on a computer readable medium, such as a random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), magnetic media such as a hard drive or floppy disk, or an optical medium such as a CD- Lt; / RTI &gt; Any such computer-readable medium may reside on or in a single computing device and may reside on or within different computing devices within the system or network.

While the embodiments disclosed above have been described in considerable detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the described embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

One or more features from any embodiment may be combined with one or more features of any other embodiment without departing from the scope of the present invention. Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to any embodiment without departing from the scope of the present invention. The components of any embodiment can be integrated or separated according to specific needs without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Claims (46)

An infrared cloud detector system,
An infrared sensor configured to measure the temperature of the sky based on the infrared radiation received in the field of view;
An ambient temperature sensor configured to measure ambient temperature; And
And logic configured to determine a cloud condition based on the difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature. 2. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 1, wherein the determined cloud state is associated with a sky area in the field of view of the infrared detector. 2. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 1, wherein the logic applies one or more correction factors to the difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature before determining the cloud condition. 4. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 3, wherein the correction coefficients comprise coefficients associated with humidity, sun angle / altitude and zone altitude. The system of claim 1, wherein the infrared sensor is one of an infrared thermometer, an infrared radiometer, an infrared night radiometer, and an infrared pyrometer. 2. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 1, wherein the infrared sensor is configured to detect infrared radiation having a wavelength in a range between about 8 microns and about 14 microns. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 1, wherein the infrared sensor is configured to detect infrared radiation having a wavelength in excess of 5 탆. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 1, further comprising a housing, wherein the infrared sensor is located within an enclosure of the housing. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 1, wherein the ambient temperature sensor is located on an outer surface of the housing. 9. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 8, wherein the housing comprises a light diffusing material between the infrared sensor and an external environment. 11. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 10, wherein the light diffusing material has a thin region between the infrared sensor and the external environment. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the logic also sends a control signal to determine a tint state for the at least one electrochromic window of the building based on the determined cloud state and to switch the at least one electrochromic window to the determined tint state The infrared cloud detector system comprising: 13. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 12, wherein the infrared cloud detector system is located on a roof of the building. The method of claim 1, wherein the logic is further configured to determine the cloud condition to be " clear " when the difference is less than a lower limit value and to be " cloudy & Cloud detector system. 3. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 1, wherein the logic is further configured to determine that the cloud condition is intermediate if the determined difference exceeds the lower limit and is less than the upper limit. An infrared cloud detector system,
An infrared sensor configured to measure the temperature of the sky based on the infrared radiation received in the field of view;
An ambient temperature sensor configured to measure ambient temperature;
An optical sensor configured to measure the intensity of visible light; And
And logic configured to determine a cloud condition,
When the date and time is between the first time before sunrise and the second time after sunrise or between the third time and sunset before sunset, the logic determines the cloud condition based on the difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature , &Lt; / RTI &gt;
Wherein the logic is configured to determine the rolling status based on the intensity of the visible light measured from the photosensor if the date and time is between the second time after sunrise and the third time before sunset. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the logic configured to determine the rolling condition based on a difference between the measured temperature of the sky and the measured ambient temperature is configured such that if the determined difference is below a lower limit value the rolling condition is determined to be & And determining that the cloud condition is " cloudy " when the difference exceeds the upper limit value. 18. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 17, wherein the logic applies one or more correction factors to the difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature before determining the cloud condition. 18. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 17, wherein the determined cloud state is associated with a sky area in the field of view of the infrared detector. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the logic configured to determine the cloud state based on the intensity of the visible light measured from the photosensor is configured to " clear " the cloud state when the measured intensity exceeds a minimum value, And determining the cloud condition to be " cloudy " when the intensity is less than a maximum value. 17. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 16, wherein the infrared sensor is one of an infrared thermometer, an infrared radiometer, an infrared night radiometer, and an infrared pyrometer. 17. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 16, wherein the infrared sensor is configured to detect infrared radiation having a wavelength in a range between about 8 microns and about 14 microns. 17. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 16, further comprising a housing, wherein the infrared sensor is located within an enclosure of the housing. 24. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 23, wherein the ambient temperature sensor is located on an outer surface of the housing. 24. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 23, wherein the housing comprises a light diffusing material between the infrared sensor and the external environment. 26. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 25, wherein the light diffusing material has a first thin region between the infrared sensor and the external environment. 27. The method of claim 26,
The optical sensor being located within the enclosure of the housing;
Wherein the light diffusing material has a second thin region between the optical sensor and the external environment. 17. The system of claim 16, wherein the logic also sends a control signal to determine a tint state for one or more of the electrochromic windows of the building based on the determined cloud state and to switch the one or more electrochromic windows to the determined tint state The infrared cloud detector system comprising: 29. The infrared cloud detector system of claim 28, wherein the infrared cloud detector system is located on a roof of the building. An infrared cloud detector method,
Receiving a sky temperature reading from an infrared sensor and an ambient temperature reading from an ambient temperature sensor;
Calculating a difference between the sky temperature reading and the ambient temperature reading; And
Determining a cloud condition based on the difference between the calculated sky temperature reading and the ambient temperature reading. 32. The method of claim 30,
Determining the cloud condition to be " clear " if the calculated difference is less than the lower limit value; And
And determining that the cloud condition is " cloudy " when the calculated difference exceeds the upper limit value. 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising determining that the rolling condition is intermediate if the calculated difference exceeds the lower limit and is less than the upper limit. 33. The infrared cloud detector method of claim 32, wherein the intermediate state is " intermittent cloudy. &Quot; 32. The infrared cloud detector method of claim 31, wherein the lower limit is within a range of about -5 degrees Celsius to about -10 degrees Celsius. 35. The infrared cloud detector method of claim 34, wherein the upper limit is within a range of about -5 degrees Celsius to about 0 degrees Celsius. 32. The method of claim 30,
Determining a final hue state for the at least one electrochromic window of the building based on the determined cloud state; And
Further comprising transmitting via the network a control signal for switching the one or more electrochromic windows to the determined tincture state. 32. The infrared cloud detector method according to claim 30, wherein said sky temperature reading is received from said infrared sensor located above a roof of said building and said ambient temperature reading is received from said ambient temperature sensor located above said roof of said building. An infrared cloud detector method,
Receiving a sky temperature reading from an infrared sensor, an ambient temperature reading from an ambient temperature sensor, and an intensity reading from an optical sensor;
The date and time:
(I) between the first time before sunrise and the second time after sunrise or between the third time and sunset before sunset;
(Ii) between said second time after sunrise and a third time before sunset;
(Iii) after (i) or after (iii); or
(Iv) determining whether (iii) thereafter (i) is before; And
Determining a cloud condition based on a difference between the measured sky temperature and the measured ambient temperature when the date and time is (i), (iii), or (iv); And
And if the date and time is (iii), determining the rolling status based on the intensity reading received from the optical sensor. 42. The method of claim 38,
Calculating a difference between the sky temperature reading and the ambient temperature reading;
Determining the cloud condition to be " clear " if the calculated difference is less than the lower limit value; And
And determining that the cloud condition is " cloudy " when the calculated difference exceeds the upper limit value. 41. The method of claim 39, further comprising determining that the rolling condition is intermediate if the calculated difference exceeds the lower limit and is less than the upper limit. 41. The infrared cloud detector method of claim 39, wherein the lower limit is in a range of about -5 degrees Celsius to about -10 degrees Celsius. 42. The infrared cloud detector method of claim 41, wherein the upper limit is within a range of about -5 degrees Celsius to about 0 degrees Celsius. 41. The method of claim 39, wherein determining the rolling status based on the intensity reading received from the optical sensor comprises:
Determining the cloud condition to be " clear " if the intensity reading exceeds a minimum value; And
And determining that the cloud condition is " cloudy " when the intensity reading is less than a minimum value. 46. The method of claim 43,
Determining a final hue state for the at least one electrochromic window of the building based on the determined cloud state; And
Further comprising transmitting a control signal to switch the one or more electrochromic windows to the determined tint state. 45. The method of claim 44, wherein determining a final color tone state for the at least one electrochromic window of the building based on the determined cloud state comprises:
Determining a first color tone state based on at least one of a calculated clear sky illumination and a calculated direct sunlight transmittance depth into a room having the at least one electrochromism window;
If the date and time is determined to be within (iv), determining that the last color tone state is a night color tone setting;
Determining that the last hue state is higher than the first hue state when the date and time is within (i), (ii), or (iii) and the cloud state is determined to be "cloudy"; And
And determining that the last hue state is the first hue state if the date and time is within (i), (ii), or (iii) and the cloud state is determined to be "clear" . 42. The infrared cloud detector method of claim 38, wherein the sky temperature reading from the infrared sensor and the ambient temperature reading from the ambient temperature sensor are received over the network.

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