KR20180104254A - Cooling Tower Reducing Generation of White Plume - Google Patents

Abstract

According to the present invention, a cooling tower reducing generation of white plume comprises: a housing having the hollow container-shaped inside, and provided with an air inlet into which outdoor air flows and an air outlet through which discharge air is discharged; a nozzle unit placed in an upper portion of the air inlet in the housing, and spraying used cooling water to the inside of the housing; a discharge unit having a discharge pipe coupled to the air outlet of the housing, and discharging air in the housing to an upper portion of the housing; and a steam filter unit placed to surround an upper portion and a side portion of the discharge pipe in an upper portion of the housing, and having at least one unit filter module collecting steam mist contained in saturated air discharged from the discharge unit.

Description

{Cooling Tower Reducing Generation of White Plume}

The present invention relates to a cooling tower for reducing white smoke.

The conventional cooling tower is formed as an open type, and uses a method of injecting cooling water used as an inside of the opened housing and cooling the cooling water by introducing outside air. More specifically, the cooling tower injects the used cooling water into the inner space of the housing, introduces outside air to cool the cooling water by bringing the cooling water into contact with the cooling water, and discharges the exhaust air containing the steam back to the outside. Therefore, the cooling tower heats the saturated air containing steam and discharges it to the outside, so that the discharged air coincides with the cold outside air at a relatively low temperature, and the water vapor condenses to generate white smoke. The white smoke does not contain harmful substances other than water vapor, but it can be perceived to be harmful in appearance, which affects the surrounding environment and the residential environment. Recently, a method of cooling the exhaust air and discharging it to the outside in order to remove the white smoke has been considered, but it is considered to be ineffective. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a technique for removing the white smoke.

In recent years, an attempt has been made to reduce the white smoke by providing heating means for further increasing the temperature of the exhaust air discharged to the outside of the cooling tower or filtering means for trapping the water vapor contained in the exhaust air, inside the cooling tower It is progressing. However, in the case where the heating means or the filtering means is provided inside the cooling tower, there is a side where the air including steam is not smoothly discharged. Particularly, since a differential pressure is generated inside the cooling tower, the capacity of the cooling fan must be increased or the internal volume thereof must be increased.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a cooling tower capable of effectively collecting steam mist which is a cause of occurrence of white smoke so that a differential pressure is not generated inside the cooling tower.

The cooling tower of the present invention comprises a housing having a hollow interior and having an air inlet through which outside air is introduced and an air outlet through which exhaust air is discharged; And a discharge unit coupled to the air discharge port of the housing, the discharge unit discharging the air inside the housing to the upper portion of the housing, And a water filter unit disposed at an upper portion of the housing to surround the upper and side portions of the discharge pipe and at least one unit filter module for collecting steam mist contained in the saturated air discharged from the discharge unit .

The unit filter module may include a water vapor filter spaced apart from each other and a temperature adjusting unit positioned between the water vapor filter and cooling or heating the saturated air passing through the water vapor filter at one side.

In addition, the temperature adjusting means is formed to have a plate-like shape extending in a zigzag shape while being spaced apart from each other by hollow metallic tubes, and is provided with a cooler, refrigerant, cooled air, hot water, And a support frame for supporting the outer periphery.

The temperature regulating means may include a temperature regulating frame formed in a ring shape and positioned between the water vapor filters adjacent to each other to form an air injection space between the water vapor filters, And an air spraying pipe for spraying air into the air injection space. At this time, the air injection pipe includes a main supply pipe formed by one pipe and a branch pipe formed by a plurality of pipes, one side of which is connected to the main supply pipe and the other side of which is connected to one side of the temperature regulation frame . The air injection pipe is connected to the main supply pipe and one side of the air supply pipe is connected to the main supply pipe. The width of the air supply pipe increases from one side to the other side, and the other side passes through one side of the temperature regulation frame, Can be connected.

Also, the steam filter unit includes at least one unit filter module, the upper filter module and the at least one unit filter module being spaced apart from the upper portion of the discharge pipe, And a side filter module.

The plurality of unit filter modules are assembled in a plate shape so that the total area of the upper filter module is larger than the upper end area of the discharge pipe. A plurality of the unit filter modules are assembled in a plate shape so as to be located in a vertical direction so as to be parallel to the side walls of the discharge pipe.

In addition, the upper filter module may be formed by stacking at least two layers while the unit filter modules are vertically spaced apart, and the side filter module may be formed of at least two layers while the unit filter modules are horizontally spaced apart.

The upper filter module may include an upper blower module disposed at an upper portion of the upper filter module to supply wind to the upper portion of the upper filter module and at least one blower module disposed at an upper portion of the upper filter module, And a side air blowing module including the air blowing means. At this time, the blowing means may be formed of a blowing fan or an air nozzle.

The surface layer may include a CF (fluorocarbon) group or a CH (hydrocarbon) group. The surface layer may include a CF (fluorocarbon) group or a CH (hydrocarbon) group. Containing silane compound represented by the following structural formula (1).

The structural formula (1)

또는

or

(Where n is 4 to 25).

Further, the surface layer may be formed of a phosphate compound represented by the following structural formula (2) containing a CF (fluorocarbon) group or a CH (hydrocarbon) group.

Structural formula (2)

혹은

or

In addition, the surface layer may be formed of HDF-S, OD-PA or HDF-PA.

The base structure may be formed of nickel, aluminum, stainless steel, monel, inconel, tungsten, silver titanium, molybdenum, duplex, copper, iron, polyester, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene or fiberglass.

Also, the basic structure may be formed to have a pore size of 5 mu m to 1000 mu m.

In addition, the basic structure may include a three-dimensional mesh shape, a three-dimensional mesh shape, a three-dimensional mesh shape, a three-dimensional mesh structure, or a three-dimensional network structure formed by stacking the two- Dimensional structure.

Further, the steam filter may further include an interface layer formed between the base structure and the surface layer. At this time, the interface layer may be formed of graphene, graphen oxide, metal oxide, or a mixture thereof. In addition, the interface layer may be formed with a hydroxyl group (-OH) or a carboxyl group (-COOH) through plasma treatment or UVO treatment. Also, the interface layer may be formed of a metal oxide or a mixture thereof, and the interface layer may be formed of a metal (-M) on its surface to be magnetically coupled with the surface layer. The metal oxide may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Ti _x O _y , Fe _x O _{y ,} Al _x O _y , Si _x O _y , Sn _x O _y , Zn _x O _y , In _x O _y , and Ce _x O _y And Zr _x O _y .

Also, the steam filter includes a basic structure including a plurality of pores connected from the outside to the inside, and the basic structure may be formed of a hydrophobic material.

Also, the steam filter may have a basic structure including a plurality of pores connected from the outside to the inside, and a surface layer coated on the surface of the basic structure, and the surface layer may be formed of a hydrophobic material. At this time, the hydrophobic material may include any material selected from a semiconductor material including graphene or silicon, an organic material including Teflon and polyester and polystyrene, and a ceramic including a metal oxide including silica .

The white smoke reduction cooling tower of the present invention effectively collects the steam mist contained in the exhaust air discharged to the outside, thereby reducing the generation of white smoke by the exhaust air discharged into the atmosphere.

In addition, the cooling tower of the present invention reduces the white smoke by distributing the white smoke by supplying air to the exhaust air discharged to the outside.

The white smoke reduction cooling tower of the present invention is included in the exhaust air discharged into the atmosphere to recover the water mist and reuse it, thereby reducing water consumption or replenishment amount of the cooling tower.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view of a whitening generation reduced cooling tower according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.
1B is a horizontal sectional view taken along line AA of FIG. 1A.
1C is a horizontal cross-sectional view of BB of FIG. 1A.
1D is a horizontal cross-sectional view of CC of FIG. 1A.
1E is a horizontal sectional view of the unit filter module of FIG. 1A.
1F is an enlarged view of a surface of a water vapor filter according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1G is a partial cross-sectional view of the water vapor filter of FIG. 1F.
2A is a horizontal sectional view of a unit filter module according to another embodiment of the present invention.
2B is a vertical cross-sectional view of DD of FIG. 2A.
3 is a vertical sectional view of a unit filter module according to another embodiment of the present invention.
4 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a unit filter module according to another embodiment of the present invention.

Hereinafter, the white smoke reduction cooling tower of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the embodiments and the accompanying drawings.

First, a white smoke generation reducing cooling tower according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1A is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view of a whitening generation reduced cooling tower according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1B is a horizontal sectional view taken along line A-A in FIG. 1A. 1C is a horizontal sectional view taken along the line B-B in FIG. 1A. 1D is a horizontal sectional view taken along line C-C of FIG. 1A. 1E is a horizontal sectional view of the unit filter module of FIG. 1A. 1F is an enlarged view of a surface of a water vapor filter according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 1G is a partial cross-sectional view of the water vapor filter of FIG. 1F.

1A to 1F, a white smoke generating and reducing cooling tower 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a housing 110, a nozzle unit 120, a discharge unit 140, and a water vapor filter unit 150, . The cooling tower 100 may further include a filler layer 130 and a blower unit 160.

The external air having a relatively low temperature flows into the interior of the cooling tower 100 from the lower portion of the housing 110 to the upper portion thereof while the discharge unit 140 is operated. The nozzle unit 120 is used in the process to inject cooling water required to be cooled downward, and the cooling water falls down to be cooled while being in contact with the introduced outside air. The outside air is converted into saturated air containing steam mist while being in contact with the falling cooling water, and is discharged to the outside of the housing 110 by the discharge unit 140. The steam filter unit 150 collects the steam mist contained in the saturated air discharged to the outside of the housing 110 and drops downward in a water droplet state. As the saturated air passes through the steam filter unit 150, the steam mist is reduced or eliminated to be discharged air, and is discharged to the atmosphere outside the steam filter unit 150. Since the amount of the steam mist is reduced or eliminated to lower the humidity of the exhaust air, the occurrence of white smoke is reduced even when the exhaust air comes into contact with the outside air having a relatively low temperature. In addition, since the steam mist contained in the saturated air is collected by water droplets and collected down to the lower part, the amount of cooling water to be evaporated can be reduced to reduce the consumption amount or replenishment amount of the cooling water. In addition, the air blowing unit 160 distributes the white smoke by supplying air to the exhaust air passing through the steam filter unit 150 to the outside so that no white smoke is observed at a long distance.

Hereinafter, the saturated air means air before being discharged from the housing 110 and discharged to the outside through the steam filter unit 150. The saturated air is highly humid air generated by external air contact with the used cooling water, The amount of air is relatively high. The saturated air also includes air having a humidity of less than 100%. The steam mist refers to fine water particles generated while the used cooling water is in contact with the external cold air inside the housing 110 and contained in the air. In addition, the exhaust air means air that passes through the steam filter unit 150 and is removed or reduced in steam mist to be discharged to the outside atmosphere.

The housing 110 may be formed in a polygonal cylinder shape such as a hollow cylinder, a rectangular cylinder, or a hexagonal cylinder. The housing 110 has an air inlet 111 through which external air is introduced into a lower portion thereof and an air outlet 112 through which an exhaust unit 140 is mounted and an air is discharged. The housing 110 accommodates the nozzle unit 120 and the filler layer 130 therein and supports the steam filter unit 150 coupled to the upper portion of the discharge unit 140 from the outside. The housing 110 may include a water collecting tank 113 in which a cooling water jetted from the nozzle unit 120 is collected. The housing 110 may be a housing of a general cooling tower.

The nozzle unit 120 is formed to include a nozzle pipe 121 and an injection nozzle 122. The nozzle unit 120 is disposed in a plane at a mid-height position of the housing 110. The nozzle unit 120 is installed at an upper portion of the air inlet 111 of the housing 110. Meanwhile, the nozzle unit 120 may be a nozzle unit used in a general cooling tower. The nozzle unit 120 injects cooling water supplied from the outside into the nozzle pipe 121 through the injection nozzle 122 into the interior of the housing 110. The nozzle unit 120 is used in a facility and ejects used cooling water which is relatively high in temperature and needs to be cooled. The nozzle unit 120 may inject cooling water into the upper portion of the filler layer 130 when the filler layer 130 is formed.

The nozzle pipe 121 is formed of a plurality of hollow tubes. In addition, the nozzle pipe 121 is formed such that a plurality of pipes are spaced apart from each other at a predetermined interval in the interior of the housing 110 so that the inside of the nozzle pipe 121 is entirely connected. In addition, the nozzle pipe 121 may be formed in a radial shape or a lattice shape inside the housing 110. One end of the nozzle pipe 121 is connected to an external cooling water inflow pipe (not shown), and receives cooling water through a cooling water inflow pipe.

The injection nozzles 122 are formed in a tubular shape having a relatively small area at the ends thereof and are coupled to the lower portion of the nozzle pipe 121 at regular intervals. The injection nozzle 122 injects the cooling water supplied from the nozzle pipe 121 downward. The injection nozzle 122 may be formed of a spray nozzle used in a general cooling tower. Meanwhile, the injection nozzle 122 may be a hole formed in the nozzle pipe 121 itself without a separate nozzle.

The filler layer 130 is filled with a filler (not shown) having a plurality of pores therein. The filler material is made of a filler material used in a general cooling tower. The filler layer 130 is installed in the interior of the housing 110 between the nozzle unit 120 and the air inlet 111. The filler layer 130 is formed to have a horizontal area corresponding to the horizontal cross-sectional area of the housing 110. The filler material layer 130 is formed so that external air flowing from the air inlet 111 passes through and flows upward. In addition, the filler layer 130 causes the cooling water injected from the nozzle unit 120 to fall down temporarily after temporarily staying on the surface of the filler material, thereby increasing the time during which the cooling water falls. Accordingly, the filler layer 130 can increase the time and contact area of the cooling water with the outside air, thereby effectively cooling the cooling water.

The discharge unit 140 includes a motor 141, a discharge fan 142, and a discharge pipe 143. The exhaust unit 140 is coupled to the air outlet 112 at an upper portion of the housing 110 to discharge the saturated air passing through the injection nozzle 122 to the outside of the housing 110. The discharge unit 140 may be formed as a discharge unit used in a general cooling tower.

The motor 141 is used as a motor for a general cooling tower, and is coupled to an air outlet 112 by a separate supporting member. The motor 141 is located outside the housing 110 and may be configured to rotate the discharge fan 142 by power transmission means (not shown) such as a belt.

The discharge fan 142 is connected to the motor 141 by a rotating shaft and is rotated by a motor 141. The discharge fan 142 discharges the discharge air to the outside of the housing 110.

The discharge pipe 143 is formed in a cylindrical shape having open top and bottom, and is coupled to the air outlet 112 of the housing 110. At this time, the discharge tube 143 is coupled to the upper portion of the housing 110 to protrude. The discharge pipe 143 supports the motor 141 and the discharge fan 142 installed therein.

The steam filter unit 150 is formed to include an upper filter module 151 and a side filter module 153. The steam filter unit 150 may further include a main filter frame 155 for fixing the upper filter module 151 and the side filter module 153.

The steam filter unit 150 is formed so as to surround the upper and outer walls of the discharge pipe 143 by being separated from the upper and outer walls of the discharge pipe 143. More specifically, the steam filter unit 150 shields the upper space of the discharge pipe 143 from the upper filter module 151, and the lateral filter module 153 shields the outer space of the discharge pipe 143. The saturated air discharged through the discharge pipe 143 is discharged to the upper part and struck the upper filter module 151 and partly passes through the upper filter module 151 and partly flows toward the side filter module 153. The steam filter unit 150 passes the saturated air discharged to the upper portion of the discharge pipe 143 to the upper filter module 151 and the side filter module 153 to collect the steam mist contained in the discharge air.

The upper filter module 151 and the side filter module 153 both include the unit filter module 10 described below and at least one unit filter module 10 is assembled. Hereinafter, the unit filter module 10 will be described.

The unit filter module 10 is formed to include a water vapor filter 11 and a temperature control unit 13. The unit filter module 10 may further include a filter frame 12 that supports the steam filter 11. In the unit filter module 10, the water vapor filters 11 are spaced apart from each other and a temperature adjusting means 13 is disposed therebetween. The unit filter module 10 collects the steam mist contained in the saturated air and the saturated air passing between the steam filters 11 is cooled or heated by the temperature control means 13 to increase the collection efficiency of the steam mist .

The water vapor filter 11 is formed to include the basic structure 11a and the surface layer 11c with reference to FIGS. 1F and 1G. In addition, the water vapor filter 11 may further include an interface layer 11b.

The entire shape of the water vapor filter 11 is determined by the shape of the basic structure 11a. The steam filter 11 is formed in a rectangular plate shape, and may be formed in a polygonal shape such as a circle, a pentagon, or an octagon.

The water vapor filter 11 allows water vapor mist contained in saturated air passing through the pores of the basic structure 11a to be repelled by the surface layer 11c and to be collected and removed. The characteristic of the steam filter 11 to collect steam mist is that water vapor mist that the surface layer 11c hits against the surface is repelled to generate water droplets of a predetermined size or more on the surface and the generated water droplet slides downward ≪ / RTI > That is, the steam filter 11 has a hydrophobic property. In addition, the water vapor filter 11 can quickly remove the water droplets from the trapped moisture mist by the surface layer 11c, thereby allowing the saturated air to pass continuously without clogging the pores. Accordingly, when the saturated air passes, the water vapor filter 11 collects and blocks the steam mist contained in the saturated air, thereby preventing the occurrence of white smoke when the discharged air comes into contact with the outside air. The water vapor filter 11 collects not only the air passing through the water vapor filter 11 but also the water mist contained in the air flowing while contacting the water vapor filter 11.

The basic structure 11a is formed as a three-dimensional porous foam including a plurality of pores connected from the outside to the inside. In other words, the basic structure 11a is formed into a plate or block shape having a predetermined thickness and area , And a plurality of pores connected from the surface to the inside. In addition, the basic structure 11a is formed such that the pores existing therein are connected to each other and the pores existing on the surface are opened. Therefore, the main structural body 11a is formed with a passage which is connected to the outer surface of the other side by the outer and inner pores.

In addition, the basic structure 11a may be formed as a two-dimensional mesh or a two-dimensional mesh network by a mesh network in which a plurality of pores (or through holes) formed by weaving a wire into a plate-like mesh is formed. Also, the basic structure 11a may have a structure in which a plurality of pores (or through holes) are formed in a lattice shape on a flat plate. In addition, the basic structure 11a can be formed in a three-dimensional mesh shape by stacking two or more mesh networks formed in a plate shape with each other being in contact with or spaced from each other.

In addition, the basic structure 11a may be formed as a three-dimensional structure such as a three-dimensional network structure or a three-dimensional network structure having a plurality of pores connected to each other and penetrating from the inside to the outside.

The basic structure 11a may be formed of a material such as metal, plastic, or ceramic. The basic structure 11a is formed of a metal such as nickel, aluminum, stainless steel, monel, inconel, tungsten, silver, titanium, molybdenum, duplex copper or iron with excellent corrosion resistance and preferably has corrosion resistance and moldability Can be formed of a good nickel metal. Further, the basic structure 11a may be formed of polyester, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene or fiberglass.

In addition, the basic structure 11a may be formed of a material having hydrophobicity. The basic structure 11a may be formed of any one material selected from a semiconductor material including graphene or silicon, an organic material including Teflon and polyester and polystyrene, and a ceramic including a metal oxide including silica . In addition, when the basic structure 11a is formed of a hydrophobic material, it acts to collect steam mist, so that a surface layer having a separate hydrophobic property or a surface layer described below may not be formed on the surface.

In addition, since the base structure 11a has hydrophobicity when fine protrusions or embossments are formed on the surface thereof, it acts to collect steam mist. Therefore, the basic structure 11a may not have a surface layer having a separate hydrophobic property on the surface or a surface layer described below.

Meanwhile, the base structure 11a may be formed by annealing when formed of a metal. When the basic structure 11a is annealed, the surface layer 11c is bonded to the metal oxide formed on the surface of the basic structure 11a, so that the bonding force can be increased. At this time, The metal may be annealed according to conventional annealing conditions depending on the material.

The basic structure 11a is preferably formed to have a pore size of 5 mu m to 1,000 mu m. If the pore size of the basic structure 11a is too small, water droplets are not smoothly removed after the steam mist is collected, and the pores are clogged, so that the saturated air can not pass smoothly. In addition, if the pore size of the basic structure 11a is too small, the pressure loss of the cooling fan for discharging the saturated air may be caused, and the saturated air may not be discharged smoothly. Also, if the size of the pore is too large, the steam mist can not be effectively trapped and blocked.

The interface layer 11b is formed of a metal oxide, graphene or graphen oxide. The metal oxide may be Ti _x O _y , Fe _x O _y , or Al _x O _y . The metal oxide may be any metal oxide selected from the group consisting of Si _x O _y , Sn _x O _y , Zn _x O _y , In _x O _y , Ce _x O _y , and Zr _x O _y , Lt; / RTI > The interface layer 11b may be formed of a metal oxide formed by oxidizing the surface of the metal base structure 11a when the basic structure 11a is formed of a metal. In this case, the interface layer 11b can be strongly bonded to the surface of the basic structure 11a. In addition, the interface layer 11b may be formed by oxidizing the metal particles after they are coated on the surface of the base structure 11a. The interface layer 11b is formed by coating on the surface of the basic structure 11a. Here, the surface of the basic structure 11a refers to a surface to which external air comes into contact, and includes the inner surface of the pores formed therein and the outer surface of the basic structure 11a.

When the interface layer 11b is formed of a metal oxide, a coating solution containing nanoparticles of metal oxide may be formed by coating by dip coating, spin coating, or spray coating. In addition, the interface layer 11b may be formed by coating a metal salt solution containing a metal component of a metal oxide on the surface of the base structure 11a by a spin coating or a dipping coating method, The metal salt may be formed by oxidation. The interface layer 11b may be formed of an oxide by sputtering, atmospheric plasma, atomic layer deposition, chemical vapor deposition, or electron beam deposition (E-beam Deposition). . In addition, the interface layer 11b may be formed by oxidizing the surface of the basic structure 11a formed of a metal.

A large number of hydroxyl groups (-OH) or carboxyl groups (-COOH) may be formed on the surface of the interface layer 11b. The interface layer 11b may be formed with a hydroxyl group (-OH) or a carboxyl group (-COOH) by a surface treatment such as plasma treatment using a plasma such as O ₂ plasma or UVO (Ultra Violet Ozone) treatment. The interface layer 11b may be formed by a chemical treatment method of spraying or applying a chemical substance containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) or a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the upper surface of the interface layer 11b, (-COOH) may be formed. For example, when the interface layer 11b is formed of a silica nanofiber layer, a large number of hydroxyl groups (-OH) may be formed on the surface by hexachlorosiloxane applied to the surface of the silicon oxide.

In addition, when the interface layer 11b is formed of a metal oxide, a plurality of metal (M-) or oxygen ion groups (-O) may be formed on the surface. At this time, the interface layer 11b may be plasma-treated to form a metal on the surface. On the other hand, in the case where the interface layer 11b is formed of a metal or a metal oxide, a metal (M-) or an oxygen ion group (-O) may naturally exist on the surface without further processing.

The interface layer 11b increases the bonding force between the surface of the basic structure 11a and the surface layer 11c and reduces the partial separation of the surface layer 11c from the basic structure 11a so that the life of the water vapor filter 11 . Therefore, when the bonding force between the surface layer 11c and the basic structure 11a is sufficient, the interface layer 11b can be omitted. In addition, when the base structure 11a is formed of a metal and annealed, the bonding strength with the surface layer 11c is increased, so that the interface layer 11b can be omitted.

On the other hand, the interface layer 11b may be partially formed on the surface of the base structure 11a. That is, the interface layer 11b may be formed such that the surface of the basic structure 11a is partially exposed. For example, the interface layer 11b may be formed by partially coating the surface of the basic structure 11a with metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, or the surface of the basic structure 11a may be partially oxidized . In this case, the interface layer 11b may be formed to be mixed with the surface layer 11c.

The surface layer 11c is formed by coating on the surface of the basic structure 11a. The surface layer 11c is coated on the upper surface of the interface layer 11b when the interface layer 11b is formed. The surface layer 11c may be formed to have a hydrophobic property. The surface layer 11c collects steam mist to form water droplets, and water droplets are quickly flowed and removed. The surface layer 11c may be formed of any one material selected from a semiconductor material including graphene or silicon, an organic material including Teflon and polyester and polystyrene, and a ceramic including a metal oxide including silica .

In addition, the surface layer 11c may be formed of a phosphoric acid-based compound containing CF (fluorocarbon) or CH (hydrocarbon). The phosphate-based compound may be formed of a phosphate-based compound represented by the following structural formula (1). The surface layer 11c may be formed of a phosphonic acid monolayer (phosphonic acid SAMs). The phosphonic acid self-assembled monolayer may be (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-heptadecafluorodec-1-yl) phosphonic acid (HDF-PA) or octadecylphosphonic acid (OD-PA).

The structural formula (1)

또는

or

(Where n is 4 to 25).

The surface layer 11c is formed by coating the surface layer 11c of the basic structure 11a or the interface layer 11b with the phosphate compound dissolved in an alcohol solvent such as ethanol. At this time, the phosphoric acid compound is dissolved in a solvent at a concentration of 0.1 to 10 mM, preferably at a concentration of 1 to 3 mM. If the concentration of the phosphate compound is too low, the surface layer 11c having a sufficient thickness may not be formed. Also, if the concentration of the phosphate compound is too high, the self-assembly saturates, meaning that the concentration is not high and the material consumption can be increased only.

The surface layer 11c is formed of a metal having a phosphate group which is coordinately bonded to the metal group (-M) or the oxygen ion group (-O) of the interface layer 11b through magnetic bonding when the phosphate group of the phosphate compound is coated on the interface layer 11b May be formed as a self-assembled monolayer. Since the phosphoric acid group of the phosphate compound maintains a stable state in the atmosphere, the coating process can proceed in the atmosphere.

In the case where the surface layer 11c is formed of a phosphate compound according to the structural formula (1), the interface layer 11b is preferably formed of a metal oxide. When the surface layer 11c is formed of a phosphoric acid compound, the phosphoric acid group may be bonded to the metal group of the metal oxide to increase the bonding force. The metal oxide may be Ti _x O _y , Fe _x O _{y ,} or Al _x O _y . The metal oxide may be any metal oxide selected from the group consisting of Si _x O _y , Sn _x O _y , Zn _x O _y , In _x O _y , Ce _x O _y and Zr _x O _y , Lt; / RTI >

The surface layer 11c is formed by coating a silane-based compound containing a CF (fluorocarbon) group or a CH (hydrocarbon) group. The silane-based compound may be formed from a compound represented by the following structural formula (2). The surface layer 11c may be formed of trichlorosilane SAM. The trichlorosilane magnetic bonded monolayer may be (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl) trichlorosilane (HDF-S).

Structural formula (2)

또는

or

(Where n is 4 to 25).

The surface layer 11c may be formed by dissolving the silane compound in a solvent such as anhydrous toluene and coating the surface of the basic structure 11a or the upper surface of the interface layer 11b. At this time, the silane compound is dissolved in a solvent at a concentration of 0.1 to 10 mM, preferably at a concentration of 1 to 3 mM. If the concentration of the silane compound is too low, the surface layer 11c having a sufficient thickness may not be formed. If the concentration of the silane compound is too high, the thickness of the surface layer 11c may be unnecessarily increased or the thickness thereof may be difficult to control.

When the surface layer 11c is coated on the interface layer 11b, the silane group of the silane compound covalently bonds with the hydroxyl group (-OH) or the carboxyl group (-COOH) of the interface layer 11b by a dehydration reaction self-assembled monolayer can be formed. Meanwhile, since the silane group of the silane compound proceeds rapidly in the atmosphere, the silane group can proceed in a nitrogen atmosphere in order to control the reaction rate. Since the surface layer 11c is covalently bonded to the interface layer 11b, the bonding force is improved. The surface layer 11c may be formed by bonding with a metal or oxygen ion group existing on the surface of the interface layer 11b even if no hydroxyl group or carboxyl group is present in the interface layer 11b.

The surface layer 11c may be formed by coating with a coating solution containing a phosphoric acid compound or a silane compound, for example, by dip coating, spin coating or spray coating. The surface layer 11c may be formed by coating the surface of the base structure 11a or the interfacial layer 11b with nanoparticles having a surface coated with a phosphate compound or a silane compound.

The filter frame 12 is formed to surround the outer surface of the water vapor filter 11. For example, when the steam filter 11 is formed in a rectangular plate shape, the filter frame 12 may be formed in a rectangular frame shape. The filter frame 12 may have a filter engagement groove 12a through which the steam filter 11 is mounted along the inner surface thereof. On the other hand, the filter frame 12 may be omitted when the water vapor filter 11 can be combined with and supported by the temperature control means 13 alone.

The temperature adjusting means 13 is formed to include the evaporator 13a and the support frame 13c. The temperature adjusting means 13 is located in a space between the water vapor filters 11 which are spaced apart from each other and supplies the cooled or heated saturated air passing through the water vapor filter 11 on one side to the water vapor filter 11 on the other side . The temperature control means 13 lowers or warms the temperature of the saturated air passing through the steam filter 11 to reduce the occurrence of white smoke.

The evaporator 13a is formed in the same or similar structure as the evaporator used in a general cooling device or a heating device. For example, the EVA 13a may be formed to have a plate-like shape by extending in a zigzag shape while being spaced apart from each other. The evaporator 13a may be formed in two layers in a direction parallel to the steam filter 11. In addition, the evaporator 13a may further include a cooling plate (not shown) on the outer circumferential surface of the metal pipe to increase the temperature control effect of the saturated air. The evaporator 13a may be formed of a corrosion-resistant metal such as copper or stainless steel. The EVA 13a may be formed such that the EVA coupling pipe 13b is connected to both ends and the EVA coupling pipe 13b extends outward through the support frame 13c. The metal pipe of the evaporator 13a and the evaporator connecting pipe 13b may be integrally formed. The evaporator 13a cools the saturated air supplied to the space between the steam filters 11 while being cooled by cooling water, refrigerant or cooled air supplied from the outside through the evaporator connector 13b. The evaporator 13a can heat the saturated air supplied to the space between the steam filters 11 while being heated by hot water or heated air supplied from the outside through the evaporator connecting pipe 13b.

The EVA 13a is formed to have a shape and an area corresponding to the shape and the area of the steam filter 11 or the filter frame 12. Therefore, the evaporator 13a allows the saturated air flowing through the steam filter 11 to flow smoothly. In addition, the evaporator 13a uniformly cools the saturated air.

The support frame 13c is formed in a ring shape and has a shape to surround the outside of the eva 13a. For example, in a case where the eva 13a is formed in the shape of a quadrangular plate, the support frame 13c may be formed into a frame in a rectangular ring shape. The support frame 13c surrounds and supports the outer side of the eva 13a. The support frame 13c may have an inner area equal to the inner area of the filter frame 12.

The upper filter module 151 includes at least one unit filter module 10. The upper filter module 151 is horizontally positioned above the discharge pipe 143. The upper filter module 151 is fixed to the upper portion of the discharge pipe 143 by a separate upper module support frame 152. The upper module support frame 152 is formed in a tubular shape corresponding to the outer shape of the upper filter module 151. The upper filter module 151 may be fixedly coupled to the inside of the upper module support frame 152.

The upper filter module 151 is formed in a plate shape so that the total area of the upper filter module 151 is larger than the upper end area of the discharge pipe 143. The upper filter module 151 is formed in an appropriate area to discharge the saturated air smoothly according to the amount of the saturated air discharged through the discharge pipe 143. The upper filter module 151 is formed by assembling an appropriate number of unit filter modules 10 in a plate shape according to the entire area. For example, as shown in FIGS. 1D and 1E, the upper filter module 151 may be formed by arranging four unit filter modules 10 in the horizontal direction.

In addition, the upper filter module 151 may be formed by stacking at least two layers while the unit filter modules 10 are vertically spaced. That is, the number of the upper filter modules 151 may be eight, four each in the first layer. At this time, the unit filter modules 10 of the upper filter module 151 may be spaced apart from each other.

The upper filter module 151 collects the steam mist contained in the saturated air while passing the saturated air discharged upward through the discharge pipe 143. The upper filter module 151 further increases or decreases the temperature of the saturated air by the temperature control means 13 of the unit filter module 10 to further reduce the occurrence of white smoke.

The side filter module 153 is formed to include at least one unit filter module 10. The side filter module 153 is spaced apart from each side wall of the discharge pipe 143. Accordingly, the side filter module 153 is formed in a number corresponding to the number of side walls forming the discharge pipe 143. For example, when the discharge pipe 143 is formed in a rectangular tube shape, the side filter module 153 is formed of four pieces. The side filter module 153 is formed by assembling a plurality of unit filter modules 10 in a plate shape. The side filter module 153 is disposed in a vertical direction so as to be parallel to the respective side walls of the discharge pipe 143 and shields the side direction of the discharge pipe 143. The side filter module 153 may be secured by a separate side module support frame 154. The side module support frame 154 is formed in a tubular shape corresponding to the outer shape of the side filter module 153. The side filter module 153 may be coupled and secured to the inside of the side module support frame 154.

The side filter module 153 is formed at a height higher than the height of the discharge pipe 143. The side filter module 153 is formed with an appropriate area for smoothly discharging the saturated air together with the upper filter module 151 according to the amount of the saturated air discharged through the discharge pipe 143. The side filter module 153 is formed by assembling an appropriate number of unit filter modules 10 according to the entire area. For example, the side filter module 153 may be formed by vertically arranging four unit filter modules 10 like the upper filter module 151.

The side filter module 153 may be formed by stacking the unit filter modules 10 in at least two layers while being horizontally spaced. That is, the side filter module 153 may be formed in two, one for each one layer. At this time, the unit filter modules 10 of the side filter module 153 may be spaced apart from each other in the horizontal direction.

The side filter module 153 collects the steam mist contained in the exhaust air while passing the exhaust air discharged through the discharge pipe 143. The side filter module 153 further increases or decreases the temperature of exhaust air by the temperature control means 13 of the unit filter module 10 to further reduce the occurrence of white smoke.

The main filter frame 155 is formed to include a main base 156 and a main sidewall 157. The main filter frame 155 fixes the upper filter module 151 and the side filter module 153 to the upper and side portions of the discharge pipe 143 while the saturated air discharged from the discharge pipe 143 flows into the upper filter module 151 To the side filter module 153. Meanwhile, the main filter frame 155 may have a variety of structures that can operate as described above.

The main base 156 is formed in a plate having a predetermined thickness and a base hole 156a through which the discharge pipe 143 is inserted is formed inside. The base hole 156a is formed as a hole penetrating from the upper surface to the lower surface of the main base 156. The base hole 156a may be formed in a shape corresponding to the shape of the horizontal cross section of the discharge pipe 143. The base hole 156a is formed to have an area larger than the horizontal cross-sectional area of the discharge pipe 143. The main base 156 is seated on the upper portion of the housing 110 and the discharge pipe 143 is coupled to the upper portion of the base hole 156a.

A lower portion of the side filter module 153 is seated and fixed on the upper surface of the main base 156. On the upper surface of the main base 156, an air blowing unit 160 is seated and fixed to the outside of the side filter module 153.

The main sidewall 157 is formed in a tubular shape that is opened up and down, and a sidewall hole 157a penetrating from the inside to the outside is formed. The main sidewall 157 has a horizontal cross section corresponding to the base hole 156a. The main sidewall 157 is coupled to the base hole 156a from the upper surface of the main base 156. [ The main sidewall 157 is disposed so that its outer peripheral surface is spaced apart from the side filter module 153.

An upper filter module 151 is seated on the upper portion of the main sidewall 157. The upper module support frame 152 may be coupled to the upper portion of the main sidewall 157 while the upper filter module 151 is fixed to the upper module support frame 152.

The side filter module 153 is coupled to the outer side of the main sidewall 157. At this time, the side filter module 153 is seated on the upper surface of the main base 156 in a state where the side filter module 153 is spaced apart from the outer side of the main sidewall 157. The side filter module 153 may be coupled to the main side wall 157 with the side module support frame 154 being fixed to the side filter support frame 154.

The side wall hole 157a is formed at a position corresponding to the position of the side filter module 153. The side wall hole 157a is formed in an area corresponding to the area of the unit filter module 10 constituting the side filter module 153. The side wall holes 157a are formed in a number corresponding to the number of the unit filter modules 10 constituting the side filter module 153. Meanwhile, the side wall hole 157a may be formed with one area having an area corresponding to the entire area of the side filter module 153. The side wall hole 157a provides a path through which exhaust air discharged from the discharge pipe 143 flows to the side filter module 153. [

The air blowing unit 160 is formed to include an upper blowing module 161 and a side blowing module 162.

The air blowing unit 160 is positioned above or outside the steam filter unit 150 to supply air to exhaust air passing through the steam filter unit 150 to disperse the white smoke generated from the exhaust air. At this time, the air blowing unit 160 supplies wind in a direction perpendicular to the discharge direction of the discharge air to effectively disperse the white smoke.

The upper blowing module 161 is formed with at least one blowing means 161a. The blowing means 161a may be formed of a blowing fan or an air nozzle. At least one of the blowing means 161a is arranged on the outer side opposite to each other on the outer side of the upper filter module 151. [ In addition, at least one blowing unit 161a may be disposed in each unit filter module 10. The blowing means 161a may be formed so as not to be flogged with the blowing means 161a facing each other. For example, the blowing means 161a do not face each other on the outer side opposite to each other but are staggered from each other. In this case, the air injected from the air blowing means 161a located on the outer side of one side is supplied toward the front side, and is staggered with the air injected from the air blowing means 161a located on the outer side of the other side. Therefore, the blowing means 161a can disperse the white smoke more efficiently.

The blowing fan is preferably formed of a fan whose rotational speed is controlled. The blowing fan is controlled to rotate at a relatively high speed when the amount of white smoke is large and can be controlled to rotate at a relatively late speed when the amount of white smoke is small. In addition, the air nozzle is formed so that the amount and speed of the air to be injected can be adjusted. The air nozzle injects air in a relatively large amount or at a relatively high rate when the amount of white smoke is large and can inject air at a relatively small amount or at a relatively low rate when the amount of white smoke is small.

The side air blowing module 162 is formed with at least one air blowing means 161a. The blowing means 161a is formed of a blowing fan or an air nozzle. The side air blowing modules 162 are formed in a number corresponding to the number of the side filter modules 153, respectively. For example, the side blowing module 162 may be formed of four. The side air blowing module 162 is disposed at least on the outer side opposite to each other on the outer side of the side filter module 153 with the blowing means 161a. In addition, at least one blowing unit 161a may be disposed in each unit filter module 10. The blowing means 161a is formed so as not to be flogged with the blowing means 161a facing each other. For example, the blowing means 161a are disposed so as not to face each other on the outer sides opposed to each other but to be opposed to each other. In this case, the air injected from the air blowing means 161a located on the outer side of one side is supplied toward the front side, and is staggered with the air injected from the air blowing means 161a located on the outer side of the other side. Therefore, the blowing means 161a can more efficiently disperse the white smoke.

Next, a unit filter module according to another embodiment of the present invention will be described.

2A is a horizontal sectional view of a unit filter module according to another embodiment of the present invention. 2B is a vertical cross-sectional view taken along line D-D of FIG. 2A. 3 is a vertical sectional view of a unit filter module according to another embodiment of the present invention. 4 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a unit filter module according to another embodiment of the present invention.

2A and 2B, the unit filter module 20 according to another embodiment of the present invention is formed to include a water vapor filter 11 and a temperature control unit 23. As shown in FIG. The unit filter module 20 is formed differently from the embodiment of FIGS. 1A to 1G only in the temperature control means 23. Therefore, the temperature control means 23 in the unit filter module 20 according to another embodiment of the present invention will be described below. The unit filter module 20 uses the same reference numerals as those of the unit filter module 10 according to FIGS. 1A to 1G, and a detailed description thereof will be omitted.

The temperature regulating means 23 is formed to include a temperature regulation frame 23a and an air injection pipe 23b. The temperature regulating means 23 is located between the steam filters 11 where the temperature regulating frames 23a are spaced apart from each other and forms an air injection space 23c on the inner side thereof and the air injection pipe 23b is connected to the air injection space 23c. The temperature regulating means 23 injects cooled or heated air between the steam filters 11 to cool or heat the saturated air passing through the steam filter 11 on one side to the steam filter 11 on the other side . The cooling means lowers or raises the temperature of the saturated air passing through the steam filter 11, thereby increasing the mist collecting efficiency and reducing the occurrence of white smoke.

The temperature regulating frame 23a is formed in a ring shape and is positioned between adjacent water vapor filters 11 to form an air injection space 23c between the water vapor filters 11. [ The air injection space 23c is formed in a hole shape passing from one side of the temperature regulation frame 23a to the other side. The temperature regulating frame 23a is formed so that the air injection space 23c corresponds to the plane shape and the area of the water vapor filter 11. The temperature regulating frame 23a may be formed to have a rectangular shape in correspondence with the steam filter 11 formed in a rectangular shape and the air injection space 23c. That is, the temperature regulating frame 23a may be formed in a rectangular ring shape. The temperature control frame 23a provides a path through which the saturated air passing through the steam filter 11 on one side flows to the steam filter 11 on the other side through the air injection space 23c. In addition, the temperature regulating frame 23b provides a space in which saturated air and air supplied from outside are mixed.

The air injection pipe 23b is formed in a tubular shape and is connected to the air injection space 23c through one side of the temperature control frame 23a. One side of the air injection pipe 23b is connected to a separate air supply device (not shown) and is supplied with air. The air injection pipe 23b injects air cooled or heated into the air injection space 23c. The air injection pipe 23b may be coupled to any one side or all sides of the temperature regulation frame 23a.

3, the air injection pipe 33b may include a main supply pipe 33c and a branch pipe 33d. The main supply pipe 33c is formed as one pipe, and one side is connected to a separate air supply device. The branch pipes 33d are formed in a plurality of holes, one side of which is connected to the main supply pipe 33c and the other side of which is connected to one side of the temperature control frame 23a. The branches 33d are formed in an appropriate number in accordance with the distance between the length of one side of the temperature regulation frame 23a and the distance. The air injection pipe 33b injects air into the air injection space 23c uniformly and totally at one side of the temperature control frame 23a.

4, the air injection pipe 43b may include a main pipe 33c and an extension pipe 43d. The main supply pipe 33c is formed as one pipe, and one side is connected to a separate air supply device. One side of the extension pipe 43d is formed in the same shape as the main supply pipe 33c and is connected to the main supply pipe 33c. The width of the extension pipe 43d increases from one side to the other side, and the other side is formed to have the same width as the length of one side of the temperature regulation frame 23a. The other side of the extension pipe 43d passes through one side of the temperature regulation frame 23a and is connected to the air injection space 23c. The air injection pipe 43b injects air into the air injection space 23c uniformly and totally at one side of the temperature regulation frame 23a.

100, Reduction of white smoke generation cooling tower
110: housing 120: nozzle unit
130: filler layer 140: discharge unit
150: steam filter unit 160: air blowing unit

Claims (25)

A housing formed in a hollow cylindrical shape and having an air inlet through which outside air flows and an air outlet through which exhaust air is discharged;
A nozzle unit located at an upper portion of the air inlet in the housing and injecting used cooling water into the housing;
A discharge unit coupled to the air discharge port of the housing, the discharge unit discharging the air inside the housing to the upper portion of the housing;
And a unit filter module positioned to surround upper and side portions of the discharge pipe at an upper portion of the housing and collecting steam mist contained in the saturated air discharged from the discharge unit, Cooling tower which is characterized by the presence of white smoke. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the unit filter module comprises a water vapor filter spaced apart from each other and a temperature adjusting unit positioned between the water vapor filter and cooling or heating saturated air passing through the water vapor filter at one side. 3. The method of claim 2,
The temperature control means
A metal tube having a hollow inside and extending in a zigzag shape in a zigzag shape so as to form a plate-like shape, an evaporator in which cooling water, refrigerant, cooled air, hot water or heated air flows, and a support Wherein the cooling tower includes a frame. 3. The method of claim 2,
The temperature control means
A temperature control frame formed in a ring shape and positioned between adjacent steam filters to form an air injection space between the water vapor filters and an air injection space penetrating through the air injection space at one side of the temperature adjustment frame, And an air injection pipe for injecting air. 5. The method of claim 4,
The air-
And a branch pipe which is formed by a plurality of the main pipes and is connected to the main supply pipe and the other side of which is connected to one side of the temperature control frame by being separated from each other. Reduced cooling tower. 5. The method of claim 4,
The air-
A main supply pipe formed by one pipe and
Wherein the one side is connected to the main supply pipe and the other side is connected to the air injection space through one side of the temperature regulation frame with increasing width from one side to the other side. The method according to claim 1,
The steam filter unit
At least one unit filter module, the upper filter module being spaced apart from the upper portion of the discharge pipe,
And a side filter module including at least one unit filter module and spaced apart from the side of the exhaust. 8. The method of claim 7,
Wherein the upper filter module is formed by assembling a plurality of the unit filter modules in a plate shape so that the total area is larger than the upper end area of the discharge pipe,
Wherein the side filter module is formed in a number corresponding to the number of side walls forming the discharge tube and each of the plurality of unit filter modules is assembled in a plate shape so as to have an area larger than the area of the side wall of the discharge tube, Wherein the cooling tower is formed so as to be parallel to the vertical direction. 8. The method of claim 7,
Wherein the upper filter module is formed by stacking at least two layers with the unit filter modules being vertically spaced apart,
Wherein the side filter module is formed by stacking at least two layers with the unit filter modules being horizontally spaced apart. 8. The method of claim 7,
An upper blowing module disposed at an upper portion of the upper filter module and having at least one blowing means for supplying wind to an upper portion of the upper filter module;
Further comprising a side air blowing module having at least one blowing unit located outside the base side filter module and supplying wind. 11. The method of claim 10,
Wherein the blowing means is formed of a blowing fan or an air nozzle. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the steam filter has a basic structure including a plurality of pores connected from the outside to the inside and a surface layer coated on the surface of the basic structure,
Wherein the surface layer comprises a silane-based compound represented by the following structural formula (1) containing a CF (fluorocarbon) group or a CH (hydrocarbon) group.
The structural formula (1)

or

(Where n is 4 to 25). 13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein the surface layer comprises a phosphate compound represented by the following structural formula (2) containing a CF (fluorocarbon) group or a CH (hydrocarbon) group.
Structural formula (2)

or

(Where n is 4 to 25). 13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein the surface layer is formed of HDF-S, OD-PA or HDF-PA. 13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein the basic structure is formed of nickel, aluminum, stainless steel, monel, inconel, tungsten, silver titanium, molybdenum, duplex, copper, iron, polyester, nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene or fiberglass. Cooling tower. 13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein the basic structure is formed to have a pore size of 5 mu m to 1000 mu m. 13. The method of claim 12,
The basic structure may be a three dimensional structure formed by a two dimensional mesh shape or a two dimensional mesh shape, a three dimensional mesh shape formed by stacking the two dimensional mesh shapes, a three dimensional porous foam shape, a three dimensional network structure, or a three dimensional network structure Wherein the cooling tower is formed with a cooling tower. 13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein the water vapor filter further comprises an interface layer formed between the base structure and the surface layer. 19. The method of claim 18,
Wherein the interface layer is formed of graphene, graphen oxide, a metal oxide, or a mixture thereof. 19. The method of claim 18,
Wherein the interface layer is formed with a hydroxyl group (-OH) or a carboxyl group (-COOH) through plasma treatment or UVO treatment. The method of claim 18, wherein
Wherein the interface layer is formed of a metal oxide or a mixture thereof,
Wherein the interface layer is formed of a metal (-M) on its surface and is magnetically coupled to the surface layer. 22. The method of claim 21,
Wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of Ti _x O _y , Fe _x O _{y ,} Al _x O _y , Si _x O _y , Sn _x O _y , Zn _x O _y , In _x O _y , Ce _x O _y And Zr _x O _y . 5. The cooling tower according to claim 1, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of ZrO 2 and ZrO 2. 13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein the steam filter includes a basic structure including a plurality of pores connected from the outside to the inside,
Wherein the basic structure is formed of a hydrophobic material. 13. The method of claim 12,
Wherein the steam filter has a basic structure including a plurality of pores connected from the outside to the inside and a surface layer coated on the surface of the basic structure,
Wherein the surface layer is formed of a hydrophobic material. 25. The method according to claim 23 or 24,
Characterized in that the hydrophobic material comprises any material selected from the group consisting of a semiconductor material comprising graphene or silicon, an organic material comprising teflon and polyester and polystyrene, and a ceramic comprising a metal oxide comprising silica Reduction of white smoke generation Cooling tower.

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