KR20170047331A - Heat capture, transfer and release for industrial applications - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention provide a system and method for heat transfer over a long distance in a temperature range of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C while minimizing heat loss. The system is suitable for horizontal distances inside boreholes or on industrial plants and consists of advanced heatpipes that effectively deliver heat requiring water, CO ₂ , or steam injection and are designed to operate for years without user intervention.

Description

HEAT CAPTURE, TRANSFER AND RELEASE FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS [0002]

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for heat treatment of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), heating underground geological deposits, heat recovery from a geothermal source, and efficient delivery of heat in various industrial applications And applications of heat energy capture, transmission, and emission in the same application. In particular, embodiments of the present invention are directed to collecting, transferring, and / or dissipating thermal energy from an intermittent heat source (such as a metal work), a hot continuous heat source (such as a chemical and a petrochemical operation), and a low temperature continuous heat source ≪ / RTI > A key feature of the present invention is its ability to transfer heat over short distances or long distances with minimal heat loss and temperature loss. The present invention also encompasses methods of fabricating devices for trapping, transferring and releasing thermal energy, and methods of installing such devices in numerous industrial applications.

In most industrial situations, heat collection is achieved through thermal conduction, as in the case of heat exchangers, through phase changes involving evaporation or melting, as in the case of quench reactions, or by conduction of heat away by convection or radiation , The transfer of such energy from hot gases, liquids or solids to other media. However, in many industrial systems, heat is primarily dissipated rather than captured by conduction, convection or radiation. For example, melting and quenching operations, such as quenching of hot metal cokes by water, rarely capture the generated radiant heat or steam, so heat is dissipated without being trapped. Most heat collection operations in the industry rely on the thermal conductivity of the metal or other material encapsulating the heat generating medium. These metals or other materials then transfer heat away from the heat source. Therefore, an important parameter in heat capture is the thermal barrier provided by the encapsulating material. These thermal barriers are also important parameters in the ultimate release of heat.

When heat is captured, the distance-dependent heat transfer method typically involves an adiabatic vapor pipeline or an oil-based fluid such as DowTherm (TM), molten salt, Na, or Pb, or Sn (Which may be appropriate for the application), or a eutectic mixture such as a molten alloy. Vapor is desirable in most industrial applications because it typically provides a significant amount of heat during condensation and is often an inexpensive choice and is easily pumped over a distance. However, the heat loss in the moving steam is very significant in spite of the heat insulation, so that the distance that the steam can be economically transferred is necessarily limited. The same is true for the fluids having the additional weight and deterioration characteristics of cost. In the case of molten salts, the entire pipeline requires replacement when the salt is left "in place" in place, and this is a problem that occasionally arises.

In addition to the above limitations and parameters, some industrial applications present inherent problems in the collection, transmission and release of heat and require further discussion.

Heat transfer in enhancing crude oil recovery

In conventional oil production, oil is recovered from oil bearing salt dome by drilling. Because a typical oil formation is under pressure, initial production is facilitated by the flow of petroleum to the surface under pressure. As time passes, this natural flow decreases with decreasing pressure, and production relies on crude oil recovery enhancement methods. Such methods may include pressurization by CO ₂ injection, water flooding, or by heating with steam. Steam injection can be achieved by: (a) increasing the temperature induced by the steam to reduce the fluid viscosity of the petroleum, (b) increasing the underground pressure while the condensed water underground also replaces the petroleum, (c) (dual phase flow) can reduce the overall flow viscosity.

As existing oil reserves become depleted, petroleum production is increasingly reliant on oil shales and similar formations, which are generally less porous and more difficult to access. These oil sources are generally supplied with large pressure water pulses to break the underground rock to improve porosity so that the hydrocarbon water (natural gas or petroleum) quot; fracking "is applied. As time elapses, a similar reduction in the flow of hydrocarbon water occurs as the underground pressure reduction drops with production, and a similar EOR method is used, i.e., water, CO ₂ or steam injection. All of these methods are energy intensive and costly. There is a need for an EOR method that is energy efficient and does not require vast amounts of water for jet or steam production.

Heat transfer from geothermal zones

Unlike the case of oil recovery enhancement, which is the problem of heating up to the petroleum below the surface, the geothermal zone already has thermal energy below the surface, so heat can flow from the bottom of the heat pipe or thermosyphon While the working fluid can flow by gravity, through the wick, or both, from top to bottom. Therefore, an important obstacle to using a heat pipe in geothermal applications is the heat transfer distance, the actual length required for the heat pipe or heat siphon.

Heat transfer in industrial applications

Most industrial applications include operating plants where the facility is distributed on a fairly flat surface that occasionally covers a few acres and numerous production units. Thermal energy in such a facility is typically obtained in an exothermic reaction, in a boiler house, in a furnace, etc., whereas heat energy may be required at a distance from such a facility. Therefore, heat transfer in an industrial plant typically involves horizontal transfer of hundreds or thousands of feet, but usually does not involve transmission over considerable vertical distances.

Heatpipes with excellent heat flux rates due to the internal mass transfer of steam are well suited for horizontal heat transfer because there is no significant limitation of capillary action over distance. Therefore, the main practical limitation for this type of application is due to the length of the commercially available heat pipe.

Embodiments of the present invention may be applied to a variety of industrial applications including, but not limited to, heat treatment for crude oil recovery (EOR), heating of subsurface sediment, heat recovery from a geothermal source, temperature control in chemical processes, waste heat collection and reuse in plants and facilities, Provides for new means of capturing, delivering, and subsequently releasing heat that can be applied to industrial applications such as efficient delivery of heat in a heat exchanger. In particular, embodiments of the present invention collect and transfer thermal energy from intermittent heat sources (such as metal work), high temperature continuous heat sources (such as chemical and petrochemical operations), and low temperature continuous heat sources , And to a system and method for releasing the same. A key feature of the present invention is its ability to transfer heat over short distances or long distances with minimal heat and temperature losses. The present invention encompasses a method for manufacturing a device for collecting, transmitting and releasing thermal energy, and a method for installing such a device in a number of industrial applications. The present invention permits rapid transfer of heat from a variety of heat sources in the temperature range of -40 DEG C to 1300 DEG C or higher, and subsequent release of this heat at a variable or constant temperature for an extended period of time. The system includes a new heat pipe insulated over most of its length. In some embodiments, the lower end of the temperature range may be 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 degrees. The top of the temperature range may be 1500 or more, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400 and 300 degrees. In embodiments of the system, the dimensions of the heat pipe, the form of the insulation, the method of manufacture, and its placement in the field are determined by the requirements and conditions of each industrial application, by the demand for heat transfer in terms of heat dissipation, It is determined by the type of thermal energy that can be obtained.

Some embodiments of the present invention may be used in conjunction with, for example, assemblies of entities that provide continuous heat communication, with a temperature loss of 0% to 40% of the temperature at the source of heat to be delivered from capture to release, A conventional heat pipe, an advanced heat pipe, a heat siphon, a siphon, and a siphon suitable for collecting, transferring, and releasing heat at a temperature ranging from -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C at a distance of 0.1m to 14km, May include a plurality of heat transfer devices, which may include heat spreaders, pulsating or loop heat pipes, steam pipes, and so on, so that heat can be transferred from one or more heat sources, Provides a thermal management system that can capture or provide heat for at least one application. In some embodiments of the present invention, the distances may range from 0.3m, 1m, 3m, 10m, 30m, 100m, 300m, 500m and 1km to 2km, 3km, 4km, 5km, 6km, 7km, 9 km, 10 km, 11 km, 12 km, 13 km, 14 km, or more. Likewise, in some embodiments of the present invention, the temperature loss or heat loss is 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8% and 9% , 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40%, or more. Acceptable temperature losses may depend on the context of the particular use of the system. In some situations, very low heat losses are particularly beneficial, and cost competitiveness may be required for certain applications. In other situations where competing technologies are ineffective or inoperable, a greater amount of heat loss or temperature loss may be acceptable and can be highly competitive with any alternative available. Thus, minimizing the heat loss to a desired or market demand can be related to a competitive alternative.

In other embodiments, the thermal management system may include one or more heat transfer devices, which may include, for example, conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermal siphons, heat spreaders, pulsating or loop heat pipes, And collects and delivers heat at a temperature range of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C at a distance of 500 m to 14 km with a heat loss of 0% to 40% of the temperature at the source of heat to be delivered from collection to release, The heat may be transferred from one or more heat sources and the heat transfer device may be used for at least one application Heat can be captured or provided.

In other embodiments, the heat transfer device of the system may have more than one wick. In some embodiments, the heat transfer device may not have a wick. In some embodiments, the heat transfer device may be made of, for example, steel, copper and its alloys, titanium and its alloys, aluminum and its alloys, nickel and chromium alloys, rolled metal foils, wire screens, scaffolds, And any encapsulating material made in any combination thereof. In other embodiments, the heat transfer device may comprise different metals and alloys that may include variable thermal conductivity.

In other embodiments, the heat transfer device of the system may include a plurality of compartments, such as, for example, evaporators, heat transfer compartments, condensers, and the like. In some embodiments, the compartments may include wicking features such as no wicks, full wick, partial wick, etc., or any combination thereof.

In further embodiments, applications of the system include, for example, power plants, geothermal energy production, crude oil recovery enhancement, gas recompression, desalination, metal treatment, chemical and petrochemical operations and production, pulp and paper industries, , Refractory industries, glass manufacturing operations, mining operations, plywood and directional strand board manufacturing, fermentation, fertilizer production, industrial gas production, military applications, solar energy production, rubber manufacturing, refining and the like.

In further embodiments, the encapsulating material of the heat transfer device may be, for example, a metal, plastic or ceramic composition that may be non-reactive to a variety of heat sources, unreactive to heat transfer media, and non- ≪ / RTI > compositions.

In other embodiments, the different discrete heat transfer devices are coupled so that there can be a coupling wick structure that has a continuity compatible with capillary action along the length, continuity can be achieved through the length of the internal working material And the internal working material may include any combination thereof as well as, for example, a fluid, a solid to be sublimed, a material having a plurality of chemical hydration levels, and the like.

In other embodiments, the wick structure may comprise multiple layers having different porosities. In further embodiments, the wick structure may include an inner wick structure that may include an axial wick. In other embodiments, the wick structure includes materials such as, for example, sintered materials, metal screens, grooves, oxides, borates, sublimed solids, materials with different chemical hydration levels, nanoparticles, nanopores, can do.

In further embodiments, different materials can be used at different locations along the length, and the materials can be selected to optimize heat collection and release while minimizing heat loss.

In other embodiments, the wick may be formed by, for example, spraying, painting, baking, PVD, CVD, pyrolysis of organic compounds, and the like. In some embodiments, the wick may be formed by thermally cracking the slurry of metal particles in the liquid metal precursor and / or by a similar process.

In some embodiments, the encapsulation tube may comprise a wound strip such as a foil; The foil may be thin in some embodiments.

In further embodiments, the wound strip structure can be precoated with wicking material before it is formed into a tubular assemblies around it, e.g., a metal scaffold that can include a mesh screen.

 In some embodiments, any gap in the winding tube may be sealed by a separate winding strip or the like.

In some embodiments, the amount of working material may exceed the amount needed to saturate the inner wick structure.

In some embodiments, the working material in the heat transfer device may have a phase change temperature in the range of -40 ° C to 1300 ° C or higher.

In some embodiments, the heat transfer device may include at least one valve near at least one end to control and maintain the partial vacuum.

In some embodiments, vertical heat transfer devices up to 14 km in length can be installed in a manner that prevents physical degradation or breakage of the heat transfer device. In such embodiments, the weight of the heat transfer device is offset by, for example, at least one buoyancy balloon, at least one helicopter, or a combination thereof.

In various embodiments, the heat transfer device may be installed using at least one installation assistance device such as a crane, helicopter, balloon, wheel, oil rig, tower, In some embodiments, for example, a heat transfer device of 3 to 7 km in length may be installed without deteriorating or breaking the physical performance of such a heat transfer device, and the heat transfer device may be an example of minimizing the curvature of the heat transfer device For example, around 100 to 500 feet in diameter. In some embodiments, the heat transfer device may be insulated.

In some embodiments, the pulsating heat pipe can be made by encapsulating a thin metal or alloy layer on a strong metal screen or the like, so as to resist pressure pulses.

Some embodiments of the present invention may include methods of capturing, transferring, and releasing heat using a thermal management system.

Some embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in the form of heat transfer devices, for example, from conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermal siphons, disperser heat pipes, loop heat pipes, pulsating heat pipes, steam pipes, ; Selecting a method of combining heat transfer device elements from, for example, soldering, brazing, welding, screwing, foil winding, mechanical fit, thermal fluid encapsulation, any combination thereof; Selecting a type of wick structure and an insensitive material from, for example, a sintered metal, a center core, a metal screen, a groove, any combination thereof, and the like; For example, from an aqueous solution, a eutectic salt mixture, an organic material thermal fluid, or a high temperature metal and alloy that can be liquefied in a temperature range of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C, a sublimed solid, or a material having a different chemical hydration level, A method for manufacturing a heat transfer device, the method comprising: And, additionally, the method thus includes applying the selected bonding method, wick structure, and working fluid; And sealing the heat transfer device under vacuum.

1 shows a possible power plant configuration;
2 is a view showing a piping arrangement;
Figure 3 shows the aerodynamic shape of a heat pipe to minimize drag;
4 shows a piping arrangement for minimum pressure drop.
5 is a diagram showing an optimal configuration for heat recovery from a baghouse;
6 is a diagram showing an optimal configuration for heat recovery from an electrostatic precipitator (ESP);
Figure 7 illustrates optimal heat collection from an intermittent heat source;
8 is a view showing a piping arrangement for heat storage;
9 illustrates two alternative configurations for recovering heat from a Bayer process;
10 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a heat transfer method for an EOR;
11 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment illustrating the installation of a heat transfer device for an EOR;
Figure 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a method of installing a heat transfer device for an EOR;
Figure 13 shows embodiments of a heat transfer device for a geothermal installation.
Figure 14 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a heat transfer device for an industrial plant.
15 is a view of a heat transfer device with adiabatic;
16 is a cross-sectional view of a heat pipe;
17 is a schematic view of a high performance heat pipe;
18 is a schematic view of two of the heat pipes;
Figure 19 illustrates an alternative embodiment for long-distance heat transfer.
20 shows a method for making a long heat pipe;
21 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a wound strip having a porous capillary surface.
22 illustrates an alternative embodiment for making a long heat pipe;
23 illustrates an embodiment of a shaft core for a heat pipe.
24 illustrates an embodiment for maintaining an internal vacuum in a heat pipe;
25 illustrates an alternative embodiment for making an advanced heat pipe;
26 illustrates an alternative embodiment to an extremely long advanced heat pipe.
27 is a view showing a heat pipe connection method;
28 illustrates a method for analyzing heat transfer in a complex heat pipe;
29 is a schematic diagram of a heat transfer device;

Justice

Thermal energy or heat (in common usage) refers to the thermal energy of a molecule, atom or ion, including the kinematic, oscillatory, and rotational forms of energy. Heat also represents the transfer of kinetic energy from one medium or object to another medium or object, or from an energy source to the medium or object. This energy transfer can occur in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection, but here it will be used to include the thermal energy content available in common sense. Some people believe that heat refers to the transfer of energy between systems (or bodies), not energy contained within the system, but such understanding is unnecessarily limited. Others define heat as a form of energy flowing between two samples of matter due to differences in temperature, and this is also limited. The following definitions of columns are useful:

a . A form of energy that is associated with the motion of an atom or molecule, that can be conducted by conduction through solid and liquid media, by convection through the fluid medium, and by radiation through void space.

b . Transfer of energy from one body to another as a result of temperature differences or phase changes.

c . Potential or distinguishable thermal energy.

In the context of the present invention, a "heat transfer device " (HTD) includes conventional and new HP, dispersing device HP, thermal siphon, steam pipe and pulsating heat pipe. When a heat pipe is referred to as a method of heat collection, transfer and discharge, pulsating heat and a pipe disperser heat pipe may also be used. In vertical applications, thermal siphons may be used instead of heat pipes. Heatpipes are devices that can collect, transport, and deliver heat more efficiently than heat exchangers, metal surfaces, or thermal fluids because they operate on two physical principles, not thermal conductivity. During heat collection and discharge, heat pipes rely on thermal conductivity and phase changes, but the latter is several times more efficient than electrons, so overall thermal performance is many times more effective than comparable heat exchangers with similar surface areas in the applications under discussion . Also, during heat transfer, the ability of a heat pipe to transfer heat by mass transfer is again several times greater than the rate of thermal conductivity alone, even when handling highly conductive materials such as copper or silver. The superior performance of heat pipes above the thermal fluid in the applications under discussion is due to differences in the specific heat capacity of the organic liquid in the case of common working fluid (water) versus heat fluid in the heat pipe.

An important feature of the HTD described in the present invention is the excellent heat transfer mechanism of the heat pipe. As will be explained in the following paragraphs, heat pipes provide a thermodynamically reversible heat transfer means, i.e., a system that delivers enthalpy with little loss in efficiency. In addition, while conventional heatpipes share this inherent mechanism, the advanced heatpipes described herein are characterized by a significantly improved heat collection, transfer, and discharge performance, and therefore a closer approach to thermodynamically reversible processes.

It is easy to carry heat at elevated temperatures from surface work and can deliver this heat to the underground formation at a constant temperature over a long period of time, with little or no maintenance required and reliable, Or an inexpensive heat transfer mechanism that requires steam.

Commercially available heat pipes are not hundreds or thousands of feet in length, but several inches to several feet in length, for a reason. As described in the compartments of the detailed description below, an essential aspect of the heat pipe is the ability to circulate the condensed working fluid back to the hot zone of the heat pipe. This ability can not be achieved with current manufacturing processes because: a) capillary forces at current HP can not lift water at hundreds of feet, and b) any interruption in internal capillary action also stops the internal delivery mechanism it's difficult. Therefore, there is a need for a long heat pipe that can be made to function effectively.

Heat collection using heat pipes, disperser heat pipes, thermal siphons, and pulsating heat pipes

29 is a schematic view of a heat transfer device, for example, in the form of a heat pipe. 29, the heat pipe 4 is composed of three main compartments: a heat collecting section 4 ', a heat transmitting section 4' ', and a heat releasing section 4' ''. The heat transfer section is commonly referred to as an "adiabatic" section, since the heat loss is usually negligible to be ignored, so that the term insulation is used even though the heat loss in the adiabatic process is not actually zero.

Embodiments of the invention are disclosed herein in some instances in an illustrative form or with reference to one or more drawings. However, any such disclosure of particular embodiments is illustrative only and does not represent the full scope of the invention.

Industrial heat collection involves the following: (a) the collection of various industrial and chemical processes, such as those involving high temperature flue gas and / or low heat (heat) energy capture; and (b) Cooling, (c) temperature control in certain chemical or petrochemical plants, such as controlling the oxidation of propylene oxide at 200 ° C during the production of propylene glycol, (d) delivery at a remote location, such as in crude oil recovery enhancement (EOR) And (e) heat collection from places where access is difficult, such as punching a geothermal source. Applicants review these in various applications by examples illustrating a broad scope of the invention.

Collects waste heat, low and high heat energy

Such industrial applications typically involve large amounts of heat at temperatures ranging from about 60 ° C to perhaps 250 ° C, which hinders the use of this energy for other heat dissipation applications such as additional power production. Industries generating large quantities of low-grade heat include, but are not limited to: (a) using large quantities of fuels such as power plants, especially coal-fired power plants, metal and cement plants, generating large amounts of flue gas, (B) those using calcination or process reactors in industries such as lime production plants, alumina production plants, magnesia production plants and many inorganic chemical production plants, (c) nuclear power plants, Those that generate large quantities of heat without flue gas, such as compressors, power transformers, refractory plants, glass making plants, or thermal power plants with large heat producing condensers.

Since fuel combustion constitutes a large part of the energy production from the industry, collecting heat from the flue gas is a relevant application for many industries. The recovery of heat from the flue gas of coal-fired power plants is chosen to illustrate the heat capture method and mechanism.

Figure 1 illustrates a typical configuration for recovering heat from such flue gas. In Figure 1, the cross-section of a typical flue gas duct 52 is a rectangular cross-section measuring approximately 20 by 30 feet. A plurality of heat pipes (4) pass through the section of flue gas (52). The heat pipe contacts the flue gas at a temperature of 300 ℉ to 450 하며 and collects some of the heat available in the gas. Collecting only a fraction of the available heat is an important feature in this particular application because the temperature of the flue gas can not be allowed to drop excessively. This drop will hinder the ultimate flow of flue gas through the treatment stack. The heat pipe 4 collecting heat is connected to a large and complicated heat pipe 58. These heat pipes have a larger diameter and therefore have a larger capacity for transferring large amounts of heat. Alternatively, the heat pipe may use other different structures that are more efficient at long distances. Heatpipes 58 of larger diameter are arranged in such a way that such heat is supplied to a set of small diameter heatpipes 4 which in turn are supplied to the processing vessel 53 which, for example, To another location that carries this heat. Therefore, an important function of heat trapping involves the use of heat pipes that can transfer heat from the flue gas and direct it to other processes at a distance from the original flue gas heat source.

Figure 2 shows an optional arrangement for inserting a heat collecting device into the piping. As shown in FIG. 2, the heat collecting device 4 (e.g., a conventional heat pipe, a thermal siphon, a disperser heat pipe, or a pulsating heat pipe) may be vertically or as shown in FIG. Is inserted horizontally into the cross section of the flue gas duct 52 as shown. In a preferred embodiment, the heat pipe is disposed co-linear with the direction of flow of the flue gas to minimize drag, and hence the potential erosion of the HP and the pressure drop in the flue gas. Alternatively, the heat pipe may be alternated between vertical and horizontal directions, or at intermediate insertion angles. In addition, heatpipes may be disposed adjacent to one another or staggered from one another to minimize turbulence and pressure drop and thickness of the boundary layer to maximize heat transfer from the bulk of the gas to the surface of the heatpipe.

Figure 3 illustrates another feature of a heat pipe that is useful for minimizing drag in fluid flow: the heat performance of the heat pipe is independent of the cross-sectional shape of the heat pipe, i.e., the heat transfer depends primarily on the cross- And it is much less dependent on whether the cross-section of the gas boundary layer is similar in thickness and residence time, whether circular, rectangular or otherwise. Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of a flue gas duct 52 having a series of heat pipes 4 with a cross-sectional shape that is aerodynamically designed to minimize drag, boundary layer thickness, and maximum contact time. Therefore, the leading end heat pipe 4 has a different cross section from the last heat pipe 4 'in the row.

Figure 4 shows another method for minimizing drag in fluid flow. In Fig. 4, the heat pipe 4 is inserted at an angle with respect to the flue gas flow direction. Typically, drag and erosion are minimized when this angle is about 30 degrees from the direction of flow, although other angles may be desirable depending on the configuration of the piping.

Typically in a coal-fired power plant, the combustion gas is first catalytically denitrified by ammonia or an amine, and then the ash in the flue gas is reduced by filtration in a dust collector or electrostatic precipitator. The flue gas is then conveyed through the flue duct into a fan which increases the pressure prior to flue-gas desulfurization (FGD). After FGD, the flue gas is ejected into the atmosphere through stacks or chimneys, another point of potential collection of low heat. 5 shows an alternative configuration for collecting heat directly from the piping in a coal fired power plant, i.e., an arrangement for collecting heat in the dust collector 66. In Fig. 5, the heat pipe 4 is disposed inside the filter (purifying side) of the dust collecting device 66 in order to minimize deposition of ash on the heat pipe. The flow of flue gas and the flow of fluid inside the heat pipe will occur in parallel and at the same time. The hot gas is in contact with the heat pipe, and the heat collected at the bottom of the heat pipe will be rapidly transferred out of the dust collector area, which will initiate the cooling of the flue gas. The overall pressure drop of the flow in the filter bag will be inversely proportional to the free cross-sectional area inside the bag. For a 1 cm diameter heat pipe inside a 10 cm diameter ceramic filter, the additional pressure drop due to the heat pipe would be 10 ² / (10 ² -1 ² ) -1 or an excess pressure drop of approximately 1%. With six heatpipes deployed, there is still an increase in pressure drop of 10 ² (10 ² - 6 × 1 ² ) -1 or approximately 6%, which is within the margin of variation in the flue gas system. The number, distribution and diameter of the heat pipes will be determined by the dimensions of the filter bag and the required ratio of heat recovered.

6 shows still another optional configuration for collecting heat directly from the pipe at the coal fired power plant, i.e. for collecting heat at the electrostatic precipitator 67. [ Electrostatic precipitator systems are designed to have the maximum contact area with the flue gas to be able to charge most of the particles flowing by minimal pressure drop. Therefore, the contact gas-solid contact is already good. A preferred configuration is to make a perforated plate (see FIG. 6) to be a heat pipe. Plates are already connected to an external electrical power system so that the roof connections can also be used as a heat transfer conduit, HP itself. 6 shows a configuration proposed in the electrostatic precipitator. Since the change in the flue gas flow is not taken into consideration, the pressure drop in this particular configuration will be the pressure drop of the electrostatic precipitator without any further increase.

The advantages of these two final configurations (collecting heat in the dust collector or electrostatic precipitator) are two: the heat is first collected at a slightly higher temperature than in the flue gas duct, thus improving the thermal efficiency, Each of these processing units can be used to perform dual functions of its original function and additional heat collection functions. Because of the use of HP, the electrostatic precipitator will be kept at a lower temperature in the conventional mode, resulting in attracting more and finer particles driven by thermo-foretic forces, thus further improving the filtering action Also keep in mind.

Industrial work that generates large amounts of heat constitutes a special case intermittently. Such work occurs in these industries as an integrated steelmaking plant using an oxygen converter, a secondary steelmaking plant using an electric furnace, and a non-ferrous metal plant producing metals such as copper, lead, silicon or titanium. Processes in these plants all generate a large amount of heat at very high temperatures, but do not necessarily occur in series. This type of collection of intermittently generated heat is similar to the previous examples described above, but the transmission and emission of such heat suggests limitations that are not found in continuous heat sources. One option is to collect heat for use in an intermittently operating application. Another option is to store intermittent heat in a separate container filled with a heat fluid: DowTherm (TM) or an equivalent for a medium at low temperature, a molten salt or eutectics for high temperature, Quot; Heat ", filed on December 12, having priority date of January 12, 2010, International Application No. PCT / US2011 / 021007, assigned to Sylvan Source, Inc. and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety Transfer Interphase ".

Therefore, there is a dual industrial need for (a) the need to store heat energy from intermittent high temperature sources, and (b) the need for new heat pipes to collect, transmit and emit heat energy over long distances, including vertical distances It is clear that. The combination of these dual features opens up a number of industrial applications that otherwise would not be possible.

Figure 7 shows heat collection from an oxygen converter commonly used in copper and lead plants as well as in integrated steelmaking plants. In Fig. 7, an oxygen steel converter 71 receives molten iron 72 saturated with carbon and covered with a thin layer of slag 73. Oxygen gas is blown into the molten iron by an oxygen lance 74 for a period of about 20 to 30 minutes and during this operation an enormous amount of combustion gas 75 containing CO and CO ₂ is heated to 1,500 < RTI ID = 0.0 > Evolves at a much higher temperature. This combustion gas 75 is collected on the converter by the hood 76 and carried away by the metal duct 77. The duct expands to accommodate a number of heat pipes 4 that collect a portion of the heat and deliver it to the storage tank 54 where the heat fluid, which may contain the molten salt and the eutectic which is stable at this temperature, is filled. Suitable compositions for such molten salts and eutectics are disclosed in South Africa Patent Application No. 2012/05975, issued May 29, 2013.

Fig. 8 shows another example of heat storage, but is applied to continuous heat generation. Figure 8 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention in which heat is collected from the piping 52 of the power plant by simply opening the valve 56 and thus permitting the interruption of heat transfer by draining the storage tank to the lower vessel 55, 0.0 > 54 < / RTI > When the thermal fluid is in the lower vessel, the heat is no longer captured from the piping. At this point, the pump 57 is activated, and the heat fluid is pumped into the vessel 54 and allowed to come in contact with the heat pipe 4 again. In addition, the thermal fluid tank 54 allows heat pipes 58 of large diameter to collect the heat of the heat fluid so that it can be delivered far away for potential use, such as in a water purification plant.

Cooling of industrial and chemical processes

Numerous industrial applications require the collection of heat as a means of cooling and freezing. These industries include, but are not limited to, de-icing, brewing, underground mining, pulp and paper manufacturing, food processing, beverage production, dehydration during biofuel production, and cellulosic acetates, nitrobenzenes, polyvinyl chloride resins, (from alkylation of propylene with benzene), ethyl alcohol (from ethylene hydration), formaldehyde (from methanol using an exothermic reactant), phenol (from cumene peroxidation), and propylene glycol (From hydrolysis), acrylic resins (from catalytic oxidation of methyl methacrylate), aromatic ketone polymers (from condensation polymerization), copolyester-ether elastomers, and polyacetal resins, Cooling of the reaction.

Many industrial cooling operations utilize a double wall reactor in which the outer vessel receives a circulating coolant such as water or a thermal fluid that removes excess heat from the internal reactor and thus prevents run-away reaction from the exothermic operation . Figure 9 shows a typical double wall reactor for cooling, while this example covers the digestion of bauxite with sodium aluminate as the first step in the production of alumina, Many double wall reactors used can also be covered. In Figure 9, two alternative configurations are provided. 9A shows a conventional double wall reactor surrounding an inner reactor 63 in which the outer vessel 64 is filled with a heat cooling fluid (typically water) and the bauxite is immersed in caustic soda (NaOH). Reactor top 65 closes the reactor and maintains pressure and temperature. The heat fluid is circulated by the pump 57 while the heat pipe 4 conducts heat away from the heat fluid for other possible uses.

Figure 9b illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the outer vessel is replaced by a cylindrical heat pipe 4 that receives the capillary wick 12 throughout its entire internal surface area and thus accelerates the collection of heat and the transfer of heat from the reactor. do. This type of complex heat pipe 58 is described in the following paragraphs. In a cooling application, the working fluid of the heat pipe need not be water or an aqueous fluid, and may be a cryogenic fluid such as ammonia. Another alternative configuration for collecting heat in cooling and refrigeration applications is described in South Africa Patent Application No. 2012/05975, issued May 29, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Cooling towers are generally used to cool excess heat in thermal power plants and are typically used throughout the chemical and petrochemical industries. Cooling towers radiate heat by evaporation and therefore contribute significantly to water loss in industrial operations. Heatpipes can be used for augmentation and replacement of cooling towers due to their excellent performance in capturing, delivering and releasing heat. Therefore, the heat pipe can collect heat from the fluid (gas or liquid) before entering the cooling tower, thereby increasing the capacity of the cooling tower, and if sufficient heat is collected, the cooling tower can be completely removed.

Temperature control in chemical and petroleum plants

Many chemical and petrochemical industries require precise control of operating temperatures. In the present invention, the means for controlling the temperature are similar to those considered in FIG. 9 above, wherein cooling is carried out in a double wall reactor. Industries that require close temperature control are those that require the use of acetaldehyde (from oxidation of ethylene), acetic acid (from carbonylation of methanol), acetone (from catalytic dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol) ), Acrylic acid (from propylene oxidation), acrylonitrile (from ammonia oxidation of propylene), adipic acid (from cyclohexane oxidation), plasticizers (from hydroformylation of olefins), alkylamines / From ammonia reactions), benzene (from hydrodealkylation of toluene, 1-4 butanediol (from acetylene / formaldehyde reaction)), carbon disulfide (from natural gas and sulfur reactions), carbon fibers, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), cellulose acetate and triacetate fibers, chlorinated isocyanurate (from urea pyrolysis), C2 salts (From chlorination of ethylene dichloride), chlorinated methane, cumene (from alkylation of propylene with benzene), cyclohexane (from hydrogenation of benzene with hydrogen), diisocyanate and polyisocyanate (From the alkylation of benzene with ethylene), ethylene dichloride (from the reaction of oxygen and hydrogen chloride with ethylene), ethylene oxide (from the alkylation of ethylene), ethylene oxide (from the phosgenation of primary amines), ethyl alcohol (From the oxidation of ethylene), formaldehyde (from methanol using exothermic reactants), hydrogen cyanide, isopropyl alcohol (from hydration of propylene by superheated steam), ketene / diketene (from vapor phase cracks of acetic acid) Linear alkylated sulfonates (from sulfonated linear alkylbenzenes with fuming sulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide in sulfuric acid), linear alpha olefins From methane (from syngas and carbon dioxide), methyl ethyl ketone (from catalytic dehydrogenation of secondary butyl alcohol), from phenol (from cumene peroxidation), from phosphorus (from cyclopentasiloxane), from maleic anhydride (from vapor phase oxidation of hydrocarbons) (By reacting anhydrous chlorine gas with carbon monoxide), phthalic anhydride (by reacting oxygen with xylene), polyester fibers, polyester polyols (by condensation of glycols with carboxylic acids or acid derivatives), polyethylene, urethane Polyamides, polyglycols (by hydration of propylene oxide at 200 ° C), propylene oxide (from chlorohydrin or peroxidation), pyridine and pyridine bases (with ammonia and usually methanol or formaldehyde), acetates Aldehyde), sorbitol (in autoclave by high pressure of glucose Acrylic resins (from catalytic oxidation of methyl methacrylate), amino resins (from reaction of an aldehyde with an amino group), aromatic ketone polymers (from a condensation polymerization reaction), terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate, urea, acrylic elastomers, ), Fluoropolymers (from tetrafluoroethylene and surfactants that react with acids), copolyester-ether elastomeric polymers, nylon resins, polyamide resins, polyacetal resins, polycarbonate resins, PBT resins (bis- Butyl) -terephthalate-BHBT), PET polymers (by polycondensation of dimethyl terephthalate or terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol), unsaturated polyester resins, and polystyrene resins (free radical polymerization of initiators and heat- Used), but are not limited thereto.

Use heat collection for delivery from a remote location

Embodiments of the present invention include systems, methods, and apparatus for heating an underground lipid formulation such as petroleum precipitate (e.g., crude oil recovery enhancement-EOR) without requiring water, CO _2, or steam injection. Preferred embodiments provide a wide range of heat pipes that operate within a temperature range of 120 占 폚 and 1,300 占 폚 or higher and provide fully automated heat recovery at temperatures similar to the temperature range over hours, days, or months without user intervention do. For example, the system described herein can be run for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 months or more without user control or intervention. In a preferred embodiment, the system can automatically run for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 years or more.

Figure 10 shows the use of a heat pipe for the purpose of EOR. In figure 10 it is assumed that the surface area 1 has a heat pipe 4 reaching from the surface to the petroleum formation 2, especially for the heatpipe, in particular already or perforated bore 3. During operation, heat is provided to the top of the heat pipe. The heat pipe efficiently directs this heat directly from its upper portion to its lower portion in contact with the oil strata. Because the deposited petroleum product can be located at a considerable depth, the heat pipe 4 must be long enough to reach the formation. Therefore, an important issue to be addressed is how to design and manufacture these HP and how to insert very long pipes into vertical or inclined boreholes without excessive bending and damaging of the piping.

Figure 11 discloses one possible method for placing a long heat pipe in the borehole. In Fig. 11, a plurality of buoyancy balloons 5 are used at appropriate intervals along the length of the pipe 4 to offset its weight and thus prevent it from being bent when lifting one of its ends. The actual lifting may be done using a helicopter 6 or similar airborne system (e.g., a drone). When the heat pipe is aligned with the borehole 3 its neutral weight facilitates descent to the proper place and allows the individual lifting devices (not shown) 5) gradually.

Figure 12 shows an alternative embodiment for placing a heat pipe beneath the borehole. In Fig. 11, the heat pipe 4 is wound around a circular wheel 25 having a sufficient radius to minimize the curvature of the pipe and thus prevent damage to its internal mechanism. As the wheel rotates, the heat pipe is lowered into the borehole 3.

Once in place, the heat pipe is ready to transfer heat directly from the surface to the petroleum formation without the need for a pump, external recycle loop, or other mechanism. Heat can be generated by direct burning of the fuel (e.g., natural gas, petroleum), solar heating through solar concentrators or parabolic troughs, electricity, geothermal sources, steam, waste heat at elevated temperatures, May be provided on top of the pipe on the surface by other types of energy sources. Because the heat pipe is superior in axial heat transfer at a speed close to sonic speed, the heat absorbed from the surface source quickly reaches the petroleum formation, where it is released.

Optional construction involves the use of a heat pipe as described in the paragraph above with steam injection. This allows the steam to maintain a high temperature throughout the length of the heat pipe, thereby improving heat transfer while minimizing the heat loss of the wall and leading to higher temperature heat at the bottom of the heat pipe. In addition, vapor condensation provides liquid water to improve flow in the petroleum formation. This type of configuration may be useful when additional heat delivery is required or when the number of EOR boreholes is limited.

Use of heat collection for geothermal areas in India

In other applications, such as the recovery of heat from a geothermal zone, the preferred embodiment operates within a temperature range of 250 ° C and 1,300 ° C and provides fully automated heat recovery at temperatures close to that range for hours, days or months without user intervention Heat siphon, loop heat pipe, or pulsating heat pipe.

Figure 13 shows two embodiment choices for extracting heat from a geothermal field. The geothermal source typically derives thermal energy from a deep magma chamber 27 (not shown in scale in FIG. 13) that heats geothermal formations 26 that have substantial moisture or may be substantially dry. 13A, taking the wet geothermal material, the liquid water in the borehole 3 can directly transfer heat to the heat pipe, the pulsating heat pipe, or the heat siphon 4. As described in the following paragraphs, a heat pipe, thermal siphon, or pulsating heat pipe 4 provides a highly efficient mechanism for transferring heat to the butt surface with the geothermal formation 26, Can be recovered to temperatures similar to prevailing and used directly without the need for a heat exchanger or water treatment.

Figure 13b shows an alternative embodiment for geothermal recovery when the geological formation is very dense or has low porosity or permeability, or lacks sufficient moisture to assist heat conduction at depth. In this case, the bottom of the borehole 3 expands at the bottom 28 to provide a larger surface area for heat conduction. To further increase the thermal conductivity, this bottom portion of the borehole may be partially filled with water 29 or other highly thermally conductive fluid. Also, in order to conserve the high temperature in the troposphere, it is advantageous to bury the upper borehole with the valve 30 to maintain the pressure and temperature spreading at the geothermal depth, so that heat pipes, pulsating heat pipes, (4) makes it possible to transfer heat to the maximum possible temperature on the surface.

Explanation of heat transfer from industrial heat sources

Other embodiments collect heat from an industrial plant and deliver heat to a location that can use this heat at a distance of tens to hundreds of thousands of feet. These systems can operate within a temperature range of 80 ° C to 1,300 ° C and provide fully automated heat recovery at temperatures similar to that range for hours, days or months without user intervention.

Figure 14 shows an embodiment for transferring heat at an industrial site. In a typical industrial plant 31, a waste heat source 32, which may include a chemical reactor that can be used to provide heat through a power plant, boiler room, exothermic process vessel, or heat pipe 4, To minimize the loss of temperature to a remote location 33 that may include other process vessels that require the use of the process vessel.

The chemical process industry covers a number of chemical and petrochemical products that use highly heat-generating processes, require temperatures of hundreds of degrees Celsius, or produce products that must be rapidly cooled or frozen. Examples are acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetonitrile, acetylene, acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, adipic acid, alkylamine, alkylbenzene, ammonia, aniline, ketone polymers, benzene, But are not limited to, bisphenol A, beutanediol, butyl acetate, caprolactam, carbon disulfide, cellulose acetate, cellulose ether, chlorinated isocyanurate, chlorinated solvent, chlorobenzene, chlorinated methane, cresol, xylenol, cumene, cyclohexane , Dimethylformamide, epichlorohydrin, epoxy resin, ethanolamine, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethylbenzene, ethyl chloride, ethylene, ethylene dichloride, ethyleneamine, ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, fluorocarbon, formaldehyde, fumaric acid , Furfural, glycol ether, hexamethylenediamine, hydrogen cyanide, hydroquinone, But are not limited to, isophthalic acid, isopropyl alcohol, ketone, alkyl sulfonic acid, alpha olefin, lignosulfonate, maleic anhydride, melamine, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl methacrylate, nitrobenzene, nylon resin, phenol, A polyalkylene glycol, a polycarbonate resin, a polyester, a polyethylene, a polyglycol, a polyimide, a polypropylene, a polystyrene, a polyvinyl alcohol, a propionic acid, a propylene glycol, a propylene oxide, But are not limited to, the preparation of pyridine, silicon, sorbitol, styrene, terephthalic acid, urea, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and zeolites.

Another type of industrial application involves a power plant that is fueled, in particular, by coal. These plants generate considerable volumes of combustion gases that require progressive processing steps to reduce pollutants. Typically, nitrogen oxides (NOx) are generated during the combustion process and need to be reduced by adding ammonia or an amine that reduces NOx to nitrogen gas. Next, the fly ash particles need to be trapped and removed, which is typically done by electrostatic precipitators, dust collectors, or both. The flue gas also contains significant sulfur compounds from the original coal, which is commonly handled in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems, including scrubbing. Despite these various processing steps, flue gas in coal-fired power plants contains a very large amount of low-grade heat at temperatures in the range of 330 ° F to 400 ° F, which can be used without unduly affecting the normal operation of the power plant .

Other examples of heat collection, transfer and release include:

At the thermal power plant ,

ㆍ Expansion and replacement of cooling tower

ㆍ Expansion and replacement of large condenser

Heat extraction as steam and "hot gas" to optimize cycle efficiency

ㆍ Heat recovery from boiler room in small power plant

In hot-pond power generation, heat transfer using a heat pipe

Preheating flue gas preheating

Heat collection from boiler blow-down

At the nuclear power plant ,

ㆍ Cooling of waste fuel storage facility

ㆍ Reactor Cooling

ㆍ Expansion and replacement of steam condenser

At the natural gas compression station ,

ㆍ Heat recovery from large compressor

Underground mines ,

· Deep worksite cooling

In dissolution mining ,

Heating underground formation to increase solubility

In plywood and OBS production ,

ㆍ Raw material drying

In the following thermal management of industrial processes ,

ㆍ Bio fermentation

ㆍ fertilizer production (for example, urea)

In industrial gas production ,

Compressor heat in argon, nitrogen, oxygen, CO ₂ production

ㆍ Gas Liquefaction

Coal gasification and syngas - Fischer-Tropsch process

In the following military applications ,

ㆍ fixed generator

ㆍ Mobile engine such as vehicle

ㆍ Marine engine

ㆍ Heat / pipe runway for combined heating / cooling mobile /

In solar applications ,

ㆍ Heat collection, transfer, and emission from solar collectors

ㆍ Cooling photovoltaic arrays

In metallurgical applications ,

Crystal pulling using radian heat (for example, silicon)

Continuous casting of steel and other metals using radiant heat and conduction

Heat shielding by transferring heat away from heat shielding

ㆍ Mold cooling in sand mold casting

ㆍ Laser head cooling for laser cutting

Other applications, including the thermal sensing industry, in the following SIC codes:

ㆍ Heat recovery from semiconductor process

Rubber manufacturing, for example, vulcanization

ㆍ Petroleum refinery including coker, distillation tower, chemical reactor

ㆍ Expansion and replacement of HVAC system for heating and cooling of residential and industrial buildings

ㆍ Cryoprotectants for agricultural products such as grapes and citrus fruits.

Disassembly of seabed methane hydrate for gas production.

As any type of heat pipe is excessively effective in heat transfer, the next compartment includes desalination, industrial delivery of heat, cooling, freezing, etc., as well as conventional applications such as stabilizing heat pipes and Alaska permafrost And focuses on how to improve its average performance so that it can be applied in a variety of industrial applications, including but not limited to.

About Heatpipe

Clearly, a heat pipe enables effective heat transfer. The heat pipe is driven by a temperature difference [Delta] T between its condensation and boiling points sufficient to maintain a very high heat flow rate through the heat pipe. A commercially available heat pipe conveys a large amount of heat (e.g., > 200 W), typically at about 8 ° C. at higher power output, even though some have a ΔT as low as 3 ° C. 15 < 0 > F) or larger [Delta] T. ΔT is not critical to EOR or geothermal applications because the temperature difference between the surface heat source and the geological formation is several hundred degrees, but a small ΔT may be needed to optimize overall thermal efficiency. Therefore, it is useful to inspect the heat phenomenon in the heat pipe. Insert the working fluid into excitation 92.

An important factor in maintaining a small ΔT is to limit the wall heat loss, which is a function of the surface area of the pipe (and hence of length) and the thermal conductivity of the medium surrounding the wall material and HP. This need is not critical to conventional HP pipes, but is important for very long HP as claimed in the present application. Figure 15 shows other possible embodiments of surface insulation for a long heat pipe such that most of the heat is transferred to the cold end and is hardly lost along the walls of the HP in the middle section. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 15A, a good thermal barrier coating 7 is used over most of the surface area, except for the area where heat pipe 4 absorbs or emits heat. Suitable insulation materials for relatively low temperatures (<150 ° C) include insulation materials such as those used in steam pipes. Insulators suitable for high temperature operations may include various insulation materials having ceramic compositions such as zirconia, alumina, magnesia and similar compositions. An optional construction for excellent insulation is shown in Fig. 15A and includes a ceramic material comprising closed pores. Fig. 15b shows another embodiment consisting of a tube enclosure 7 under partial vacuum. These enclosures provide excellent insulation as well as the advantages of an external vacuum that counteracts the structural deformation of the internal vacuum of the heat pipe. The shape of the enclosure tube may be similar to that used for a heat collector tube of a parabolic solar concentrator. Figure 15b shows an embodiment comprising a structural support sleeve 24 surrounding the heat pipe 4 at regular intervals to prevent the weight of the heat pipe from overwhelming the structural resistance of the heat pipe assembly, Respectively. Such a structural support may contribute to a dual purpose that aids in offsetting the weight of the heat pipe during its insertion into the final position and during operation.

15C shows another embodiment for extending the length of the heat pipe while minimizing the loss of heat transfer performance. In Fig. 15C, the heat pipe 4 ends with a tube 40 of small diameter that fits into a hollow semi-cylinder which is the other end of the heat pipe. The surface area of the two heat pipes makes it possible to transfer heat from one heat pipe to the other and the heat loss is minimized by the flexible insulating blanket (not shown). 15D shows an alternative arrangement for connecting two or more heat pipes 4 into a longer heat pipe using the small diameter of each heat pipe 40 or the end of capillary size. This type of configuration takes advantage of the general characteristics of the heat pipe, i.e., the internal shape of the heat pipe has little effect on the heat transfer performance and functionality of the heat pipe. Both types of construction lead to an "articulated" heat pipe designed to pivot and bend at the junction of two or more heat pipes, thus making it possible for a very long heat pipe to follow a non-linear path.

Figure 16 shows a typical commercial heat pipe 4 typically made of a partially emptied and sealed tube 10 that contains a small amount of working fluid 11 that is typically water but can also be an alcohol or other volatile liquid. When heat in the form of an enthalpy is applied to the lower end of the heat pipe, the heat first crosses the metal barrier 10 and the inner wick 12 and then the heat of the working fluid 11 penetrating the entire surface of the wick . As the working fluid evaporates, the resulting gas (steam in the case of water) fills the emptied tube and reaches the top of the heat pipe, and ΔT between the inside and the outside of the heat pipe condenses, Release. To facilitate continuous operation, the interior of the tube 10 typically includes a wick 12, which can be any porous and hydrophilic layer that transfers the condensing phase of the working fluid back to the hot end of the tube.

An improvement in the ability to collect heat is the use of metal oxides and / or pigments that are dark or black and more readily absorb heat, especially in the case of radiant heat. One advantage of a heat pipe with a black outer coating is that such a black surface is also excellent in radiating heat at the cold end of the heat pipe.

Experimentally, the greatest barrier to heat transfer in a heat pipe is that of a layer immediately adjacent to the outside of the first heat pipe (boundary layer), a conduction barrier provided by the material of the second heat pipe second, And limiting the wicking material to return the working fluid to the hot end. However, in EOR applications, the boundary layer adjacent to the outside of the heat pipe is minimal for two reasons: first, if direct heating is used, or if steam or pressurized hot water is not used, the thermal barrier becomes much less important , Second, on the petroleum formation side, any water tends to be very salty, which can easily disrupt the molecular double layer that is reactive to most of the barriers. Figure 17 shows a high performance heat pipe that minimizes these barriers. It should be noted that the axial core reduces the thermal barriers typically present in conventional wicks adjacent to the walls of the heat pipe.

In Fig. 17, the heat pipe 4 is shown with the heat input at the top, and the heat release at the bottom at the vertical position. The heat transfer barrier adjacent to the outside of the heat pipe can be minimized as described in the above paragraph. The heat conducting barrier through the metal casing of the pipe can also be minimized by using a very thin metal foil 10 instead of the solid metal tube of most heat pipes. The mechanical support for the metal foil should be sufficient to sustain a suitable vacuum and is provided by a metal screen 13 that provides additional functionality by increasing the available internal surface area to provide the necessary heat for condensation / . The inner wick 12 is also provided to help evaporate the inner fluid by its large surface area and open porosity. In addition, given the long distance the condensed working fluid has to travel within the pipe, an additional shaft core structure 14, which transfers the fluid through the capillary action but which is separate from the surface wicking action and which is not at least partly attached to the wall, .

During operation, the heat enters near the top and traverses the thin metal foil 10. Since the thermal conductivity is an inverse function of the thickness of the material that the heat must undergo, the thickness of the metal foil promotes heat transfer. Upon reaching the inner wick 12, the heat rapidly evaporates the working fluid transferred to the wick. The saturated steam travels rapidly through the internal volume of the heat pipe and a slightly lower temperature reaches the opposite end of the pipe which again causes condensation of the vapor to the working fluid. In the process, the heat of vaporization was transferred from the top of the heat pipe to the bottom. The condensed fluid then flows through both the surface wick 12 and the center wick 14 by capillary action toward the hot end of the pipe and thus provides the volume flow necessary to maintain large heat transfer.

Figure 18 shows a graphical comparison of two heat pipes of one conventional design and one novel design. In a typical heat pipe, the main problem is to maintain the wick structure 12 without interruption over the entire length of the pipe. Normally, this is not a problem with pipes of several feet or shorter. When the length exceeds these dimensions, it becomes a serious difficulty. The novel design eliminates this problem by having a shaft capillary cap wick 14 that can be made of any porous material that does not require sintering or high thermal conductivity but is wettable by the internal working fluid. In any case, the goal is to efficiently transfer heat energy from the heat source at the top of the heat pipe to the application area at the bottom of the heat pipe. If the inner core can not function without interruption, it is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve this goal with conventional heatpipes. Another problem / limitation of HP is to manufacture very long tubes. Making long tubes is normally accomplished by welding short tube lengths or screwing them, but in any case, there is a problem of leakage especially when conventional pipes are partially emptied before final assembly.

Inner wicking materials include sintered copper spheres, metal grooves, metal screens, and other materials including well-defined porosity.

Figure 19 illustrates an alternative embodiment that eliminates the need for an extremely long heat pipe. 19, the shorter heat pipe 4 is assembled with the intermediate reservoir 8 which receives the heat-conducting fluid 9 which transfers heat from one heat pipe to the other heat pipe, Extend the distance. However, this embodiment requires that the intermediate reservoir be hermetically sealed to prevent the loss of the heat transfer fluid 9. In addition, the heat loss will necessarily increase with this type of embodiment due to the increasing ΔT at each junction, the surface area of the intermediate reservoir and the higher heat wall losses due to that temperature. However, the proposed embodiment provides an actual solution to heat transfer over a very long distance, especially in EOR applications, since pipe joining is a normal activity and high temperature heat is commonly available. The form of the transfer fluid may be any thermally conductive liquid that is chemically stable at the temperature associated with the heat transfer bonding, such as DowTerm (TM), a particular eutectic salt mixture, and the like. Those skilled in the art will recognize that similar embodiments are possible, including joining short heat pipes with longer heat pipes, while maintaining a hermetic seal, and therefore the proposed embodiment is merely exemplary and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention will be.

The composition of the working fluid inside the heat pipe generally determines the temperature range of the heat pipe or heat siphon. Lower temperatures include organic compounds such as ammonia, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes or aromatic hydrocarbons that boil at lower temperatures than ordinary water or aqueous solutions. For high temperature ranges, certain metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, lead, zinc and their alloys provide a working fluid that can work at temperatures in excess of 1300 ° C. Another option is to use a mixture of salts and salts to sublimate both the hot and cold heat pipes as the working fluid for both. Also included are metal oxides, borates with different hydration levels.

20 shows a method of manufacturing a heat pipe of arbitrary length, which is particularly suitable for the manufacture of very long heat pipes. The method starts with a tubular scaffold 13 made of metal screens with sufficiently strong wires and openings small enough to maintain the structural integrity of the finished heat pipe when sealed under partial vacuum. Typically, the mesh size of the metal screen in the range of 24 to 150 mesh may be suitable to maintain a partial vacuum of about 0.1 bar. If a higher vacuum is required, the size of the metallic screen can be reduced to 325-400 mesh and a dual screen surface with larger screen apertures on the inner surface of the tubular scaffold that adds rigidity to the outer screen surface have. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are other ways to make such tubular scaffolds: they can be preformed and limited in their entire length to hundreds of feet, or they can be woven in the field for long haul.

Once the tubular scaffold is formed, it is inserted into a furnace 19 which can be sintered or welded to the finished surface of the heat pipe, which is allowed to rotate, as shown in the view of Fig. Next, a metal strip 17 made of a thin metal foil including a slightly thin strip of sintered wick material 18 sintered on one side is continuously wound on a tubular scaffold to form a tube. The winding angle of the metal strip 17 will be determined by the width of the strip 17 and the degree of strip overlap required to completely seal the winding surfaces together. The furnace 19 is essentially just before the final step of forming the tube with the inner wicking layer. When the tube is completed, the axial core can be placed, the working fluid can be inserted, and the pipe can be emptied and sealed. Alternatively, the shaft core wand and the tube can be manufactured at the same time.

Figure 21 provides a cross-sectional view of two embodiments for winding a long distance tube to an inner wick surface. 20A, the wick 18 consists of a strip 17 of sintered sphere and shows two upper strips 20 of a porous flexible fabric projecting over the edge of the wick. When wound around a tubular scaffold, the fabric contacts a contiguous fabric and thus provides a continuous porous layer constituting a continuous capillary surface. This prevents the inner wicking material from being isolated in any compartment of its axial length. An alternative embodiment is shown in Figure 21B in which the inner strip of wicking material is disposed at a slight angle to the vertical line so that it is wider than the thin metal foil being wound and ensures proper contact of the inner wicking material. Of course this can cause some separation between the thin metal foils during winding, which can be sealed with a strip of thinner foil 21 wound around the pipe just before entering the welding furnace, as shown in FIG. 22 .

23 is a perspective view of a single cylindrical porous body, a coaxial cylinder with internal metal wires to provide rigidity, a coaxial cylinder originating from small beads made from capillary action glass, ceramic, or metal, or combinations thereof (12) which can be used as a shaft core. A series of radially spaced supports 22 are disposed along the length of the wick prior to its insertion into the heat pipe to prevent bending of the core wick and to maintain its separation from the inner walls of the heat pipe 4. These supports are generally thin compartments that do not unduly reduce the free internal volume of the heat pipe and do not reduce the mass flow of the vapor along the length of the heat pipe.

An alternative method for making suitable wicks is to use copper or other metal precursors. A metal precursor is a chemical that decomposes to a metal upon heating. In the case of a sintered copper core, the precursor may be copper beta diketonate (CBDK) or copper acetylacetonate (CAA), both of which are micron-sized copper Particles. In general, any organic precursor that can be decomposed, or any ion precursor that can be electrodeposited, can be a candidate. A suitable wick can be made by slurring micron-sized copper particles in the CBDK or CAA and spreading the slurry into the inner surface of the copper tube or copper strip. The surplus liquid is drained so that the solid metal particles are held by the surface tension of the funicular rings formed at the contact points of the metal particles thereafter. Upon heating in a reducing atmosphere, CBDK or CAA is decomposed into copper, which is welded to the contact points of the metal particles, to bond the metal particles in situ. Alternatively, providing an appropriate electrical potential, Cu ions can be deposited to provide the necessary glue. Many metal precursors can be decomposed into different metals and normal thermal diffusion will enable such precursors to bond similar and dissimilar metals as long as the metal particles and the precursor metal have some solubility with respect to each other. For example, deposition of Sn on CU or Cu on Cu can provide good thermal contact through Cu or CuSn alloy bridges.

After installation of the optional shaft center wick in the long heat pipe, the working fluid is inserted to saturate the volume of the wick inner surface and the shaft core wick. The volume of working fluid may be 0% to 25% higher than that required for wicking saturation and, if the evaporated working fluid can overheat in the form of vapor, the surplus working fluid may exceed 25%.

Because of the need to maintain capillary action against gravity, potential problems with wick structures in very long vertical heat pipes can occur. The capillary rise height (h) is defined by the following equation:

Where γ is the liquid-air surface tension (force / unit length), θ is the contact angle, ρ is the density of the liquid (mass / volume), g is the local acceleration due to gravity (length / time square [ It is a radius.

0 = (cos (0) = 1), p is 1000 kg / m &lt; 3 &gt;, and g = 9.81 m / s ² . For these values, the order high

이다.

to be.

Therefore, h = 7,400 m for r = 0.0002 m (0.2 mm), h = 0.074 m, r = 0.000002 m (2 microns), h = 7.4 m, r = 0.000000002 m (2 nm). However, in a practical industrial setting, the laboratory conditions are not necessarily applied: the values of the surface tension are usually kept at a temperature And the contact angle is not nearly 0 [deg.]. However, the greatest factor in maintaining capillary action is maintaining the radius of the capillary. Therefore, the core pore size in a very long heat pipe needs to be in the range of a few nanometers, rather than a few microns range, as is normal for conventional HP. However, this is not a problem encountered by pulsating heat pipes or heat siphons that do not have a wick structure. The actual impact in terms of manufacturability suggests the use of sintered wick or similar sized nanotubes or nano-sized structured powders or films made of nanoparticles.

The final step in making the heat pipe involves evacuating the heat pipe by applying vacuum and sealing it by crimping or welding. Fig. 24 shows an alternative embodiment of the sealing operation, which consists of installing a valve 23 that allows periodic inspection of the vacuum during operation.

Fig. 25 shows an alternative embodiment for manufacturing a high-grade heat pipe. The high-grade heat pipe shows excellent heat transfer performance due to thin walls and special wick structures, and is easy and inexpensive to manufacture. In Figure 25a, the manufacturing process begins with two thin foils 35 coated with wicking material 18 first. Since the wick is formed on a flat surface before the heat pipe is made, the wick structure may contain materials of different sizes. For example, adjacent to the foil surface, the wicking material may consist of nanoparticles ranging from several nanometers to 100 nanometers, depending on the ultimate vertical length of the heat pipe. In the case of common metals such as copper and its alloys, this initial layer of nanoparticles is sintered at a temperature of about 500-700 &lt; 0 &gt; C, typically less than HP. In the case of the present invention, this may be several hundred lower. Alternatively, the initial layer of nanoparticles can be held in place by an adhesive that can be continuously pyrolyzed and / or graphitized at a temperature of about 800-850 ° C. In addition, these may be supported by materials that maintain their structure at the temperature and vapor pressure used. For example, if the water is a working fluid, the material may be a 20 nm porous zirconia nano sponge decorated with nanofilms of Cu or Ni or nanoislands. Next, a second layer of wicking material, such as particles in the range of 1-100 microns, can be deposited on the foil surface and the sinter or pyrolysis process can be repeated, thereby increasing the amount of mutual adhesion. Alternatively, the second layer of wicking material may be made of copper gauze providing an excellent pore structure for wicking. This gauze material can then be combined with the underlying layer of wicking material. Thus, the wick can be constructed in sequence to include different porous and permeable different layers. Therefore, this type of heat pipe can have a length of up to 10-14 kilometers.

Once the wicking material has been formed on the foil, a plurality of metal scaffolds 13 can be disposed between the two thin foils 35 to form a separate cylindrical &lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; To form a surface. The foil surface separating the individual scaffolds must then be sealed by solder or crimping or both. In Fig. 25B, one end of these cylindrical shapes is closed and sealed by crimping or solder or both. Then, a partial vacuum is applied to ensure good contact between the foil, including the scaffolding material and the core layer (s). Typically, this vacuum is sufficient to provide good contact between the foil and the scaffold, but subsequent sintering can effectively weld these surfaces. Therefore, the resulting cylindrical shapes become heat pipes 4 connected by thin metal foils 35. These can be used in applications requiring large surface area and effective heat transfer coefficient.

Figure 25c shows a selection of separating the connected heat pipe assemblies into separate heat pipes each having a couple of two thin metal flaps for additional surface area. However, such a foil surface may be trimmed or cut as shown in Figure 25D to ultimately make individual heat pipes as shown in Figure 25E.

Figure 26 shows an alternative arrangement for transferring large quantities of heat, especially over a long distance, in a depth or vertical arrangement. 26, the heat pipe 4 is made of a "pulsed" heat pipe, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. &Quot; An Introduction to Pulsating Heat Pipes. -cooling <dot> com / 2003/05 /). In Fig. 26, heat is conducted at one end of the heat pipe 4 by any heat source of heat energy. The heat pipe 4 is partially filled with the liquid fluid 45 which evaporates as the vapor 46 when heat is absorbed by the heat pipe. Vapor 46 increases both the vapor (e.g., vapor bubbles) and liquid plugs (e.g., slugs) by increasing the internal pressure of the heat pipe and preventing the one-way valve 47 from flowing in the other direction Move in one direction. The internal flow of vapor and liquid transports heat by mass transfer to the other extreme of the heat pipe assembly at low temperatures. This heat transfer allows heat to be released by condensation of the vapor into the liquid (latent heat / release of sensible heat contained in the liquid phase). As the heat is transferred, the additional vapor is condensed into the liquid phase, and the liquid continues to flow in response to the pressure pulse.

The distinction of the present invention from conventional pulsating heat pipes is not only in that the reinforcing screens 13 are arranged in the metal foil 17 so as to provide strength to resist internal pressure pulses and eliminate the need for wicking material 18, A heat pipe can be manufactured in accordance with the principles discussed in the previous description of the long-distance pipe of Figs. 20-22. Alternatively, the pulsating heat pipe can be assembled using conventional methods of joining pipes. Additional distinguishing features include the use of a special coating on the interior surface of the heat pipe to promote evaporation and boiling, and / or outside the heat pipe to enhance heat transfer to the lipid formulation or other heat demanding application. In addition, the outer surface of the pulsed heat pipe can be insulated except at the ends. Therefore, this type of heat pipe can have a length of up to 10-14 km.

Effective heat transfer without significant heat loss has a significant amount of waste heat available, but is also attractive for thermal power plants that are typically too low in temperature for a variety of industrial applications. However, a new technique for purifying a wide range of contaminated waters using very little thermal energy is described in Sylvan Source, Inc. (U.S. Patent No. 8,771,477, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, A new technology has been developed by the patent application PCT / US2012 / 054221, which has an international filing date of 7 days and priority date of September 9, 2011, and this technique is combined with heat collection to provide useful heat collection with purified water .

However, in order for such innovations to be effective, the collection of heat, its transport to where it will be used, and subsequent deliveries must produce a minimum temperature loss. Heatpipes, thermal siphons, and pulsating heatpipes provide a real solution if the heatpipe system can perform all three functions simultaneously without intermediate steps. Therefore, it is necessary to collect low-grade as well as high-temperature heat, transfer this heat energy to heat pipes of a larger diameter without loss of temperature, and to heat pipes of many small diameters for practical use without experiencing significant temperature loss. There is a need for a long-distance heat pipe that can deliver thermal energy. One way in which this can be achieved is in that a plurality of small diameter heat pipes 4 are seamlessly connected to large diameter heat pipes 58 and, in turn, small diameter heat pipes 4) &lt; / RTI &gt;

Obviously, it is essential that the mechanism for returning the working fluid to the hot end of the heat pipe should not be interrupted so that the complicated heat pipe functions as a single unit. This means that the inner wick, which is functioned by the capillary action, must be connected to every corner of the various joints between the heat pipe elements. Since combining the metal heat pipes is typically accomplished by welding and the external encapsulant material and such welds can not be used to join the sintered wick, Is a problem. Fig. 27 shows a method for achieving this object.

27A shows how two heat pipes 4 and 58 of different diameters are combined. The hole is cut into the large heat pipe 58 so that the small heat pipe 4 can be correctly fitted. The donut-shaped gel 48 containing particles of the same size as the wicking material is disposed at the end portion of the small heat pipe 4 as shown in Fig. 27B, and the two heat pipes are connected to each other as shown in Fig. 27C do. Figure 27d shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of two heat pipes and gaps present in wicking material. Figure 27E shows what happens when solder 49 or welding is applied to the outer surface of two coupled heat pipes: the gel material liquefies and evaporates but is not completely liquefied and does not vaporize, so that the capillary material 12 Capillary action enables the suspension of fine particles to be drawn in to fill the gaps. The heat of the solder or volume leaves the small rope loops that are sufficient to evaporate all the liquid used to suspend the fine particles and can be pyrolyzed, as shown in Figure 27f, and therefore hold new wick particles 50 together . Additional heat can be applied if necessary to sinter additional wick particles together. And of course, all of the above requires that there is no vacuum when heatpipes are combined. An example of a gel that can be run as indicated is a silica gel that leaves a welding spot between new wicking materials made of silica, a hydrophilic material that promotes capillary continuity. However, since silica can dissolve and move from the high temperature side to the low temperature side of the heat pipe, the preferred material is a silica gel in which alumina particles, zirconia or rare earth particles are suspended, and these weld the wicks permanently to each other.

Another important feature of advanced heatpipes, particularly those incorporating small diameter and large diameter heatpipes, is the ability to arbitrarily stop the transmission of heat, as in the industrial situation where the main plant must be separated from the heat transfer mechanism. Figure 28 illustrates one mechanism for controlling heat transfer in a high grade composite heat pipe. 28A, a simple valve 60, which can be electronically or remotely controlled, is attached to the interior of the large diameter heat pipe 58, and while the valve 60 is open, the heat pipe is designed Continue to transfer heat as shown. Figure 28b shows that the valve occurs when closed in response to an external actuator; The flow of the gas-phase working fluid stops entering the small-diameter heat pipe 4, and therefore heat transfer is interrupted.

The optional configuration of the advanced heat pipe includes a hybrid of a heat pipe with a pulsating heat pipe and / or a loop heat pipe that combines the best features of each type of heat pipe into a single independent performance entity. For example, a combination of pulsating heat pipes may provide optimal heat collection and release while a mandatory standard or loop heat pipe provides optimal heat transfer. Such hybrids include thin wall thicknesses at the heat collection and discharge ends, thick walls with or without insulation to prevent long distance losses, and common wicking materials that ensure continuous fluid communication within the hybrid pipe due to capillary action . &Lt; / RTI &gt; The capillary wick can also consist of an axially or spirally wound wick that periodically contacts the inner wall to maintain capillary continuity over the length of the heat pipe. These flexible wicks can be used to join other heat pipes before welding and thus maintain the continuity of the capillaries. Alternatively, the wicking material can be grooved to provide long distances for the heat pipe, and thus can provide different wick structures that optimize each function of the heat pipe for heat collection, transfer and discharge. Another option involves the use of a metal screen that can be welded to a slightly larger or smaller diameter screen providing a capillary.

Heat dissipation using heat pipes, disperser heat pipes, thermal siphons, and pulsating heat pipes

The release of heat involves the same principle as the trapping of heat, except in the case of heat pipes, in particular in the case of conventional heat pipes, in which the execution of this principle is reversed. Therefore, releasing heat from a conventional heat pipe first involves condensation of the inner vapor at the cold end of the heat pipe, then through the wicking material, and then the transfer of heat through thermal conductivity through a generally encapsulated metal or alloy encapsulation tube, And ultimately to the medium outside the heat pipe. In the case of advanced heat pipes, which may include multiple layers of different porous wicking, the thermal conductivity will depend on the thickness of each wick layer and the thermal conductivity of the wicking material. In the case of a pulsating heat pipe and a thermal siphon, when the wick is not present, the thermal conductivity through the encapsulation tube will depend on the thermal conductivity of the tube and its thickness, as well as whether the internal fluid is in liquid or gaseous form.

The numerous possible configurations described in the previous paragraph have the following distinct advantages for efficient heat release:

The use of a thin wall thickness in an encapsulating material for a heat pipe minimizes temperature loss and improves the amount of heat delivered per unit surface area, as shown in Figures 17, 20, 22, and 25.

The use of a thin foil as shown in Fig. 25 enables the simultaneous manufacture of thin fin structures, which improves surface area and maximizes heat dissipation.

The ability to combine multiple compartments of a complex heat pipe while maintaining wick consistency and continuity can be achieved by collecting heat from different locations, transferring such heat over a short or long distance using a larger and more efficient heat pipe, This enables the delivery of these heat to a number of places by pipes.

Control feature of the on / off switch of the heat pipe which enables to arbitrarily block or maintain the flow of heat.

• Use of special-purpose heat pipes, such as pulsating heat pipes, which allow vertical or horizontal transfer of heat over very long distances.

Use of different encapsulant materials for the end and middle of the heat pipe, which minimizes heat loss during heat transfer by the interconnect material with low thermal conductivity, or the thermal insulation outside the heat pipe, while optimizing heat collection and emission.

Possible integration of heat pipes and heat storage systems to provide operational flexibility in industrial plants.

All of these contribute to excellent thermal properties.

The ability to collect, transfer and emit heat more efficiently than heat exchangers, or so-called "economizers" or water spray based quenching operations that use thermal fluids, can be applied to heatpipes described in the previous paragraph in many business applications The following distinct advantages are given for:

In the purification of supernatant-water-soluble wastes from water and wastewater, especially from seawater desalination, salt water purification, oil and gas extraction, chemical or metal processes, pulp and paper industries and plastics and rubber works. In fact, the small temperature difference provided by the heat pipe allows the use of more efficient evaporators in the distillation system, and the heat transfer of the heat pipe improves the thermal performance. In addition, the integral constructions may include a number of designs such as a vertically arranged stack, a laterally arranged distillation system, or a hybrid arrangement under the category of a "distillation core ".

In chemical and petrochemical processes requiring effective cooling of exothermic reactions, maintaining reaction temperatures within a narrow range, synthesis at low temperatures, or cooling of vessels for catalytic reactions.

• In power plants, nuclear power plants, and similar industries that require effective cooling, such as by replacing cooling towers and other cooling systems with highly efficient heat pipe driven condenser vessels. Conversely, when using heat release characteristics of the heat pipe for the preheating process vessel or controlling the temperature of the flue gas. Especially when recovering low-grade heat from the flue gas using an aerodynamically shaped heat pipe that can also be inclined at right angles to reduce drag.

In metal work, such as steel and non-ferrous metal plants, which require intermittent heat generation or control of temperature, such as in metallurgical digestion processes as in the Bayer method.

The use of large thermal energy sources such as oil recovery, oil and gas prilling operations, gas hub operations to recover heat from compressors, refinery (eg distillation tower, coker work and cooling towers), geothermal energy production, From efficient delivery and emission.

ㆍ In other applications such as food and beverage processing.

And in military operations that require large amounts of waste heat and drinking water, especially from contaminated sources.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such methods and devices may be suitable for performing the objects and obtaining the stated advantages and advantages as well as various other advantages and benefits. The methods, procedures, and devices described herein represent presently preferred embodiments and are illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Changes and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art that are within the scope of the present invention and are defined by the scope of the present invention. For example, the inner wick can be sprayed inside the pipe tube and then sintered at an appropriate temperature, which depends on the sintered material.

All patents and publications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The invention illustratively described herein may be practiced with or without limitation any element or elements not specifically disclosed herein. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and the use of such terms and expressions are not meant to exclude the equivalents of the features shown or described or portions thereof. It will be appreciated that various modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosed invention. Therefore, although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modifications and variations of the concepts disclosed herein may be made by those skilled in the art, and such modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention And are considered to be within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (30)

As a thermal management system,
With a temperature loss of 0% to 40% of the temperature at the source of heat to be delivered from the capture to the discharge, at a temperature of -40 占 폚 A conventional heat pipe, an advanced heat pipe, a heat siphon, heat spreaders, a pulsating or a heat pipe suitable for collecting, transferring, and releasing heat at a temperature in the range of A plurality of heat transfer devices selected from the group consisting of a loop heat pipe, a steam pipe, or a combination thereof, wherein the transferred heat is derived from one or more heat sources, the heat transfer device having heat for at least one application A thermal management system that collects or provides. As a thermal management system,
Collecting, transferring, and releasing heat at a temperature in the range of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C at a distance of 500 m to 14 km, with a temperature loss of 0% to 40% of the temperature at the source of heat to be delivered from capture to release Include one or more heat transfer devices selected from the group consisting of conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermal siphons, heat spreaders, pulsating or loop heat pipes, or steam pipes, which are assembled as independent, providing suitable continuous heat conduction Wherein the transmitted heat is derived from one or more heat sources, and wherein the heat transfer device collects or provides heat for at least one application. 2. The thermal management system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer device has one or more wicks. 2. The thermal management system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer device has no wick. 2. The thermal management system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer device comprises a plurality of compartments, wherein the compartments are selected from an evaporator, a heat transfer compartment, a condenser, or a combination thereof. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the compartments include a wicking feature selected from an in-center, a full wick, a partial wick, or any combination thereof. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the applications is at least one of the following: power plant, geothermal energy production, crude oil recovery enhancement, gas recompression, desalination, metal treatment, chemical and petrochemical process and production, pulp and paper industry, A thermal management system, selected from industry, glass manufacturing operations, mining operations, plywood and directional strand board manufacturing, fermentation, fertilizer production, industrial gas production, military applications, solar energy production, rubber manufacturing, and refinery. The heat transfer device of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer device is manufactured from a group of materials consisting of steel, copper and alloys thereof, titanium and its alloys, aluminum and its alloys, nickel and chromium alloys, rolled metal foils, wire screens and scaffolds Wherein the encapsulation material is a thermally conductive material. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the encapsulating material of the heat transfer device comprises a metal, plastic or ceramic composition that is non-reactive with respect to various heat sources, is non-reactive with the heat transfer medium, . 9. The thermal management system of claim 8, wherein the heat transfer device comprises different metals and alloys including various thermal conductivities. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the different discrete heat transfer devices are coupled such that there is a bond wick structure having continuity compatible with capillary action along its length, the continuity comprising a heat conduction of the internal working material Wherein the internal working material is selected from the group consisting of a fluid, a sublimed solid, a material having a plurality of chemical hydration levels, and any combination thereof. 4. The thermal management system of claim 3, wherein the wick structure comprises a plurality of layers having different porosities. 4. The thermal management system of claim 3, wherein the wick structure comprises an inner wick structure comprising a central core. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the wick structure is selected from the group consisting of sintered materials, metal screens, grooves, oxides, borates, sublimed solids, materials with different chemical hydration levels, nanoparticles, nanopores, nanotubes, And at least one material selected from the group consisting of: &lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; a &lt; / RTI &gt; 15. The thermal management system of claim 14, wherein different materials are used at different locations along the length, and wherein the materials are selected to optimize heat collection and release while minimizing heat loss. 4. The thermal management system of claim 3, wherein the wick is formed by thermal decomposition of spray, paint, baking, PVD, CVD, or organic compounds. 4. The thermal management system of claim 3, wherein the wick is formed by thermally cracking a slurry of metal particles in a liquid metal precursor. The thermal management system of claim 1, wherein the encapsulation tube comprises a winding strip of a thin foil. 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the wound strip structure is precoated with a wicking material prior to being formed into tubular assemblies around a metal scaffold that includes the mesh screen. 19. The thermal management system of claim 18, wherein the gaps in the winding tube are sealed by separate wrapping strips. 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the amount of working material exceeds an amount required to saturate the inner wick structure. The thermal management system of claim 1, wherein the working material in the heat transfer device has a phase change temperature in the range of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C. 2. The thermal management system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer device comprises at least one valve located near at least one end for controlling and maintaining a partial vacuum. A vertical heat transfer device in accordance with claim 1 or 2, wherein up to 14 km in length is installed to prevent physical degradation or breakage of the heat transfer device, the weight of the heat transfer device comprising at least one buoyancy balloon , At least one helicopter, or a combination thereof. The heat transfer device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the heat transfer device is installed using at least one installation assistance device selected from a crane, a helicopter, a balloon, a wheel, an oil rig, and a tower or any combination thereof. system. The heat transfer device of claim 2, wherein the heat transfer device of 3 to 7 km in length is installed without degradation or breakage of the physical performance of the heat transfer device, and the heat transfer device comprises 100 to 500 And wound around a wheel of a diameter of feet. 3. The thermal management system as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the heat transfer device is insulated. 2. The thermal management system of claim 1, wherein the pulsating heat pipe is made by encapsulating a thin metal or alloy layer in a strong metal screen to resist pressure pulses. A method of heat trapping, transferring, and releasing using the thermal management system of claim 1. A method for manufacturing the thermal management system of claim 1, comprising the steps of:
Selecting a type of heat transfer device from the group consisting of conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermal siphons, disperser heat pipes, loop heat pipes, pulsating heat pipes, steam pipes, and any combination thereof;
Selecting a method of combining heat transfer device elements from at least one of the group consisting of solder, brazing, welding, screwing, foil winding, mechanical fit, thermal fluid encapsulation, and any combination thereof;
Selecting the shape of the wick structure from the group consisting of the sintered metal, the center core wick, the metal screen, the groove, and any combination thereof, and the non-corporeal material;
Selecting an internal working material from the group consisting of an aqueous solution, a eutectic salt mixture, an organic material thermal fluid, and a high temperature metal and alloy liquefied in a temperature range of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C, a sublimed solid, and a material having a different chemical hydration level step;
Applying the selected bonding method, wick structure, and working fluid; And
Sealing the heat transfer device under vacuum.

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