KR20160119481A - generating system using cold fusion - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a low-temperature nuclear fusion power generation system capable of improving energy efficiency by triggering the nuclear fusion reaction at normal temperature without environmental pollution using high energy due to a mass defect. The system includes: a reactor in which the nuclear fusion reaction occurs; a heat exchange unit which is used for heat exchange of the reactor; and a power generator which generates power using steam from the heat exchange unit. The reactor includes: a fusion unit which includes one pair of electrode plates which face each other and include an electrode unit to which power is inputted along the outer surface, and a plurality of metal barrier plates which are placed at predefined intervals from each other in the space between the inner sides of the electrode plates for electrons of an electrolyte to be accelerated and pass through; a fuel supply unit which includes a reservoir tank in which the electrolyte is filled and has a storage space through which a fluid circulation line connected to the heat exchange unit passes, a pressure control device for controlling the pressure of the storage space, a level control device for controlling the level of the electrolyte, and a temperature control device for controlling the temperature of the electrolyte; a supply line which connects the reservoir tank to one side of the electrode plate to supply the electrolyte of the storage space to the fusion unit; and a discharge line which connects the reservoir tank to the other side of the electrode plate to discharge byproducts due to the nuclear fusion reaction and the electrolyte heated by the nuclear fusion reaction to the storage space.

Description

Generating system using cold fusion < RTI ID = 0.0 >

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a low-temperature fusion power generation system, and more particularly, to a low-temperature fusion power generation system in which energy efficiency is improved by generating a fusion reaction at room temperature without concern for environmental pollution using high energy due to mass deficiency.

Fusion is a phenomenon in which two atomic nuclei gather to form a single heavy nucleus. At this time, depending on the mass of the nucleus involved, energy may be released or absorbed.

Iron and nickel nuclei have the strongest bond energy among all nuclei. Fusion, which produces light nuclei that are lighter than iron or nickel, releases energy. Fusion, which produces heavier nuclei than both nuclei, absorbs energy.

In general, the fusion of nuclei with each other requires a large amount of energy, which is the same for hydrogen, the lightest element.

However, the energy generated when light elements are fused to form heavy elements and free neutrons is greater than the energy required for fusion, and through this energy generation process, the fusion reaction can be sustained on its own.

However, the conventional fusion power generation has a problem that the energy required to generate fusion is large compared to the amount of energy obtained through fusion, and the environmental conditions are extremely limited, so that it is difficult to put it into practical use.

Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2006-0105402

In order to solve the above problems, there is provided a low-temperature fusion power generation system using high energy due to mass deficiency, which is free from environmental pollution, but generates fusion reaction at room temperature to improve energy efficiency.

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a low-temperature fusion fusion power generation system including a reactor in which a fusion reaction is generated, a heat exchange unit for heat exchange in the reactor, and a power generator using steam generated from the heat exchange unit A pair of electrode plates disposed on opposite sides of the reactor and having an electrode portion to which power is input along an outer surface of the reactor, and spaced apart from each other at predetermined intervals along a space between the inner surfaces of the electrode plate so that electrons of the electrolyte are accelerated A plurality of metal clad panels; A water storage tank filled with the electrolytic solution and having an accommodation space through which a fluid circulation line connected to the heat exchange unit is formed; a pressure regulating device for regulating the pressure of the accommodation space; a water level regulating device for regulating the level of the electrolytic solution; A fuel supply unit including a temperature regulating device for regulating the temperature of the electrolytic solution; A supply line connecting the storage tank to one side of the electrode plate to supply the electrolyte in the accommodation space to the fusion unit; And a discharge line connecting the storage tank to the other side of the electrode plate to discharge by-products resulting from the fusion reaction and the electrolyte heated by the fusion reaction into the accommodation space.

Here, the electrolyte is preferably a heavy water containing deuterium dissolved in an electrolyte for current flow between the electrode plates and fusion-bonded through acceleration movement of the electrons.

At this time, an upper fluid hole is formed along a portion of the upper surface of the electrode plate and the upper surface of the metal septum plate opposite to each other, a lower fluid hole through which the electrolyte flows, is formed below the electrode plate and the metal septum plate, The upper and lower fluid holes of the electrode plate are preferably connected to the discharge line and the supply line, respectively.

In addition, the lower fluid holes of the respective electrode plates and the metal septum foil are formed along a position different from the lower fluid holes of the adjacent electrode plates and the metal septum plate, It is preferable that a helical groove is formed in the inner circumference of the hole.

In addition, the fusion portion may further include an insulating packing for partitioning the electrode plate and the metal septum plate, wherein a plurality of fastening holes are formed in an outer region of the electrode plate and the metal septum plate, And a plurality of protrusions protruding along one side of the body to be inserted into the respective fastening holes and having through holes formed therein.

Through the above solution, the low temperature fusion power generation system according to the present invention provides the following effects.

First, since the fusion unit can generate the fusion reaction even under a low temperature environment by using the acceleration acceleration movement of the electrons passing through the multi-stage metal plate, it is possible to generate a large amount of heat energy without minimizing the input energy, It is possible to provide an infrastructure device for fusion fusion capable of generating high efficiency.

Secondly, the fusion portion is provided with a plurality of metal baffle plates disposed along a space between the pair of electrode plates and the electrode plate, so that when the power is applied to the electrode plate, the fusion reaction occurs in the electrolyte between the electrode plate and the metal baffle plate So that the structure of the device can be simplified and the production cost of the device can be reduced.

Thirdly, byproducts larger than the amount of gas generated in general electrolysis can be generated at the same power consumption, thermal energy of 8910 Kcal or more per hour can be obtained, and a large amount of neutrons detected in the fusion portion can confirm whether or not the fusion reaction .

Fourthly, the lower fluid holes of the electrode plates and the metal septum plates are formed along a position different from the adjacent adjacent fluid holes, and the helical groove is formed along the inner periphery of the lower fluid hole, Since the vortex flow is formed, the ion mobility is increased, and the collision probability with accelerated electrons passing through the metal septum plate can be improved, so that a more active fusion reaction can be achieved.

1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an exemplary view showing a reactor in a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG.
3 is a front view showing an electrode plate in a reactor of a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
4 is a front view showing a metal diaphragm plate in a reactor of a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a front view showing an insulating packing in a reactor of a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG.
6 is an exemplary view showing the arrangement of a lower fluid hole in a reactor of a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to another embodiment of the present invention;
7 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a cross section of a lower fluid hole in a reactor of a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, a low-temperature fusion power generation system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a low-temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an exemplary view showing a reactor in a low-temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention. 4 is a front view showing a metal septum plate in a reactor of a low-temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention, and Fig. 5 is a front view of the electrode plate in the reactor of the low- 1 is a front view showing an insulation packing in a reactor of a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to an embodiment.

1 to 5, a low-temperature fusion fusion power generation system 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a reactor 100, a heat exchange means 2, and a generator 3.

Here, the reactor 100 generates a fusion reaction through the fusion unit 10, and the heat associated with the fusion reaction is stored in the fuel supply unit 20. At this time, the fluid of the fluid circulation line 2a connecting the fuel supply unit 20 and the heat exchange unit 2 flows along the accommodation space inside the fuel supply unit 20 and is heated.

The heated fluid heats the water in the heat exchange unit 2 to generate steam, and the turbine of the generator 3 is rotated through the generated steam to generate electricity. At this time, the steam used for the rotation of the turbine is cooled through the plurality of parts (4) and supplied again to the heat exchange means (2).

Meanwhile, the reactor 100 includes a fusion unit 10, a fuel supply unit 20, a supply line 30, and a discharge line 40.

The fusion unit 10 includes a pair of electrode plates 11 and 12 and a plurality of metal diaphragm plates 13 spaced apart at predetermined intervals along a space between the electrode plates 11 and 12 do. At this time, the electrode plates 11 and 12 and the metal septum plate 13 are preferably made of a metal material.

Each of the electrode plates 11 and 12 is disposed so that its inner surfaces are opposed to each other. An electrode portion 11d through which power is input is provided on the outer surfaces of the electrode plates 11 and 12. At this time, the electrode portion 11d may be integrally formed with the electrode plate 11, and a metallic member having a conductivity higher than that of the electrode plate 11 may be provided.

The plurality of metal septum plates 13 are arranged in a line along a space between the electrode plates 11 and 12. That is, a plurality of metal septum foils 13 are disposed between the front electrode plate 11 and the rear electrode plate 12, and the metal septum foil, the metal septum foil, the metal septum foil and the electrode plate are spaced apart from each other .

At this time, as the distance between one metal septum plate and the adjacent metal septum plate is narrower, and the number of the metal septum plates is increased, collision between both of the electrolytic liquid and electrons can be facilitated.

In detail, when a positive electrode is connected to the electrode portion of one electrode plate 11 and a negative electrode is connected to the electrode portion of the other electrode plate 12, Electrons can be moved through the electrolyte.

At this time, the electrons are moved in one direction along the electrolyte. When the electrons pass through the metal septum plate in contact with the metal septum plate, the kinetic energy of the electrons is increased through the amplification acceleration movement, and the multi- The higher kinetic energy is obtained.

Here, the amplification acceleration movement means that the electrons pass through a narrow space between the metal electrons and the movement speed increases.

Then, the electrons moving in opposite directions collide with each other, resulting in energy exceeding the Coulomb barrier, and fusion may occur in the electrolyte solution s.

The electrolyte solution s is preferably a heavy water solution containing deuterium dissolved in an electrolyte for current flow between the electrode plates 11 and 12 and fusion-bonded through amplification acceleration movement of the electrons. At this time, the electrolyte may be provided as potassium hydroxide (KOH).

Of course, the electrolytic solution (s) can be made of hard water in which potassium hydroxide (KOH) is dissolved, and neutrons due to fusion are detected in the case of using hard water. However, the generation of heat energy due to mass deficiency It is preferable to use heavy water for the superposition of the water.

Here, the higher the concentration of the electrolytic solution and the higher voltage and current applied to each electrode unit, the more active the fusion reaction.

When the fusion reaction occurs in the fusion unit 10, a byproduct is formed. The byproduct includes neutron particles due to fusion of hydrogen, and may further include water, potassium hydroxide, and the like.

Here, the fusion unit 10 may further include an insulation case (not shown) having a storage space therein, and the electrode plate and the metal septum plate may be disposed inside the storage space.

The fusion unit 10 includes a pair of electrode plates 11 and 12 and a plurality of metal foil strips 13 disposed along the space between the electrode plates 11 and 12, And 12, the fusion reaction occurs in the electrolytic solution between the electrode plates 11 and 12 and the metal septum plate 13, so that the constraint of the environmental conditions is minimized, so that the device structure can be simplified, The cost can be reduced.

The fusing unit 10 may further include an insulating packing 14 for separating the electrode plates 11 and 12 and the metal septum plate 13 from each other.

A plurality of fastening holes 11a and 13a may be formed in the outer peripheral region of the electrode plates 11 and 12 and the metal septum plate 13. The fastening holes 11a and 13a are arranged in a circle along the outer peripheral region of the electrode plates 11 and 12 to the metal septum plate 13, And are opposed to each other with a fastening hole formed in the diaphragm plate.

A bolt member or the like may be inserted along each of the fastening holes 11a and 13a arranged in a row so that the electrode plate and the metal septum plate may be coupled.

The insulating packing 14 has a body portion 14c formed in a ring shape and a through hole 14c protruding along one side of the body portion 14c to be inserted into the respective fastening holes 11a and 13a, 14b are formed on the upper surface of the protruding portion 14a.

That is, the bolt member passes through the through hole 14b of the protrusion 14a inserted into the fastening holes 11a and 13a, and is insulated from the metal septum plate or the electrode plate through the protrusion 14a. have.

At this time, the body portion 14c is disposed along the region where the fastening holes 11a and 13a are formed, and is inserted between the electrode plates 11 and 12 and the metal septum plate 13. Accordingly, a space is formed between the electrode plates 11 and 12, the metal septum plate 13, and the metal septum plate and the metal septum plate, so that the electrolyte can be filled.

The insulating packing 14 is preferably made of a material such as silicon having a predetermined elastic force and stable at a high temperature and having electrical insulation.

Here, the electrode plates 11 and 12, the metal septum plate 13, and the electrolyte may shield the radioactivity generated during the fusion reaction.

Accordingly, power applied to the electrode plates 11 and 12 through the bolt member can be prevented from flowing directly to the metal septum plate 13, and electrons moved along the electrolyte can be prevented from flowing into the metal septum plate 13), the amplification acceleration movement can be smoothly generated, and the fusion reaction through the amplification acceleration movement can be stably performed.

Meanwhile, the fuel supply unit 20 includes a water storage tank 20a, a pressure regulator 21.22, water level regulators 24 and 25, and a temperature regulator.

In detail, the reservoir tank 20a is filled with the electrolytic solution s, and an accommodation space through which the fluid circulation line 2a connected to the heat exchange means 2 is passed is formed. At this time, it is preferable that the water storage tank 20a is made of a material which is strong and low in reactivity so as to withstand high pressure and heat.

The electrolyte solution s filled in the accommodation space is supplied to the fusion unit 10 along the supply line 30. At this time, the electrolyte solution (s) and the by-product are heated by the heat accompanying the fusion reaction and are stored in the accommodation space along the discharge line 40, and the temperature of the accommodation space is raised.

Accordingly, the fluid circulating between the accommodation space and the heat exchange means can be heated through the fluid circulation line 2a, and high-temperature and high-pressure steam can be generated through the heated fluid, and the turbine can be rotated at a high speed .

The pressure regulating devices 21 and 22 include a pressure gauge 22 for measuring the pressure of the accommodation space and a pressure control valve 21 for selectively opening and closing the accommodation space, Is opened when the pressure of the accommodation space measured through the pressure gauge is greater than a predetermined value, so that the pressure of the accommodation space can be kept at a predetermined value or less.

That is, when a fusion reaction occurs in the fusion portion 10 connected to the accommodation space, the by-product is filled into the accommodation space along the discharge line 40, and the pressure of the accommodation space is increased.

At this time, when the pressure of the accommodation space becomes a predetermined value or more, the pressure regulating valve 21 is opened to discharge the filled by-product. The pressure regulating valve 21 is preferably provided with a collecting tank for collecting the by-products discharged,

The water level adjusting devices 24 and 25 include a water level gauge 24 for measuring the water level of the accommodation space and a supplemental valve 25 for supplementing the electrolyte. When the water level of the electrolytic solution is lowered below a predetermined value, The replenishment valve 25 can fill the deficient electrolyte.

The temperature controller may include a thermometer 23 for measuring the temperature of the electrolyte, and a pump (not shown) for controlling the fluid circulation speed of the fluid circulation line.

At this time, if the temperature of the electrolytic solution is a certain value or more, the circulation speed of the fluid absorbing the heat of the accommodation space can be increased through the fluid circulation line 2a to reduce the temperature of the accommodation space.

The supply line 30 connects the storage tank 20a to one side of the electrode plates 11 and 12 so as to supply the electrolyte in the accommodation space to the fusion unit 10.

The discharge line 40 connects the reservoir tank 20a to the other side of the electrode plates 11 and 12 so as to discharge the byproducts due to the fusion reaction and the electrolyte heated by the fusion reaction into the accommodation space .

At this time, the other side of the electrode plates 11 and 12 is preferably a portion higher than one side of the electrode plates 11 and 12 so that the electrolyte can be discharged smoothly in a state where electrolytic solution and by-products at a high temperature are raised.

The supply line 30 and the discharge line 40 are preferably formed in pairs so that both sides of the fusion portion 10 are connected to the water storage tank 20a. Can be smoothly discharged.

The electrode plates 11 and 12 and the upper metal foil plate 13 are formed with upper fluid holes 11b and 13b along upper and lower portions of the electrode plates 11 and 12, Lower fluid holes (11c, 13c) through which the electrolyte flows may be formed in the lower portion of the metal septum plate (13).

The upper and lower fluid holes 11b and 11c of the electrode plates 11 and 12 may be connected to the discharge line 40 and the supply line 30, respectively. The upper fluid holes 11b of the electrode plates 11 and 12 are connected to the discharge line 40 and the lower fluid holes 11c of the electrode plates 11 and 12 are connected to the supply line 30, Lt; / RTI >

The fluid holes 11b, 11c, 13b, and 13c may be formed in the inner regions of the fastening holes 11a and 13a.

The electrolyte s filled in the fuel supply unit 20 flows along the supply line 30 and flows through the lower fluid holes 11c of the electrode plates 11 and 12, Through the lower fluid hole (13c) of the electrode plate (11, 12) and the metal septum plate (13).

At this time, the supply line 30 is preferably provided with a check valve (not shown) for preventing the reverse flow of the electrolytic solution.

When power is supplied to each of the electrode plates 11 and 12, a fusion reaction is generated through an acceleration movement of electrons. As a by-product of the fusion reaction, the upper fluid holes 13b And may be discharged to the discharge line 40 through the upper fluid hole 11b of the electrode plates 11 and 12. [

At this time, the electrolytic solution heated by the fusion reaction together with the by-product may be discharged to the fuel supply unit 20.

Elapsed time (minutes) Temperature (℃) 5 33 10 36 15 39 20 41 25 42 30 44 35 47 40 49

Table 1 shows the temperature change of the electrolyte over time when 330 liters of electrolyte was injected into the fuel supply unit 20 connected to the fusion unit 10 and a voltage of 270 V (DC) and a current of 93 A were applied to the electrode unit .

Electrolyte height
(cm) Pressure 2kgf / ㎠ Elapsed time Temperature (℃) Production (L) Production per second
(L) Yield per hour
(㎣) 70 2 minutes 37 seconds 39-40 351.680 2.240 8.064 65 3 minutes 38-40 401.920 2.232 8.035 55 3 minutes 30 seconds 37-39 502.400 2.392 8.611

Table 2 shows the time at which the byproduct was filled up to a pressure of 2 kgf / cm 2 in the fuel supply unit 20 having a diameter of 40 cm and a height of 105 cm and measured the height of the electrolyte filled in the fuel supply unit and the pressure of 2 kgf / It is estimated the amount of production by the time when the byproduct is filled.

As shown in Tables 1 to 2, the electric power applied to the electrode portion is 25 Kwh. Assuming hydrogen and oxygen gas through simple electrolysis, the amount of gas generated is 3.4 kwh per 1 kW, By-product per 3.1 Kwh.

In addition, it can be seen that, along with the generation of the by-product, a thermal energy of 8910 Kcal or more per hour is additionally generated through the temperature change of the electrolyte solution stored in the fuel supply unit 20.

In this case, it can be deduced that the generated heat amount is due to fusion reaction in which mass production of the reaction gas is accompanied by mass release of heat energy.

The electrolytic solution used in this experiment shows somewhat low calorific value in light water mixed with potassium hydroxide at 5% concentration. However, when heavy water is used, calorific value of more than 4000 times may be generated considering difference in mass between water and deuterium.

In addition, when the fusion unit 10 is measured by the neutron meter, the neutron is detected at 100 cps and the gamma ray is detected at 421 cps. Normally, the neutron emission itself is evidence that the fusion reaction occurs. .

At this time, the neutron instrument used is NeutronRAE II of RAE SYSTEM, and the neutron is detected as a measurement limit of 100 cps, so that more neutrons are generated.

Since the fusion unit 20 can generate the fusion reaction even under a low temperature environment by using the amplification acceleration movement of electrons passing through the metal septum plate 13 arranged in a multi-stage arrangement, the fusion energy can be minimized, It is possible to provide a base device for a fusion technique capable of generating a high efficiency capable of producing a large amount of thermal energy without using a heat source.

FIG. 6 is a view illustrating an arrangement of a lower fluid hole in a reactor of a low temperature fusion fusion power generation system according to another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a lower fluid hole in a reactor of a low temperature fusion fusion Fig.

In this embodiment, the basic configuration except for the arrangement of the lower fluid holes and the sectional structure of the lower fluid holes is the same as that of the above-described embodiment, so that a detailed description of the same configuration will be omitted.

6 to 7, the electrode plates 111 and the lower fluid holes 111c of the respective metal septum plates are positioned at different positions from the lower fluid holes 113c of the adjacent electrode plates and metal septum plates .

For example, the lower fluid hole 111c of the electrode plate 111 disposed at the front and the lower fluid hole 111c of the electrode plate disposed at the rear are formed on the side of each plate, The lower fluid holes 113c may be arranged to connect the lower fluid holes 111c of the front side and rear side electrode plates in a semicircular manner.

Accordingly, the electrolyte flowing along the lower fluid holes 111c and 113c collides with the respective metal septum plates, and turbulent flow is formed in the electrolytic solution filled between the plates, so that the collision with the electrons due to the high- And the speed of the fusion reaction due to the collision of electrons and protons can be improved.

In addition, a spiral groove 111e is preferably formed on the inner circumference of the lower fluid hole 111c. At this time, the electrolytic solution passing through the helical groove portion 111e forms a spiral vortex flow, and the momentum of internal ions increases.

Accordingly, the probability of collision between electrons passing through the metal septum plate and the electrolytic solution can be improved, and the fusion reaction can be actively performed.

As described above, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and variations and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention. And such modifications are within the scope of the present invention.

1: low temperature fusion power generation system 2: heat exchange means
2a: fluid circulation line 3: generator
100: Reactor 10: Fusion unit
11, 12, 111: Electrode plate 13:
14: Insulation packing 20: Fuel supply part
21: Pressure regulating valve 22: Manometer
23: thermometer 24: water gauge
25: Replacement valve 30: Supply line
40: discharge line

Claims (5)

A low-temperature fusion power generation system comprising a reactor in which a fusion reaction is generated, a heat exchange unit for heat exchange in the reactor, and a generator that generates electricity using steam generated from the heat exchange unit,
A pair of electrode plates disposed to face each other and having an electrode portion to which power is input along an outer surface; a plurality of metal plates arranged to be spaced apart at predetermined intervals along a space between the inner surfaces of the electrode plates, A fusion section including a trapping plate;
A water storage tank filled with the electrolytic solution and having an accommodation space through which a fluid circulation line connected to the heat exchange unit is formed; a pressure regulating device for regulating the pressure of the accommodating space; a water level regulating device for regulating the level of the electrolytic solution; A fuel supply unit including a temperature regulating device for regulating the temperature of the electrolytic solution;
A supply line connecting the storage tank to one side of the electrode plate to supply the electrolyte in the accommodation space to the fusion unit; And
And a discharge line connecting the storage tank to the other side of the electrode plate to discharge by-products resulting from the fusion reaction and the electrolyte heated by the fusion reaction into the accommodation space. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the electrolyte solution comprises heavy water containing deuterium dissolved in an electrolyte for current flow between the electrode plates and fusion-bonded through acceleration movement of the electrons. The method according to claim 1,
An upper fluid hole is formed along a portion of the upper surface of the electrode plate and the upper surface of the metal septum plate opposite to each other, a lower fluid hole through which the electrolyte flows, is formed below the electrode plate and the metal septum plate,
Wherein the upper and lower fluid holes of the electrode plate are connected to the discharge line and the supply line, respectively. The method of claim 3,
The lower fluid holes of each of the electrode plates and the metal septum foil are formed along a position different from the lower fluid holes of the adjacent electrode plates and the metal septum plate, Wherein a spiral groove portion is formed in the first end portion. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the fusion portion further comprises an insulating packing for separating the electrode plate and the metal septum plate, wherein a plurality of fastening holes are formed in an outer region of the electrode plate and the metal septum plate,
Wherein the insulating packing includes a body portion formed in a ring shape and a plurality of protrusions protruding along one surface of the body portion to be inserted into the respective fastening holes and having a through hole formed therein.

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