KR20150085244A - Microalgae Harvest Apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to an apparatus (100) for harvesting microalgae, which comprises a main body (110), a filter (120) capable of separating microalgae, and a supporting rod (130) installed on the lower part of the filter (120). An apparatus for harvesting microalgae of the present invention is capable of obtaining microalgae fractions as precipitating a sample by gravity without an application of additional pressure, and using the filter installed inside the apparatus. Particularly, a filter with a woven or non-woven material is used, thereby obtaining high yield microalgae fractions and obtaining microalgae with high efficiency and at low costs without use of chemicals.

Description

{Microalgae Harvest Apparatus}

The present invention relates to a microalveal harvesting apparatus.

Currently, there is a limited amount of crude oil to be collected, causing problems such as rising crude oil prices and global warming due to carbon dioxide generated during fuel combustion. Therefore, research and development of renewable alternative energy sources are being carried out in various countries around the world to reduce carbon dioxide emission, which is a major cause of global warming [1-3].

Bio-energy, one of the alternative energy sources, can be divided into biodiesel, bio-ethanol, and biogas. Some countries have also commercialized bioethanol and biodiesel as transportation fuels [4-6]. Biodiesel can be produced using biomass as a land plant, such as corn, canola, oil palm or jatropha. They have a higher yield per square meter area than land-based plants, and less land for cultivation. In addition, sunlight, CO ₂ And the ability to grow with only a small amount of inorganic nutrients [7-9].

In order to obtain biodiesel from these microalgae, the following steps must be taken. A large amount of microalgae is cultured, microalgae are harvested from the culture, and lipids are extracted. And converts the extracted lipids to biodiesel. Harvest methods from microalgae include centrifugation, filtration, flocculation, and floatation. The centrifugation method is the most efficient but is not suitable because it is still expensive to maintain. In the filtration method, the membrane is clogged by the microalgae lumps over time. Therefore, periodic membrane replacement is necessary [10]. In the case of the floating method, the coagulant is added or bubbles are generated to adhere to the surface of the microalgae, thereby reducing the density and flooding to the surface of the culture liquid. But commercialization is costly. In the case of the agglomeration method, the efficiency is good, but it has a fatal disadvantage that it causes secondary pollution due to the chemicals used and is an environmental problem. Also, all of the methods listed above will incur a large energy cost in the harvesting step. Therefore, it can not be competitive with the current petroleum fuel economy. On the other hand, the precipitation method using gravity does not involve energy costs, and environmentally harmful chemicals are not used, so there is no need to worry about damage to secondary pollution.

Therefore, in this study, we have developed and optimized a microalgae separation and harvesting system using sedimentation method in order to have high harvest efficiency of environmentally low energy.

Numerous papers and patent documents are referenced and cited throughout this specification. The disclosures of the cited papers and patent documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety to better understand the state of the art to which the present invention pertains and the content of the present invention.

The present inventors have tried to develop a device capable of harvesting microalgae at a low cost and a high yield by separating microalgae by a simple method. As a result, unlike the conventional microalgae harvesting apparatus, a gravity settling method was used and a device capable of separating microalgae without using a separate chemical agent was developed. In the microalgae harvesting apparatus of the present invention, the microalgae fraction can be obtained by sedimenting the sample by gravity without using any extra pressure and using a filter installed inside the apparatus. Particularly, the present inventors have completed the present invention by confirming that a micro-algae fraction of high yield can be obtained by using a filter (or a mesh) made of a woven fabric or a non-woven material.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for harvesting microalgae.

Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, claims and drawings.

According to one aspect of the present invention, the present invention provides a microalgae harvesting apparatus (100) comprising:

(a) a main body 110 having an entrance 160 through which a microalgae sample can enter and exit;

(b) a filter (120) mounted on an inner lower portion of the main body (110) and capable of separating microalgae; And

(c) a pedestal 130 mounted at a lower portion of the filter 120 and having a hole through which a material other than microalgae can pass;

The fine algae are introduced into the upper doorway of the main body and moved downward by the gravity settling, and the material other than the fine algae is discharged downward through the holes formed in the filter and pedestal.

The present inventors have made extensive efforts to develop a device capable of harvesting microalgae at a low cost and a high yield by isolating microalgae by a simple method. As a result, unlike conventional microalgae harvesting devices, gravity settling method is used , And developed a device capable of separating microalgae without using a separate chemical. In the microalgae harvesting apparatus of the present invention, the microalgae fraction can be obtained by sedimenting the sample by gravity without using any extra pressure and using a filter installed inside the apparatus. Particularly, the present inventors have confirmed that a micro-algae fraction of high yield can be obtained by using a filter (or mesh) made of a woven fabric or a non-woven fabric.

The present inventors focused their attention on the disadvantages of conventional microalgae harvesting methods such as centrifugation, filtration, flocculation, and flooding, which result in ① low efficiency and high cost, ② periodic membrane replacement, and ③ chemical pollution. It has devised a device capable of harvesting microalgae with high efficiency and low cost without using them.

As used herein, the term " microalgae "refers to phytoplankton, which refers to microscopic algae that live in freshwater or marine and are not visible to the naked eye. Depending on the species, the size of the microalgae can be divided into several micrometers () to several hundred micrometers (). Unlike higher plants, microalgae can be divided into roots, They can produce about half of atmospheric oxygen and consume carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, as a photosynthetic autotrophic organism. Cells of microalgae grow by floatation in aqueous solution, and thus water, carbon dioxide and Microalgae have biological diversity and are rarely developed. There are about 200,000 to 800,000 species as resources, while fish oil is known to contain omega-3 fatty acids, but fish in fact can not produce omega-3, By accumulating omega-3 by consuming algae, omega-3 fatty acids can be obtained directly from microalgae, not from fish. Spirulina is a well-known microalgae as a health supplement.

The microalgae harvesting apparatus of the present invention can be applied to all microalgae that can be separated or concentrated by the gravity sedimentation method. For example, marine microalgae such as Tetraselmis , Chlorella, and can be applied to Monastir (Chlamdomonas), caviar Chitose Ross (Chaetoceros), spirulina (Spirolina), two analytic Ella (Dunaliella), Fort flute Doom (Porphyridum), Peddie Sturm (Pediastrum), nose Ella Sturm (Coelastrum), But is not limited thereto.

The tetracellmis (Tetraselmis sp.) Is green, motile and has a size of about 10 μm long x 14 μm wide. For example, the tetracellmis may be tetracellisTetraselmis alacris), Tetracellmisapiculata (Tetraselmis apiculata), Tetracellmis ascus (Tetraselmis ascus), Tetracellis astigmatica (Tetraselmis astigmatica), Tetracellmass strain (Tetraselmis chuii), Tetracellmis conborrha (Tetraselmis convolutae), Tetracellmiscorporphis (Tetraselmis cordiformis), Tetracellmis desiccarii (Tetraselmis desikacharyi), Tetracellis polysaccharide (Tetraselmis gracilis), Tetraceless Miss Hagen (Tetraselmis jug), Tetracellmisimpel lucida (Tetraselmis impellucida), Tetracellmisinconspicua (Tetraselmis inconspicua), Tetracellmis levis (Tetraselmis levis), Tetracellmismachulata (Tetraselmis maculata), Tetracellmis marina (Tetraselmis marina), Tetracellmis microwave pilata (Tetraselmis micropapillata), Tetracellis rubenes (Tetraselmis rubens), Tetracellus stretha (Tetraselmis striata), Tetracellmisue sicca (Tetraselmis suecica), Tetracellmistetrabratia (Tetraselmis tetrabrachia), Tetracellmistetella < RTI ID = 0.0 > (Tetraselmis tetrathele), Tetracellmis berucosa (Tetraselmis verrucosa) And tetracellmis < RTI ID = 0.0 >Tetraselmis wettsteinii).

 As used herein, the term " material other than microalgae "refers to all substances except microalgae separated by a filter (or mesh), and more particularly, to a microalgae culture medium containing a culture medium component and fine impurities .

As used herein, the term " harvest apparatus " means a device for separating and harvesting microalgae and is used interchangeably with a separation apparatus.

Hereinafter, the microalgae harvesting apparatus 100 of the present invention will be described in detail.

Configuration (a): The main body 110

The main body included in the microalgae harvesting apparatus 100 of the present invention can be formed into any shape known in the art, and can be formed into a cylindrical shape, a cylindrical shape having a narrower width toward the upper direction, ) Direction, and the width thereof becomes narrower. According to the present invention, the main body 110 has a shape in which the width of the lower portion of the main body becomes narrower toward the lower direction.

The main body 110 is made of a transparent material so that movement of micro-algae injected therein can be observed, and is formed of, for example, plastic or glass.

An entrance 160 is formed in the upper part of the main body 110 of the microalgae harvesting apparatus 100 according to the present invention.

The main body 110 has a lateral side outlet (a) through which the micro-algae fraction separated by the filter 120 separated by the filter 120 and separated by the filter 120 or (ii) the supernatant excluding the micro- 140 may be formed. That is, the side outlet may be used as an outlet through which microalgae fractions can be separated, but it may be designed to remove the supernatant from the microalgae remaining on the filter. For example, the apparatus of the present invention separates fine algae fractions by separating the microalgae fractions of the lower layer and the water of the upper layer, and separating the microalgae fractions by opening a side outlet connected to the lower layer or the upper layer, Water can be let out. Further, the side outlet 140 may be provided with a separating means (e.g., a tube, a pipette, a syringe, a syringe, etc.) capable of sucking and separating the fraction or the supernatant of the microalgae. As means for separating the fractions of microalgae, it is possible to use any means capable of suctioning and separating the fractions by being connected to the side outlet, but it is most preferable to use a syringe in view of economical efficiency and efficiency. It is very convenient to use a syringe and the fractions formed in the lower part of the body can be separated finely. In this case, it may be desirable to separate the fractions using a sterilized syringe to prevent contamination. In addition, the side outlet 140 may be equipped with a filter to prevent contamination during harvesting (separation) of the microalgae fraction.

A bottom outlet 150 through which the material passing through the filter 120 and the pedestal 130 can be discharged may be formed in the lower portion of the main body 110. The side outlet 140 and the bottom outlet 150 may be equipped with openable caps or valves. The side outlet 140 and the bottom outlet 150 may be in the shape of a hole or a protruding shape and may have a funnel shape where the projecting portion becomes narrower in order to minimize contamination of the sample when the outlet is protruding. .

Meanwhile, the apparatus of the present invention is capable of being inserted into the main body 110 to apply pressure in a downward direction other than gravity to the microalgae injected into the main body, And may include a plunger for applying a downward pressure to the algae. The plunger is injected into the upper part of the main body and seals the micro-algae in the main body to be shielded from the outside. This is possible by including an O-ring shaped packing. The packing may be formed of an elastic material, preferably rubber.

Configuration (b): Filter 120

The microalgae harvesting apparatus (100) of the present invention includes a filter as a means for separating microalgae. The filter 120 may be formed of a woven material or a non-woven material. When a woven material is used, nylon or cotton may be used.

The filter is attached to the inner lower portion of the main body 110. The microalgae injected through the upper portion of the main body do not pass through the filter but remain on the upper portion of the filter and the culture liquid and other impurities other than the microalgae pass through the filter, .

According to the present invention, the micro-algae are separated using a filter having a size of 10 to 14 micrometers of a marine microalga, tetracellis, and thus having a smaller pore size, for example, a pore size of 10 micrometers or less . That is, the filter can be selected by using a filter having an appropriate size of pores considering the size of the microalgae to be separated.

Configuration (c): Base (130)

The microalgae harvesting apparatus 100 of the present invention includes a pedestal 130 mounted on a lower portion of the filter 120 and having a hole through which a material other than microalgae can pass.

The pedestal 130 may be any material capable of passing the fluid, but it should be a material that can withstand the pH change of the seawater. Therefore, a material such as plastic or glass is suitable rather than a metal material.

When microalgae are introduced into the microalgae harvesting apparatus of the present invention, the microalgae move toward the lower portion of the main body by gravitational sedimentation, and the materials other than the microalgae are discharged through the holes formed in the pedestal and downwardly of the main body .

The apparatus for harvesting microalgae of the present invention may further include storage means for receiving the material discharged from the lower discharge port 150 in the lower portion of the pedestal.

The features and advantages of the present invention are summarized as follows:

(a) The present invention provides a microalgae harvesting apparatus 100 including a main body 110, a micro-algae separable filter 120, and a pedestal 130 mounted below the filter 120.

(b) In the microalgae harvesting apparatus of the present invention, the microalgae fraction can be obtained by sedimenting the sample by gravity without using any extra pressure and using a filter installed inside the apparatus.

(c) In particular, it is possible to obtain micro-algae fractions of high yield by using a filter made of woven or non-woven materials, and it is possible to harvest fine algae with high efficiency and low cost without using chemicals .

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show side views of a microalgae harvesting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention.
3 is a perspective view of a microalgae harvesting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention. The piston shape inside the body is added to increase the pressure in the lower direction.
FIG. 4 shows a state in which the iron mesh is corroded by the pH change when the iron mesh is used.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are graphs showing harvest efficiencies when microalgae were separated using the microalgae harvesting apparatus of the present invention. FIG.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show isolated microalgae fractions when microalgae were isolated using a nylon mesh. FIG. FIG. 6B shows a state in which the nylon mesh of FIG. 6A is left at 25 ° C. for 2 hours to remove water by 80% or more.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples. It is to be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are only for describing the present invention in more detail and that the scope of the present invention is not limited by these embodiments in accordance with the gist of the present invention .

Example

Materials and Methods

Fine algae and mesh material types

The species of microalgae used in the present invention is Tetraselmis sp . KCTC12236BP (Accession number of Biotechnology Center, Biotechnology Research Institute). The Tetracellus KCTC12236BP was subjected to an experiment of algae cultured in Inha University. The composition of the culture solution is shown in Table 1. The concentration of the culture solution was used after diluting the optical density (hereinafter referred to as "OD") of the culture solution to 1 or less in consideration of the Beer-Lambert limit.

ingredient Concentration (mg / l) Major nutrients NaNO ₃ 75 NaH ₂ PO ₄ H ₂ O 5 Na ₂ SiO ₃ 9H ₂ O 30 Trace element primary stocks CuSO ₄ 5H ₂ O 4.36 ZnSO ₄ 7H ₂ O 3.15 ORZnCl2 0.01 CoCl ₂ 6H ₂ O 0.022 MnCl ₂ 4H ₂ O 0.01 Na ₂ MoO ₄ 2H ₂ O 0.18 Vitamins primary stocks Biotin 0.1 Vitamin B ₁₂ 0.5

A harvesting device for harvesting microalgae using gravity was separately prepared (Fig. 1). The mesh used for microalgae harvesting was three types: nylon mesh (Spectrum laboratories, USA), non woven (Chungsoo technofil, Korea) and Iron mesh (UninanoTech, Korea) . The pore size of all the meshes was 5 μm and the same conditions were maintained.

pH For Mesh  Durability measurement of materials

The microalgae of the marine plants are consuming CO ₂ because they are photosynthetic, which causes the pH to change from 8.0 to 8.2 depending on their activity. The effect of pH changes on corrosion is small, but it can affect the rate of corrosion because it can affect the precipitation of calcareous material. Therefore, the pH tolerance test of the three mesh materials used in the experiment is an important economic factor for the harvest cost when the harvesting device is applied to the marine culture field in the future.

Experiments were performed by immersing three kinds of mesh materials in each pH buffer for one week (168 hr) to observe the degree of corrosion. The pH buffer used was pH 4, pH 7 and pH 10, both of which were manufactured by Thermo (USA). The same experiment was also carried out on artificial seawater to confirm the durability in seawater. Artificial seawater was prepared by dissolving 23.9 g NaCl, 4.0 g Na ₂ SO ₄ , 0.7 g NaHCO ₃ , 0.1 g KBr, 30 mg H ₃ BO ₃ and 3 mg NaF in 500 ml distilled water (solution 1) g MgCl _{2 6H 2 O, 1.5 g CaCl 2H} 2 O, 25 mg SrCl 2 6H ₂ O (solution 2) and then adding solution 2 to solution 1. The pH was measured using a pH meter (Mettler-Toledo InPro3030, Swiss). Prior to the use of the pH meter, calibration was first performed to increase the reliability of the experiment.

Method of measuring sedimentation efficiency

The concentration of microalgae was measured by Beer-Lambert's law using a UV / vis spectrophotometer (Shimadzu BioSpec-mini, Japan). The sedimentation time of microalgae was kept constant for 10 hours and repeated experiment was repeated several times for reproducibility. The supernatant was collected 3 cm below the surface of the microalgae culture before precipitation and the absorbance was checked with a UV / vis spectrophotometer. After the precipitation, the supernatant liquid 3 cm below the water surface was sampled and the absorbance was measured with a UV / vis spectrophotometer as before the agitation of the precipitated microalgae culture liquid. The concentration of microalgae was determined using the absorbance before and after precipitation. At this time, the wavelength of the microalgae tetrasell-miss was measured at 640 nm and the concentration was converted according to the linear relationship between the absorbance and the microalgae concentration, and the degree of precipitation was defined as the sedimentation efficiency, :

Flocculation efficiency (%) = {OD ₆₄₀ (t ₀ ) OD ₆₄₀ (t) / OD ₆₄₀ (t ₀ )} x 100

* OD ₆₄₀ (t): microalgae concentration of supernatant 3 cm below the surface of the water after agitation; OD ₆₄₀ (t ₀ ): microalgae concentration of the supernatant 3 cm below the water surface before agitation

Results and discussion

Mesh  Judge material durability

Nylon, iron and nonwoven mesh. The mesh was immersed in a buffer solution of pH 4, 7, and 10 and artificial seawater for one week (168 hrs) to conduct an experiment on corrosion resistance (corrosion). In the case of nylon or nonwoven fabric, since it is a cotton mesh, it has little effect on pH. However, as shown in Fig. 4, it can be visually confirmed that corrosion occurs in the steel mesh. The steel mesh showed considerable corrosion at seawater and pH 10, and at pH 4 and pH 7, it was found that some corrosion caused rust. Through this experiment, we concluded that the steel mesh is not suitable for the experiment.

Harvesting microalgae

The microalgae Tetracellus culture broth was placed in the acrylic harvesting apparatus of the present invention and allowed to stand for 10 hours. After precipitation, the supernatant was removed through the side outlet (see FIG. 1) of the harvesting device and harvested only the remaining microalgae on the mesh. The nonwoven fabric and the nylon mesh, which had good corrosion resistance to pH, were used as the meshes used. As can be seen from FIG. 5A, the probability of occurrence of nonwoven fabric was 40%. This is because the nonwoven fabric itself was produced by bonding the fibers of a thin layered fiber aggregate (web) with a chemical or mechanical method (adhesion, fusion, enveloping, etc.) without spinning, weaving or braiding the fibers. As a result, the size of nonwoven fabric pores was relatively unstable and the amount of microalgae harvested was small. On the other hand, in the case of the nylon mesh, as shown in FIG. 5B, the water probability was maintained at 80% or more. 6A and 6B are photographs of microalgae harvested using a nylon mesh.

From the above results, it can be seen that a nonwoven fabric or a nylon mesh can be used to maintain the yield of the microalgae harvesting apparatus of the present invention using the gravity settling method, and in particular, a nylon mesh is most suitable for maintaining a water- I was able to make a conclusion.

conclusion

The microalgae Tetracellis KCTC12236BP was found to be inadequate due to corrosion in the pH corrosion test in case of iron mesh, and the non - woven mesh showed relatively low harvest efficiency due to irregular pores in the fiber itself during precipitation. In the case of the nylon mesh, no corrosion occurred in the pH tolerance test and the harvesting efficiency was over 80% due to the regular pores of the fiber itself during the precipitation. Therefore, it was concluded that the most suitable mesh material when precipitating microalgae using gravity is a woven nylon mesh.

In this study, microalgae were harvested without using energy, especially when using nylon mesh, high harvesting efficiency of over 80% was obtained. Energy-free microalgae harvesting devices will contribute economically to the production of microalgae-derived biodiesel in the future, and the method of harvesting microalgae without using chemicals can solve the environmental problems caused by drugs, It is expected to be linked to the productivity of environmentally friendly and industrial biodiesel.

While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.

References

1. L. Brennan, and P. Owende (2010) Biofuels from microalgaeA review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 14: 557-577

2. A. B. M. Sharif Hossain, and A. Salleh (2008) Biodiesel Fuel Production from Algae as Renewable Energy. Am. J. Biochem. Biotech. 4: 250-254.

3. A. Szklo, and R. Schaeffer (2006) Alternative energy sources or integrated alternative energy systems: Oil as a modern lance of Peleus for the energy transition. Energ. 31: 2513-2522

4. M. Junginger, T. Bolkesjø, D. Bradley, P. Dolzan, A. Faaij, J. Heinim, B. Hektor, Ø. E. Lewald, M. Ling, E. Perry, E. Piacente, Frank, RC, Y. Ryckmans, PP Schouwenberg, B. Solberg, E. Trømborg, A. da Walter, and M. de Wit (2008) international bioenergy trade. Biomass Bioenerg. 32: 717-729.

5. R. Harun, M. Davidson, M. Doyle, R. Gopiraj, M. Danquah, and G. Forde (2011) Technoeconomic analysis of an integrated microalgae photobioreactor, biodiesel and biogas production facility. Biomass Bioenerg. 35: 741-747.

6. Y. Li, M. Horsman, N. Wu, C. Q. Lan, and Nathalie D. C. (2008) Biofuels from Microalgae. Biotechnol. Prog. 24: 815-820.

7. R. Raja, S. Hemaiswarya, N.A. Kumar, S. Sridhar, and R. Rengasamy (2008) A perspective on the biotechnological potential of microalgae. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 34: 7788

8. A.K. Lee, D.M. Lewis, and P.J. Ashman (2009) Microbial flocculation, a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine microalgae for the production of biodiesel. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 559-567.

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100: Micro-algae separation device
110:
120: Filter
130: Base
140: Side outlet
150: Lower outlet
160: Entrance and exit

Claims (12)

A microalgae harvesting apparatus (100) comprising:
(a) a main body 110 having an entrance 160 through which a microalgae sample can enter and exit;
(b) a filter (120) mounted on an inner lower portion of the main body (110) and capable of separating microalgae; And
(c) a pedestal 130 mounted at a lower portion of the filter 120 and having a hole through which a material other than microalgae can pass;
The fine algae are introduced into the upper doorway of the main body and moved downward by the gravity settling, and the material other than the fine algae is discharged downward through the holes formed in the filter and pedestal.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the body (110) is formed of a transparent material.
The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the main body (110) has a shape in which the lower portion of the main body (110) has a narrower width in a downward direction.
The method of claim 1, wherein the body (110) comprises a side outlet (140) on the side of which (i) a microalgae fraction separated by the filter (120) or (ii) a supernatant, Is formed.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the side outlet (140) is coupled to a separating means capable of sucking and separating fraction or supernatant of the microalgae.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the side outlet (140) is equipped with a filter to prevent contamination of the microalgae fraction.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the main body (110) has a lower outlet (150) through which the filter (120) and the substance passing through the pedestal (130) can be discharged.
8. The apparatus according to claim 4 or 7, wherein the side outlet (140) and the bottom outlet (150) are equipped with an openable or closable cap or valve.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filter (120) is formed of a woven or non-woven material.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the fabric is nylon or cotton.
The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the microalgae are marine microalgae.
The method of claim 11 wherein the microalgae are tetra cell Miss (Tetraselmis), Chlorella (Chlorella), keulram also Pseudomonas (Chlamdomonas), caviar Chitose Ross (Chaetoceros), Spirulina (Spirolina), two flying it Ella (Dunaliella), formate flutes Characterized in that it is Porphyridum , Pediastrum or Coelastrum .

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