KR20130030929A - Connecting structure for handrail and post of fence panel - Google Patents

Connecting structure for handrail and post of fence panel Download PDF

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Publication number
KR20130030929A
KR20130030929A KR1020110094531A KR20110094531A KR20130030929A KR 20130030929 A KR20130030929 A KR 20130030929A KR 1020110094531 A KR1020110094531 A KR 1020110094531A KR 20110094531 A KR20110094531 A KR 20110094531A KR 20130030929 A KR20130030929 A KR 20130030929A
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KR
South Korea
Prior art keywords
liver
coupling hole
coupling
handrail panel
handrail
Prior art date
Application number
KR1020110094531A
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Korean (ko)
Inventor
이상희
Original Assignee
협선물산(주)
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by 협선물산(주) filed Critical 협선물산(주)
Priority to KR1020110094531A priority Critical patent/KR20130030929A/en
Publication of KR20130030929A publication Critical patent/KR20130030929A/en

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F11/00—Stairways, ramps, or like structures; Balustrades; Handrails
    • E04F11/18—Balustrades; Handrails
    • E04F11/181—Balustrades
    • E04F11/1817—Connections therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F11/00—Stairways, ramps, or like structures; Balustrades; Handrails
    • E04F11/18—Balustrades; Handrails
    • E04F11/181—Balustrades
    • E04F11/1817—Connections therefor
    • E04F2011/1823—Connections therefor between balustrade filling members, e.g. balusters or panels, and horizontal or sloping balustrade members
    • E04F2011/1825—Connections therefor between balustrade filling members, e.g. balusters or panels, and horizontal or sloping balustrade members between balustrade filling members, e.g. balusters or panels, and handrails
    • E04F2011/1827—Connections therefor between balustrade filling members, e.g. balusters or panels, and horizontal or sloping balustrade members between balustrade filling members, e.g. balusters or panels, and handrails between balusters and handrails

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Steps, Ramps, And Handrails (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE: A coupling structure of a handrail panel is provided to expect effect of fine view by not exposing a joint of a segment member surface to the outside and to prevent rotary flow between members. CONSTITUTION: A coupling structure of a handrail panel comprises a lateral main pipe(10) and a plurality of segment members(20). A coupling hole(15) is formed in the lateral main pipe, and a coupling groove unit(26) is included in a top end unit of the segment members. A fixing fitting unit of the coupling hole is inserted into the coupling groove unit of the segment member with interference fit.

Description

Connecting Structure for Handrail and Post of Fence Panel}

The present invention relates to a structure of a railing installed on an edge of a stairway or a balcony or a roadside to prevent a pedestrian from falling. More particularly, the present invention relates to a transverse pipe in constructing a handrail panel by combining a liver member with a horizontal pipe. The ball is punched and the gasket member is inserted into the gasket, and the gasket is fixed to the coupling hole. After installation, the joint of the handrail panel can be expected to have a structural and aesthetically beneficial effect such that the seam of the surface of the liver is not exposed to external gaze.

In general, handrail structures (fences) are installed on stairs, balconies, and external fences of buildings as safety facilities to prevent pedestrians from entering or falling. In addition, the railing structure is used for various purposes such as traffic facilities to prevent pedestrians from entering the roadway while promoting pedestrian safety from the vehicle by dividing the driveway section and the delivery section in roads, bridges, and the like.

Such handrail structure is generally installed in the form of a frame by arranging the transverse pipes connecting the posts erected at regular intervals up and down parallel to each other at a predetermined height, and connecting the liver member in the vertical direction at regular intervals between the transverse pipes. . The transverse pipe is installed in an inclined direction in the case of a staircase, and is installed horizontally with the ground in the case of a fence, a balcony, or a safety railing.

Conventionally, in the construction of the handrail facilities as described above, the entire assembly and installation work was performed at the site, but recently, as the labor cost increases and the shortening of air is required, the transverse pipes and the gleaning parts are assembled in advance in the factory as a unit of the railing panel. Manufacturing and production in the form of members and in the field is a trend that is widely applied to the construction of such a step, such as the installation place to carry these handrail panels.

On the other hand, in the method of connecting the liver member to the horizontal pipe as described above, the most commonly used method of using a connector, a welding method, and an interference fitting method are the most widely used. Is as shown in FIG.

First, the method using the connector of the conventional methods, as shown in Figure 1 (a) through the connecting member (3) between the transverse pipe (1) and the liver member (2) by using this to connect both members In general, the coupler 3 is coupled to both ends of the liver member 2, and the coupler is connected to the coupling hole drilled in the transverse pipe 1. In the case of the method using such a connector, the use of a dedicated connector made in a form suitable for connecting the member has the advantage of relatively easy assembly work and neat finishing of the connection between the members, while the cost due to the increase in the number of members because a separate connector must be prepared There is a factor of the rise, and there is a disadvantage in that the overall manufacturing unit cost increases because of the hassle to couple the connector to the end of the transverse pipe.

Next, a welding method as shown in FIG. 1 (b) is a method of welding and fixing an end portion of the liver member 2 to the horizontal casting pipe 1, and according to the conventional welding method, the horizontal casting pipe ( There was a problem in aesthetic appearance due to uncleanness of the finish surface during welding of the 1) and the liver 2 and the deterioration of the member due to welding heat. Accordingly, in the case of applying the welding method as described above, a separate finishing cap (c) is typically installed to cover the weld joint, and the finishing cap has a curved surface bent to enable close contact with the outer shape of the transverse pipe. Bars have to be manufactured in the form of a production cost has a disadvantage, and even after installation there is a problem that the closing cap is easily released by falling off due to some impact.

In addition, when seeing the interference fitting method as shown in Fig. 1 (c), it punctures the coupling hole (p) so as to fit the liver member (2) in the transverse pipe (1) and the liver member (2) ) Was inserted into a tight-fit method by the friction force between the coupling hole p and the outer surface of the liver member 2. Such an interference fit method has a merit that the assembly method is very simple and the assembly productivity is high and the cost of the member can be greatly reduced, which is one of the most widely used methods in order to reduce the manufacturing cost.

However, according to the interference fitting method, there is a possibility that vertical shaking or rotational flow of the intermittent member may occur when the size of the coupling hole p of the transverse pipe 1 and the outer diameter of the intermittent member 2 do not match exactly. As the fitted surface becomes the outer surface of the liver member, there was a problem that the scratching process may be scratched to the outside of the liver member. In addition, even when viewed from the aesthetic side, the insertion direction is not constant when inserting the liver member into the transverse coupling hole, there is a problem that significantly interferes with the aesthetics by the irregular appearance of the joint in the longitudinal direction (vertical direction) of the liver member.

In other words, steel or stainless steel pipes, which are generally used as handrail members for railings, are mainly produced by the roll forming method. In the case of such roll forming pipes, the band members are wound by a continuous roller and then joined to both ends. Is manufactured in the form of a pipe by joining by welding or the like, and the longitudinal seam appears long along the longitudinal direction of the pipe due to the process characteristics of the pipe system. However, when the gasket member having a vertical seam is combined with the horizontal pipe by a simple fitting method, the vertical seam as described above is not only exposed to the gaze of the pedestrian, but also the direction of the seam is randomly oriented in a random direction rather than a constant direction. The uniformity of the statue fell and there was a disadvantage to look bad.

Therefore, in view of the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art, the present invention basically aims to reduce manufacturing cost and reduce cost by a simple fitting method, and at the same time, the stability and aesthetics of the conventional interference fitting method are found. It is a technical problem to be solved to provide a coupling structure between the transverse pipe and the liver member of the new way that improves the disadvantages in the aspect.

In order to achieve the above technical problem, the present invention provides a handrail panel by combining a plurality of gleaning members coupled in a vertical direction at predetermined intervals between upper and lower horizontal main pipes installed horizontally or inclined at a predetermined height from a floor. As related to the structure, the coupling hole is formed to form a perforation so as to insert and fix the liver member to the horizontal main pipe, the coupling hole is provided in the form of the fixed fitting portion penetrates inward from the outside of the coupling hole, the liver member The distal end portion of provides a coupling structure of the handrail panel provided with a fastening groove formed by removing a part of a position corresponding to the fixed fitting portion as a characteristic configuration. According to the handrail panel joining structure of the present invention, when the gasket member is inserted into the coupling hole and joined, the fixing fitting part of the coupling hole is inserted into the coupling groove portion of the gong member in a force-fitting manner, thereby making a firm fixation of the grate member. Rotating flow can be effectively prevented.

In addition, in the handrail panel coupling structure of the present invention as described above, an insertion guide part opened in a form in which the width gradually narrows toward the fastening groove part may be further formed at the front end of the liver member. Due to the formation of the insertion guide portion can be expected to facilitate the installation in inserting the fixed fitting portion in the fastening groove portion when assembling the handrail panel.

On the other hand, in the coupling structure of the present invention as described above, the fixing fitting portion may be formed in the form to cross the coupling hole, or may be made in the form of at least one or more protrusions protruding into the coupling hole.

According to the coupling structure of the stair railing according to the present invention having the above configuration, by combining the transverse main pipe and the liver member of the handrail panel, it is possible to apply the interference fitting method basically to facilitate the production and reduce the unit cost, There is an advantage that can effectively solve a number of problems, such as the tightness and aesthetic problems of the combination appeared in the interference fit method.

That is, according to the present invention, the site where the interference fit between the transverse pipe and the liver is not caused by frictional scratches due to the interference between the inside of the liver and the outside of the liver, but not visible to the external eye. The traces are not exposed, so there is an aesthetically beneficial effect.

In addition, according to the present invention, the coupling is made in a structure that can prevent the rotational flow in the coupling of the liver member to the transverse pipe can be expected to increase the robustness of the coupling and to arrange the direction of the liver member regularly have.

1 is a view showing the conventional manners in assembling the handrail panel by combining the transverse pipe and the liver member.
Figure 2 is a perspective view showing the overall coupling configuration of the handrail panel coupling structure according to the present invention.
3 is a diagram illustrating preferred embodiments of the fixing fitting in the present invention.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figure 2 is a view showing a coupling structure of the handrail panel provided in the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the present invention provides a railing including a horizontal main pipe 10 installed at a predetermined height from a bottom, and a plurality of liver care members 20 coupled at predetermined intervals along a longitudinal direction of the horizontal main pipe 10. As a design related to the facility, the invention relates to a method and a coupling structure for manufacturing the handrail panel 1 by combining the liver member 20 to the transverse pipe 10 constituting the railing facility as described above.

As shown in FIG. 2, the present invention corresponds to the outer shape and size of the lean member 20 at a predetermined position of the lateral caster 10 in manufacturing the handrail panel by coupling the lean member 20 to the lateral caster 10. It can be seen that the punching by the coupling hole 15 to insert the end of the liver member 20 in the coupling hole 15 to fix it, based on a simple interference fit method when viewed in the coupling form. .

At this time, according to the preferred configuration and features of the present invention, the fixing hole 16 is provided in the coupling hole 15 that is punctured in the transverse pipe (10). The fixing fitting portion 16 of the transverse pipe 10 is a portion in which the coupling between the liver member 20 and the transverse pipe 10 together with the fastening groove 26 of the liver member in the handrail panel coupling structure of the present invention. As shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3, the fixing fitting portion 16 protrudes a predetermined length toward the inside from the outside of the coupling hole 15 so as to partially or entirely cover the coupling hole 15. It can be seen that it has a form of penetration.

3 is a diagram illustrating preferred embodiments of the fixing fitting portion 15 as described above. As shown in the embodiments shown in FIG. 3, the fixing fitting 16 is formed in the form of a single or a plurality of inwardly projecting protrusions (see (a) and (b) of FIG. 3), or a combination It may be formed to cross the interior of the ball 15 (see Fig. 3 (c)), and in addition to the form illustrated above, it can be modified in various forms in the range to ensure the basic function.

As described above, the fastening groove 26 is formed in the gleaning member 20 corresponding to the coupling hole 15 and the fixed fitting portion 16 formed in the upper and lower transverse pipes 10. As shown in FIG. 2, the fastening groove 16 is formed by removing a portion of the upper and lower ends of the gleaning member 20, which is a pillar-shaped member, in the form of a groove. The width in which the groove part 26 is formed is processed into the width which can insert and insert the said fixed fitting part 16 corresponding to the thickness of the said fixed fitting part 16 mentioned above.

Therefore, when joining the transverse pipe 10 and the liver member 20 according to the handrail panel coupling structure of the present invention, when the end of the liver member 20 is pushed out of the coupling hole 15 of the transverse pipe 10. As the gleaning member 20 is inserted into the coupling hole 15, the fixing fitting 16 of the transverse pipe 10 described above is inserted into the fastening groove 26 of the gleaning member 20. In the same way the coupling between the transverse pipe 10 and the liver member 20 is made.

Therefore, according to the above-described coupling structure of the present invention, the fixing fitting portion 16 of the transverse pipe 10 is inserted into the fastening groove portion 26 of the gleaning member 20, as described above, so that the fixing is made. , It is possible to effectively prevent the rotational flow of the liver member 20, which was impossible to prevent in the conventional interference fitting method. In addition, according to the conventional interference fitting method, the direction in which the longitudinal seam of the liver member pipe is irregular as the direction in which the liver member 20 is fitted at random is irregular and aesthetically not good, the fastening in the present invention Since the groove portion 26 and the fixed fitting portion 16 serve as an index, the effect of being able to regularly and neatly arrange the direction in which the liver member 20 is fitted can be expected. According to this aspect, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is more preferable that the longitudinal seams of the pipes are arranged in the rear direction of the railing panel or the like so as to be aligned in one direction so as not to be exposed to the external line of sight.

In addition, the size (width) of the fastening groove portion 26 and the fixing fitting portion 16 is fixed to the fastening groove portion 26 at least in the fixing of the liver member 20 and the transverse pipe 10 as described above. It is possible if the size of the portion 16 can be inserted into, but more preferably, the width of the fastening groove portion 26 is formed to be somewhat smaller than or equal to the width of the fixing fitting portion 16 to the above The fixing fitting part 16 may be in close contact with the inner edge of the fastening groove part 26 and may be manufactured to be fixed by a tight fit.

Therefore, according to the preferred feature of the present invention as described above, because the fixing is made by the interference fit in the coupling between the liver member 20 and the transverse pipe 10 can achieve a firm fixed state without shaking the liver member 20. At the same time, the position where the interference fit occurs is not the outer circumferential surface of the liver care member 20, but rather the inside of the liver care member 20, so that the scratches due to friction during the interference can be completely prevented from being seen to the outside. There is an effect that becomes possible.

That is, in the conventional simple interference fitting method, the pipe-shaped gasket member is simply inserted into the circular coupling hole, and the peripheral surface of the coupling hole and the outer circumferential surface of the gong member are in close contact, so that the gripping member is connected to the coupling hole. There was a problem that the scratches generated on the outer circumferential surface of the liver part by the friction is exposed in the process of adjusting the insertion length after pushing in the interference fit method. However, according to the coupling structure provided by the present invention, the outer circumferential surface of the liver member 20 is not in close contact with the surroundings of the coupling hole 15, the liver member is fixed to the fixing fitting portion 16 provided inside the coupling hole 15. As the fastening groove 26 of 20 is in close contact with each other, an interference fit occurs, and since the friction part becomes an inside of the liver member 20 during the interference fit, there is no room for a problem in the conventional interference fit method described above.

Therefore, in accordance with the present invention as described above, it is preferable that the size or diameter of the coupling hole 15 is slightly larger than the size of the liver member 20 so that the liver member can freely enter and exit, more preferably. Preferably it may be further provided with a rim ring 30 to protect the punched edge of the coupling hole 15. The rim ring 30 is a member formed to have a ring shape as a whole to fit the shape of the coupling hole 15, as shown in the side corresponding to the fixing fitting portion 16 of the coupling hole 15 When the insertion groove 32 is provided in the coupling hole 15, the fixing fitting portion 16 is configured to be inserted into the insertion groove 32 to protrude into the coupling hole 15. In addition, the side of the rim ring 30 is provided with a wedge-shaped fixing portion 34 is configured so as not to escape again when pushed into the coupling hole 15.

The rim ring 30 may be manufactured using a relatively flexible material such as plastic or rubber, and punches the coupling hole 15 in the manufacture of the transverse pipe 10 and then protects the cut surface in the coupling hole 15. And fix it. In addition, the installation of the rim ring 30 covers the gap or the end of the fastening groove 26 and the like which can be seen in the part where the transverse pipe 10 and the liver member 20 are connected, and thus aesthetic side An advantageous effect can be expected.

Meanwhile, as described above, the fastening groove 26 formed at the front end of the liver member 20 may be processed into a simple straight groove, but more preferably, as shown in the enlarged part of FIG. Insertion guide portion 28 can be further formed on the inlet side. The insertion guide 28 is an extended open portion that is formed in the form of a width gradually widening at the end of the fastening groove 26 of the liver member 20 as shown, which is a transverse pipe 10 and the liver member 20 By assembling the role of the guide to allow the above-mentioned fixing fitting portion 16 is easily inserted into the fastening groove portion 26 is to be able to further improve the assembly productivity.

Hereinafter, the manufacturing and assembling method of each member in the handrail panel produced by the coupling structure of the present invention as described above will be described. Typically, in railing panels used in safety fences and stairs, the transverse pipes and the gleaning members are produced in the form of hollow hollow pipes for weight reduction, and in the case of such pipe-shaped members, they can be generally manufactured by a roll forming method. .

The roll forming method can also be preferably applied to the production of the transverse pipe and the liver member for the manufacture of handrail panels according to the present invention. Specifically, a roll forming steel sheet or stainless steel plate is formed of a continuous roll. It can be molded into a machine to have a constant cross-sectional shape. However, the roll forming method as described above is merely an example of a method capable of carrying out the present invention, and is not necessarily limited thereto. The present invention may be implemented by applying various pipe forming methods capable of producing pipe-like members such as extrusion and drawing. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

As described above, when the transverse pipe and the liver member are manufactured in a predetermined cross-sectional shape by a roll forming method, the above-described technical features of the present invention may be implemented by processing the transverse pipe and the liver member through a process such as punching and cutting. Produced in the form. That is, in the case of the transverse pipe 10 is punched in the coupling hole 15 by inserting into equipment such as a punching press, the coupling hole 15 is fixed fitting portion 16 protrudes in accordance with the technical features of the present invention described above It is processed and formed into a shape. On the other hand, in the punching process as described above, the time when the punching process is made may be a punching operation as a post-processing work after producing the transverse pipe 10 as described above, otherwise, the coupling hole 15 before the roll forming operation It is also possible to implement by drilling the transverse pipe in the form of a pipe after drilling.

The production of the liver member 20 may also be made by a roll forming operation and a cutting operation, similar to the production of the transverse pipe 10 described above. That is, after processing the liver member 20 in the form of a pipe by a roll forming operation, and cutting the fastening grooves 26 on both ends to form a form for implementing the handrail panel coupling structure of the present invention, wherein, The fastening groove 26 may be formed in a straight shape or may be cut into a 'Y' shape by including an insertion guide part 28 at the tip.

On the other hand, the process of processing the fastening groove portion 26 in the above-mentioned gongcheong member 20 may also be made in a manner of pre-working the drilling work prior to the pipe pipe forming process, in this case before putting the strip steel sheet into the roll forming machine It passes through the punching device to drill the fastening groove 26 and pipe the pipe. At this time, in the drilling of the fastening groove 26 as described above and the pipe of the pipe, the hole is drilled in a form in which the two fastening grooves 26 are joined to the boundary portion of the pipe and the pipe, and then the middle portion of the drilling hole is When cutting, the fastening groove 26 is naturally formed at the end sides of both pipes. In this way, it is possible to further increase the production efficiency through continuous tubing.

After manufacturing the transverse pipe 10 and the liver member 20 manufactured as described above, the railing panel is manufactured by assembling in the same manner as shown in FIG. 1. First, the rim ring 30 is inserted into the coupling hole 15 drilled in the transverse pipe 10, and then pushes the gleaning member 20 into the coupling hole 15. At this time, the gleaning member 20 is inserted in the direction so that the direction of the fastening groove portion 26 enters the fixed fitting portion 16 of the coupling hole 15, the insertion guide to the inlet side of the fastening groove portion 26 In the case where the part 28 is provided, the coupling groove part 26 and the fixed fitting part 16 may be easily combined by the insertion guide part 28 even if there is a slight misalignment during assembly.

Handrail panels assembled by the above process is carried to the construction site, such as balconies, stairs, roadside can be made easily in the desired form the installation installation of the fence by a simple assembly work of the site workers.

Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the described embodiments, those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains will be capable of various substitutions, additions and modifications without departing from the technical spirit described above. It is to be understood that such modified embodiments also fall within the protection scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

10: horizontal casting 15: coupling hole
16: fixed fitting 20: liver member
26: fastening groove portion 28: insertion guide portion
30: border ring

Claims (7)

A handrail panel comprising a horizontal main pipe installed horizontally or inclined at a predetermined height from a floor, and a plurality of liver members coupled in a vertical direction at predetermined intervals along a longitudinal direction of the horizontal main pipe,
The combination of the transverse pipe and the liver member,
To form a perforation of the coupling hole to a size corresponding to the outer diameter of the liver member so that the liver member can be fixed by inserting the liver member,
The coupling hole is provided in the form of the fixed fitting portion penetrates inward from the outside of the coupling hole,
The front end portion of the liver member is provided with a fastening groove formed by removing a part of a position corresponding to the fixed fitting portion,
The insertion structure of the handrail panel is characterized in that the fixing fitting portion of the coupling hole is located in the fastening groove of the liver member to prevent the rotational flow of the liver member when inserting the liver member into the coupling hole.
The handrail of claim 1, wherein a width of the fastening groove is smaller than or equal to the width of the fastening fitting so that the fastening can be fixed between the fastening recess and the fastening fitting. The combined structure of the panels.
The handrail panel joining structure according to claim 1, wherein an insertion guide portion opened in a form in which the width thereof becomes narrower toward the fastening groove portion is further formed at the front end portion of the liver member.
The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the fixing fitting portion of the handrail panel, characterized in that formed in the form crossing the coupling hole.
According to claim 1 or claim 2, The fixing fitting portion is a coupling structure of the handrail panel, characterized in that formed in the form of at least one or more protrusions protruding into the coupling hole.
3. The joining structure of a handrail panel according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the joining hole is further provided with an edge ring surrounding the perforated edge surface thereof.
The method of claim 1, wherein the fixing projections of the coupling hole and the fastening groove of the gong member is formed so that the vertical seam of the gong member to be aligned in one direction when the gong member is inserted into the coupling hole for coupling. The joining structure of the handrail panel.
KR1020110094531A 2011-09-20 2011-09-20 Connecting structure for handrail and post of fence panel KR20130030929A (en)

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KR1020110094531A KR20130030929A (en) 2011-09-20 2011-09-20 Connecting structure for handrail and post of fence panel

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KR1020110094531A KR20130030929A (en) 2011-09-20 2011-09-20 Connecting structure for handrail and post of fence panel

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220235558A1 (en) * 2021-01-28 2022-07-28 ARME Solutions, LLC Locking mechanism for spindle
US20220243477A1 (en) * 2021-02-04 2022-08-04 Cpg International Llc Baluster connectors and systems having the same

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20220235558A1 (en) * 2021-01-28 2022-07-28 ARME Solutions, LLC Locking mechanism for spindle
US11525267B2 (en) * 2021-01-28 2022-12-13 ARME Solutions, LLC Locking mechanism for spindle
US20220243477A1 (en) * 2021-02-04 2022-08-04 Cpg International Llc Baluster connectors and systems having the same

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