KR20120110633A - Fluorescent protein containing l-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as a metal biosensor - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A biosensor containing L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-introduced fluorescent proteins is provided to detect bivalent metal ions specially copper ions. CONSTITUTION: A biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions contains L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine(L-DOPA)-introduced fluorescent proteins. A method for preparing the fluorescent protein comprises: a step of preparing tyrosine auxotroph which expresses proteins containing one or more tyrosine; a step of culturing the tyrosine auxotroph in a tyrosine-free medium; a step of adding L-DOPA to the medium and culturing; and a step of selecting fluorescent proteins containing L-DOPA instead of tyrosine. The fluorescent protein is green fluorescent protein(GFP). The biosensor contains a glass substrate, a silicon substrate, and the fluorescent protein containing L-DOPA fixed on the silicon substrate.

Description

Fluorescent protein containing L? 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as a metal biosensor}

The present invention relates to a biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions, a method for manufacturing the biosensor, and a method for detecting heavy metal ions using the biosensor. Specifically, L-3 manufactured using genetic code engineering, Introduction of 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) biosensor for detecting copper ions including green fluorescent protein (GFP), a method for preparing the same and detection of copper ions using the biosensor It is about a method.

Copper is an important transition metal ion in the human body that plays a decisive role as a metal cofactor in an oxidative scavenging mechanism (Non-Patent Document 1). However, copper imbalance leads to pathological consequences such as Menkes, Alzheimer's, and Wilson's disease (Non-Patent Document 2). In addition, copper is widely used as an anti-fouling agent in industrial processes and is one of the main components in heavy metal ion contamination of the environment (Non-Patent Document 3).

Currently available methods such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrochemistry are very complex for determining copper levels in biological and environmental samples. In this method, since the sample may be destroyed during the analysis, these methods are not suitable for in situ copper detection (Non-Patent Document 4).

Until recently, many small molecule based sensors, chelator based sensors, enzymes and electrochemical techniques have been developed to measure copper levels. These techniques have a major limitation that the binding element must be transformed into a reporter molecule to generate a signal (Non-Patent Document 3).

On the other hand, converting proteins (protein sensors) as a sensor tool has received much attention, and recently, some groups have attempted to use green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a copper biosensor (Non-Patent Document 5). ).

Recently, in vitro In vitro biosensing systems have been developed by introducing copper binding sites into GFP through a direct change approach that causes fluorescence quenching for various genetic engineering and copper concentrations. In most of the systems described above, metal binding properties were obtained and enriched by substituting histidine residues for amino acids occurring naturally in GFP (Non-Patent Document 6). However, Cu ^{2 +} ions towards the sensitivity and selectivity of GFP remains inefficient and is worth mentioning that has not yet been developed. Similarly, red fluorescent protein (DsRed) has also been reported as a metal biosensor (Non-Patent Document 7). The inherent metal bonding properties of the DsRed are interesting.

However, this has major drawbacks such as long maturation time, low expression level and low drainage efficiency (Non Patent Literature 8). For this reason, developing simple and selective bioanalytical tools for monitoring copper in biological situations is very challenging in chemical biology.

Recently, the genetic introduction of novel functions implicated in unnatural amino acids has become an indispensable requirement for the design and handling of target proteins with new and enhanced properties. Therefore, much effort has been made for the fusion of non canonical amino acids (NCAAs) into proteins to introduce new functional moieties derived from those available from naturally occurring amino acids. Often, two experimental approaches, such as sense codons (gene code engineering) (Non Patent Literature 9) and non-sense suppression (site-specific integration) (Non Patent Literature 10), have been described in vivo in NCAA into recombinant proteins. in vivo ).

On the other hand, divalent transition metal ions are well known to have strong interaction with catechol amine. L-DOPA is an important catecholamine that can be coordinated with a metal ion as a bidentate ligand through either the catecholate (O, O) or amino acid (O, N) portion of the molecule (nonpatent Document 11).

Accordingly, the present inventors have introduced a metal chelating NCAA, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA), into a green fluorescence protein (GFP). The present invention was completed by producing a biosensor for detecting copper ions.

B. E. Kim, T. Nevitt, D. J. Thiele, Nat. Chem. Biol. 2008, 4, 176. a) S. V. Wegner, H. Arslan, M. Sunbul, J. Yin, C. He, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 2567; b) S. Krupanidhi, A. Sreekumar, C. B. Sanjeevi, Indian. J. Med. Res. 2008, 128, 448. Y. Rahimi, S. Shrestha, T. Banerjee, S. K. Deo. Anal. Biochem. 2007, 370, 60. a) L. Jorhem, J. Engman, J. AOAC Intl. 2000, 83, 1189; b) Y.N. Jiang, H.Q. Luo, N.B. Li, Anal. Sci. 2006, 22, 1079; c) H. H. Zeng, R. B. Thompson, B. P. Maliwal, G. R. Fones, J. W. Moffett, C. A. Fierke, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 6807. C. Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya, T. Tantimongcolwat, H. Galla, V. Prachayasittikul, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2010, 134, 352. a) T. A. Richmond, T. T. Takahashi, R. Shimkhada, J. Bernsdorf, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 2000, 268, 462 65; b) N. Tansila, K. Becker, C. Isarankura Na-Ayudhya, V. Prachayasittikul, L. B. low. Biotechnol. Lett, 2008, 30, 1391; c) V. Prachayasittikul, C. Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya, H. J. Galla, Eur. Biophys. J. 2004, 33, 522; d) N. Tansila, T. Tantimongcolwat, C. Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya, C. Nantasenamat, V. Prachayasittikul, Int. J. Biol. Sci. 2007, 3, 463. S. Shrestha, S. K. Deo, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2006, 386, 515. G. S. Baird, D. A. Zacharias, R. Y. Tsien, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 11984. a) L. Moroder, N. Budisa, Chem Phys Chem 2010, 11, 1181; b) A. J. Link, D. A. Tirrell, Methods, 2005, 36, 291. C. C. Liu and P. G. Schultz, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 2010, 79, 413. R. K. Boggess, R. B. Martin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 3076. N. Ayyadurai, N. Saravanan Prabhu, K. Deepankumar, N. Soundrarajan, YJ Jang, N. Chitrapriya, E. Song, N. Lee, SK Kim, BG Kim, S. Lee, HJ Cha, N. Budisa, H Yun. Chembiochem, In revision. Y. Rahimi, A. Goulding, S. Shrestha, S. Mirpuri, S. K. Deo, Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 2008, 370, 57. P. Eli, A. Chakrabartty, Protein Sci. 2006, 15, 2442. J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, third ed., Springer, New York, 2006. J. P. Sumner, N. M. Westerberg, A. K. Stoddard, T. K. Hurst, M. Cramer, R. B. Thompson, C. A. Fierke, R. Kopelman. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2006, 15, 1302. J. Lee, H. Shima, H. Choia, Y. Son, C. Lee, J. Phy. Chem. Sol. 2008, 69, 1581. J. Sambrook, E. Fritsch, T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed., Cold spring harbor laboratory press, Cold spring harbor, NY, USA, 1989. S. Nagasundarapandian, L. Merkel, N. Budisa, R. Govindan, N. Ayyadurai, S. Sriram, H. Yun, S. Lee, Chembiochem 2010, 11, 2521. A. Goulding, S. Shrestha, K. Dria, E. Hunt, S. K. Deo, Protein Eng. 2010, 21, 101. M. A. Marti-Renom, A. Stuart, A. Fiser, R. Sanchez, F. Melo, A. Sali, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 2000, 29, 291. J. Lee, H. Shima, H. Choia, Y. Son, C. Leea, 2008, J. Phy. Chem. Solids 69, 1581.

An object of the present invention is a biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions, particularly copper ions, including a fluorescent protein in which L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is introduced, It provides a manufacturing method, and a method for detecting heavy metal ions, particularly copper ions contained in biological and environmental samples using the biosensor.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions comprising a fluorescent protein in which L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is introduced.

In addition,

1) pretreatment of fluorescent protein containing L-DOPA with periodate (NaIO ₄ ); And

2) It provides a method for producing a biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions comprising a fluorescent protein introduced with L-DOPA, comprising the step of immobilizing the pre-treated L-DOPA introduced protein on a substrate.

In addition,

1) treating a test sample to a biosensor immobilized a fluorescent protein containing L-DOPA; And

2) It provides a method for detecting heavy metal ions in the test sample comprising the step of identifying the heavy metal ions bound to the fluorescent protein introduced L-DOPA of the biosensor.

The present invention relates to a biosensor using a fluorescent protein in which L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is introduced. When the fluorescent protein binds to a divalent heavy metal ion, particularly a copper ion, The fluorescence quenching phenomenon that disappears the fluorescence can detect heavy metal ions, and the introduction of L-DOPA into the fluorescent protein can significantly increase the ability to detect heavy metal ions. Since NaIO ₄ can be easily immobilized by treating NaDO ₄ with -DOPA, the present invention is based on a new fluorescence using L-DOPA-introduced fluorescent protein having both a characteristic of sensing bivalent heavy metal ions, particularly copper ions and an easily immobilized characteristic. It provides a method for producing a biosensor.

1 is a graph showing the fluorescence quenching effect of various divalent metal ions in GFPdopa protein. The fluorescence intensity of GFPdopa was normalized by dividing the fluorescence intensity in the sample by the fluorescence intensity of the sample containing no metal ions. Each metal ion was reacted with 3 uM of GFPdopa protein at 1 mM concentration. Each experiment was repeated three times.
2A is a graph showing the effect of various divalent metal ions on the fluorescence emission of GFP and GFPdopa. Each metal ion (0.1 mM) was reacted with a protein of each of GFP and GFPdopa. Figure 2b is a graph showing a calibration curve in which (calibration curve) produced by the addition of various concentrations of Cu ^{+ 2} for GFP and GFPdopa. FIG. 2C is a graph showing a Stern-Volmer plot generated in the presence of copper ions at temperatures of 25 ° C., 30 ° C., and 45 ° C. 2D is a graph showing the circular dichroic (CD) profiles of GFP and GFPdopa in the presence of copper ions.
Figure 3 is a graph representing the titration and Cu ^{2 +} emission spectrum of GFPdopa of GFPdopa obtained by in here 515 nm (excitation) under Cu ^{2 +} ions in the presence of various concentrations.
4 is a graph showing the UV-visualized spectrum of GFPdopa (•) in the presence of GFPdopa (■) and copper.
5 is followed by the addition of the Cu ^{2 +,} and EDTA in a series to obtain the graph of the fluorescence intensity of a monitoring GFPdopa. The solution of GFPdopa was reacted with 100 uM copper until equilibration (5 minutes), then EDTA was added to complex the copper ions. The intensity was normalized to the initial intensity. The experiment was repeated three times.
6A is a diagram showing chromophore interaction sites in GFP. Figure 6b is an illustration showing a biosensing interaction GFPdopa and Cu ^{+ 2.} Figure 6c is a graph showing the results of monitoring the fluorescence intensity between GFPdopa and mutant variants by the addition of Cu ^{2 +} at various concentrations.
FIG. 7 shows the results of purification of a site-specific and globally integrated L-DOPA in a GFP variant protein using a nickel affinity chromatography column.
8a is a graph showing the relative fluorescence intensity of NaIO ₄ GFPdopa treated by the addition of Cu ^{2 +} at various concentrations. 8B is a graph showing the intensity of the fluorescence image and the micropattern of the GFPdopa protein on the surface modified with the amine material. At this time, A is the former fluorescence image processing as Cu ^{+ 2,} B is a fluorescence image after treatment with Cu ^{+ 2,} C is a fluorescence image of the addition of EDTA and then treated with Cu ^{+ 2.} Figure 8c is a graph showing the results of density measurement analysis of GFPdopa-based protein biosensor.
Figure 9a is a graph showing the fluorescence intensity of the Cu ^{2 +} after the addition of successive aliquots monitoring GFPdopa. 9B is a graph showing the fluorescence intensity of GFPdopa monitored after EDTA addition. The intensity was normalized to initial fluorescence intensity (fluorescence of control protein). The experiment was repeated three times.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

The present invention provides a biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions comprising a fluorescent protein into which L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is introduced.

The fluorescent protein is preferably a green fluorescent protein (GFP), but is not limited thereto. Fluorescent proteins including tyrosine may be used.

The heavy metal ion is preferably a divalent metal ion, and more preferably copper ion, but is not limited thereto, and may include any one or more of K ⁺ , Mg ^{2 +} , Ca ^{2 +} , Na ⁺ or Mn ^{2 +} . .

The fluorescent protein into which the L-DOPA is introduced is preferably introduced into the L-DOPA in the fluorescent protein using genetic code engineering, but is not limited thereto.

The L-DOPA-introduced fluorescent protein is preferably prepared by a manufacturing method including the following steps, but not always limited thereto:

1) preparing a tyrosine auxotroph, which expresses a protein comprising at least one tyrosine in an amino acid sequence;

2) culturing the tyrosine nutrient requestor in a medium deficient in tyrosine;

3) culturing after adding L-DOPA to the medium; And

4) selecting a fluorescent protein containing L-DOPA instead of tyrosine in the amino acid sequence from the cultured nutritional supporter.

In the above method, the tyrosine nutrient demander of step 1) is preferably a transformant transformed into a host tyrosine nutrient demander with an expression vector comprising a gene encoding a protein.

In the above method, the tyrosine nutritional requester of step 1) is E. coli JW2581 is preferred but not limited to tyrosine nutritional requirements.

The biosensor is a glass substrate; A silicon substrate stacked on the substrate; And a fluorescent protein including L-DOPA immobilized on the silicon substrate, but is not limited thereto.

In addition, the present invention provides a method for producing a biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions comprising a fluorescent protein introduced with L-DOPA according to the present invention.

Specifically, the manufacturing method of the biosensor

1) pretreatment of fluorescent protein containing L-DOPA with periodate (NaIO ₄ ); And

2) It may be prepared by a method comprising the step of fixing the fluorescent protein introduced with the pre-treated L-DOPA to the substrate, but is not limited thereto.

Specifically, the manufacturing method of the biosensor

1) laminating a polymer layer on a substrate, and then patterning;

2) forming a microfluidic channel in the patterned polymer layer; And

3) by immobilizing a fluorescent protein containing L-DOPA pretreated with a periodate (NaIO ₄ ) in the microfluidic channel to fix the fluorescent protein introduced with L-DOPA in the channel. But it is not limited thereto.

In the above manufacturing method, the substrate is preferably a glass substrate, but is not limited thereto, and glass, PMMA, PS, or PDMS substrates may all be used.

In the above method, the polymer layer is preferably polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), but is not limited thereto.

In the above production method, the fluorescent protein is preferably a green fluorescent protein (GFP), but is not limited thereto, and any fluorescent protein including tyrosine may be used.

In the above method, the heavy metal ions are divalent metal ions, and preferably a copper ion is not a more preferred not limited to, K ^+, Mg ^{2 +,} Ca ^{2 +,} Na ⁺ or Mn ²⁺ at least one of It may include.

In addition, the present invention provides a heavy metal ion detection method using a biosensor comprising a fluorescent protein introduced L-DOPA according to the present invention.

Specifically,

1) processing the test sample in the biosensor according to the present invention; And

2) It provides a method for detecting heavy metal ions in the test sample, comprising the step of identifying the heavy metal ions bound to the fluorescent protein introduced L-DOPA of the biosensor.

In the detection method, the test sample is preferably a biological or environmental sample, and may be a composition or a compound, but is not limited thereto.

In the detection method, the identification of heavy metal ions may be performed through a visually, optically or electrochemically method, but is not limited thereto.

In the detection method, the fluorescent protein is preferably a green fluorescent protein (GFP), but is not limited thereto. Fluorescent proteins including tyrosine may be used.

In the detection method, the heavy metal ion is preferably a divalent metal ion, and more preferably copper ion, but is not limited thereto, and any one or more of K ⁺ , Mg ^{2 +} , Ca ^{2 +} , Na ⁺ or Mn ^{2 +} . It may include.

In one embodiment of the present invention, protein biosensors were prepared by introducing L-DOPA in GFP using genetic code engineering (see Overview 1).

1 shows an approach for the production of protein biosensors using genetic code engineering method.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the site of action responsible for biosensing activity was investigated by extending genetic code engineering. At this time, the fusion of L-DOPA is mass shift based on redox staining and LC-MS / MS and ESI-MS analysis, as in the known method (see Non-Patent Document 12). ).

In one embodiment of the present invention, K ⁺ , Mg ^{2 +} , Ca ^{2 at} high concentration (1 mM) (see FIG. 1) and low concentration (0.1 mM) levels for GFP and GFPdopa proteins in MOPS buffer as an initial test. ^+, divalent variety such as Na ^+, Mn ^{2 +} and Cu ^{+ 2} was evaluated the effect of the metal ions (see Fig. 2a). As a result, the fluorescence of GFP and GFPdopa is high or low concentrations of ^{K +, Mg 2 +, Ca} 2+, Na + and Mn ^{+ 2} were slightly affected in the presence of metal ions. However, the addition of Cu ^{2 +} concentration of 0.1 mM was destroyed completely fluorescence GFPdopa protein. In contrast, GFP was retained more than 75% of fluorescence after addition of Cu ^{2 +} concentration of 0.1 mM. Among the tested metal ions, GFPdopa showed only selectively fluorescent quencher (fluorescence quenching) and Cu ^{2 +} metal ions. Cu ^{2 +} ions and combination of GFPdopa did not show any change in the fluorescence excitation and emission wavelength maximum (Fig. 1). However, Cu ^{2 +} ions and combination of GFPdopa was caused a decrease in fluorescence emission intensity with respect to the copper concentration. The calibration curve for GFP and GFPdopa was shown by fritting the amount of fluorescence quenching versus copper concentration (see FIG. 2B). As a result, a copper concentration of 20 uM showed 50% quenching of GFPdopa fluorescence. Nevertheless, it showed perfect fluorescence quenching when treated with a copper concentration of 100 uM. On the other hand, it showed that more than 75% of the fluorescence intensity of GFP maintained under the presence of Cu ^{2 +} 100 uM. On the other hand, the dissociation constant of GFPdopa was proved to be 5.6 ± 0.3 uM indicating a high affinity for Cu ^{2 +} ions. Copper dissociation constants were similar to red fluorescent proteins and were lower than Rmu13, drFP583 and gRF (see Non-Patent Documents 13 and 14).

In one kinds of embodiments of the invention, in order to determine the mechanism of fluorescence quenching by measuring the fluorescence of GFPdopa protein with the addition of various concentrations of Cu ^{2 +} at various temperatures was produced a Stern-Volmer plot (see Fig. 2d ). The extinction constant of GFPdopa decreased with increasing temperature (see FIG. 2C). This suggests that the quenching is not by collisional quenching but by static quenching due to the interaction between copper and GFPdopa protein.

In one kinds of embodiments of the invention, to demonstrate the mechanism of the static quenching was performed UV absorption scan of each GFPdopa protein in the presence and absence of Cu ^{+ 2.} In general, collision quenching only affects the excited state of the fluorophore, while static quenching affects the ground state of the fluorophore (see Non-Patent Document 15). As a result of static quenching, the absorption spectrum of the GFPdopa compare protein under the copper element was not affected in the presence of Cu ^{+ 2} (see Fig. 4). Fluorescence recovery of GFPdopa was evaluated in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). After quenching, at least 70% of GFPdopa fluorescence recovered at 5 minutes of equilibration (see FIG. 5). This suggests that under equilibrium conditions, repeated and renewable monitoring of exchangeable copper is possible using GFPdopa.

In addition, in one embodiment of the present invention, whether copper binding affects the structure and morphology of GFPdopa was investigated by circular dichroism. In general, GFP has a unique β structure consisting of 11 β beta-pleated sheets. Therefore, a number of abrupt negative refractions at about 215-216 nm were observed during CD spectral analysis. The dichroic profile of GFPdopa confirmed the overall secondary structure of the protein, which remained the same after treatment with copper. The results suggested that the fluorescence quenching in the observed GFPdopa was not due to structural or morphological changes of the protein (see FIG. 2D).

Taken together, these results indicate that copper binds to the DOPA portion of GFPdopa, which provides electrons to copper and forms a non-fluorescent ground state complex. Copper ions are known to favor the coordination of aminocarboxylate and catechol groups present in the side chain of L-DOPA (see Non-Patent Document 11). These functional groups may be capable of supporting a combination of Cu ^{+ 2} and GFPdopa leading to fluorescence quenching.

In one kinds of embodiments of the invention, to determine the Cu ^{2 +} binding sites available on the GFP, because it can use a crystal structure of the present GFP variants, making a 3-D model structure of GFP by homology modeling. Based on the energy minimization model, it was estimated that two residues, such as His148 and Tyr92, could play an important role in biosensing. These residues are all directly related to GFP chromophores. The Tyr92 interacts with chromophores through the direct interaction of Gln94 and His148 residues with chromophore residues (see FIG. 6A). Substitution of L-DOPA in these two pairs (DOPA66-His148 interaction and DOPA92-DOPA66 interaction) supports the binding of copper and chromophores and causes static quenching. To investigate this, the genetic code method was extended to produce various mutations in which L-DOPA was introduced at desired positions. For this purpose, amber mutations were introduced at the Tyr66 (GFP _Y66dopa ) and Tyr92 sites (GFP _Y92dopa ) and L-DOPA was site-specifically fused using an engineered Methanococcus jannaschii tRNATyr / tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. I was. Similarly, a point mutation (GFP _dopaY92F ) was introduced at _Tyr92 for phenylalanine and the remaining Tyr residues were modified to L-DOPA via genetic code engineering methods (see Figure S5). We introduced a double amber mutation at the Tyr66 and Tyr92 positions (GFP _Y66Y92dopa ) but failed to provide protein and two amber mutations due to the low efficiency of the orthogonal tRNA / synthetase system. LC-MS / MS analysis confirmed site-specific fusion of L-DOPA in mutant proteins (see Table 1) and copper sensing assays were performed with the mutant proteins. GFP _Y66dopa variants showed higher copper sensing activity than GFPdopa, which was higher than GFP and GFP _dopaY92F variants. This is to suggest that the chromophore Y66dopa may not contain exclusively associated with the Cu ^{2 +} biosensing activity. In contrast, GFP _Y92dopa showed higher copper sensing activity when GFP _Y66dopa . Interestingly, the GFP _dopaY92F mutant introduced with phenylalanine showed low copper sensing activity when compared to the GFP _Y92dopa and GFP _Y66dopa mutants. Based on the copper sensing activity, it can be seen that chromophore residue DOPA66 and interacting residue DOPA92 are important for GFPdopa to maintain copper sensing activity. In addition, biosensing activity suggested that copper bonds favored DOPA92 residues slightly. The proximity of copper to the chromophore of the protein (DOPA66) causes electrons to be provided to the copper from the chromophore, which causes strong fluorescence quenching. Thus, in a multiple site of GFP inter-dependent effect of L-DOPA may be seen that the essential for efficient Cu ^{2 +} biosensing activity.

In addition, in one embodiment of the present invention, a biosensor was manufactured by integrating a GFPdopa protein and a microfabricated device. The crucial step to construct a protein biosensor is to immobilize the sensor protein in the device without changing its structural and functional properties. In this respect, DsRed and GFP were encapsulated in a polyacrylamide substrate and a sol-gel, respectively (Non-Patent Document 18). However, each type of sol-gel fixation has its own advantages and disadvantages. Recently, the present inventors have demonstrated that proteins containing L-DOPA can be selectively oxidized and covalently bound to polysaccharides containing amines (Non-Patent Document 12). This is an important feature of GFPdopa for developing protein biosensors. Therefore, this effort has expanded the use of GFPdopa proteins for the feasibility of biosensing based biosensing applications. For immobilization of GFPdopa protein on amine coated material, an o-quinone is required, which can be selectively produced via DOPA oxidation in GFPdopa with NaIO ₄ . The present inventors it was found that the formation discussed quinone may interfere with the activity of the Cu ^{2 +} sensing GFPdopa. Therefore, calibration curves generated based on NaIO ₄ treated GFPdopa for various concentrations of copper were analyzed. The fluorescence intensity was extinction linearly with Cu ^{2 +} concentration (see Fig. 8a), the fluorescence was immediately recovered when equilibrated with EDTA (see Fig. 9). The dissociation constant of NaIO ₄ treated GFPdopa was found to be 4.3 ± 1.1 uM similar to GFPdopa in the absence of NaIO ₄ . This is presented to GFPdopa protein after treatment of the NaIO ₄ is held to the active biosensing for Cu ^{+ 2.} The inventors have found that biosensing activity can be maintained in such a way that surface exposed DOPA (DOPA151, DOPA182, DOPA200 and DOPA237) can be converted to ortho-quinone during NaIO ₄ treatment. In contrast, it was found that the internally contained DOPA (DOPA66 and DOPA92) could not be converted to ortho-quinone because there was no accessibility of NaIO ₄ and would exist as a DOPA moiety without any modification. Cu ^{2 +} and interaction and not to cause fluorescence quenching, surface-exposed comprises the DOPA and internally DOPA both ortho-can be converted to quinone and quinone discuss formation of copper directly interact and give rise to fluorescence quenching I could see that.

In addition, in one embodiment of the present invention, lithography was used as a flexible elastomer, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), on the basis of an array to fabricate bioMEMS based biosensors. (Non-Patent Document 17). Micro contact printing (uCP) with a self-assembled amine layer was used for the fabrication of GFPdopa. To this end, we first supported the protein by immersing the PDMS microstamp in GFPdopa solution for 30 minutes and then transferring it to an amine coated slide using micro contact printing. Micropatterned proteins were observed under fluorescence microscopy. The pattern size was the same and confirmed the fabrication of GFPdopa on amine slides with high reliability shapes. At this time, a strong fluorescence signal was maintained indicating that GFPdopa retained its original function for the glass slide.

In one kinds of embodiments of the invention, the, slide GFPdopa to evaluate the performance of the sensor protein of the resulting biosensor for 5 minutes and then allowed to react with Cu ^{+ 2} solution (100 uM) was observed under a fluorescence microscope. As a result, the fluorescent signal was completely quenched after addition of copper ions (see B in FIG. 8B). In addition, slides were equilibrated with EDTA for 5 minutes and then observed under the same conditions under a fluorescence microscope. As a result, the original fluorescence emission of GFPdopa immediately recovered (see C of FIG. 8B). Fluorescence recovery was also quantified using the Scion Image PC software package. As a result, 94% of the original fluorescence intensity of GFPdopa was recovered (see FIG. 8C). This significant difference is that clearly suggested that GFPdopa can perform a selective and sensitive biosensors for detecting Cu ^{2 +.}

In conclusion, the present invention is a protein containing the L-DOPA was specified as a sensing element specifically binding to Cu ^{2 +} a reversible manner. Generally, the concentration of copper in environmentally contaminated samples and biological samples is found in the range of milimolar to micromolar (Non-Patent Document 3). GFPdopa's unique fluorescence quenching and recovery, and easy fabrication methods can be applied to copper sensing in environmental samples, as well as to develop new molecular diagnostic tools for copper detection. In addition, this can be developed by lowering protein concentration or by using more sensitive fluorescence spectrofluorometers.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.

However, the following Examples illustrate the present invention in detail, and the content of the present invention is not limited by the Examples.

L- DOPA  Preparation of Introduced Protein

<1-1> Preparation of Plasmids and Strains

DNA manipulation was performed according to the procedure described in Sambrook and Russel (see Non-Patent Document 18). PCR reaction (50 μl) was performed with 10 pM of each primer, 50 ng of template DNA, 1 × Taq DNA polymerase buffer, 1 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), 0.2 mM Each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates and 1.5 mM MgCl ₂ were used. Amplification was followed by initial denaturation (1 min at 94 ° C.) followed by 30 cycles of 1 minute at 94 ° C., 1 minute at 60 ° C. and 0.5 minutes at 72 ° C., and extension for 10 minutes at 72 ° C. (Master Gradient thermal cycler, Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). PQE-60 comprising GFPhs2 containing eight tyrosine residues was prepared by cloning into plasmid pQE-80 L (Qiagen) (Valencia, CA, USA) using BamH 1 and Hind III restriction enzymes (Non-Patent Documents) 19). At this time, PCR reagents, T4 DNA ligase and restriction endonucleases were purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Then, (shall be described below, GFP) produced with the pQE80-GFPhs2 plasmid for the production of natural and non-natural recombinant proteins, E. coli Transformation was made into JW2581 Tyrosine Nutrient ( E. coli Genetic Stock Centre, Yale University, New Haven, USA). This construct was sequenced and its target protein sequence identified. E. coli cells, including plasmids, were grown aerobic in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA) or LB agar plates, with the addition of appropriate antibiotics for selection of transformants.

<1-2> L- Into Green Fluorescent Protein DOPA Check the introduction of

The construct prepared in Example <1-1> was prepared with 0.4% (w / v) glucose, 0.1 mM CaCl ₂ , 1.0 mM MgSO ₄ , 35 μg / mL thiamine, and 20 amino acids. (40 mg / L) and appropriate antibiotics were grown in M9 minimal medium. When the optical density of the culture reached 0.8 to 1.0 at OD ₆₀₀ , centrifugation (5,000 rpm) was performed at 4 ° C. for 10 minutes. The cell pellet was washed twice with 0.9% (w / v) NaCl solution. The cells were then resuspended in M9 minimal medium added with 19 amino acids (40 mg / L) deficient in tyrosine. The resuspended cells were added to a culture flask each containing L9 tyrosine (40 mg / L) as a positive control and M9 minimal medium to which L-DOPA (1 mM) was added as a test group. At this time, both natural amino acids and L-DOPA were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). After incubation at 37 ° C. for 10 minutes, 1 mM of isopropyl-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) (sigma chemicals) (St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to the protein. Expression was induced. After 6 hours of protein expression, cells were harvested and OD ₆₀₀ was measured. Cells harvested by centrifugation were stored at -70 ° C until use. Lysis was performed using BugBuster protein extraction kit (Novagen) followed by sonication. The collected cell pellets corresponding to 1 mL of the culture solution were resuspended in 100 μl of lysis buffer, incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes, and then centrifuged at 9000 g and 4 ° C. for 20 minutes. Supernatants were provided as water soluble protein fractions and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (12% acrylamide gel).

<1-3> L- DOPA  Purification of Green Fluorescent Proteins Introduced

PQE80-GFP in E. coli tyrosine nutrients was grown to OD ₆₀₀ of 0.6 in 100 mL M9 medium and then induced with 1 mM IPTG for 6 hours and then pelletized. Purification of proteins was carried out using Ni-NTA affinity column (Qiagen) (Valencia, CA, USA) and gel permeation chromatography using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) HisBind Resin (Novagen). ; GPC). Histag purification samples were subjected to gel permeation chromatography (GPC) purification by AKTA Explorer FPLC system with Superdex 75 HR at 4 ° C.

<1-4> L- DOPA  Quantitative and Fluorescence Analysis of Introduced Green Fluorescent Proteins

Protein concentrations were quantified using the Bradford assay. Fluorescence spectra of control and test protein were measured with a Perkin Elmer LS-55 spectrofluorimeter equipped with digital software.

L- DOPA  Screening of Introduced Protein Affinity Metal Ions

<2-1> Metal Bio-based Fluorescence Spectrometry Sensing

Metal ion screening MOPS containing 0.1 mM and of ^{1 mM K +, Mg 2 +} , Ca 2 +, Na +, Mn 2 + and GFP and GFPdopa of 3 uM with different metal ions such as Cu ^{2 +,} respectively ( 4-morpholinepropane sulfonic acid, pH 7.2) buffer. Prior to this, MOPS buffer was passed through a Chelex-100 column to remove any trace metals. Fluorescence measurements were taken with a Perkin Elmer LS-55 spectrofluorometer equipped with winlab software. In addition, a calibration curve for GFP and GFPdopa was shown by plotting the amount of fluorescence quenching relative to copper concentration.

<2-1> Determination of Copper Titration and Dissociation Constants

Copper titration experiments were performed to determine the binding constants of the proteins. In order to perform the Cu ^{2 +} binding studies, it was added to a solution of 100 uL of copper concentration in the GFP protein and GFPdopa (3 uM) of 100 uL. Fluorescence spectra were acquired on a spectrofluorometer by recording the samples at 505 and 515 nm for GFP and GFPdopa and causing emission between 515-530 nm, respectively. This experiment was repeated to calculate the standard deviation for each point. Fluorescence readings are represented by [ΔF / ΔF0], which were calculated using the following general formula.

[General Formula]

,

,

Here, △ F is the change in the measured fluorescence, △ Fmax is the maximum fluorescence change, [P] is the total protein concentration, Kd is the dissociation constant of the copper-binding sites, [Cu ^{2 +]} is the total concentration of copper to be.

As a result, the fluorescence of GFP and are GFPdopa of 0.1 mM and 1 mM concentration of ^{K +, Mg 2 +, Ca} 2 +, Na + and Mn ^{+ 2} were slightly affected in the presence of metal ions. However, addition of 0.1 mM Cu ²⁺ completely eliminated the fluorescence of the GFPdopa protein. On the other hand, GFP was retained more than 75% of fluorescence after addition of Cu ^{2 +} concentration of 0.1 mM. Among the tested metal ions, GFPdopa is only showed Cu ^{2 +} metal ions and optionally a fluorescence quenching (Figs. 1 and 2a). Mixture of Cu ^{2 +} ions and GFPdopa there was no change in the fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths (Fig. 3). A copper concentration of 20 uM showed 50% quenching of GFPdopa fluorescence and a complete fluorescence quenching when treated with a copper concentration of 100 uM. On the other hand, it was shown that the fluorescence intensity of 75% or more of GFP was maintained in the presence of 100 uM Cu ²⁺ (FIG. 2B).

On the other hand, the dissociation constant of GFPdopa was proved to be 5.6 ± 0.3 uM indicating a high affinity for Cu ^{2 +} ions. The copper dissociation constants were similar to red fluorescent proteins and were lower than Rmu13, drFP583 and gRF (see Non-Patent Documents 13 and 14).

L- DOPA  Fluorescence of Introduced Proteins and Copper Ions Quenching  Mechanism Analysis

<3-1> Stern - Volmer PLAT ( Stern - Volmer plot ) analysis

A 100 uL copper solution was added to the MOPS containing 100 uL protein (3 uM) in each micro titration well. After the addition of copper, the solution was reacted at various temperatures (25, 30 and 45 ° C.). Fluorescence readings were performed by stimulating the sample and then measuring the emission at the appropriate wavelength for each protein. Dissociation constants of GFPdopa and copper were determined based on relative quenching data measured at 25 ° C.

<3-2> UV Visualization Spetrum ( UV - visible spectra ) analysis

After 1 ml of protein (3 uM) was poured into the cuvette, the scratch spectrum of the protein was recorded at room temperature. To this end, 0.1 mM of copper was added, followed by reaction for 10 minutes, and then absorption spectrum was recorded.

<3-3> Reversibility Analysis of Sensor

The reversibility of the sensor was evaluated after adding 1 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) to the sample solution to make a solution having a final concentration of 1 mM.

As a result, the extinction constant of GFPdopa was found to decrease with increasing temperature (FIGS. 2C and 2D). It can be seen that the quenching is not due to collisional quenching, but due to static quenching due to the interaction between copper and GFPdopa protein.

In addition, the absorption spectrum of the GFPdopa is compared with the case in the absence of Cu ^{+ 2} was not affected in the presence of Cu ^{2 +} (Fig. 4). In addition, 70% or more of GFPdopa fluorescence after fluorescence quenching was found to recover 5 minutes after equilibration (FIG. 5). Thus, it can be seen that under equilibrium conditions, repeated and renewable monitoring of copper is possible using GFPdopa.

L-bonds of copper ions DOPA  Analysis of the effect on the structure of the introduced protein

<4-1> Circularly polarized light Dichroism  Spectroscopy ( circular dichroism )

Far UV CD spectra were recorded for GFPdopa and copper treated with GFPdopa at 37 ° C. in a JASCO J-715 spectrometer. For the assay, 250 uL volume of protein (3 uM) was placed in 0.2 cm cells, after which CD absorption spectra were acquired at room temperature. After adding a volume of 10 uL of copper, corresponding to 1 equivalent of copper, the absorption spectrum was recorded. Twenty scans were accumulated per spectra and raw data was processed using the Jasco software package. After analyzing the final results, they were graphed using Origin software.

As a result, it was confirmed that the dichroic profile of GFPdopa had the same secondary structure as before treatment when treated with copper ions (FIG. 2D). Thus, it can be seen that the fluorescence quenching in the observed GFPdopa is not due to structural or morphological changes of the protein.

L- DOPA  Identification of the binding site of copper ions in the introduced protein

<5-1> molecule modelling  And Chromophore ( chromophore ) Interaction research

GFP model structure is comparative modeling using modeler using potential template structures (PDB Id-2B3P and 1RRX) obtained through BlastP search for Protein Databank (PDB) using default parameters. ) Using the 2B3P sequence sequence and 3D structure as a template, a model was constructed for the query sequence excluding GYG sites that are modified within the chromophore. Terminal and c-terminal overhangs were removed during each modeling step. The chromophore site of 2B3P was then introduced into the GFP model structure using modeler's model ligand complex method. The fabricated model structure has minimal energy at about 200 steps of descent minimization and was evaluated for structural quality using SAVES server. To verify the completion of the modeling process, root mean square deviation (RMSD) values were calculated between the modeled structure and its corresponding template structure. The quality of the molecular model of GFP was determined by examining the distribution of amino acid residues in the Ramachandran plot. The energy coordinates were then minimized by replacing the tyrosine residues of the model with L-DOPA by introducing a crystal coordinate of 1RRX with help Discovery studio 2.1. The structural quality of the energy minimized structure was measured as described above. To analyze the interaction between chromophores and surrounding residues, ligand protein plots were generated using Ligplot for GFP and GFPdopa.

<5-2> in-gel cutting ( In - gel digestion )

Samples were digested by SDS-PAGE and stained with Colloidal Coomassie blue R250 solution (ProteomeTech Inc. Korea). It carried out through the modification of the conventionally known method (refer nonpatent literature 20). Gel bands were cut into 1 mm ³ cubes and washed twice with 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate containing 50% acetonitrile. Protein reduction and alkylation were performed with 10 mM DTT in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate for 1 hour at 56 ° C., followed by 10 mM acrylamide in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate for 45 minutes at room temperature. Gel operations were washed twice with 50 mM ammonium hydrogen carbonate, 50% acetonitrile, dehydrated with 100% acetonitrile and dried to speed vac. The dried gel pieces were dehydrated in 50 mM ammonium hydrogen carbonate with 20 ng uL-1 sequencing grade trypsin (Promega, CA, USA) and reacted overnight at 37 ° C. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube and then the peptides remaining in the gel pieces were extracted by sonication with 5% TFA containing 50% acetonitrile in a bath for 40 minutes. The extract was bound, dried and desalted to about 2 uL using a GeLoader tip column equipped with POROSR2 / R3 (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA), and then the eluted peptides were subjected to mass spectrometric analysis.

<5-3> nano LC - MS Of MS

As in the known method (Non-Patent Document 21), the digested product by trypsin was separated through an Ultimate nanoLC system including a FAMOS autosampler and a Switchos column switching valve (LC-Packings, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). On-line analysis was performed by a QSTAR Mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) equipped with a nanospray interface. Peptide binding occurred at 2 cm 200 um ID self-packed column Zorbax 300SB-C18, 5 um (Agilent) with 0.1% formic acid containing 5% acetonitrile at a flow rate of 4 uL / min for 10 minutes. . Bound peptides were internally mounted with the same resin and separated by melting with 0.1% formic acid containing 5-50% (v / v) acetonitrile for 45 minutes at a flow rate of 0.2 uL / min. (fused silica emitter) (75 um ID). MS / MS spectra were acquired on an automated switching mode tandem mass spectrometer with an m / z-dependent set of collision offset values.

<5-4> Generation and site-directed mutations of mutants ( site - directed  mutagenesis) analysis

The coding sequence of GFP was previously cloned into the expression vector pQE80L used to make plasmids GFP _Y66amber , GFP _Y92amber , GFP _Y92F and GFP _Y66Y92amber . Using the Quick-change site directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.), The following mutation vectors with point mutations in Tyr92 for amber stop codon (TAG) and phenylalanine at positions Tyr66, Tyr92, and Tyr66-92 Was produced according to the manufacturer's instructions in the manual. The mutagenesis was confirmed by performing DNA sequence analysis at Cosmo Genetech (Dajeon, South Korea).

<5-5> GFP Mutant  L- into DOPA Site-specific and global fusion of

pQE80-GFP _{Y66am Y92amber} GFP, GFP _Y66Y92amber and site-specific fusion of Escherichia containing pAC-DOPA-6TRN comprising a tRNA / synthetase (synthetase) orthogonal to coli BL21 (DE3) was grown overnight at 37 ° C. in LB medium supplemented with ampicillin (50 mg / mL) and tetracycline (7.5 mg / mL). Cells were harvested in small starting cultures, resuspended in phosphate buffered saline, and then inoculated into glycerol minimal medium to which ampicillin (50 mg / mL) and tetracycline (7.5 mg / mL) were added. OD ₆₀₀ was incubated until approximately 0.7, and 1 mM L-DOPA (Sigma Aldrich, USA) was added before induction. Induction was followed by giving 1 mM IPTG for 7 hours at 37 ° C. and then depriving the cells, and then frozen at −70 ° C. during purification. Similarly, tyrosine nutrients comprising GFP _dopaY92F were cultured in Luria-Bertani medium containing ampicillin at 37 ° C. with vigorous shaking. Cells were then acclimated to M9 minimal medium, followed by overall fusion of L-DOPA as described above.

The molecular modeling analysis showed that the His148 and Tyr92 two residues are directly related to the chromophore. The Tyr92 interacts with the chromophore by directly interacting the Gln94 and His148 residues with the chromophore residues (FIG. 6A). In this DOPA66-His148 interaction and DOPA92-DOPA66 interaction, the substitution of L-DOPA was found to support the binding of copper and chromophores and cause static quenching.

In addition, GFP _Y66dopa variants showed higher copper sensing activity than GFP and GFP _dopaY92F variants and lower copper sensing activity than GFPdopa. On the other hand, GFP _Y92dopa showed higher copper sensing activity when GFP _Y66dopa . Meanwhile, the GFP _dopaY92F mutant incorporating phenylalanine showed low copper sensing activity when compared to the GFP _Y92dopa and GFP _Y66dopa mutants. Thus, it can be seen that the chromophore residues DOPA66 and DOPA92 are important sites for the copper sensing activity of GFPdopa. It can also be seen that the proximity of copper to the chromophore residues of the GFPdopa protein provides electrons to the copper from the chromophores, resulting in fluorescence quenching.

L- DOPA  Fabrication of biosensors containing introduced proteins

<6-1> for fixing GFPdopa For NaIO ₄ Pretreatment of

Pretreatment was performed by reacting GFPdopa (30 ug / ml) protein containing L-DOPA with NaIO ₄ (1 mM) for 1 hour. Concentrated using Amicon Ultra 15 30,000 MWCO centrifugal filters (Millipore, MA, USA). The concentrated sample was subjected to copper sensing analysis as described above. Fluorescence quenching and reversibility were monitored on a Perkin Elmer LS-55 using winlab software.

<6-2> bio Sensing  In amine slide for GFPdopa  Micro patterning of proteins

Micropatterning of proteins was performed using PDMS stamps and microcontact printing in accordance with known methods (see Non-Patent Document 22). PDMS stamps were prepared by pouring a 9: 1 mixture of silicone elastomer and silicone base onto a microchip containing wells containing 50 um (pore size) wells. Then, the pattern was cut after reacting at 65 ° C. for 1 hour. Before immersing the PDMS microstamp into the protein solution, GFPdopa was treated with 1 mM NaIO ₄ for 5 minutes, immediately loaded onto the microchip, and then reacted for 15 minutes. Excess protein drop was then absorbed by the pipette and dried using a nitrogen spray. In addition, PDMS was inscribed on a glass slide coated with amine and then reacted at room temperature for 30 minutes. After the reaction, the PDMS stamp was observed with a fluorescence microscope. Images were acquired with a Zeiss Axiovert 200 fluorescence microscope with mercury lamp illumination and FITC and Cy3 filter sets. Images were captured on a Hamamatsu ORCA-ER gray scale digital camera using simple PCI software. Separate grayscale images for color panels were captured with FITC and Cy3 filter sets with automatic exposure set in PCI. The gray scale images were combined and colored using Corel Draw. The image was captured with 255 gain and 0.0125 second exposure. The micro spots were then treated with 100 uM CuSo ₄ solution and the fluorescence images were captured under the same conditions. The spot was once again treated with EDTA and captured using a fluorescence microscope. The images were also analyzed with image software.

NaIO ₄ was analyzed and a calibration curve generated by the processing GFPdopa result, fluorescence intensity was immediately recovered when quenching was equilibrated with a linear (Fig. 8a), the fluorescence is EDTA in accordance with the Cu ^{2 +} concentration (Figure 9). The dissociation constant of NaIO ₄ treated GFPdopa was found to be 4.3 ± 1.1 uM similar to GFPdopa in the absence of NaIO ₄ . Therefore, it was found that GFPdopa protein maintains biosensing activity against Cu ²⁺ after treatment with NaIO ₄ .

In addition, in order to evaluate the performance of a protein sensor, GFPdopa slide and Cu ^{2 +} response was analyzed and fluorescence after, the fluorescent signal appeared to be completely extinction after addition of the copper ion (B in Fig. 8b), the slide After equilibration with EDTA for 5 minutes, the original fluorescence emission of GFPdopa was recovered (C of FIG. 8B), and the density measurement analysis of the fluorescence recovery showed that 94% of the original fluorescence intensity of GFPdopa was recovered. (FIG. 8C). Thus GFPdopa is found that can perform selective and sensitive biosensor for the detection Cu ^{2 +.}

Claims (10)

A biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions comprising a fluorescent protein into which L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) is introduced.
According to claim 1, wherein the fluorescent protein introduced L-DOPA is
1) preparing a tyrosine auxotroph, which expresses a protein comprising at least one tyrosine in an amino acid sequence;
2) culturing the tyrosine nutrient requestor in a medium deficient in tyrosine;
3) culturing after adding L-DOPA to the medium; And
4) Biosensor, characterized in that produced by the method comprising the step of selecting a fluorescent protein containing L-DOPA instead of tyrosine in the amino acid sequence from the cultured nutritional requirements.
The biosensor of claim 2, wherein the fluorescent protein of step 1) is a green fluorescent protein (GFP).
The method of claim 2, wherein the tyrosine nutritional requester of step 2) is E. coli JW2581 A biosensor characterized in that it is a tyrosine nutrient requestor.
The biosensor of claim 1, wherein the heavy metal ions are copper ions.
The method of claim 1,
Glass substrates; A silicon substrate stacked on the substrate; And a fluorescent protein including L-DOPA immobilized on the silicon substrate.
1) pretreatment of fluorescent protein containing L-DOPA with periodate (NaIO ₄ ); And
2) A method of manufacturing a biosensor for detecting heavy metal ions comprising a fluorescent protein having L-DOPA introduced therein, the method comprising fixing the fluorescent protein having L-DOPA introduced thereon onto a substrate.
8. The method of claim 7,
1) laminating a polymer layer on a substrate, and then patterning;
2) forming a microfluidic channel in the patterned polymer layer; And
3) fixing the L-DOPA-introduced fluorescent protein into the microfluidic channel by loading the L-DOPA-introduced fluorescent protein pretreated with periodate (NaIO ₄ ). Manufacturing method.
1) processing the test sample in the biosensor of claim 1; And
2) detecting the heavy metal ions bound to the fluorescent protein introduced L-DOPA of the biosensor, detecting the heavy metal ions in the test sample.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the identification of the binding of heavy metal ions is performed through a visually, optically or electrochemically method.

Images