KR20100124242A - Calibration block (reference block) and calibration procedure for phased-array ultrasonic inspection - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A correction test piece for the phased array ultrasonic flaw detection measuring the incident point and angel of refraction of a probe is provided to perform sensitivity correction and DAC preparation. CONSTITUTION: Flat reflectors formed in the junction of a basic material are arranged. The curvature radius of a calibration block, the thickness and material is similar of the radius of curvature of the test body, and the thickness and material. The welding method of the correction test piece is the same as those of the welding method of the test body. In one side about the deformity having directionality, the inspection was enforced.

Description

Calibration block (reference block) and calibration procedure for phased-array ultrasonic inspection

The present invention relates to the field of non-destructive testing, and more particularly, to a calibration specimen and a calibration procedure for phased array ultrasonic inspection.

Non-destructive testing measures physical properties of materials by measuring physical changes in physical energy due to internal structure and defects by applying physical energy to the test specimen from the outside without dismantling, destroying or damaging the test object. In addition to improving, safety inspection and life prediction of the facility, ultrasonic non-destructive test, radiation non-destructive test, penetration non-destructive test, magnetic non-destructive test, eddy current non-destructive test, leakage non-destructive test and the like.

The ultrasonic non-destructive test is a method of detecting the discontinuity existing in the test body by sending the ultrasonic wave into the test body, and the amount of energy reflected from the discontinuity in the test body, and the transmitted ultrasonic wave after passing through the test body and reflected from the discontinuous part The difference in the amount of attenuation when the ultrasonic wave penetrates the test specimen is compared with the appropriate standard data to measure the location and size of the defect.

1. Classification by the principle of ultrasonic progression

As the ultrasonic waves propagate in the specimen, they transmit and refract or reflect at the interface, such as discontinuities. In this case, the method of analyzing and inspecting the ultrasonic waves reflected from the discontinuities is similar to the method of pulse reflection and the method of analyzing the transmitted ultrasonic waves, but there is a resonance method using a resonance phenomenon.

2. Classification by transducer contact method

The ultrasonic wave generated by the transducer is classified according to the method of delivering it to the test object. The method of directly contacting the transducer with the test object to deliver the ultrasonic wave is called a direct contact method. The ultrasonic wave is placed in a liquid contact medium such as water. The method of delivery to the test body through the liquid is called immersion method.

3. Classification by wave type

When the wave application method using the pulse reflection type contact method is expressed, it can be classified into a vertical method, a square method, a surface wave method, a plate wave method, and the like.

4. Classification by display method

In ultrasonic inspection, the information on the reflected wave is classified into A-Scan, B-Scan, C-Scan, MA-Scan, etc. according to the display method displayed on the CRT screen or other recording device.

5. Classification by number of transducers

There are a single probe method using a single probe, a two probe method using two, and a multi probe method using several at the same time.

Ultrasonic non-destructive testing as described above is mostly based on the technical standards, such as domestic KS standards or US ASME Code (Code). Commonly in these technical standards, the standard that is performed to secure objectivity of the test is to confirm that the test is consistent by performing a certain calibration before and after the test. The calibration is composed of a number of tasks, including measuring the angle of refraction of the transducer to be used, such as distance calibration and sensitivity, resolution resolution.

Recently, phased array ultrasonic inspection has been studied as a new inspection technique, but there is no calibration specimen suitable for this new inspection technique.

Non-destructive testing is to find defects in the specimens by using radiation, penetrants, ultrasonic waves, eddy currents, etc. without physically destroying or chemically damaging the specimens, and analyzing the acquired defect signals to determine the location and types of defects. And a technique for determining the size. In Korea, many structures have been designed and manufactured by rapid economic development over the past decades. However, the life of the structure is limited and its stability must be checked periodically or aperiodically. Therefore, the safety diagnosis of the structure through non-destructive inspection is essential. Among the various non-destructive testing techniques, non-destructive testing using ultrasound is harmless to humans because there is no danger of radiation exposure, and it is sensitive to defects and provides various information needed for classification and size of defects. One, and the scope of its application continues to increase.

However, in the conventional ultrasonic scanning technique applied in the industrial field, the operator attaches an ultrasonic sensor called a probe to each part of the subject according to the shape of the subject to oscillate the ultrasonic wave, and then returns the ultrasonic signal that echoes the defect. By collecting and analyzing the waveform of the signal, a method of estimating the type and size of the defect is used. The conventional non-destructive inspection method is, firstly, it is difficult to interpret the defect signal when it is not an expert, and it is likely to include subjective judgment of the operator during inspection and evaluation. When inspecting a subject, it is necessary to attach various types of wedges to the probe to convert the angle of incidence to secure the information of the inspection site, and thus has a problem in that time and material cost are high.

The phased array ultrasonic flaw detector developed to solve the problems of conventional nondestructive testing has the following characteristics compared to conventional methods. First, by arranging several micro-oscillator oscillators in various shapes in one transducer and electronically controlling the oscillation time of each micro-oscillator, the direction of the ultrasonic wave can be freely changed, and the focus of the ultrasonic wave at a specific point inside the subject It is possible. Secondly, if the signal processing during steering and focusing is done electronically quickly, the reliability of non-destructive inspection is provided because the defect signal is provided as 2D image instead of 1D A-scan signal which was shown as the result of conventional inspection. This can be greatly improved.

The principle of phased array ultrasound is as follows. In ultrasonic flaw detection, the sensitivity of the test depends on the energy of the ultrasound that is hit and returned from the defect. The simplest way to increase the signal of the reflected ultrasonic waves is to firstly increase the energy of the ultrasonic wave oscillating from the transducer. Since only the ultrasonic energy of the part is increased, the noise from the non-focused part is reduced and the reflected signal energy of the defective part is increased. Each micro oscillator is oscillated by a constant electric pulse with different time delay applied. Therefore, by adjusting the oscillation time applied to the micro oscillator, the focusing point or steering angle of the ultrasonic waves emitted from the array transducer can be adjusted. This electronic steering and focusing function is very useful when inspecting a large portion of the specimen. Fast steering and focusing with these multiple focusing points makes it possible to image the inside of the specimen in real time.

As described above, the phased array ultrasonic wave scan means an ultrasonic wave scan method using a probe having various element angles and focusing distances, which are composed of a plurality of element vibrators that can independently operate at different amplitudes or phases. .

On the other hand, the calibration is a procedure to control the test apparatus to obtain accurate measured values before inspecting the test specimen using the ultrasonic scanning apparatus. This consists of time axis correction (distance correction) to correct the traveling distance of the ultrasonic wave within the test object and vertical axis correction (sensitivity correction) to adjust the signal height of the flaw detector to a signal from a known reflector.

Calibration specimens include well-defined reflectors used to calibrate the amplitude or time axis of the ultrasonic testing equipment, in order to compare the detected discontinuity indications with those obtained from known reflectors. Refers to specimens with similar components.

In the general ultrasonic flaw detection method, the calibration specimen is defined in the standard and used as a standard. However, recently, as a new inspection technique, phased array ultrasonic inspection has been studied, but a calibration specimen suitable for this new inspection technique has been studied. This situation is absent.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a design of a calibration test piece that can be used in phased array ultrasonic inspection and a calibration procedure using the same in order to solve the fact that the definition of the calibration test piece is not made in the phased array ultrasonic inspection.

In order to achieve the above object, in the present invention, the scale is arranged in the center of the R plane to measure the incident point of the transducer, four D1.5 holes are arranged at regular intervals to measure the angle of refraction, and the time axis correction The R25 and R50 planes are arranged for the purpose, and the holes of D1.5, D2.0, and D3.0 are machined to be used for setting the basic sensitivity, and the transducer contact surface is made according to the curvature of the test object. Basic calibration test piece for phased array ultrasonic flaw detection, D1.5 side drill hole and D1.5, D 2.0, D2.5, D3.0, D3.5 flat drill hole and thickness Phased array characterized in that it is used for sensitivity correction and DAC (distance-amplitude-correction curve), consisting of% external notch, internal notch of 10% thickness, and the radius of curvature, thickness, and material are the same as the test specimen. Ultrasonic Sensitivity Calibration Specimen and 1 side drill hole (D1.5, D3.0) or 2 notches (thickness 10%, inside and outside, welded intermediate and interface) or 3 side drill holes (D1.5, D3.0, welded) Intermediate and interface), the radius of curvature, thickness and material are the same as the test body, and the welding method is prepared by welding the same as the test body compared to the sensitivity correction for stainless steel / duplex steel for phased array ultrasonic inspection In addition to the test piece, three planar reflectors formed at the junction of the base metal and the weld metal are arranged, and the radius of curvature, thickness, and material are the same as those of the test object, and the welding method is fabricated by welding the test object and has a directional defect. The test piece for phased array ultrasonic flaw detection verification is used for verifying that detection is possible when the inspection is performed on one side of the structure.

In addition, the present invention has a configuration of a method for performing correction for phased array ultrasonic scanning through the following steps 1 to 3 using the above test pieces.

1. Measuring the point of incidence, the angle of refraction and calibrating the time axis as the basic calibration test specimen of paragraph 1; 2. Selecting the sensitivity calibration contrast test specimen of paragraph 2 or the sensitivity compensation contrast test specimen for stainless steel / duplex steel of clause 3 that meets the test specimen. To set the sensitivity, and to prepare a DAC, and 3. to measure the possibility of actual flaw detection using the test specimen of claim 3.

It is a basic calibration specimen for phased-array ultrasonic flaw detection, which can measure the point of incidence, refraction angle, and time-base calibration of the probe. Verification specimens have the effect of verifying that they can be detected when inspected from one side for directional defects.

Compared to the calibration test piece defined in the standard in general ultrasonic flaw detection method, the calibration test piece was not defined in the phased array ultrasonic flaw detection, but according to the present invention, an appropriate calibration test piece and a method of correction using the same are presented.

1 is a front view, a plan view, and a side view of a basic calibration test piece for an outer diameter of 4 "or less.
2 is a front view, a plan view, and a side view of the basic calibration test piece for outer diameters of 4 "and 6".
3 is a front view, a plan view, and a side view of a basic calibration test piece for an outer diameter of 6 "to 8".
4 is a front view, a plan view, and a side view of a basic calibration test piece for an outer diameter of 8 "or larger.
5 is a plan view, front view, and cross-sectional views of sections A through D of a 4 "or less sensitivity calibration contrast test piece for pipes.
6 is a plan view, a front view, and a cross-sectional view of sections A to D of a 4 " to 6 " pipe sensitivity sensitivity contrast test piece.
7 is a plan view, front view, and cross-sectional views of sections A through D of a 6 "or more pipe for sensitivity correction contrast test.
8 is a plan view, a front view, and a cross-sectional view of a section A of a sensitivity-compensated contrast test piece for stainless steel / duplex steel in which one side drill holes are arranged.
9 is a plan view, front view, and cross-sectional views of sections A and B of two-notch (intermediate) arranged sensitivity calibration contrast test pieces for stainless steel / duplex steel.
10 is a plan view, a front view, and cross-sectional views of sections A and B of two-notch (interface) arrayed sensitivity calibration contrast specimens for stainless steel / duplex steel.
11 is a plan view, a front view, and a cross-sectional view of a section A of a sensitivity-compensated contrast test piece for stainless steel / duplex steel in which three side drill holes (middle) are arranged.
12 is a plan view, a front view, and a cross-sectional view of a section A of a sensitivity-compensated contrast test piece for stainless steel / duplex steel in which three side drill holes (interfaces) are arranged.
13 is a plan view, a front view, and a cross-sectional view of sections A-A ', B-B', and C-C 'of the test specimen for verification.

The embodiments disclosed herein are only presented by selecting the most preferred embodiment in order to help those skilled in the art from the various possible examples, the technical spirit of the present invention is not necessarily limited or limited only to this embodiment, Various changes, additions and changes are possible within the scope without departing from the technical spirit of the present invention, as well as other embodiments that are equally apparent.

The following is a description of the calibration for phased array ultrasonic scanning.

IIW standard specimens and V2 or equivalent specimens are used for time-base calibration, probe incidence, and angle of refraction.

Specimen versus plate calibration is used for DAC preparation and sensitivity calibration. Contrast specimens shall normally be made of the specimen material and the approved volume. When ultrasonically inspected steels manufactured by controlled rolling or thermo-mechanical treatment, the contrast specimens shall be made in both the rolling direction and in the horizontal and vertical directions. The rolling direction must be clearly indicated.

Calibration contrast specimens for pipes are used to calibrate the DAC curve and sensitivity. Contrast specimens shall normally be made of the specimen material and the approved volume. It can be used to drill and contrast detection specimens (POD) and error detection probability (FCP) verification and to distinguish them from bottom reflection echoes in C-scans.

For inspection of stainless steel and duplex steel, the maximum signal should be set from the hole in the fusion surface of the weld, and the gain setting should be set to the maximum sensitivity at which this maximum signal reaches the DAC.

Calibration shall be carried out with calibration blocks having the same or similar conditions as the surfaces of the members to be examined. System calibration should include an ultrasonic scanning system. Distance correction shall be carried out in the minimum 1.5 SKIP range for the minimum angle to be used for the inspection.

Focal-Describes law verification. The time delay function is calculated by the forcal law provided by the phased array system. Verify that the input information is correct and that the phased array system is suitable for use. Aligning the position where the information reflected from the 45-degree angle or the minimum angle is displayed on the A-scan and selecting the angle of use is used for the sectional scan. When using a flat wedge, the 4-inch curvature reflector of the IIW block is used to show the maximum peak on the A-scan. When using a curvature wedge, the peak signal is displayed from the inside and outside notches of 0.2 T based on the nominal thickness of the pipe-to-pipe specimen on the A-scan. Mark the point of incidence on the wedge of the transducer. Using the plexiglass in the IIW block, measure the actual angle to the peak point indicated on the A-scan and use it as the refraction angle. If the measured beam propagation angle is 45 degrees + 2 degrees, the critical foacal law variable is correct. If the measured beam propagation angle deviates from 45 degrees + 2 degrees, the transducer and the system setup parameters should be reviewed for accuracy. If these parameters are correct, check the transverse velocity value for the material. If the shear wave speed is correct, the transducer wedge speed input to the system should be adjusted within a small range.

Time Base Verification Adjust the information reflected at 45 degrees to the position and angle indicated on the A-scan. If flat wedges are used, the transducer is positioned at the point where the peaks reflected from the 2 inch and 4 inch radii of the IIW block appear simultaneously in the A-scan. If a curvature wedge is used, place the transducer in the A-scan at the point where the peaks appear simultaneously at the inner and outer notches of nominal thickness 0.2T of the pipe-to-test specimen. Use the A-scan to measure the distance between 2 inches and 4 inches or the distance between the internal notch and external notch signals, and the tolerance should be within + 0.5%. If the tolerance of the separated signal is largely measured, reduce the shear wave speed. Also, if the tolerance of the separated signal is measured small, increase the speed value. Then repeat until the tolerance is satisfied. Alternatively, different correction blocks can be used for wedge delay and time-based verification.

Sensitivity and wedge delay correction are explained. Wedge delay correction should be corrected for actual depth depending on the angle used for correction. Sensitivity compensation should be set for each deflection angle and beam travel. 1) Select the corrected reflector near the point 1 / 2T of the specimen thickness or near the specimen material area. 2) Hold the maximum signal from the calibrated reflector and scan the transducer backwards using any other angle or focal law. 3) Scan forward on the calibrated reflector using any angle of refraction or focal flow.

Time correction gain (TCG) correction should be used to compensate for the attenuation of the beam travel distance used during calibration and inspection.

Confirmation of system calibration shall include the inspection system entirely. The time base range and TCG correction shall be checked using a correction block under the following conditions. 1) Check before the start of the test and within 24 hours after the start of the test, 2) Check the length of the cable and if it is replaced by the same type, 3) Check if the same type of power supply is replaced, 4) Minimum 4 hours during the test Check at intervals, 5) Check if successive checks have been completed, 6) Check if doubt is valid.

The change of system correction is demonstrated. If at any point the amplification of the TCG value is reduced by 20% or 2dB, or if the time axis is shifted by more than 10% relative to the reading, follow the procedure below. 1) After the calibration is finally confirmed, all inspections are invalidated. 2) Redo system calibration. 3) Perform the invalidated test again. If the amplification of the TCG value is increased by 20% or 2dB at any point, perform as follows. 1) Correction of system calibration. 2) Re-examination of all records since the calibration was finally confirmed.

Claims (1)

Three planar reflectors formed at the junction of the base metal and the weld metal are arranged, and the radius of curvature, thickness, and material are the same as those of the test body. Test specimen for phased array ultrasonic flaw detection, characterized in that it is used to verify whether the detection is possible when the inspection.

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