KR20090087131A - Timing synchronization and channel estimation at a transition between local and wide area waveforms using a designated tdm pilot - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems and methods are provided for channel estimation and timing synchronization in a wireless network. In an embodiment, a method is provided for time synchronization at a wireless receiver. The method includes decoding at least one TDM pilot symbol located at a transition between wide and local waveforms and processing the TDM pilot symbol to perform time synchronization for a wireless receiver. Methods for channel estimation at a wireless receiver are also provided. This includes decoding at least one TDM pilot symbol and receiving the TDM pilot symbol from an OFDM broadcast to facilitate channel estimation for a wireless receiver. ® KIPO & WIPO 2009

Description

TIMING SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION AT A TRANSITION BETWEEN LOCAL AND WIDE AREA WAVEFORMS USING A DESIGNATED TDM PILOT}

35 Claiming Priority Under U.S.C §119

This patent application is filed on March 10, 2005, entitled "TIME SYNCHRONIZATION ON BOUNDARY REGIONS IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORK," incorporated herein by reference. Claim priority to provisional application No. 60 / 660,720.

TECHNICAL FIELD The present disclosure generally relates to communication systems and methods, and more particularly, to systems and methods for performing improved time synchronization and channel estimation in accordance with a wireless network.

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of digital modulation in which a signal is divided into several narrowband channels at different frequencies. Such channels are often referred to as subbands or subcarriers. First, the technique was conceived during the study of minimizing interference between channels in close proximity to each other in frequency. In some respects, OFDM is similar to conventional frequency-division multiplexing (FDM). The difference lies in the way signals are modulated and demodulated. In general, priority is provided to minimize interference, or crosstalk, between the symbols and the channels comprising the data stream. Less importance is placed on perfect individual channels.

In one area, OFDM has also been used in European digital audio broadcast services. The technique is suitable for digital television and is considered as a method for obtaining high speed digital data transmission through conventional telephone lines. The technology is also used in wireless local area networks. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing can be considered an FDM modulation technique that transmits large amounts of digital data over radio waves, where OFDM is then multiple smaller sub-signals transmitted simultaneously to the receiver at different frequencies. Or by splitting the radio signal into sub-carriers. One advantage of OFDM technology is that it reduces the amount of crosstalk in signal transmissions, where current specifications such as 802.11a WLAN, 802.16, and WiMAX technology utilize various OFDM aspects.

In some systems utilizing OFDM technology, transmission is intended for many users at the same time. One such example is a broadcast or multicast system. Also, if different users can choose between different parts of the same transmission, the data in each transmission is typically time division multiplexed (TDM). Often this is the case when the data intended for transmission consists of a fixed structure such as a frame or superframe. Then, different users may choose to receive different portions of the superframe at any given time. To assist multiple users in synchronization with the timing and frequency of the broadcast signal, time division multiplexed (TDM) pilot symbols are often inserted at the beginning of each superframe. In such a case, each superframe begins with a header consisting of two TDM pilots, inter alia referred to as TDM pilot 1 and TDM pilot 2. These symbols are used by the system to achieve initial frame synchronization, also referred to as initial acquisition.

Additional pilot symbols may also be used to further assist with time and / or frequency synchronization during a superframe, also referred to as time or frequency tracking. Time and frequency tracking may be accomplished using a frequency division multiplexed (FDM) pilot that may be inserted into each transmitted data OFDM symbol. For example, if each OFDM symbol consists of N subcarriers, N-P of those subcarriers may be used for data transmission, and P of those subcarriers may be allocated to an FDM pilot. have. Often, these P FDM pilots are spread evenly across the N subcarriers, so each two pilots are separated by N / P-1 data subcarriers. Such uniform subsets of subcarriers within an OFDM symbol are referred to as interlace.

The time domain channel estimate is used for time tracking during the superframe. The time domain channel estimate is obtained from FDM pilots inserted in the data OFDM symbols. FDM pilots may always be placed on the same interlace or may occupy different interlaces in different OFDM symbols. The subset of subcarriers with index i + 8k is often referred to as the i th interlace. In this example, N / P = 8. In one case, the FDM pilot may be placed on interlace 2 for one OFDM symbol, on interlace 6 for subsequent symbols, and then on interlace 2 again, the same below. This is referred to as the (2, 6) staggering patten. In another example, the pilot staggering pattern may be more complex since the occupied interlaces describe the pattern (0, 3, 6, 1, 4, 7, 2, 5). This is often referred to as the (0, 3, 6) staggering pattern. Different staggering patterns enable the receiver to obtain a longer channel estimate than P time-domain taps. For example, the (2, 6) staggering pattern may be used at the receiver to obtain a channel estimate of length 2P, while the (0, 3, 6) staggering pattern may lead to a channel estimate of length 3P. have. This is accomplished by combining channel observations of length P from successive OFDM symbols with longer channel estimates in a unit called temporal filtering unit. In general, longer channel estimates may lead to more robust timing synchronization algorithms.

Some broadcast systems are intended at the same time for different types of transmission. For example, some of the broadcast data may be intended for any potential user in the wide-area network, and such data is referred to as wide-area content. Other data symbols transmitted over the network may be intended only for users currently residing in certain local portions of the network. Such data is referred to as local-area content. Data OFDM symbols belonging to different content may be time division multiplexed within each frame of the superframe. For example, certain portions of each frame within a superframe may be reserved for wide-area content, and other portions to local content. In such cases, data and pilots intended for different content may be scrambled using different methods. In addition, the set of transmitters broadcasting the wide-area and local content in the superframe at the same time may be different. Thus, it is very common that channel observations as well as time domain channel estimates associated with wide-area content and local content can be very different.

In this scenario, a specific strategy is needed to be used for channel estimation for grouped OFDM symbols near the boundary between the wide-area waveform and the local area waveform. This is because channel observations from wide-area symbols cannot be combined in a seamless manner with channel observations from local symbols. Similar concepts apply for time tracking for OFDM symbols located immediately after the waveform boundary. If time tracking is based on the time-domain channel estimate, and observations from three consecutive OFDM symbols are required for a single channel estimation, time tracking cannot be performed during the first few OFDM symbols after the waveform boundary. Thus, alternative channel estimation and timing synchronization techniques may be required.

As discussed above, alternative channel estimation and timing synchronization techniques are needed.

The following provides a simplified summary of various embodiments to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the embodiments. This summary is not an extensive overview. The summary is not intended to identify key / critical elements or to describe the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein. The sole purpose of the summary is to present some concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

Receiver processing components and methods are provided for a wireless network. In addition to TDM pilots 1 and 2, one or more time domain multiplexed (TDM) pilot symbols are processed at the wireless receiver along with other super frame symbols and parameters, where aspects such as time synchronization and channel estimation, in one example, are It is performed based on additional pilot symbols, which may be referred to as TDM3 or TDM pilot 3. In one embodiment, in part due to the fact that pilot symbols and associated data may not be scrambled from one waveform boundary to another waveform boundary (eg, a local-wide-region boundary) in a similar manner. Receiver components are provided that address aspects that were not previously considered for channel estimation. Given the characteristics and structure of the added pilot symbols, channel estimation can be performed on either side of the local and wide-domain waveforms that appear in the data frame.

In another embodiment and as described above, the one or more additional TDM pilot symbols are a set of conventional broadcast symbols (eg, TDM1 and TDM2 at regular or determined intervals within a super frame broadcast). ) Is added. In such a case, a TDM3 pilot symbol, a TDM4 pilot symbol, or the like may be added to an existing pilot set to mitigate timing and channel estimation problems in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) network for multimedia data delivery configured in a superframe. Where different parts of the superframe are intended for different waveform transfers. For example, multiple TDM3 symbols can be processed from a set of symbols at each boundary that can be placed at a waveform boundary in a super frame to facilitate synchronization and channel estimation. Similar to TDM Pilot 2, except that TDM Pilot 2 is limited to wide-area, TDM Pilot 3 (or a subset of symbols) can be designed to provide timing synchronization and channel estimation, and TDM Pilot 3, Depending on the location in the super frame, it can be used for either the wide-area channel or the local channel. The structure of TDM pilot 3 may be different from that of TMD pilot 2. If TDM pilot 3 (or other additional pilot) is located between transitions from a wide-area waveform to a local waveform in a super frame, TDM pilot 3 can be used for white-area channel estimation or local channel estimation and timing. have. If TDM pilot 3 is located in the transition from local to wide-area, the pilot can be used for local channel estimation or wide-area timing and channel estimation.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certain illustrative embodiments are described herein in conjunction with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects represent various ways in which embodiments may be practiced.

Alternative channel estimation and timing synchronization techniques are provided.

Systems and methods are provided for channel estimation and timing synchronization in a wireless network. In one embodiment, a method is provided for time synchronization in a wireless receiver. The method includes decoding one or more new TDM pilot symbols in addition to TDM1 and TDM2, and processing the new TDM pilot symbols from the channel boundary of an OFDM broadcast to perform time synchronization for the wireless receiver. Include. Also provided is a method for channel estimation in a wireless receiver. This includes decoding one or more new TDM pilot symbols and receiving the new TDM pilot symbols from an OFDM broadcast to facilitate channel estimation for the wireless receiver.

In yet another embodiment, a method includes channel estimation, time-synchronization, for data symbols located near a boundary between different types of traffic in a multicast wireless system using time-division multiplexed (TDM) pilot symbols. , And AGC bootstrapping. The method includes determining one or more new TDM pilot symbols in addition to TDM1 and TDM2. This also includes inserting one or more new TDM pilot symbols between two OFDM symbols belonging to different broadcast waveforms to facilitate decoding of the OFDM transmission block immediately before or after the next boundary. do. The new TDM pilot symbol or symbols can be used for channel estimation, time synchronization, and automatic gain control (AGC) bootstrapping, among other aspects.

As used in this application, various wireless communication terms are used. For wireless transmission, the transmitted packet structure may include an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol consisting of 4642 time-domain base-band samples, referred to as an OFDM chip. Between these OFDM chips there are 4096 data and pilot chips, originating from 4096 data and pilot subscribers in the frequency domain. These chips extend cyclically to 529 chips that precede the useful portion and 17 chips that follow the useful portion. In order to reduce the out-of-band energy of the OFDM signal, the first 17 chips and the last 17 chips in the OFDM symbol have raised cosine envelopes. The first 17 chips of an OFDM symbol overlap with the last 17 chips of the OFDM symbol preceding them. As a result, the time duration of each OFDM symbol is 4625 chips long.

In one transmission data packet example, the data may generally consist of super frames, in which each super frame has a duration of one second. The super frame consists of 1200 symbols OFDM-modulated with 4096 sub-carriers. With respect to sub-carriers, interlace refers to a subset of sub-carriers spaced apart by a certain amount (eg, at intervals of eight). For example, 4096 sub-carriers may be divided into eight interlaces, where the subcarriers of the i th interlace are subcarriers with index 8k + i. Out of 1200 OFDM symbols in a super frame, two TDM pilot symbols (TDM1, TDM2); One wide-area and one local identification channel (WIC and LIC) symbols; (OIS) channel symbols of 14 overhead information symbols; Symbols of a variable number of 2, 6, 10, or 14 pilot positioning symbols (PPC) to assist with positioning; There are a certain number of transition pilot channel (TPC) symbols, or TDM3 pilots, located at each boundary between wide-area content data and local content data, and the remaining symbols are either wide-area waveforms or local-area waveforms. Used to broadcast waveforms. Each superframe consists of four data frames as well as overhead symbols.

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) pilot symbol 1 (TDM1) is the first OFDM symbol of each super frame, where TDM1 is periodic and has 128 OFDM chip periods. The receiver uses TDM1 for frame synchronization and initial time (course timing) and frequency acquisition. Following TDM1 are two symbols carrying a wide-area ID and a local ID, respectively. The receiver uses this information to perform the appropriate descrambling operation for the corresponding content and use the corresponding PN sequence. Time division multiplexing pilot symbol 2 (TDM2) follows its wide-area ID and local ID symbols, where TDM2 is periodic, has 2048 OFDM chip periods, and a two and a fraction of two fractions. Includes a cycle. The receiver uses TDM2 when determining the correct timing for demodulation of the OIS channel.

Following TDM2 is one wide-area TPC (WTPC) symbol; Five wide-area OIS symbols; Five wide-area FDM pilot symbols; Another WTPC; One local TPC (LTPC) symbol; Five local OIS symbols; Five local-region FDM pilot symbols; Another LTPC, with four data frames following the first 18 OFDM symbols described above. The data frame is subdivided into wide-area data portions and local data portions. Wide-area waveforms are pre-pended and appended to one wide-area TPC on each end. This arrangement is also used for the local data portion. In this embodiment, there are a total of 10 WTPCs and 10 LTPCs for each superframe.

In yet another embodiment, each transition between a wide-area waveform and a local-area waveform is associated with a single TPC pilot symbol. Since a single pilot symbol is designed to meet both wide and local-area channel estimation and synchronization requirements, the structure of the unique TPC pilot is different from that of the WTPC or LTPC symbols. In this embodiment, there are a total of 11 TPC pilots (or TDM pilot 3 symbols) per superframe.

As used herein, the terms "component", "network", "system", "module", and the like refer to computer-related entities and software in hardware, combination of hardware and software, software, or execution. It is intended to refer to either. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable thread of execution, a program, and / or a computer. By way of example, both an application and a device running on a communication device can be a component. One or more components may reside within a thread of process and / or execution, and a component may be localized on one computer and / or distributed between two or more computers. In addition, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may comprise, for example, a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, a distribution system and / or a wireless network such as wired or the Internet). Data) may be communicated via local and / or remote processes.

1 illustrates a wireless network system 100. System 100 includes one or more transmitters 110 in communication with one or more receivers 120 over a wireless network. Receiver 120 can include substantially any type of communication device, such as a cell phone, a computer, a personal digital assistant, a handheld or laptop device, and the like. System 100 utilizes a number of improved super frame components 130 to facilitate various decisions in system 100. Although transmitter 110 may use the same super frame structure 130, it can be seen that different application data is transmitted from each transmitter in respective structures associated with each transmitter. In one embodiment, one or more additional time domain multiplexed (TDM) pilot symbols are added to the broadcast symbol set at normal or determined intervals within the super frame broadcast, indicated by reference numeral 130. Thus, TDM3, TDM4 (or more) pilot symbols are designated by reference numerals to mitigate the timing and channel estimation problem in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) network on the boundary between the wide-area data waveform and the local data waveform. 130 may be added to an existing pilot set.

As will be discussed in more detail below, additional symbols are processed as a subset of symbols at the receiver 120, where the subset is located near the boundary between the local data waveform and the wide-area data waveform. One or more additional TDM3 symbols may be included that facilitate symbol decoding of the symbols. In one example, a symbol subset of two TDM3s can be received and processed at receiver 120, where the subset is between a local boundary position and a wide-area boundary position at super frame component 130. Appears in the. Thus, various embodiments may be provided. In one embodiment, one TDM pilot 3 symbol may be processed on each boundary in super frame 130, but the structure and processing of such a pilot at receiver 120 may be more complex. In another embodiment, two (or more) TDM pilot 3 symbols (at the receiver) on most boundaries except immediately after TDM pilot 2 and immediately before PPC symbols, which will be described in more detail with respect to FIG. 2. With simpler structure and processing).

One or more receiver processing components 140 are provided to decode super frame 130 and use an added TDM pilot symbol for aspects such as timing synchronization and channel estimation, where the components 140 are Generally shown and applied to a given receiver 120. For example, timing synchronization based on TDM pilot 3 may be based in part on similar principles to synchronization based on TDM pilot 2 (used during initial acquisition). In addition, the algorithm for timing synchronization based on TPC pilot symbols will depend on whether a single or two-symbol TPC is used at the waveform boundary. However, since the pattern of pilot interlaces used in a single TPC symbol scenario is generally not fixed from one boundary to another, components 140 for implementation are generally more complex, especially when there is a single TPC pilot. . Thus, each pattern can be determined as a function of symbol index, and can be based on assumptions about this information and channel location, and components 140 at receiver 120 can select an appropriate set of coupling coefficients. . Based on the analysis, timing synchronization dependent on TDM Pilot 3 placed at the waveform boundary can be expected to be performed at least as well as the time tracking algorithm being placed on the data symbols in the wide-area and local traffic blocks. Except for timing synchronization, the structure of TDM Pilot 3 (or other added pilot symbols) is allowed for channel estimation for symbols placed on either side of the boundary between the wide-area data waveform and the local data waveform. .

In addition, system 100 may include a pilot symbol protocol for a wireless receiver. This may include means for decoding one or more additional pilot symbols for the super frame (eg, reference numeral 120, a demodulator to be described later), in which the additional pilot symbols are TDM1 and It is other than TDM2. In addition, the protocol further includes means for receiving the super frame in the wireless network (e.g., reference numeral 120), and means for processing the super frame to perform one or more of channel estimation and timing synchronization (e.g., For example, reference numeral 140 is included.

2 illustrates an example super frame structure 200. Although only one additional pilot symbol, TDM3, is shown in the example super frame 200, it can be seen that two or more additional pilot symbols may be used. Super frame structure 200 introduces new OFDM symbols to facilitate broadcasting of multiple wide-area channels and multiple local channels in a wireless network. The first OFDM symbol of the super frame is generally TDM pilot 1 at 210, where the second OFDM symbol TDM pilot 2 is shown at 220. This sequence precedes the first TDM pilot 3 at 230 that precedes the wide-area OIS (overhead information symbol) at 240. In general, the new local TDM pilot 3 symbol 230 may be inserted before local OIS symbols. In general, this pattern repeats at every junction between the wide-area channel and the local channel, such as, for example, 250. However, it can be seen that simpler processing may occur if a symbol subset with two or more symbols is placed at the boundary between a wide-area and a local area, such as 250. Similar to TDM pilot 2 220, TDM pilot 3 230, etc. may have four null odd interlaces 1, 3, 5, 7, where even interlaces (0, 2, 4) , 6) is occupied by pilots. Unlike TDM pilot 2 220, TDM pilot 3 230 is located in a transition from the wide-area to the local and three of the four even numbered interlaces for the local pilots. One can be used for T1, or if TDM pilot 3 is located in the transition from local to wide-area, three can be used for wide-area and one for local. This applies in one embodiment where a single TPC pilot is used on each boundary. In another embodiment with two TPC symbols at each boundary, local transition pilot channel (LTPC) symbols have all the interlaces occupied by a local FDM pilot, and wide TPC (WTPC) symbols are assigned to wide-area FDM pilots. Have all interlaces occupied by As can be seen, other configurations for the super frame 200 are possible.

As a baseline, 290 data symbols may be used every frame 200. Two new OFDM symbols, a wide-area identification channel 260 and a local identification 270 channel (WIC & LIC) are introduced between TDMl and TDM2 at the beginning of the super-frame 200. In the remainder of the super-frame 200, for example, 20 TDM 3 pilot symbols 250 are introduced. In another embodiment, eleven TDM 3 pilot symbols are introduced. In general, in an embodiment with two TDM 3 pilots, there are two specialized OFDM symbols in each transition between the wide-area channel and the local channel. However, there may be exceptions. As indicated by the use of the shortest slice for TDM 3 as indicated at 230 and 280 in FIG. 2, there is only one TDM 3 symbol before the first wide-area OIS symbol (WOIS), There is one TDM3 symbol at the end of the last frame before the PPC symbol.

A new Positioning Pilot Channel (PPC) can be added at 290, which includes P OFDM symbols at the end of the super-frame. Positioning pilots assist in positioning the receiver via triangulation.

In an embodiment with wide-area and local TDM pilot 3 symbols, the location of the TDM 3 symbols is shown in Table 1 above. The number of useful data OFDM symbols in each frame is represented by F, in addition, W is used for wide-area channels and F-W is used for local channels, W ranging from 0 to F. As described above, the baseline value for F may be 290 corresponding to the baseline value of six positioning pilots P = 6. However, if no positioning pilots are used, two or more symbols must be reserved with current numerical constraints. With respect to P = 2, the number of symbols in every frame can be increased from 290 to 291. The relation between F and P is

Is provided as:

In addition, it can be seen from the above description of TDM pilot 3 symbol positions that TDM pilot 3 symbols can be interpreted as being part of a frame. In particular, frame 200 may begin with a wide-area TDM3 symbol at the beginning, end with a local TDM3 symbol at the end, and may include two TDM3 symbols in the transition from the wide-area to the local area within the frame. With respect to this counting, the number of symbols in each frame will be F + 4, which is also the factor shown in Table 1 above. Similarly, TDM3 around the OIS symbol can be included in the OIS, resulting in seven wide-area OIS and seven local OIS symbols, each OIS phase starting and ending at the TDM 3 symbol. While TDM3 symbols are considered part of the frame and OIS is a conventional problem, it can also be driven for convenience with respect to hardware. In embodiments with a single TPC symbol, such simple inference is not possible, since there are generally F +2 symbols in every frame, except for one frame (first or last) containing F + 3 symbols.

의 인자만큼 스케일링 업 (scale up) 된다. 로컬 및 와이드-영역 채널 추정 블록들은, "cpl" 및 "cpn" 으로 나타낸 파일럿들을 사용할 경우, 이를 고려해야 한다 (특히, 이것은 수신기가 이러한 경계들의 위치를 알고 있다는 것을 암시한다).3 shows an example interlace pattern 300 for a single TPC symbol occurring on a waveform boundary. As mentioned above, a symbol called TDM pilot 3 is used at each local / wide-area and wide-area / local boundary. The structure of this symbol is shown in FIG. Interlaces 0, 2, and 6 at 310, 312, and 314 (in this example) are occupied by wide-area pilots, respectively. Interlace 4 at 320 is used by the local pilot. The acronym "ctpn" corresponds to channel estimation and timing wide-area pilot. That is, this interlace is a " previous symbol " FDM pilot interlace for demodulation of the first wide-area symbol, which can be used by the channel estimation block in the wide-area mode and also used for timing synchronization. Similarly, "cpl" indicates the pilot interlace used by the local channel estimation block in obtaining a "future symbol" channel observation. This observation is used to demodulate the last local traffic symbol. The pilot interlace indicated by "tp" is used for timing synchronization of data symbols in the following area. These interlaces 310-320 are separated by null-interlaces that do not transmit energy. In order to keep the transmit energy constant between all OFDM symbols (including symbols with all occupied interlaces), nonzero interlaces in the TPC pilot are

It is scaled up by a factor of. Local and wide-area channel estimation blocks should take this into account when using pilots denoted by "cpl" and "cpn" (in particular, this implies that the receiver knows the location of these boundaries).

Channel estimation pilots follow the occupancy pattern of adjacent corresponding traffic. That is, in example 300, assume that the (0, 3, 6) staggering pattern is used and the last local symbol keeps interlace 1 reserved for the pilot, and similarly, the pilot is a wide-area traffic region It must reside on interlace 3 for the first symbol in. If the (0, 3, 6) pilot staggering pattern is used, it is possible to impose constraints on both wide-area blocks and local blocks, so that each of them consists of an odd number of symbols. In this way, it can be ensured that the TDM3 pilot follows the same pattern, where odd interlaces are zeroed out. In embodiments that use the (2, 6) staggering pattern, such constraints are unnecessary, so that TDM3 pilots always include FDM pilots only on even interlaces. However, in this case, the position of the "cpl" interlace may vary from one waveform boundary to the next. The geared requirement in maintaining only the even interlace occupied in the TDM3 pilot provides certain advantages for timing synchronization. That is, if the odd interlace instead of even interlaces is not zero, the resulting time-domain signal ceases to be periodic (the second period is the negative of the first period). This may complicate the demodulation procedure slightly but the overhead is not significant, such an implementation can be considered.

4 illustrates another embodiment, where multiple TDM pilot 3 symbols are used. In this embodiment, two additional pilot symbols are used on the boundary between the local data waveform and the wide-area data waveform. This is shown at 410 and 420, where local transition pilot channel (LTPC) and wide-area transition pilot channel (WTPC) symbols are shown as a subset of symbols. As shown at 420, such grouping of LTPC and WTPC can be represented between the local waveform and the wide-area waveform shown in the OFDM transmission. In general, LTPC will be used to decode the last packet of the local data structure, where the last local symbol may be referred to as local symbol L. Thus, each receiver will process three symbol packets containing a local symbol L, a local symbol L-1, and each LTPC, to determine a channel estimate corresponding to the last local symbol L. Decoding the first wide-area symbol N, three symbol packets for receiver processing will be the WTPC, the first wide-area symbol N, and the next wide-area symbol N + 1. It can also be seen that three or more TDM3 symbols may be used between the local data boundary and the wide-area data boundary.

The symbol structure for TDM3 used for LTPC and WTPC is similar to the symbol structure of general data symbols. This includes eight occupied slots, each data symbol is all '0' prior to scrambling, where the interlaces are a subset of carriers and slots are mapped to interlaces to randomize the filling of the interlaces. . The scrambling of the seeds and masks, slot-to-interlace mapping and modulation symbol energy are similar to those in data symbols. In particular, wide-area TDM3 symbols, i.e., WTPC, are scrambled using the wide-area ID in the seed, and local TDM3 symbols, i.e., LTPC, are scrambling using both the wide-area ID and the local ID in the seed. do. In one example modem implementation, in general, the receiver does not need to determine the location of TDM3, so the receiver uses FDM pilots in each LTPC or WTPC symbols as if the LTPC and WTPC symbols are normal data symbols. Nevertheless, transmitting information about the TDM3 location requires very little overhead and can be useful as an upgrade path for wake time tracking and timing synchronization based on TDM3, where the TPC symbol corresponding to the next data content is It is also used for timing synchronization.

In an embodiment with a single TPC symbol on the boundary and a (0, 3, 6) pilot staggering pattern, FIG. 5 shows a possible timing pilot pattern 500. Next, although the processing required in this particular embodiment is described, similar methods can be used for the different embodiments. In pattern 500, the white box represents the interlaces (generally, interlaces corresponding to the next data content) used for timing synchronization. If the number of symbols in the wide-area and local area is special, i.e. in the form of 8n-1, then the pattern of white and black pilots for the non-zero interlace of TDM pilot 3 is (e.g., as in FIG. 3). Can remain fixed. Since this may not be the case, there may also be four different patterns 500 for the example of local-wide-region transition. Corresponding to each of the four different patterns at 500, the demodulation technique used by timing synchronization may be slightly different.

In the above-described embodiment with (0, 3, 6) pilot staggering and a single TPC symbol, consider timing synchronization for transitions from local waveforms to wide-area waveforms (wide-area estimated channels are often local Since this is a superset of estimated channels, this is a more problematic situation for timing synchronization). Timing synchronization in some wireless networks is generally based on channel estimates. Since the local pilots indicated by “cpl” in FIG. 3 are convolved by the corresponding local channel, their presence in the received signal may not provide additional information regarding the wide-area channel. Thus, three pilot interlaces can be used for timing synchronization. This leads to a 1536-length wide-area channel estimate. It can be seen that only local pilots are broadcast from a local transmitter, and the scrambling used is also specific to that local area. Thus, all receivers can extract information about the local channel from those local pilots.

을 추정하는 것에 관심이 있으므로, 4번째 수신 인터레이스 ("x" 로 나타냄) 의 콘텐츠는 일반적으로 중요하지 않다. 이러한 인터레이스에서 실제로 수신된 것은 선형 결합

이며, 여기서,

는 i번째 로컬 채널의 4번째 인터레이스를 나타낸다.For the sake of simplicity, consider pattern 2 at 510 in FIG. 5 in accordance with FIG. 3. By linearity, two separate symbols, one symbol with wide-area interlaces and the other symbol with only local interlace, are being transmitted and are passed through different channels, i.e., through the wide-area and local channels, respectively. It can then be assumed that the symbols are received. This is shown in FIG. 5 to be described in more detail below. Wide-area channel

Since we are interested in estimating, the content of the fourth receive interlace (denoted by "x") is generally not important. What is actually received in this interlace is a linear combination

, Where

Denotes the fourth interlace of the i-th local channel.

6 shows an example structure 600 for a received TDM pilot 3 symbol. A nonzero interlace is considered in FIG. 6, that is, the received OFDM symbol is periodic with two 2048-length periods defined by nonzero interlaces. By sampling one period, the non-zero interlace is captured from FIG. 3. After proper sampling, ie de-scrambling (of wide-area pilots) and 2K-FFT, IFFT is performed. In general, the corresponding step is to take a 2K-IFFT realized as a cascade of four 512-IFFT and four-point IFFT combiners preceding a phase ramp. Consider a 512-IFFT and phase ramp operating on interlace i. If the channel estimate is based on I pilot interlaces, the length I · N _P of the channels can be estimated, where N _P = 512 is the number of pilots per interlace.

In Fig. 6, I = 3 and this corresponds to a channel estimate of length 1536. The actual channel is 4096 in length (equivalent to the length of the useful part of the OFDM symbol). In practice, however, most non-zero channel taps are concentrated in narrow areas. In one embodiment, the total delay spread (region occupied by non-zero channel taps) is up to 768 chips. This non-zero actual channel may occur anywhere between the taps, 0-4095. The length 1536 of the estimate represents an aliased version of the length 4096 of the actual channel. The total corresponding channel response (of length 4096) can be divided into eight bins, i.e., 0-7, where bin k consists of taps of 512-k to 512 · (k + 1) -1. .

In general, the actual non-zero channel content can be located in bins (k, (k + 1) and (k + 2)), modulo 8, but the estimated channel length 1536 covers only the first three bins. Depending on the bin position of the non-zero channel k, the channel is aliased to the estimated three bins with different aliasing coefficients. In one embodiment, timing synchronization is based on locating non-zero channel content within 4096 channel taps and associating such information with currently-applied symbol timing. Some initial assumptions about the general channel position (on the bins k, (k + 1) and (k + 2)), since only 1536 consecutive taps can be seen and the channel interior may appear differently aliased based on their wider position. This needs to be done. Assuming some initial timing synchronization has already occurred, it is very possible that non-zero taps are present in bins (6, 7, 0) or (7, 0, 1). This is shown at 710 in FIG. Depending on the timing algorithm used, the occupancy can be limited to (7, 0, 1), as shown at 720 in FIG. 7, otherwise, additional processing is required to determine the occupancy pattern. Occurs before time tracking (also, DMTT, or data mode time tracking).

In another embodiment, the receiver can use only two of the three pilot interlaces in TDM pilot 3 designated for time tracking and estimate a channel of length 1024. Such time-domain channel estimation can be used for time tracking in a manner very similar to the original time tracking performed anywhere in the frame. Since aliasing in this case appears the same for all channel bins, the algorithm for such time tracking is simpler. The advantage of using a 1536-length channel estimate is that it makes a more robust time tracking for large timing changes.

Next, a process is described for obtaining a 1536-length channel estimate from three pilot interlaces, provided that a similar process can be used to obtain a 1024-length channel estimate using the two pilot interlaces of the TPC symbol. Referring back to FIG. 6, for 0 ≦ l ≦ I-1, the l th portion (N _P samples length) of the estimated channel impulse response is represented by h _l (m), where the l th portion is: Refers to content from the l-th bin that may be aliased when considering the estimated channel impulse response. Then, the nth observed tone for the i th interlace is provided as follows.

,

,

의 스케일링 인자는, 2개의 단계들, 즉, 4-포인트 FFT에 후속하는 N_P-포인트 FFT

로 분해되는 암시적인 (implicit) N/2-포인트 FFT로부터 생성된다. 수학식 (1) 에서의 마지막 인자는 위상 램프를 나타내고, 그 램프 이전의 인자는, 적절한 에일리어싱 인자로 l번째 채널 부분에 적용된 N_P-포인트 FFT 동작에 대응한다. 따라서, N_P-포인트 IFFT

및 수학식 (1) 으로부터 위상 램프

의 제거 이후, 나머지는, 에일리어싱된 512-길이 채널 임펄스 응답 청크 (chunk) 로 구성된 시간-도메인 관측이다. 수학식 (1) 을 참조하면, TDM 파일럿 3에 의해 점유된 4개의 0-아닌 인터레이스들의 각각의 인터레이스에 대응하는 에일리어싱된 관측들은 다음과 같이 제공된다.

The scaling factor of is N _P -point FFT following two steps, namely 4-point FFT.

It is generated from an implicit N / 2-point FFT that resolves to. The last factor in equation (1) represents the phase ramp, and the factor before the ramp corresponds to the N _P -point FFT operation applied to the l-th channel portion with the appropriate aliasing factor. Thus, N _P -point IFFT

And phase ramp from equation (1).

After removal of, the remainder is a time-domain observation consisting of an aliased 512-length channel impulse response chunk. Referring to equation (1), aliased observations corresponding to each interlace of the four non-zero interlaces occupied by TDM pilot 3 are provided as follows.

,

,

이고,

는, 시간-도메인 파일럿 인터레이스 관측, 주파수-도메인 파일럿 인터레이스 관측, 및 도 7의 도면 부호 (710) 에서와 같은, 비어 있지 않은 l_k번째 채널 빈에 대응하는 벡터들이다. 예를 들어, 도 7의 도면 부호 (720) 에서, (l₀, l₁, l₂)＝(7, 0, 1) 을 산출한다. 1/2의 스케일 인자는

로서 획득된다. 일반적으로, 수학식 (2) 는 4개의 수학식을 제공하지만, 임의의 소정의 순간에서, 4개의 가능한 인터레이스에서 3개의 인터레이스는 (도 5에서 패턴으로 지칭되는) "타이밍 파일럿"에 의해 점유된다는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서, 수학식 (2) 에서의 마지막 등식은 3개의 미지수를 갖는 3개의 수학식을 제공한다. 도 7의 도면 부호 (720) 에 도시된 이러한 경우에서, 그 미지수는

이다. i/2로 넘버링된 (여기서, i는 도 5의 흑색 인터레이스의 인덱스임) 행을 제거하고 열 (l₀, l₁, l₂) mod4 을 유지함으로써 획득된 4-포인트 DFT 메트릭스의 3×3 서브-메트릭스를 변환함으로써, 시스템이 해결된다. 예를 들어, 가정된 채널 빈 (7, 0, 1) 을 갖는 도 7에 도시된 패턴을 고려한다. 도 7의 도면 부호 (720) 에서와 같은 1536-길이 채널 임펄스 응답 h(n) 은, 다음과 같이 인터레이스 0, 2, 및 6에 대응하는 관측으로부터 획득된다.here,

ego,

Are the vectors corresponding to the non-empty l _k th channel bin, as in time-domain pilot interlace observation, frequency-domain pilot interlace observation, and 710 of FIG. 7. For example, at reference numeral 720 of FIG. 7, (l ₀ , l ₁ , l ₂ ) = (7, 0, 1) is calculated. 1/2 scale factor

Is obtained as. In general, Equation (2) provides four equations, but at any given moment, three interlaces in four possible interlaces are occupied by a “timing pilot” (referred to as a pattern in FIG. 5). It can be seen that. Thus, the last equation in equation (2) gives three equations with three unknowns. In this case shown at 720 in FIG. 7, the unknown is

to be. 3 × 3 of the 4-point DFT matrix obtained by removing the row numbered i / 2 (where i is the index of the black interlace of FIG. 5) and maintaining column (l ₀ , l ₁ , l ₂ ) mod4 By transforming the sub-metrics, the system is solved. For example, consider the pattern shown in FIG. 7 with hypothesized channel bins 7, 0, 1. The 1536-long channel impulse response h (n) as in reference numeral 720 of FIG. 7 is obtained from observations corresponding to interlaces 0, 2, and 6 as follows.

, 여기서,

, here,

8 shows a block diagram of an example of a timing synchronization algorithm 800. The initial sampling time for the 2K-FFT block 810 is determined based on the previous timing after the appropriate initial offset has been applied. This offset is applied to confirm that the sampled data actually represents one period of TDM pilot 3 and does not include time-domain chips from neighboring OFDM symbols. This initial intentional offset is then compensated for when timing correction is applied. Next, a timing search is performed on the channel estimate of length 1536 to locate the non-zero channel content of consecutive chips up to 768 in length. In one embodiment, this search may be performed by sliding an accumulation window of length 768 over a given channel estimate and searching for the maximum response of that accumulation. In another example, the decision metric may be based on a linear combination of accumulated energy within the window and a finite difference applied to the accumulated energy. Often, such a metric will reach the maximum of that metric at or near the first non-zero tap of significant channel energy. This is also known as the first arrival path (FAP) detection algorithm. In yet another embodiment, after calculating the accumulated energy curves of the channel taps in the 768-length sliding window, the receiver may search for the leading and trailing edges of the flat region near the maximum energy. These edge positions are then switched to the first and last arrival path (FAP and LAP) locations of the channel. In turn, this information can be combined with information about the intentional initial offset to determine an appropriate timing offset to be applied when processing successive OFDM symbols.

와의 승산은 잡음 전력을 변화시킬 것이다. 인터레이스 i 및 점유된 빈들 l_k의 가능한 모든 조합에 있어서, 대응하는

의 단일 값은 [1, 1, 0.5] 에 의해 제공된다는 것을 설명할 수 있다. 따라서, 도면 부호 (830) 에서의

의 출력에서의 잡음 분산은 (1＋1＋4)/3＝2의 인자만큼 증가되게 된다. TDM 파일럿 3에 기초한 채널 추정치는, 초기 정밀한 타이밍 동안 획득된 정적 손실 (static loss) 과 비교되는 경우, 3dB의 정적 손실과 관련된다. 그러나, 그 초기 정밀한 타이밍 추정치는, 채널 추정 블록에서 집합된 추정치들보다 3dB만큼 더 양호하므로, 정밀한 타이밍 탐색 블록 (820) 은 데이터 모드 시간 추적에서 사용된 대응하는 블록보다 더 불량하게 수행하는 것이 기대되지 않는다. 알고리즘 (800) 에서의 다른 블록들은, 도면 부호 (840) 에서의 FFT 블록, 도면 부호 (850) 에서의 디스크램블링 블록, 도면 부호 (860) 에서의 IFFT 블록들, 도면 부호 (870) 에서의 회전 메트릭스 선택기, 도면 부호 (880) 에서의 위상 램프 선택기, 및 도면 부호 (890) 에서의 활성 인터레이스 결정기를 포함한다.Some constraint on the algorithm 800 is that the actual delay spread of the adjacent channel does not exceed the estimated length, ie half of 768 in this case, and the occupied channel bins are known in advance (see FIG. 7). Under these assumptions, timing performance depends on the channel characteristics and SNR upon entry to the last box 820 of FIG. 8. The useful signal at this point, the channel estimate h (n), has the same power per chip as the power when all four interlaces of the TDM pilot are used. Regarding noise, the noise passes through several blocks before reaching this point, and most of the blocks are unitary (ie, they do not change the noise power). As this metric is not unitary,

The multiplication with will change the noise power. For every possible combination of interlace i and occupied bins l _k , the corresponding

It can be explained that the single value of is provided by [1, 1, 0.5]. Thus, at 830

The noise variance at the output of is increased by a factor of (1 + 1 + 4) / 3 = 2. The channel estimate based on TDM Pilot 3 is associated with a 3 dB static loss when compared to the static loss obtained during the initial fine timing. However, since its initial precise timing estimate is 3 dB better than the estimates aggregated in the channel estimation block, the fine timing search block 820 is expected to perform worse than the corresponding block used in the data mode time tracking. It doesn't work. The other blocks in the algorithm 800 are the FFT block at 840, the descrambling block at 850, the IFFT blocks at 860, the rotation at 870. A matrix selector, a phase ramp selector at 880, and an active interlace determiner at 890.

9 shows a pilot symbol process 900 for a wireless system. For simplicity of explanation, the method is shown and described as a series or multiple acts, although some acts may occur concurrently and / or in a different order with other acts from those shown and described herein. It will be appreciated that the processes described herein are not limited to the order of acts. For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that a method may be represented in other ways as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with the intended method disclosed herein.

Proceeding to 910, one or more super frame constraints are determined in consideration of using additional TDM pilot symbols. As mentioned above, this may include symbol location, slot mapping considerations, scrambling considerations, mask considerations, slot energy considerations, backward compatibility considerations, and affect the current MAC layer framework. Can give As can be seen, variations supplied at the transmitter of the OFDM broadcast will be considered and resolved at the receiver end. At 920, additional TDM pilot constraints are considered. In an aspect, this may include determining an amount of additional symbols to add to the conventional symbol set of TDMl and TDM2.

In general, one additional TDM3 may be included, but two or more symbols may be added to the super frame and related specifications. Other considerations include one or more constraints determined at 910 for the entire super frame structure. At 930, one or more additional TDM pilot symbols are added to the super frame structure. As mentioned above, the first additional pilot generally follows TDM2, where subsequent additional pilots are used for separation between local information broadcast and wide-area information broadcast. As can be appreciated, other configurations are possible. At 940, when additional pilots are added to the super frame, timing synchronization, channel estimation, and / or AGC bootstrapping may be performed at each receiver to obtain such information in an OFDM broadcast. .

10 is an illustration of a user device 1000 used in a wireless communication environment in accordance with one or more aspects described herein. The user device 1000 receives, for example, a signal from a receiving antenna (not shown), performs typical actions (eg, filtering, amplifying, downconverting, etc.) on the received signal on the receiver, A receiver 1002 that digitizes the conditioned signal to obtain samples. Demodulator 1004 can demodulate received pilot symbols and provide the received pilot symbols to processor 1006 for channel estimation. Processor 1006 is a processor dedicated to analyzing information received by receiver 1002 and / or generating information for transmission by transmitter 1016, a processor controlling one or more components of user device 1000. And / or a processor that analyzes the information received by the receiver 1002, generates information for transmission by the transmitter 1016, and controls one or more components of the user device 1000. In addition, the user device 1000 can include a memory 1008 operatively coupled to the processor 1006.

It can be appreciated that the data storage components (eg, memories) described herein can be volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or can include both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of example, and not limitation, non-volatile memory may include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. have. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of example, and not limitation, RAM includes synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), synclink DRAM (SLDRAM), and Many forms are available, such as direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The memory 1008 of the target system and method is intended to include, but is not limited to, such memories and any other suitable type of memory.

11 shows a receiver 1110 receiving signal (s) from one or more user devices 1104 via a plurality of receive antennas 1106, one or more user devices 1104 via a transmit antenna 1108. An example system 1100 is shown that includes a base station 1102 having a transmitter 1124 that transmits to it. Receiver 1110 may receive information from receive antennas 1106 and is operatively associated with a demodulator 1112 that demodulates the received information. The demodulated symbols are analyzed by a processor 1114 similar to the processor described above, which is coupled to the memory 1116.

12 illustrates an example wireless communication system 1200. The wireless communication system 1200 represents one base station and one terminal for brevity. However, it will be appreciated that the system may include two or more base stations and / or two or more terminals, where additional base stations and / or terminals are substantially similar or similar to the exemplary base stations and terminals to be described below. Can be different.

Next, referring to FIG. 12, with respect to the downlink, at an access point 1205, a transmit (TX) data processor 1210 receives, formats, codes, interleaves, and modulates (or symbol maps) traffic data. Provide modulation symbols (“data symbols”). Symbol modulator 1215 receives and processes data symbols and pilot symbols to provide a stream of symbols. The symbol modulator 1220 multiplexes the data and pilot symbols and provides them to a transmitter unit (TMTR) 1220. Each transmit symbol may include a data symbol, a pilot symbol, or a signal that is a zero value. Pilot symbols may be sent continuously in each symbol period. The pilot symbols may be frequency division multiplexed (FDM), orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM), time division multiplexed (TDM), frequency division multiplexed (FDM), or code division multiplexed (CDM).

TMTR 1220 receives a stream of symbols and converts the stream into one or more analog signals, further conditioning (eg, amplifying, filtering, and frequency upconverting) the analog signals to perform transmission over a wireless channel. To generate a suitable downlink signal. The downlink signal is then transmitted to the terminals via antenna 1225. At terminal 1230, antenna 1235 receives the downlink signal and provides the received signal to a receiver unit (RCVR) 1240. Receiver unit 1240 conditions (eg, filters, amplifies, and frequency downconverts) the received signal, and digitizes the conditioned signal to obtain samples. The symbol demodulator 1245 demodulates the received pilot symbols and provides them to the processor 1250 for channel estimation. Additionally, symbol demodulator 1245 receives a frequency response estimate for the downlink from processor 1250, performs data demodulation on received data symbols to obtain data symbol estimates (which are estimates of transmitted data symbols); Provide the data symbol estimates to an RX data processor 1255 that demodulates (ie, symbol de-maps), de-interleaves, and decodes the data symbol estimates to recover transmission traffic data. The processing by symbol demodulator 1245 and RX data processor 1255 is complementary to the processing by symbol modulator 1215 and TX data processor 1210 at access point 1205, respectively.

With respect to the uplink, TX data processor 1260 processes the traffic data to provide data symbols. The symbol modulator 1265 receives and multiplexes the data symbols along with the pilot symbols and performs modulation to provide a stream of symbols. Transmitter unit 1270 then receives and processes the stream of symbols to generate an uplink signal, which is transmitted by antenna 1235 to access point 1205.

At the access point 1205, the uplink signal from the terminal 1230 is received by the antenna 1225 and processed by the receiver unit 1275 to obtain samples. The symbol demodulator 1280 then processes the samples and provides received pilot symbols and data symbol estimates for the uplink. The RX data processor 1285 processes the data symbol estimates to recover the traffic data sent by the terminal 1230. Processor 1290 performs channel estimation for each active terminal transmitting on the uplink. Multiple terminals may transmit pilot simultaneously on the uplink on each assigned set of pilot subbands, where the pilot subband set may be interlaced.

Processors 1290 and 1250 direct (eg, control, coordinate, manage, etc.) operation at access point 1205 and terminal 1230, respectively. Respective processors 1290 and 1250 can be associated with memory units (not shown) that store program codes and data. In addition, processors 1290 and 1250 may perform calculations to derive frequency and impulse response estimates for the uplink and downlink, respectively.

In a multiple-access system (eg, FDMA, OFDMA, CDMA, TDMA, etc.), multiple terminals can transmit on the uplink simultaneously. In such a system, pilot subbands may be shared among different terminals. Channel estimation techniques may be used in cases where pilot subbands for each terminal span the entire operating band (except possibly band edges). Such a pilot subband structure would be desirable to obtain frequency diversity for each terminal. The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. In a hardware implementation, the processing units used for channel estimation may include one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable It may be implemented within a gate array (FPGA), a processor, a controller, a micro-controller, a microprocessor, another electronic unit designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof. According to the software, the implementation may be by modules (eg, procedures, functions, etc.) that perform the functions described herein. Software codes may be stored in a memory unit and executed by the processors 1290 and 1250.

In software implementation, the techniques described herein may be implemented as modules (eg, procedures, functions, etc.) that perform the functions described herein. Software codes may be stored in a memory unit and executed by a processor. The memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, and when implemented externally, the memory unit can be communicatively coupled with the processor through various means as is known in the art.

What has been described above includes exemplary embodiments. Of course, it is not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methods to describe the embodiments, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many additional combinations and variations are possible. Accordingly, these embodiments are intended to embrace all such modifications, variations, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Also, when the term "include" is used in the description or claims, when the term "comprising" is interpreted when used as a transition phrase in a claim, such term is "comprising". Is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "."

1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a wireless communication network using enhanced super frame structure and receiver processing components.

2 shows an example super frame structure using additional pilot symbols.

3 shows an example pattern with additional pilot symbols.

4 shows another embodiment where multiple TDM pilot 3 symbols are used between a local area boundary and a wide-area boundary.

5 shows an example pattern for additional timing pilot symbols.

6 shows an example structure for a received TDM pilot 3 symbol.

7 shows an example of channel estimation and the concept of channel bins used for timing synchronization.

8 shows a block diagram of an example of a timing synchronization algorithm for local / wide-area data boundaries.

9 illustrates an example pilot symbol process for a wireless system.

10 is a diagram illustrating an example user device for a wireless system.

11 is a diagram illustrating an example base station for a wireless system.

12 is a diagram illustrating an example transceiver for a wireless system.

Claims (1)

The device described in the detailed description of the present application.

Images