KR20060010515A - Composition for skin whitening containing extract of sinomenium acutum - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a composition for skin whitening containing the antiseptic extract as an active ingredient, the antiseptic extract of the present invention inhibits melanin production in melanocytes, and co-cultured melanocytes and keratinocytes. When the amount of melanin produced is excellently reduced and exhibits excellent whitening effect even in animal experiments and clinical experiments, the composition for skin whitening according to the present invention effectively inhibits melanin production due to the whitening efficacy of the anti-air extract, and thus the skin Since it can lighten, it can be usefully used as a cosmetic composition for skin whitening or a pharmaceutical composition for skin whitening.

Bangui extract, melanocytes, keratinocytes, melanin, whitening, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, compositions.

Description

Composition for skin whitening containing extract of Sinomenium acutum}             

1 is a graph showing the effect of the anti-air extract to the melanin production of melanocytes, showing the degree of inhibition of melanin production when the anti-air extract was treated with 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm, in particular the anti-air extract is melanin of melanocytes It shows excellent inhibition even at 1 ppm.

Figure 2 is a graph showing the effect of the anti-air extract extracts melanin production in the co-culture of melanocytes and keratinocytes, the concentration-dependent inhibition of melanin production of 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm The effect is better than arbutin, especially at the same concentration.

3 is a graph showing the effect of the anti-air extract on the activity of tyrosinase in the total protein in the co-culture of melanocytes and keratinocytes, showing that the anti-air extract is concentration-dependently reduced the activity of tyrosinase. .

Figure 4a is a graph showing the whitening effect of the anti-air extract (0.3%) measured by using a brown guinea pig as the L value of the color difference meter, the L value of the color difference meter is a value indicating the brightness, the smaller the darker, Therefore, the larger the ΔL value before and after the sample treatment, the better the whitening effect. On the average, the anti-air extract is better than the vehicle.

Figure 4b is an artificial pigment plate photograph measured after the whitening composition prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, 1/4 quarter vehicle, 2/4 quarter non-treated group, 3/4 quarter hydro Quinone (HQ) 2%, 4/4 quadrant as a result of processing 0.3% anti-air extract, it can be seen that the anti-air extract is close to the original skin color.

The present invention relates to a composition for skin whitening, and more particularly to a composition for skin whitening containing an anti-air extract as an active ingredient.

Melanin, which determines human skin color, is made in the organelles of skin cells called melanocytes of melanocytes and migrates to the surrounding epidermal cells called keratinocytes.

Melanin is produced by the process of oxidation by tyrosinase, which oxidizes tyrosine with tyrosine as a substrate.

On the other hand, it is known that TRP1 and TRP2 are also involved in the reaction. The step of determining the rate at which melanin is synthesized is a step of attaching a hydroxyl group to tyrosine by tyrosinase.

Therefore, it is known that inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase can brighten the skin by reducing the production rate of melanin.

However, determining skin color is not as simple as it sounds. Proliferation and Differentiation of Melanosite, Accurate Tertiary Structure Formation of Tyrosinase and Binding with Sugars, Tyrosinase ER to Golgi, Melanosomes in Melanosite and Keratinocytes It is influenced by various factors such as the transfer to the skin, the type of melanin synthesized, the redox state of the skin, and the regulation of the production of cytokines and hormones involved in whitening.

As described above, skin color is determined by a complex action of various factors.

Therefore, the inhibitors of tyrosinase are not simply good whitening agents, and many tyrosinase inhibitors have been developed, but not all of them show a good whitening effect.

The reason is that even if it inhibits tyrosinase, if the substance acts on keratinocytes, keratinocytes, and increases the production of factors that promote melanin biosynthesis, then the whitening action may be weakened or even worse. Because there is. In fact, it was reported that the bright feomelanin was produced predominantly in the melanocyte growth state, but the dark eumeranin was predominantly produced in the growth state like keratinocytes.

Therefore, it is important to comprehensively monitor the biosynthesis of melanin, and it is more important to examine the effects on keratinocytes and melanocytes together, and ultimately, it is a good whitening agent to be effective in animal experiments.

On the other hand, various melanin-producing inhibitors have been synthesized so far, but since synthetic substances are often completely new substances that do not exist in nature, they are not likely to be biodegradable or have adverse effects such as the occurrence of cancer. There is an increasing demand to find new materials with excellent whitening effects.

Sinomenium acutum , a natural product, is also called Cheongdeung or Oriental Herbs . It is a deciduous vine plant of the dicotyledonous plant of the genus Minarijae, and is distributed in Korea, Japan, and China. It is about 7 m long, with hairless and vertical lines on the branch, and leaves are alternate, round or broad egg-shaped. Flowers are male and female, light green in June, and fruits are nucleus, round, ripening in October. It is said that it is used in herbal medicine, and stems and roots are used as anti-inflammatory, diuretic and analgesics for water species, neuralgia, arthritis and rheumatism.

The active ingredient of the anti-defense was found to contain alkaloids such as cynomenin, isocinomenin, dicinomenin, L-synactin, akutumin, beta cytosterol and stigmasterol. Recently, tumor necrosis factor and anac from animal cells Tests related to the phroxax inhibitors have been studied.

In addition, hypoallergenic cosmetic compositions containing herbal extracts and many other herbal extracts are known (Korean Patent Publication No. 2002-95616), and contain roots and / or stems of amino acids and amino acids or derivatives thereof for skin diseases, rough skin. Skin external preparation that can give high weight loss slimming effect, including anti-external preparation (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-269028), anti-air extract and film forming agent that improves and prevents dryness, etc. (Japan Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-269027), a bcl-2 increase inducing agent containing antiseptic and other plant extracts, and an apoptosis inhibitor (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-80382), and a light anti-aging improving agent containing an antiseptic extract (Japan Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-158143) is known.

However, there have been no reports of melanin suppression and whitening effects of anti-air, and no examples have been developed as whitening agents.

In order to solve the above problems, the present inventors searched for melanin production inhibition and whitening efficacy in various natural products to find a new whitening material that is more effective and safer than ever before, and thus, the anti-air extract is very excellent in melanin production and The invention was found to have a whitening effect and to complete the present invention.

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new whitening agent containing an anti-air extract, while exhibiting an excellent whitening effect without any side effects.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a composition for skin whitening containing anti-air extract as an active ingredient.

In addition, the composition for skin whitening using the anti-air extract of the present invention as an active ingredient is characterized in that the cosmetic composition for skin whitening or pharmaceutical composition for skin whitening.

The anti-air extract may be contained in an amount of 0.001 to 20% by weight based on the total weight of the composition on a dry weight basis. This is because the effect can not be expected at less than 0.001% by weight, and if it exceeds 20.0% by weight, there is a difficulty in safety or formulation preparation.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

The antiseptic may be used alone or in combination with the outpost, stem, root, leaves, flowers, preferably may be used alone or in combination.

In order to obtain the anti-air extract, polar solvents such as polar solvents, specifically alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and butylene glycol, ethers such as ethyl ether, ketones such as acetone, and esters such as ethyl acetate Organic solvents or water can be used, and mixtures thereof can also be used.

In addition, the anti-air extract can be obtained by re-extracting the extract extracted with the polar solvent with a non-polar solvent, specifically, as a non-polar solvent, ethyl acetate, hexane, dichloromethane or chloroform may be used, and a mixture thereof may be used. have.

The method of extracting the anti-air extract may further include any other method such as ethanol extraction, methanol extraction, butylene glycol extraction, ethyl acetate extraction to extract the components of the anti-air discharge.

The extract may be an extract or extract itself, a concentrate or dried product of the extract or extract, or a mixture thereof.

In order to obtain the anti-air extract of the present invention, first, about 1 to 15 times the polar solvent is added to the air, and then heated to about 20 to 100 ° C., preferably 60 to 90 ° C., for 1 to 24 hours. The extract obtained by extraction 1 to 5 times was filtered under reduced pressure to distill the extract from the solid phase under reduced pressure to completely remove the solvent, or to remove a certain amount of solvent in order to enhance the effect, and then to add a non-polar solvent 2 to 4 times the extract. Thereafter, the mixture is left at room temperature for 1 to 24 hours to completely separate the layers, and after separating the upper layer, the separated solution is distilled under reduced pressure again to obtain an anti-air extract of the present invention.

In order to determine the whitening effect of the antiseptic extract obtained by the above method, the inhibitory effect of melanin production and tyrosinase activity was examined in vitro, and the whitening effect was examined in vivo. In addition, the anti-fungal extracts inhibit melanin production in melanocytes, and further reduce the amount of melanin produced when co-culture of melanocytes and keratinocytes. Also confirmed that the whitening effect is excellent.

The present invention provides a cosmetic composition for skin whitening, the amount of the anti-air extract is 0.001 to 20% by weight based on the dry weight of the total cosmetic composition. This is because the effect cannot be expected at less than 0.001% by weight, and if it exceeds 20.0% by weight, there is a difficulty in safety or formulation formulation.

In addition, the cosmetic composition for whitening according to the present invention, in addition to the above-mentioned anti-air extract, preferably contains other whitening ingredients and the like that can give a synergistic effect to the main effect within the range of not impairing the main effect of the present invention. It is okay to do it. As such a component, kojic acid, arbutin, an iscobic acid derivative, etc. are mentioned.

The anti-air extract according to the present invention is suitable to prepare the extract or extract itself, concentrate or dry powder of the extract or extract or a mixture thereof in a whitening cosmetic formulation, and apply as it is, but also as a general internal or external formulation can do.

The composition of the present invention can be used in a variety of cosmetics and the like for the skin whitening effect. Examples of products to which the present composition can be added include cosmetics such as various creams, lotions, skins, and the like, cleansing agents, face washes, soaps, and essences.

The whitening cosmetic to which the composition containing the anti-air extract of this invention was added can take the form of a solution, an emulsion, a viscous mixture, etc.

That is, the whitening cosmetic of the present invention is not particularly limited in the formulation, for example, latex, cream, lotion, essence, pack, gel, powder, foundation, lotion, ointment, patch, beauty liquid, cleansing foam, cleansing cream And formulations such as cleansing water, soaps, sprays and the like.

In the cosmetic composition of each formulation, other ingredients in addition to the anti-air extract of the above may be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art without difficulty according to the formulation or purpose of use of other cosmetics.

Such formulations may contain skin absorption promoting substances to increase the whitening effect.

In addition, the cosmetic of the present invention may include a composition selected from the group consisting of water-soluble vitamins, oil-soluble vitamins, polymer peptides, polymer polysaccharides, sphingolipids and seaweed extract.

In addition to the said essential component, you may mix | blend the cosmetics of this invention with the other components normally mix | blended with cosmetics as needed.

Other components that may be added include fats and oils, moisturizers, emollients, surfactants, organic and inorganic pigments, organic powders, ultraviolet absorbers, preservatives, fungicides, antioxidants, plant extracts, pH adjusters, alcohols, pigments, flavorings, Blood circulation accelerators, cooling agents, restriction agents, purified water and the like.

In addition, the compounding component which may be added other than this is not limited to this, Moreover, any of the above components can be mix | blended within the range which does not impair the objective and effect of this invention.

In addition, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for skin whitening, the amount of the anti-air extract is 0.001 to 20% by weight of the total pharmaceutical composition.

The pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-air extract of the present invention may further include appropriate carriers, excipients and diluents commonly used in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions.

The pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-air extract according to the present invention as a dosage form is an oral dosage form such as powders, granules, tablets, capsules, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, aerosols, external preparations such as ointments, creams, etc. It may be formulated in any form suitable for pharmaceutical preparations, including suppositories and sterile injectable solutions.

 The composition according to the present invention can be administered to mammals such as rats, mice, livestock, humans by various routes, such as parenteral, oral, and all modes of administration can be expected, for example, oral, rectal or It can be administered by intravenous, muscle, subcutaneous, intrauterine dural or intracerebroventricular injection. At this time, as a parenteral route, transdermal administration is preferable, and topical application is the most preferable.

The dosage of the preparation varies depending on the subject's age, sex, weight, symptoms, and method of administration, but in the case of external preparations, 1.0 to 3.0 ml per day may be applied 1 to 5 times a day to continue for more than one month. .

In addition, the oral dosage form may vary depending on the age, sex, and weight of the patient, but may be administered once to several times in an amount of 0.1 to 100 mg / kg. The dosage may also be increased or decreased depending on the route of administration, the severity of the disease, sex, weight, age, and the like. Therefore, the above dosage does not limit the scope of the present invention in any aspect.

On the other hand, the anti-air extract of the present invention has little toxicity and side effects, so can be used with confidence even for long-term use for the purpose of prevention.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples and Experimental Examples. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.

<Example: Preparation of external preparation composition for skin whitening containing anti-air extract as an active ingredient>

Example 1 Preparation of Antiseptic Extract

In order to obtain an anti-air extract, first, 600 g of air-proof (purchased from a dry chemical) in a warm water condenser was added, 2.4 L of 70% ethanol was added thereto, and then boiled at about 80 ° C. for 2 hours. Filtration under reduced pressure using a filter paper No. 2 removed the solid phase to obtain only the extract. The extract obtained above is placed in an evaporator with a cooling capacitor and distilled under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. At this point, if the solution is about 600 ml, 1200 ml of ethyl acetate is added thereto, and the mixture is left to stand at room temperature for 5 hours. When the layers were completely separated, the upper layer was separated by a separatory funnel, and the separated solution was put in a vacuum distillation again and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain about 15 g of the anti-air extract of the present invention.

Example 2. Preparation of skin whitening composition containing anti-air extract

Using the anti-air extract obtained in Example 1 to prepare a composition for skin whitening having the composition of Table 1 in the following manner.

First, the raw materials 1-6 of Table 1 were mixed, it melt | dissolved at 70 degreeC, it was made into the water phase, and the raw materials 7-14 were melt | dissolved at 70 degreeC, and it was set as the oil phase. Then, the oil phase was added to the aqueous phase, stirred with a homomixer (Tokushu Kika, Japan) to emulsify first, and the raw material 15 was added to increase. After removing the bubbles, the mixture was cooled to room temperature to prepare a skin whitening composition containing an anti-air extract.

Comparative Example 1. Preparation of skin whitening composition

In order to manufacture the composition for skin whitening of Comparative Example 1, first, the raw materials 1 to 6 of Table 1 were mixed, dissolved at 70 ° C. to form an aqueous phase, and then the raw materials 8 to 14 were dissolved at 70 ° C. to obtain an oil phase. Then, the oil phase was added to the water phase, stirred with a homomixer (Tokushu Kika, Japan) to emulsify first, and the raw material 15 was added to increase. After removing the bubbles, the mixture was cooled to room temperature to prepare a skin whitening composition of Comparative Example 1.

ingredient Example 1 Comparative Example 1  1. Purified water Up to 100 Up to 100  2. Glycerin 8.0 8.0  3. Butylene Glycol 4.0 4.0  4. Hyaluronic Acid Extract 5.0 5.0  5. Beta Glucan 7.0 7.0  6. Camo 0.1 0.1  7. Anti-air Extract 0.3 -  8. Caprylic Capric Triglycerides 8.0 8.0  9. Squalane 5.0 5.0  10. Cetearyl Glucoside 1.5 1.5  11.Sorbitan Stearate 0.4 0.4  12. Cetearyl Alcohol 1.0 1.0  13. Preservative Quantity Quantity  14. Incense Quantity Quantity  15. Triethanolamine 0.1 0.1

In order to demonstrate the effect of the skin whitening composition according to the present invention, the following experiment was performed.

Experimental Example 1. Inhibitory effect of melanin production in melanocytes of airborne extract

In order to determine the melanin production inhibitory effect in the melanocytes of the airborne extract was carried out the following experiment.

First, melan-a (melan-a), a kind of melanocytes, obtained from giftnet Bennett DC St. George's Hospital Medical School London, UK was placed in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS at 37 ° C and 5%. Incubated under CO ₂ conditions. The cultured cells were placed in a 6-well plate so that the number of cells was 6 × 10 ⁴ , and the next day, the airborne extract was changed to a fresh medium containing 1 ppm, 10 ppm, and 50 ppm, respectively. As a control, a medium containing the same amount of DMSO used to dissolve the antiseptic extract was used. In addition, arbutin (50 ppm), which is well known for its whitening effect, was also treated separately. Thereafter, two days after the first treatment of the sample (air release, arbutin, DMSO) and 4 days after the treatment of each sample twice in the same manner and incubated, the day after the melanocytes extracted with an extraction solvent Protein was quantified by centrifugation and the amount of melanin produced was measured. At this time, when the amount of protein and melanin of the control group was 100%, respectively, the amount of melanin of the anti-air extract and the arbutin treatment group was calculated as% of the control group and is shown in FIG. 1.

As a result, as can be seen in Figure 1, the anti-air extract extracts melanin production when treated with 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm, respectively. In addition, 50 ppm of arbutin reduced melanin production of melanocytes by 62%, while the anti-air extract reduced melanin production of melanocytes by 76% with 1 ppm.

Experimental Example 2. Inhibitory effect of melanin production in melanocyte-keratinocyte coculture

In order to determine the melanin production inhibitory effect in the melanocyte-keratinite co-culture of the anti-air extract was performed as follows. This is because the interaction of melanocytes and keratinocytes in the formation of melanin is very important, because if they inhibit melanin formation during co-culture, it is very likely to show a whitening effect in vivo.

First, melan-a (melan-a), which is a kind of melanocytes, was placed in a 6-well plate to be 1.2 × 10 ⁴ , and placed in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% of FBS, and cultured at 37 ° C. and 5% CO _2. . After two days, the medium was removed and the keratinocytes were placed thereon at 2.4 × 10 ^{5 and} then incubated under 37 ° C. and 5% CO ₂ conditions using S-MEM medium containing 10% of FBS. After the following day, the sample was treated according to the method shown in Experimental Example 1, and the melanin and protein were measured in the same manner, and the results are shown in FIG. 2.

As a result, as can be seen in Figure 2, when the anti-air extract was treated in 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm, each of the concentration-dependently inhibited melanin production, in particular at the same concentration it was confirmed that the effect is better than arbutin Could. That is, the amount of melanin was reduced by 57% after 50 ppm of arbutin, and the anti-air extract reduced the amount of melanin in a concentration-dependent manner, reducing the amount of melanin from 50 ppm up to 76%.

As a result, it was found that the antiseptic extract showed a better whitening effect than arbutin.

Experimental Example 3. Inhibitory effect of tyrosinase on melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture of airborne extract

In order to determine the tyrosinase inhibitory effect in the melanocyte-keratinite co-culture of the airborne extract was performed as follows.

First, melan-a (melan-a), which is a kind of melanocytes, was placed in a 6-well plate to be 1.2 × 10 ⁴ , and placed in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% of FBS, and cultured at 37 ° C. and 5% CO _2. . After 2 days, the medium was removed, and the keratinocytes were placed on the cells to be 2.4 × 10 ⁵ , and then cultured under 37 ° C. and 5% CO ₂ using S-MEM medium containing 10% of FBS. From the next day, the sample was treated according to the method described in Experimental Example 1, and when the sample was finished, the medium was removed on the next day, and then washed twice with PBS and then the melanocytes and keratinocytes were treated with protease inhibitors. After crushing with the contained extraction solvent centrifuged to quantify the protein of the supernatant and to measure the activity of tyrosinase. At this time, when the amount of protein and tyrosinase activity of the control group was 100%, the activity of the tyrosinase of the anti-air extract treatment group was calculated in% compared to the control group and is shown in FIG. 3.

As a result, as shown in Figure 3, it was confirmed that the anti-air extract extracts the concentration of tyrosinase in the total protein concentration in the melanocyte and keratinocyte co-culture. In the group treated with 50 ppm of arbutin, the total activity of tyrosinase was reduced by 25%, while the activity of tyrosinase was reduced by about 49% when treated with the same concentration.

Experimental Example 4. Whitening animal experiment using brown guinea pig

In order to confirm the whitening effect of the anti-air extract of the present invention, the following whitening animal experiment was performed.

First, a sample was prepared by dissolving the anti-air extract of the present invention in a vehicle (vehicle, ethanol: propylene glycol: water = 3: 5: 2) at a concentration of 0.3%, using a vehicle as a control, hydro 2% quinone (HQ) was also treated separately.

In addition, brown guinea pigs weighing about 600 g were used as experimental animals, and their back hairs were removed, anesthetized with pentobarbital (30 mg / kg), and burned with 500 mJ ultraviolet rays. The burned area was a circle (artificial pigment plaque) having a diameter of about 1 cm, and the same site was irradiated with ultraviolet rays three times at weekly intervals. After the last UV irradiation, the treatment was performed for 5 weeks each of the samples, that is, vehicle, air extract, and hydroquinone twice each morning and evening for 4 weeks and 5 days each day thereafter. Then, the color of the untreated group, vehicle-only artificial color plate (control group), artificial color plate treated with anti-air extract, and artificial color plate treated with hydroquinone were determined using a colorimeter (chromometer). In addition, the change (L value) of the value (L value) obtained by quantifying the contrast of the artificial color plate with the color difference meter is averaged, and is shown in FIG. 4.

On the other hand, the L value is gradually increased when the test material is effective, the comparison between the test materials is the ΔL value, that is, the final L value minus the initial L value (ΔL) (final L value-experimental material L value before application), the larger the ΔL value, the greater the whitening effect.

As shown in Figure 4a, in the experimental results using the color difference meter was found to have a larger L value than the control throughout the experimental period for four weeks, the average was found to be more effective than the vehicle (control), hydro Compared with 2% of quinone, the whitening effect was similar.

In addition, the artificial pigment plate pictures after the four-week sample treatment is shown in Figure 4b, respectively, it was confirmed that the anti-air extract has a whitening effect similar to 2% hydroquinone.

Experimental Example 5. Effect of the whitening composition prepared according to Example 1 and Comparative Example 1

In order to determine the effect of the whitening composition prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, the following experiment was performed.

First, an opaque tape with 6 holes of 1.5 cm in diameter was attached to the upper forearm of the 12 healthy men, and then 1.5 ~ 2 times of ultraviolet light (Minimal Erythema Dose) of each subject. UVB) was irradiated to induce blackening of the skin, and after applying each of the whitening compositions (test materials) prepared in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, and after two months, a chromameter (Chromameter, Minolta CR-300) The contrast of the skin was measured using. In addition, the whitening skin external preparations prepared according to Comparative Examples 1 and 1, which are the respective test substances, were applied twice a day (morning and evening) every day. Obtained and determined. Generally, unburned Korean skin color ranges from 50 to 70.

On the other hand, if the test material is effective to apply the L value is gradually increased, the comparison between the test material ΔL value, that is, the final L value minus the initial L value (ΔL) value (final L value-experiment Value before material application). The larger the ΔL value, the greater the whitening effect, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.

Comparative Example 1 Example 1 ΔL 2.18 1.32

As shown in Table 2, the ΔL value of the composition containing the anti-air extract is 2.18, a high value when compared with the ΔL value of 1.32 of the comparative example, it was found that the whitening effect is also greater.

As can be seen from the above, the composition for skin whitening according to the present invention contains an anti-air extract, inhibits melanogenesis in melanocytes, and is produced when co-culture of melanocytes and keratinocytes. Since it reduces the amount of melanin to be excellent, and shows excellent whitening effect in animal experiments and clinical experiments, by using the composition for skin whitening according to the present invention can effectively suppress melanin production without side effects to brighten the tone of the skin.

Claims (4)

Skin whitening composition comprising an anti-air extract as an active ingredient. The composition for skin whitening according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a cosmetic composition for skin whitening. The composition for skin whitening according to claim 1, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. The composition for skin whitening according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the anti-air extract is contained in an amount of 0.001 to 20% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

Images