KR20040101119A - Nano silver and contain perfume tile - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: A tile containing NANO silver and perfume is provided to make a healthy and clean living by manufacturing a functional tile having antibacterial, disinfect, deodorizing, neutralizing and far infrared ray and anion emitting effects. CONSTITUTION: The tile containing NANO silver and perfume comprises the steps of inputting 0.01¯10 weight percent synthetic resins or mineral matter and NANO silver(20), inputting 0.01¯3 weight percent fragrant solution or powder and mixing NANO silver(20) of the appointed weight percent within the range of 2PPM¯999PPM, then inputting a mixer, stirring(50) in a stirrer and shaping under a pressure of 10KG¯500KG, then drying up, putting glaze mixed with NANO silver(20) and perfume(30), firing the tile at 700¯2000 deg.C in a kiln, curing with steam and drying up.

Description

Nano silver and contain perfume tile {Nano silver and contain perfume tile}

In the present invention, the nano silver 20 and the fragrance ash 30 are added to the tile 10 made of soil, minerals, or synthetic resin, or the nano silver 20 and ash fragrance 30 are added to the finished tile 10. Regarding the environmentally friendly functional tile 10 manufactured by coating or applying, the tile 10 is a background of the tile 10 used to decorate the floor and the interior of the building.

Tile (10) is derived from the Latin Tegula (cover), and various materials and construction methods such as ceramic tile (10), cement tile (10), vinyl tile (10) and asphalt tile (10) have been developed.

Tiles (10) are laid on the floors of royal palaces and palaces such as Egypt and Babylonia, and the world's best tiles (10) were found in the Sakhara Pyramids in Egypt, about 3000 BC, using blue glaze.

As such, tiles (10) have been used for a long time in Egypt, but since it was originally a country with many stones, it was only used to carve or decorate the stone. The use of tiles 10 in earnest in architecture is due to the influence of Islam, where missionary work began in AD 619. At this time, China's pottery crafts were spread through the Silk Road. Tile manufacturing technology flowed into each European country, and manufacturing factories and tile factories were established in France, England and New Zealand.

Today, Egypt and Islam, the birthplace of tiles, have declined, but Europe has long prospered as the center of world tiles.

Today, not only Korea and Japan, but also Indonesia, Taiwan, and China have become major tile makers. In Europe, Italy and Spain have been leading the world tile market with their design and technology. Although it has been used, various materials and construction methods such as porcelain tile (10), cement tile (10), vinyl tile (10), asphalt tile (10) have been developed.

Sorting Tiles Sorting tiles includes a combination of raw materials such as plastic raw materials (clay, kaolin) and non-plastic raw materials (leadstone, pottery, limestone) in a fixed ratio.

According to the control of the firing temperature, it is divided into porcelain quality, stone quality, ceramic quality, and earth quality. Looking at the type of the tile 10 of the present invention first to aid understanding, there are the following types according to the material or the firing conditions and its use.

Tiles include interior tiles (10), exterior tiles (10), mosaic tiles (10), acid resistant tiles (10), floor tiles (10), salt tiles (10), and query tiles (10). The manufacturing process can be largely divided into four processes: clay pottery-molding (60)-lye-calcination.

* Ceramics Classification Table

Classification Firing temperature (℃) Absorption rate (%) chief ingredient Building materials characteristic Self-quality 1160-1450 3.0 or less Clay, quartz, feldspar, pottery Mosaic Tile Exterior Tile Sanitary Ceramic Floor Tile -High permeability-Bad conductor of electricity-Excellent chemical corrosion resistance and heat resistance-High waterproofness and strong strength-Excellent acid resistance, alkali resistance, freeze resistance and abrasion resistance Stonework 1160-1350 3 ~ 5 Clay containing a lot of impurity such as quartz, iron compound, alkaline earth and alkaline salt in low clay Exterior tile floor tile clinker tile -Poor permeability-Reduced absorbency-When sintered and fired, it is glossy and waterproof. Ceramic 1050-1200 5-18 Clay, quartz, pottery, feldspar, feldspar Built tiles -Hardness and low mechanical strength-Possession is porous and absorbent-Dimensions are accurate-When it is applied, it is waterproof and durable-Pursuit of color and design Earthen 700-1000 20 or more clay Roof tiles -Opaque, high absorbency-Possession is porous-Easy to break-Vulnerable due to lack of hardness-Lowest grade raw material

Tile 10 has various kinds and characteristics as shown in the above diagram, and it is relatively easy to install, hardly cracks or discolors after construction, and is particularly durable. It is the best ingredient.

It is an indispensable material for kitchens, toilets, bathrooms, washrooms, etc. where hygiene is required, and the tile (10) is used for the interior and exterior floors, and the components are almost the same as the exterior tile (10) and are used for the floor. 10) The thickness of the thick and non-slip tiles 10 for the non-slip is a lot, the clinker tile 10 is used for the outer floor and the staircase is non-slip tile 10 is used for non-slip. Carborundum tile 10 is a wear resistance is strong, so the surface of the surface used a lot and a high coefficient of wear it is desirable to calculate a large number of uneven parts.

4) mosaic tiles

2. Classification according to the quality of body 1) Ceramic tile 2) Stone tile 3) Semi-magnetic tile 4) Ceramic tile (5) Clay tile

The general manufacturing method is to mix clay with quarries, feldspar, and pottery as raw materials, unpulverize it, knead it with water, shape it, fire it (pre-baking), and start it again.

It is made by baking.

Magnetic quality tiles are commonly called magnetic tiles and make up the majority of floor tiles. The dry method is used and the hardness is high as the firing temperature is over 1,400 ℃.

As the body is self-nitriding, the absorption rate is within 1%, and it is particularly durable. Its shape is square, rectangular, hexagonal, and octagonal.

Anything less than 5.5 cm is called a mosaic tile and a thickness of 5 mm or more is required. There are also anti-slip tiles for staircases, and the color is limited to pigments. There are both glazed and uncoated.

Stone tile uses wet method by roll extrusion

Press molding (press molding) is a method used to make electrical insulators, tiles, mosaic tiles, special magnets, etc. by pressing with a machine.

This method is also used to make plates such as asymmetrical ovals.It is divided into dry and wet press molding according to the amount of moisture in the body, and the press is molded by pressing with a press and mold. Write when molding using

Friction presses or hydraulic presses are used a lot and are used for the manufacture of tiles (10), electrical materials, etc. The firing temperature is 1,200 ~ 1,350 ℃ and the water absorption is about 8%. Used for flooring, it is durable and has a variety of shapes on its surface to prevent slipping.

Semi porcelain tile and hard ceramic tile use dry method, and the base is almost white and the absorption rate is less than 15%, coated with glaze. It is mainly used on the floor of toilet, bathroom, etc., but its durability is insufficient.

Ceramic tiles use the dry method and are calcined and glazed at 1,000 ~ 1,200 ℃. Body is porous and has absorption of nearly 20%. It has low durability and abrasion resistance.

The above briefly examined the types and characteristics of various tiles that are currently used for building and industrial purposes.

In recent years, toxic substances from building materials, synthetic resins, and cement tiles (10) used in the construction of new homes and buildings in the mass media have caused residents to experience health problems and discomfort. Compounds are released and include carcinogens such as benzene, toluene, chloroform, acetone, styrene, formaldehyde and the like;

Even if a person is exposed to such indoor pollution for a short period of time, symptoms such as headache, eyes, nose, throat irritation, cough, itching, dizziness, fatigue, and concentration can be accompanied with the above diseases. However, prolonged exposure may result in bronchitis, asthma atopy, allergies, respiratory diseases, heart disease, cancer, etc., and indoor air pollution may vary depending on the environmental conditions inside and outside the house, the type of construction materials used, ventilation methods, and ventilation facilities. It can be said that a big difference and synthetic resin or cement-based tiles (10) that generate environmental hormones should be regulated for the human environment.

The present invention relates to a tile (10) widely used when building a house or building structure, the nano silver 20 and the fragrance ash (30) is a tile (10) without physical or chemical, electrical sterilization or cleaning around Since it is put into the manufacturing process, it contains economical anti-microbial and antimicrobial potency, the nano silver 20 material, which is unpredictable, and can obtain the following excellent benefits in the long term.

Nano silver (20) is a natural material harmless to the human body and has a disinfecting power and antibacterial power tens of times stronger than chlorine series.

Then look at the special advantages of the nano silver tile (10) containing the nano silver (20) and the fragrance ash (30);

1: Nanonizing silver gives better antibacterial, antiseptic, deodorant and detoxification capabilities than any other antiseptic.

2: Nano silver (20) is a chemical-free additive that is environmentally friendly and reacts sensitively to environmental pollution.

It strongly binds with SH, COOH, OH, etc. of bacteria and destroys the cell membrane of bacteria or disturbs the function of cells and shows continuous antiseptic action.

According to recent research results, it is able to sterilize 650 kinds of bacteria and viruses, and it has excellent breeding inhibition and antiseptic function against harmful bacteria, fungi, Salmonella and allergy.

It prevents secondary infections and catalyzes silver to convert oxygen into free radicals O₂- O₂ + O, which prevents the growth of bacteria, viral fungi and aphids.

3: There is an antistatic ability. The nano silver 20 has excellent conductivity, prevents static electricity, and prevents harmful electromagnetic waves generated by current and voltage, and prevents static electricity.

4: Nano silver (20) is very easy to coat and mix with the material, such as cement, soil, synthetic resin that is the material of the tile 10 is fused well.

5: In addition, the far infrared rays and silver ions which are good for the human body are generated, and the color reaction is rapidly changed depending on the human's health condition. Therefore, it becomes the health check point of the human body.

6: It has an ultraviolet blocking effect. Nanonized silver has excellent UV protection and is used in textiles, cosmetics, sunglasses, etc.

It prevents the corrosion of the tiles 10 by ultraviolet rays and prevents the color fading or discoloration, thereby preserving the building for a long time.

7: Deodorizing effect and fragrance diverging effect The nano silver 20 of the present invention and the tile containing the fragrance 10 is a liquid of the raw material of the fragrance ash 30 such as fruit aroma, aroma, herb, flower, etc. Na powder is added at a weight ratio of 0,01% to 3% so that a gentle fragrance is always radiated from the body of the tile 10, thereby pleasing the sense of smell of residents and further increasing the health of the people.

The present invention relates to the formulation or coating of the nano silver 20 and the fragrance ash 30 on the tile 10 made of cement, mineral synthetic resin, or material. The detailed description is as follows.

Silver has been recognized as a precious metal of high value from ancient times, and has been the object of extraction. It is not only valued as a currency but also gained attention as an important industrial material in the modern industry. Silver production is proportional to gold production in many ways. Being

Silver was mined early in the Mediterranean region of Europe, before the discovery of the Americas.

Was produced from Inca and Aztec and later from Peru and Bolivia.

Silver flowed into Europe, and the flow of silver went from 1520 to 1800.

It has grown steadily, but has declined since the discovery of large amounts of silver in the early 19th century.

Currently, the world's major silver producers are Russia (13.8%), Canada (13.5%), Mexico (13%), Peru (13%), United States (11%), Australia (8%), Poland (6%). The country's silver reserves are 17 million tons, and the reserves are about 1.2 million tons. As of 2002, the amount of silver produced in our country is about 5,000 kg, which is 1.2% of the total domestic demand. It's a very small amount.

Properties of silver: The color of silver is gray in the case of elegant grayish white metals or powders. Specific gravity is 10 ~ 12, Mohs hardness is 2.5 ~ 3 and melting point is 960.5 ℃.

In particular, the melting point of silver is very important for the temperature compensation of high thermometers, which is the standard of scientific and industrial temperature. Silver is the best metal, the conductor, and is used extensively for contacts and other electronics.

Optically, the reflectance of visible light is 90, which is one of the most excellent metals such as platinum, and pure silver does not form rust even when left in the air or heated, but it reacts with sulfur and hydrogen to make black emulsified silver. Special attention should be paid to the film of the camera.

In addition, the mechanical properties change depending on the amount of impurities (O₂) contained in the silver, and the hardness of the high-purity silver after thermal annealing is Brinell hardness 25-27, tensile strength 12-16 kgf / ㎣, and tensile strength of the cast Up to about 29kgf / 되고, stretching 48 ~ 54%, the recrystallization temperature is 150 ℃.

In particular, in the case of pure silver, the processed hardened material is softened by recrystallization at normal room temperature and softened softly. The malleability and flexibility are rich after gold.

Benefits of Silver Silver has been used as a tool to check the imbalance of the body that one cannot feel because the color of gloss or color changes depending on the condition of the body when worn on the body from ancient times. Fatigue or low rhythm), and Dongbobom said that it is effective in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders and women's diseases such as epilepsy and game, and also acted as a herbal medicine powdered silver. If you have it, the five Jang (5 하고) is comfortable, mind and body (stable), the mind and body ((身 身) stable), chasing (邪氣) and the body lightens the body lengthened by the main tree.

Also, when the Black Plague prevailed in the Middle Ages, aristocrats and royals who had a lot of silver tableware or silver utensils were not infected with black plague, which means that the negative ions from silver were released to sterilize the Black Plague bacteria, making them relatively safe from infectious diseases. In the place where the royal family and the state guests are served, silver products are used habitually.

In order to facilitate understanding of the silver nano 20, the present invention will be described briefly with respect to the nano silver 20 (NANO SILVER) extraction method and features.

The atomic weight of silver is 107.87 and silver (Ag) has been known for a long time.

Nano Silver is a purely domestic technology. It is the first material name and brand name developed by a biotechnology company, a government-affiliated organization of our country. Nano-technology is a compound word of silver. ;

Nano silver (20) is a field of nano-technology, which is an advanced antimicrobial agent that utilizes a strong antibacterial and sterilizing function and excellent electromagnetic shielding and conductivity mechanism.

Nano silver 20, unlike traditional antibiotics, is that bacteria are not resistant. Nanosilver has been shown to sterilize almost all single cell germs on the ground in a short time.

At present, a variety of products based on nano silver 20 (NANO SILVER) composed of powder and solution have been invented and commercialized numerous times;

Nano silver (20) containing silver (Ag) is a new concept produced by utilizing the excellent effects such as antibacterial deodorizing power, extending the preservation time of food among the many characteristics that silver has.

Regardless of the East and the West, silver has been recognized as a disinfectant as well as preventing bacteria. Currently, the extraction method of Nano Silver (20) is used in distilled water.

After injecting silver (Ag 99.9%) and generating a low current at low temperature, the compound containing silver was decomposed and subjected to electrophoresis using the + and-poles of each molecule.

Silver (Ag 99.9%) can be collected and can also be manufactured by physical methods such as liquid reduction and grinding, and many of the above decomposition methods are used to obtain stable nano silver (NANO SILVER). Doing.

Silver ions are used in general sterilization concept machines and disinfectants, and all silver products currently used are silver obtained by decomposition, and the amount of addition is very small. The sterilization power of silver varies depending on the product, but a maximum of 99% can be obtained.

Nano silver (20) is a silver super fine particle of 3 ~ 5nm, acts directly on harmful bacteria, directly dissolves the cell membranes of harmful bacteria, and sterilizes by interfering with the electron transfer system of harmful bacteria, making it excellent and excellent antibacterial and antibacterial activity. (= 99.9%) (Virus size is about 10nm.)

The main antibacterial mechanism of Nano Silver (20) dissolves harmful cell membranes and works with enzymes in cells to block the metabolism of nutrients, that is, the influx and discharge of nutrients, and the respiratory function of harmful bacteria to prevent the generation of APT in cells. Destroys harmful bacteria by destroying their growth and regeneration ability.

In addition, since the nano silver 20 continuously releases the antibacterial force from the microparticles to control harmful bacteria, the antimicrobial / bacterial function has excellent sustainability.

Therefore, the nano silver (20) does not produce resistance and the nano silver is effective to the surface reaction and kill all the germs 99%, especially in the common E. coli or food poisoning equal effect.

In addition, since it has to be in direct contact with germs, it is possible to obtain higher effects such as lactic fermented foods accumulated in containers or packaging. Nano silver (20) has a higher energy value on the surface than the internal energy value of the material. To be angry is to enlarge the surface area of silver.

“The larger the surface area, the smaller the nanoparticles, the better the bactericidal and antimicrobial activity. Based on the experimental data so far, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Vibrio, Heterogeneous, Pneumonia, Typhoid fungus and the most resistant

99.9% antimicrobial and bactericidal agents can be treated with MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus).

Even if silver (Ag) is present in an ionic state or a metal state, it may be referred to as colloidal silver if it is present in a colloidal state by a solvent.

Nano silver (20) also has the best antimicrobial activity is the nano silver (20) to maximize the surface area by minimizing particles.

Nano silver (20) is a super fine particle of pure SILVER unlike general chemical antibacterial or chlorine disinfectant, so it has excellent antibacterial and antibacterial ability (99.9%) even at high temperature. It is reported that fungi cannot live in contact with nanosilver for more than 5 minutes.

The present invention is to solve the conventional problems as described above, the present invention is made of a synthetic resin or a mineral material after making silver powder or silver (Ag) solution of silver which is a technology completely different from the general silver powder ( 10) Nano Silver (20) in 0,01% ~ 5% PPM in any specific weight ratio between 2PPM and 999 PPM, or in fruit, aromatic, herbal Fragrances such as incense and flower fragrances (30) are injected into a liquid or powder of a raw material at a weight ratio of 0,01% to 3%, and press-molded (60) at a pressure of 10KG-500KG in a mold (60) and 700 in a kiln. After heating and baking (70) to about ℃ ~ 2000 ℃ degree by depositing, coating, spraying, coating the silver nano-solution to be dried (80) and steam curing (90) with steam to complete.

Tile 10 of the present invention by producing a functional tile (10) having antibacterial function, sterilization function, deodorizing effect and fragrance divergence effect, detoxification function far infrared emission and silver ion radiation function to block the respiratory tract and bacterial infection of residents There is always a purpose to live a healthy and clean life.

1 is a perspective view of a tile containing the nano-silver and the fragrance of the present invention.

2 is a block diagram of a plastic tile containing nanosilver and fragrance of the present invention.

3 is a block diagram of a non-plastic tile containing nanosilver and fragrance of the present invention.

* Description of the signs in the drawings *

10: tile 20: nano silver

30: Fragrance ash 40: Mixing machine

50: stirring 60: molding

70: Plasticity 80: Dry

90 steam curing

Briefly illustrating the drawings of the nano silver 20 and the fragrance-containing tile 10 of the present invention for achieving the above object;

1 is a perspective view of a tile 10 containing nanosilver and fragrance of the present invention;

Types of tiles 10 include ceramic tiles (10), cement tiles (10), vinyl tiles (10), asphalt tiles (10), interior tiles (10) and long tiles (10), depending on their use. There are mosaic tiles (10), acid-resistant tiles (10), floor tiles (10), salt tiles (10), query tiles (10), and so on.

Nano silver (20) is added to the material of the tile (10) made of synthetic resin or mineral in a weight ratio of 0,01% to 5%, and the fragrance material (30) such as fruit, aroma, herb, and flower Of liquid or powder at a weight ratio of 0,01% to 2%, and the nano silver (20) is mixed with PPM at a constant weight ratio between 2PPM and 999 PPM, and then mixed and stirred. (70) Process or kiln

After firing (70), the process of depositing, applying, spraying, and coating a silver nano solution is illustrated.

2 is a block diagram of a plastic 70 tile 10 containing nanosilver and fragrance of the present invention;

Synthetic resin or mineral material, which is the raw material of the tile 10, and the nano silver 20 of the present invention are added in a weight ratio of 0,01% to 10%, and the fragrance ashes such as fruit flavor, aroma flavor, herbal flavor, and floral flavor (30) After the liquid or powder of the raw material is added in a weight ratio of 0,01% to 3% and the nano silver 20 is mixed with PPM at a constant weight ratio in the range of 2PPM to 999 PPM, and then put into the mixer 40. After a predetermined stirring (50) process in the stirrer, the mold (60) is pressurized (60) to a pressure of 10KG-500KG in the mold (60), and after drying (80), the nano silver (20) and the fragrance ash (30) ) Mixed with glaze

In the kiln for baking a tile (10) after heating (70) by heating and baking the tile (10) at a temperature ratio of at least 700 ℃ ~ 2000 ℃ to steam curing (90) with steam (80) to complete the tile (10) ) Is a block diagram of

Figure 3 is a block diagram of the non-plastic tile (10) containing the nano-silver and the fragrance of the present invention after the nano-silver (20) and the fragrance ash (30) was added to the synthetic resin or mineral material and mixed in a mixer After the agitator (50) process in the stirrer, it is press-formed (60) at a pressure ratio between 10KG-500KG in the mold (60) mold, and then separated from the mold (60) mold and dried naturally by sunlight (80). ) Is a block diagram of the fluorinated (70) tile (10) to be completed after drying (80) by steam curing (90) with steam after the fluorine (70) to be shown in the figure.

The present invention is added to the nano-silver (20) (NANO SILVER) to the tile (10) made of a synthetic resin or mineral material or nano silver 20 and the fragrance ash (30) to the inside and outside of the body of the tile (10) The coating is characterized in that it produces a functional tile 10 that is sterilized and antibacterial and deodorant function microbial removal and scent divergence by the fragrance ash (30).

[Example]

Applicants could see a schematic process of tiles 10 widely used in construction or structures, and could not manufacture tiles 10 directly with kilns 70 to test them. Purchasing a silver ion generator that produces silver ions stably with high purity, made a 20 ppm pure silver ion water solution obtained by decomposing silver rods with D / C current, and then mixed the aromatic aroma to 10 ppm and sterilized 20 L of silver nano solution was added to the prepared tank, and the recently produced synthetic resin tile (10) and cement tile (10), which produced contaminated tiles (10) and environmental hormones having a high standard range of bacteria, were purchased. 10 minutes each was deposited in the solution to deposit silver ions, followed by drying (80) for 30 minutes in the drying (80) period. The present invention is briefly presented, and it is confirmed that the present invention is expected to have a good result and also has a soft natural scent and can be sufficiently applied industrially. It was completed.

As described above, the present invention is a silver (Ag) solution to the raw material of the tile (10) made of a synthetic resin or a mineral nano (20) (NANO SILVER) powder or silver (Ag) solution having many of the above advantages The raw material of the fragrance ash (30) such as fruit aroma, aroma, herb, flower, etc. in the blending process or the nano silver (20) in a weight ratio of 0.01% to 5%, or in any desired process during the manufacturing process or the final process. Of liquid or powder at a weight ratio of 0,01% to 3%, or by mixing nano silver (NANO SILVER) in any one compounding ratio between 2PPM and 999 PPM in PPM units. Kneading, Molding (60), Drying (80), Plasticity (70) By doing so, environmental hormones, bacteria, pathogens, fungi and microorganisms can be used to make the tiles 10 easy to produce and reproduce cleanly and hygienically, thereby increasing the health and atmosphere of residents.

In the above, the embodiments or preferred embodiments of the present invention are easily described.

Those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains will understand that the present invention can be variously modified or modified without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention as described in the claims.

test subject unit Strain Nano silver addition 5% (after 10 minutes) General bacteria CFU / mL 3.4 X 10 ³ 0 Escherichia coli CFU / mL 3.1 X 10 ³ 0 Fungus CFU / mL 3.3 X 10 ² 0

(This test report is an analytical data of Korea Chemical Laboratory in June 2004)

Claims (2)

The present invention is a solution of nano-silver (20) in the mixing or stirring (50) of the tile 10 made of synthetic resin or mineral material material widely used as interior and exterior materials or flooring during construction or during the final process. Alternatively, the powder may be blended, mixed and coated in a weight ratio of 0.01 to 5%, and the liquid or powder of the raw material of the fragrance ash (30) such as fruit, aroma, herb, and flower may be mixed in a weight ratio of 0,01% to 3%. Nano silver (20) and fragrance-containing tiles, characterized in that it has anti-sterilization, anti-infrared and silver ion radiation deodorizing effect, anti-static, electromagnetic wave blocking, detoxification effect, fragrance divergence effect. The method of claim 1 The nano silver (NANO SILVER) solution or powder is mixed with the raw material of the tile (10) made of mineral or synthetic resin material by making a solute of silver solution or powder in any weight ratio between 2PPM and 999 PPM in PPM unit, After stirring, blending and injecting into the mold (60) In baking kilns, the compacted (60) tile (10) is baked at a pressure ratio between 10 KG and 500 KG. A plasticizing process for heating and firing at a temperature ratio of 700 ° C to 2000 ° C (70) or non-plasticizing drying (80) by natural light and steam curing with steam (90). The nano silver and the fragrance-containing tile, which is characterized by having far-infrared radiation function of anti-bacterial, sterilization and silver ion deodorizing effect and fragrance divergence effect by drying (80).