KR20040015064A - Microwave power cell, chemical reactor, and power converter - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a power source and / or a power converter. The power source includes a cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen forming a composition of matter comprising new hydrogen species and / or new forms of hydrogen. The reaction can be initiated and / or maintained by a microwave or glow discharge plasma of hydrogen and a catalyst source. The power from the hydrogen catalysis can be converted directly to electricity because it forms a plasma or contributes energy to the plasma. The plasma power can be converted from the directional flow of ions formed using a magnetic mirror based on adiabatic invariant, V ² _ㅗ / B = constant, by an electromagnetic fluid dynamics power converter to electricity. Optionally, the power converter includes a magnetic field that allows the cation to be separated from the electrons using at least one electrode that produces a voltage in terms of at least one counter electrode connected through a load.

Description

Microwave Power Cells, Chemical Reactors, and Power Converters {MICROWAVE POWER CELL, CHEMICAL REACTOR, AND POWER CONVERTER}

This application is subject to U. S. Serial Nos. 60 / 273,556, filed Jan. 2001; 60 / 279,764, filed on 2001.3.30; 60 / 281,408, filed Apr. 2001; 60 / 284,865, filed Apr. 20, 2001; 60 / 290,067, 2001.5.11 filed; 60/295, 024, filed June 2001; 60 / 304,783, filed 13 July 2001; 60 / 310,848, filed Aug. 9, 2001; 60 / 326,731, filed Jan. 2001; 60 / 328,446, filed October 12, 2001; 60 / 330,688, filed October 29, 2001; And 60 / 333,534, November 28, 2001, which claim priority, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Contents

I. Overview

1. Scope of Invention

2. Background of the Invention

2.1 hydrino

2.2 Hydride Ions

2.3 Hydrogen Plasma

2.4 Electromagnetic Fluid Mechanics

2.5 magnetic mirror

2.6 Plasma Mechanics

II. Summary of the Invention

1. Hydrogen catalysis to form a composition of a material comprising a novel hydrogen species and a novel form of hydrogen

2. Hydride Reactor

3. Catalyst

3.1 Atomic and Ion Catalysts

3.2 hydrino catalyst

4. Control of Catalysis Rate

5. Rare Gas Catalysts and Products

6. Plasma and Light Sources from Hydrogen Catalysis

7. Energy reactor

8. Microwave Plasma Cell Hydride and Power Reactor

9. Capacitive and Inductively Coupled RF Plasma Cell Hydride and Power Reactors

10. Magnetic mirror electromagnetic fluid dynamics power converter

11. Plasma Mechanics Power Converter

12. hydrino hydride battery

III. Brief description of the drawings

IV. Detailed description of the invention

1. Power Cells, Hydride Reactors, and Power Converters

1.1. Plasma electrolytic cell hydride reactor

1.2 Gas Cell Hydride Reactor and Power Reactor

1.3 gas discharge cell hydride reactor

1.4 High Frequency (RF) Barrier Electrode Discharge Cells

1.5 Plasma Torch Cell Hydride Reactor

2. Microwave Gas Cell Hydride and Power Reactor

3. Capacitively and Inductively Coupled RF Plasma Gas Cell Hydride and Power Reactors

4. Power converter

4.1 Plasma confinement by space constrained catalysis

4.2 Power Converter Based on Magnetic Flux Invariance

4.2.1 Ion Flow Power Converters

4.2.2 Magnetic Mirror Power Converter

4.2. 3 magnetic bottle power converter

4.3 Power Converter Based on Magnetic Space Charge Separation

4.4 Plasma Mechanics

4.5. Photon Bundle RF Power Converter

The present invention relates to a power source and / or a power converter. The power source includes a cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen forming a composition of matter comprising new hydrogen species and / or new forms of hydrogen. The reaction can be initiated and / or maintained by a microwave or glow discharge plasma of hydrogen and a catalyst source. The power from the hydrogen catalysis can be converted directly to electricity because it forms a plasma or contributes energy to the plasma. The plasma power can be converted from the directional flow of ions formed using a magnetic mirror based on adiabatic invariant, V ² _ㅗ / B = constant, by an electromagnetic fluid dynamics power converter to electricity. Optionally, the power converter includes a magnetic field that allows the cation to be separated from the electrons using at least one electrode that produces a voltage in terms of at least one counter electrode connected through a load.

2. Background of the Invention

2.1 hydrino

Binding energy = 13.6 / (1 / p) 2 eV, (1)

Where p is an integer having an integer greater than 1, preferably a binding energy given by 2 to 200, is disclosed below, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety: R. Mills, The Grand UIFIED THEORY OF CLASSICAL QUANTUNA MECHANICS, January 2000 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, NewJersey, Distributed by Amazon. com ("'00 Mills GUT"), provided by BLACLCLIGHT Power, Inc., 493 Old Trenton Road, Cranbury, NJ, 08512; R. Mills, THE GRAYAD UNIFRED TLTEORY OF CLASSICAL QUANTUM MECHANICS, SEPTEMBER 2001 Edition, BLACKLIGHT Power, Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey, Distributed by Amazon. com ("'01 Mills GUT"), provided by BLACKLIGHT Power, Inc., 493 Old Trenton Road, Cranbury, NJ, 08512 (posted at www. blacklightpower. com); R. Mills, P. Ray, R. Mayo, "CW HI Laser Based on a Stationary Inverted Lyman Population Formed from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Group I Catalysts", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, J. Dong, M. Nansteel, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Spectral Emission of Fractional-Principal-Quantum-Energy-Level Molecular Hydrogen", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, submitted; RL Mills, P. Ray, E. Dayalan, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Comparison of Excessive Balmer a Line Broadening of Inductively and Capacitively Coupled RF, Microwave, and Glow Discharge Hydrogen Plasmas with Certain Catalysts", SPECTROCHIMICA Acta, Part A, submitted; R. Mayo, R. Mills, M. Nansteel, "Direct PLASMADYNAMIC Conversion of Plasma Thermal Power to Electricity", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, submitted; H. Conrads, R. Mills, Th. Wrubel, "Emission in the Deep Vacuum Ultraviolet from an Incandescently Driven Plasma in a Potassium Carbonate Cell", Plasma Sources Science and Technology, submitted; R. L. Mills, P. RAY, "STATIONARY Inverted Lyman Population Formed from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Catalysts", Chem. Phys. Letts., Submitted; R. L. Mills, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Synthesis and Characterization of a Highly Stable Amorphous Silicon Hydride", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, submitted; R. L. Mills, A. Voigt, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Synthesis and Characterization of Lithium Chloro Hydride", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, "Substantial Changes in the Characteristics of a Microwave Plasma Due to Combining Argon and Hydrogen", New Journal of Physics, submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, "High Resolution Spectroscopic Observation of the Bound-Free [HYPERFINE] Levels of a Novel Hydride Ion Corresponding to a Fractional Rydberg State of Atomic Hydrogen", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, in press; RL Mills, E. Dayalan, "Novel Alkali and Alkaline Earth Hydrides for High Voltage and High Energy Density Batteries", Proceedings of the 17th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, California State University, Long Beach, CA, (January 15-18 , 2002), pp. 1-6; R. Mayo, R. Mills, M. Nansteel, "On the Potential of Direct and MHD Conversion of Power from a Novel Plasma Source to Electricity for Microdistributed Power Applications", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, submitted; R. Mills, P. Ray, J. Dong, M. Nansteel, W. Good, P. Jansson, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Excessive Balmer a Line Broadening, Power Balance, and Novel Hydride Ion Product of Plasma Formed from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Catalysts ", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, submitted; R. Mills, E. Dayalan, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Highly Stable Novel Inorganic Hydrides from Aqueous Electrolysis and Plasma Electrolysis", Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Comparison of Excessive Balmer a Line Broadening of Glow Discharge and Microwave Hydrogen Plasmas with Certain Catalysts", Chem. Phys., Submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Spectroscopic Identification of Fractional Rydberg States of Atomic Hydrogen", J. of Phys. Chem. (letter), submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, M. Nansteel, X. Chen, J. He, "New Power Source from Fractional Rydberg States of Atomic Hydrogen", Chem. Phys. Letts., In press; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, M. Nansteel, X. Chen, J. He, "Spectroscopic Identification of Transitions of Fractional Rydberg States of Atomic Hydrogen", Quantitative Spectroscopy and Energy Transfer, submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, M. Nansteel, X. Chen, J. He, "New Power Source from Fractional Quantum Energy Levels of Atomic Hydrogen that Surpasses Internal Combustion", Spectrochimica Acta, Part A, submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, "Spectroscopic Identification OF A Novel Catalytic Reaction of Rubidium Ion with Atomic Hydrogen and the Hydride Ion Product", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, in press; R. Mills, J. Dong, W. Good, P. Ray, J. He, B. Dhandapani, "Measurement of Energy Balances of Noble Gas-Hydrogen Discharge Plasmas Using Calvet CALORIMETRY", LIT. J. Hydrogen Energy, in press; R. L. Mills, A. Voigt, P. Ray, M. Nansteel, B. Dhandapani, "Measurement of Hydrogen Balmer Line Broadening and Thermal Power Balances of Noble Gas-Hydrogen Discharge Plasmas", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, No. 6, (2002), pp. 671-685; R. Mills, P. Ray, "Vibrational Spectral Emission of Fractional-Principal-Quantum-Energy-Level Hydrogen Molecular Ion", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, No. 5, (2002), pp. 533-564; R. Mills, P. Ray, "Spectral Emission of Fractional Quantum Energy Levels of Atomic Hydrogen from a Helium- Hydrogen Plasma and the Implications for Dark Matter", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 301-322; R. Mills, P. Ray, "Spectroscopic Identification of a Novel Catalytic Reaction of Potassium and Atomic Hydrogen and the Hydride Ion Product", HIT. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, No. 2, (2002), pp. 183-192; R. Mills, "BlackLight Power Technology-A New Clean Hydrogen Energy Source with the Potential for Direct Conversion to Electricity", Proceedings of the National Hydrogen Association, 12 th Annual US Hydrogen Meeting and Exposition, Hydrogen: The Common Thread, The Washington Hilton and Towers, Washington DC, (March 6-8,2001), pp. 671-697; R. Mills, W. Good, A. Voigt, Jinquan Dong, "Minimum Heat of Formation of Potassium Iodo Hydride", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 11, (2001), pp. 1199-1208; R. Mills, "Spectroscopic Identification of a Novel Catalytic Reaction of Atomic Hydrogen and the Hydride Ion Product", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 10, (2001), pp. 1041-1058; R. Mills, N. Greenig, S. Hicks, "Optically Measured Power Balances of Glow Discharges of Mixtures of Argon, Hydrogen, and Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, or Strontium Vapor", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, No. 6, (2002), pp. 651-670; R. Mills, "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics", Global Foundation, Inc. Orbis Scientiae entitled The ROLE OF ATTRACTIVE AND REPULSIVE GAVITATIONAL FORCES IN COSMIC Acceleration OF PARTICLES THE ORIGIN OF THE COSNZIC GAMMA RAY BURSTS, (29th Conference on High Energy Physics and Cosmology Since 1964). BEHRAM N. Kursunoglu, Chairman, December 14-17,2000, Lago Mar Resort, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 243-258; R. Mills, "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, No. 5, (2002), pp. 565-590; R. Mills and M. Nansteel, P. Ray, "Argon-Hydrogen-Strontium Discharge Light Source", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, in press; R. Mills, B. Dhandapani, M. Nansteel, J. He, A. "Voigt, Identification of Compounds Containing Novel Hydride Ions by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 9, (2001), pp. 965-979; R. MILLS, "BLACKLIGHT Power Technology-A New Clean Energy Source with the Potential for Direct Conversion to Electricity", Global Foundation International Conference on "Global Warming and Energy Policy", Behram N. Kursunoglu, Chairman, Fort Lauderdale, FL, November 26-28,2000, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 1059-1096; R. MILLS, "THE Nature of Free Electrons in Superfluid Helium--a Test of Quantum Mechanics and a Basis to Review its Foundations and Make a Comparison to Classical Theory", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 10, (2001), pp. 1059-1096; R. Mills, M. Nansteel, and Y. Lu, "Excessively Bright Hydrogen-Strontium Plasma Light Source Due to Energy Resonance of Strontium with Hydrogen", Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, submitted; R. Mills, J. Dong, Y. Lu, "Observation of Extreme Ultraviolet Hydrogen Emission from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Catalysts", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 25, (2000), pp. 919-943; R. Mills, "Observation of Extreme Ultraviolet Emission from Hydrogen-KI Plasmas Produced by a Hollow Cathode Discharge", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 6, (2001), pp. 579-592; R. Mills, "Temporal Behavior of Light-Emission in the Visible Spectral Range from a Ti-K2CO3-H-Cell", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 4, (2001), pp. 327-332; R. Mills, T. Onuma, and Y. Lu, "Formation of a Hydrogen Plasma from an Incandescently Heated Hydrogen-Catalyst Gas Mixture with an Anomalous Afterglow Duration", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 7, July, (2001), pp. 749-762; R. Mills, M. Nansteel, and Y. Lu, "Observation of Extreme Ultraviolet Hydrogen Emission from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Strontium that Produced an Anomalous Optically Measured Power Balance", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 4, (2001), pp. 309-326; R. Mills, The GRAND UNIFIED THEOIY OF CLASSICAL QUANTUIN Mechanics, September 2001 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey, Distributed by Amazon. com; R. Mills, B. Dhandapani, N. Greenig, J. He, "Synthesis and Characterization of Potassium Iodo Hydride", Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 25, Issue 12, December, (2000), pp. 1185-1203; R. Mills, "Novel Inorganic Hydride", Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 25, (2000), pp. 669-683; R. Mills, B. Dhandapani, M. Nansteel, J. He, T. Shannon, A. Echezuria, “Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Hydride Compounds”, Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 4, (2001), pp. 339-367; R. Mills, "Highly Stable Novel Inorganic Hydrides", Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems, in press; R. Mills, "Novel Hydrogen Compounds from a Potassium Carbonate Electrolytic Cell", Fusion Technology, Vol. 37, No. 2, March, (2000), pp. 157-182; R. Mills, "The Hydrogen Atom Revisited", Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 25, Issue 12, December, (2000), pp. 1171-1183 .; Mills, R., Good, W., "Fractional Quantum Energy Levels of Hydrogen", Fusion Technology, Vol. 28, No. 4, November, (1995), pp. 1697-1719; Mills, R., Good, W., Shaubach, R., "Dihydrino Molecule Identification", Fusion Technology, Vol. 25,103 (1994); R. Mills and S. Kneizys, Fusion Technol. Vol. 20,65 (1991); V. NONINSKI, Fusion Technol., Vol. 21,163 (1992); Niedra, J., Meyers, I., FRALICK, GC, and Baldwin, R., "Replication of the Apparent Excess Heat Effect in a Light Water- Potassium Carbonate-Nickel Electrolytic Cell, NASA Technical Memorandum 107167, February, (1996) pp. 1-20 .; Niedra, J., Baldwin, R., Meyers, I., NASA Presentation of Light Water Electrolytic Tests, May 15,1994; and in prior PCT applications PCT / USOO / 20820; PCT / USOO / 20819; PCT / US99 / 17171; PCT / US99 / 17129; PCT / US 98/22822; PCT / US98 / 14029; PCT / US96 / 07949; PCT / US94 / 02219; PCT / US91 / 08496; PCT / US90 / 01998; and prior US Patent Applications Ser.No. 09 / 225,687, filed on January 6,1999; Ser.No. 60 / 095,149, filed August 3,1998; Ser.No. 60 / 101,651, filed September 24,1998 ; Ser.No. 60/105, 752, filed October 26,1998; Ser.No. 60 / 113,713, filed December 24,1998; Ser.No. 60 / 123,835, filed March 11, 1999; Ser.No. 60 / 130,491, filed April 22,1999; Ser.No. 60 / 141,036, filed June 29,1999; Serial No. 09 / 009,294 filed January 20,1998; Serial No. 09 / 111,160 filed July 7,1998 ; Serial No. 09 / 111,170 filed July 7,1998; Serial No. 09 / 111,016 filed July 7,1998; Serial No. 09 / 111,003 filed July 7, 1998; Serial No. 09 / 110,694 filed July 7,1998; Serial No. 09 / 110,717 filed July 7,1998; Serial No. 60/053378 filed July 22,1997; Serial No. 60/068913 filed December 29,1997; Serial No. 60/090239 filed June 22,1998; Serial No. 09/009455 filed January 20,1998; Serial No. 09 / 110,678 filed July 7,1998; Serial No. 60 / 053,307 filed July 22,1997; Serial No. 60/068918 filed Dec 29,1997; Serial No. 60 / 080,725 filed April 3,1998; Serial No. 09 / 181,180 filed October 28,1998; Serial No. 60 / 063,451 filed October 29,1997; Serial No. 09 / 008,947 filed January 20,1998; Serial No. 60 / 074,006 filed February 9, 1998; Serial No. 60/080, 647 filed April 3,1998; Serial No. 09 / 009,837 filed January 20, 1998; Serial No. 08 / 822,170 filed March 27,1997; Serial No. 08 / 592,712 filed January 26, 1996; Serial No. 08/467, 051 filed on June 6, 1995; Serial No. 08/416, 040 filed on April 3, 1995; Serial No. 08 / 467,911 filed on June 6,1995; Serial No. 08 / 107,357 filed on August 16,1993; Serial No. 08 / 075,102 filed on June 11, 1993; Serial No. 07 / 626,496 filed on December 12, 1990; Serial No. 07 / 345,628 filed April 28,1989; Serial No. 07 / 341,733 filed April 21,1989.

The binding energy of an atom, ion or molecule, known as ionization energy, is the energy needed to remove one electron from an atom, ion or molecule. A hydrogen atom having a binding energy given by formula (1) is referred to herein as a hydrino atom or hydrino. and _H is a normal radius of a hydrogen atom, and p is a name for a hydroxy Reno integer radius a _H / p is _H [a H / p]. Hydrogen atoms having a radius a _H are referred to herein as "normal hydrogen atoms" or ordinary hydrogen atoms. Typical hydrogen atoms are characterized by a binding energy of 13.6 eV.

Hydrino is a common hydrogen atom

m · 27.2 eV (2a)

It is formed by reacting with a catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy of where m is an integer. This catalyst has been mentioned here also in the patent application of Mill, which was previously filed as "energy hole" or "source of energy hole". It is believed that the rate of the catalytic reaction increases as the net enthalpy of the reaction is matched closer to m · 27.2 eV. It has been found that a catalyst having a net enthalpy within ± 10%, more preferably ± 5% of m · 27.2 eV, is suitable for most applications.

In another embodiment, the catalyst that produces hydrino is about

m / 2 · 27.2 eV (2b)

Has a net reaction enthalpy of where m is an integer greater than one. It is believed that the rate of catalysis increases as the net enthalpy of the reaction matches closer to m / 2 · 27.2 eV. It has been found that a catalyst having a net enthalpy within ± 10%, more preferably ± 5% of m / 2 · 27.2 eV, is suitable for most applications.

The catalyst of the present invention undergoes a transition from a hydrogen to a resonant excited state energy level with energy transfer, thereby providing a net enthalpy of m · 27.2 eV where m is an integer or m / 2 · 27.2 eV where m is an integer greater than one. . For example, He ⁺ absorbs 40.8 eV upon transition from an energy level of n = 1 to an energy level of n = 2 corresponding to 3/2 · 27.2 eV (m = 3 in equation (2b)). This energy resonates with the energy difference between the p = 2 and p = 1 states of the atomic hydrogen given in equation (1). Thus, He ⁺ can operate as a catalyst causing a transition between these hydrogen states.

The catalyst of the present invention can provide a net enthalpy of m · 27.2 eV where m is an integer or m / 2 · 27.2 eV where m is an integer greater than 1 by ionization during resonance energy transfer. For example, the third ionization energy of argon is 40.74 eV; Ar ²⁺ thus absorbs 40.74 eV during ionization with Ar ³⁺ corresponding to 3/2 · 27.2 eV (m = 3 in equation (2b)). This energy resonates with the energy difference between the p = 2 and p = 1 states of the atomic hydrogen given in equation (1). Thus, Ar ²⁺ can operate as a catalyst causing a transition between these hydrogen states.

This catalysis releases energy from the hydrogen atoms with a similar decrease in the size of the hydrogen atoms, r _n = na _H. For example, in the H (n = 1) catalysis to H (n = 1/2) is released to 40.8 eV, and the catalyst and the radius decreases from a _H to 1 / 2a _H. A catalyst system is provided by ionizing t electrons from each atom into the continuum energy level, and the sum of the ionization energies of t electrons is approximately mX27.2 eV, where m is an integer. One such catalyst system comprises potassium metal. The first, second and third ionization energies of potassium are 4.34066 eV, 31.63 eV and 45.806 eV, respectively. DR Linde, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78 th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (1997), p. 10-214 to 10-216. The triple ionization (t = 3) reaction from K to K ³⁺ then has a net reaction enthalpy of 81.7426 eV, corresponding to m = 3 in equation (2a).

In addition, since the second ionization energy of rubidium is 27.28 eV, rubidium ion (Rb ⁺ ) is a catalyst. In this case, the catalytic reaction

In addition, since the second ionization energy of helium is 54.417 eV, helium ion (He ⁺ ) is a catalyst. In this case, the catalytic reaction

Argon is a catalyst. The second ionization energy is 27.63 eV.

Neon ions and protons can also provide a plurality of net enthalpies of potential energy of hydrogen atoms. The second ionization energy of neon is 40.96 eV and H ⁺ emits 13.6 eV, which is reduced to H. The combination of the reaction of Ne ⁺ to Ne ²⁺ and H ⁺ to H then has a net enthalpy of 27.63 eV, which is equivalent to m = 1 in equation (2a).

Neon may also provide its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of a hydrogen atom. Ne ⁺ has an excited state Ne ^{+ *} of 27.2 eV (46.5 nm) giving a net reaction enthalpy of 27.2 eV, which is equivalent to m = 1 in equation (2a).

The first neon excimer continuum Ne ₂ ^* may also provide its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom. The first ionization energy of neon is 21.56454 eV, and the first neon excimer continuum Ne ₂ ^* has an excited state energy of 15.92 eV. The reaction of Ne ₂ ^* to 2 Ne ⁺ , then, has a net reaction enthalpy of 27.21 eV, which is equivalent to m = 1 in equation (2a).

Similar to helium, the helium excimer continuum for the shorter wavelength He ₂ ^* may also provide its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom. The first ionization energy of helium is 24.58741 eV, and the helium excimer continuum He ₂ ^* has an excited state energy of 21.97 eV. The combination of the reaction from He ₂ ^* to 2 He ⁺ has a net reaction enthalpy of 27.21, which is equivalent to m = 1 in equation (2a).

The ionization energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV. Both atoms can provide its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom of the third hydrogen atom. The ionization energy of the two hydrogen atoms is 27.21 eV, which is equivalent to m = 1 in equation (2a). Thus, as a catalyst causing the transition, the transition cascade for the p cycle of two hydrogen atoms, H [a _H / 1] to H [a _H / p]

The nitrogen molecule can also provide its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom. The binding energy of the nitrogen molecule is 9.75 eV, and the first and second ionization energies of the nitrogen atom are 14.53414 eV and 29.6013 eV, respectively. The combination of 2N of N ₂ and N ²⁺ reaction of N then has a net reaction enthalpy of 53.9 eV, which is equivalent to m = 2 in formula (2a).

The carbon molecule also provides its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom. The binding energy of the carbon molecules is 6.29 eV, and the first to sixth ionization energies of carbon atoms are 11.2603 eV, 24.38332 eV, 47.8878 eV, 64.4939, and 392.087 eV, respectively [32]. The combination of 2C at C ₂ and C ⁵⁺ at C has the net enthalpy of 546.40232 eV, which corresponds to m = 20 in formula (2a).

The oxygen molecule also provides its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom. The binding energy of the oxygen molecule is 5.165 eV, and the first and second ionization energies of the oxygen atoms are 13.61860 eV and 35.11730 eV, respectively [32]. In the combination of O ₂ and O ²⁺ at 2O is O, then, it has a net enthalpy of 53.9 eV, which corresponds to m = 2 in the formula (2a).

The oxygen molecule also provides its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom by selective reaction. The binding energy of the oxygen molecules is 5.165 eV, and the first to third ionization energies of the oxygen atoms are 13.61860 eV, 35.11730 eV, and 54.9355 eV, respectively [32]. The combination of ₂ O in O 2 and O ³⁺ in O ₂ then has a net enthalpy of 108.83 eV, which corresponds to m = 4 in formula (2a).

The oxygen molecule also provides its plurality of net enthalpies of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom by selective reaction. The binding energy of the oxygen molecules is 5.165 eV, and the first to fifth ionization energies of the oxygen atoms are 13.61860 eV, 35.11730 eV, 54.9355 eV, 77.41353 eV, and 113.899 eV, respectively [32]. The combination of 2O in O ₂ and O ⁵⁺ in O ₂ then has a net enthalpy of 300.15 eV, which corresponds to m = 11 in equation (2a).

In addition to the exemplary catalysts of nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen molecules, other molecules may be catalysts according to the invention, wherein the ionization of t electrons from the atoms breaking the molecular bonds and the continuum energy levels from the decomposed molecules is t The sum of the ionization energies of the electrons is about m · 27.2 eV, where t and m are each an integer. Binding and ionization energies can be found from standard sources, respectively, in D. R. Linde, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79 th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (1999), p. 9-51 to 9-69 and David R. Linde, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79 th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (1998-9), p. 10-175 to p. 10-177. Thus, other molecular catalysts can be determined by one skilled in the art that provide an enthalpy in an amount of m · 27.2 eV that can cause the release of energy from atomic hydrogen.

Given below is a molecular hydrogen catalyst capable of producing hydrinos, thereby breaking molecular bonds and providing a net reaction enthalpy of approximately mX27.2 eV so that t electrons are ionized from the free atoms of the corresponding molecule. The bond of the given molecule in the first column is broken, and the atom given in the first column is ionized to give a net reaction enthalpy of mX27.2 eV given in the eleventh column where m is given in the twelfth column. The broken bond energy given by Linde, incorporated by reference, is given in the second column and the ionized electrons are given as ionization potential (or ionization energy or binding energy). Linde, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79 th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (1999), p. 9-51 to 9-69. The nth ionization potential of an atom or ion is expressed in IPn and given by Linde, incorporated herein by reference R. Linde, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79 th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (1998-9), p. 10-175 to p. 10-177. For example, the binding energy of the hydrogen molecule, BE = 5.165 eV, is given in the second column, and the first ionization energy, IP ₁ = 13.61806 eV and the second ionization energy, IP ₂ = 35.11730 eV are the third and fourth, respectively. Given in the column. In the O ₂ in the O 2 O and O ²⁺ combination of reaction has a net enthalpy of 54.26 eV, it is given in the enthalpy of the column, and the m = 2 in the formula (2a) as given in the twelfth column.

In one embodiment, the molecular catalyst such as nitrogen is combined with another catalyst such as Ar ⁺ (formula (12-14)) or He ⁺ (formula (9-11)). In another embodiment of the catalyst combination of argon and nitrogen, the percentage of nitrogen is 1-10%. In another embodiment of the catalytic combination of argon and nitrogen, the source of hydrogen atoms is a hydrogen halide such as HF.

The energy given during catalysis is much greater than the energy lost to the catalyst. The energy released is large compared to conventional catalytic reactors. For example, when hydrogen and oxygen gas are burned to form water,

H ₂ (g) +1/2 O ₂ (g)-> H ₂ O (l) (42)

Known enthalpy of water formation is ΔH _f = -286 kJ / mole or 1.48 eV per hydrogen atom. In comparison, each ordinary hydrogen atom undergoing a catalytic reaction (n = 1) emits a net enthalpy of 40.8 eV. Moreover, other catalytic transitions may also occur. n = 1/2-> 1/3, 1/3-> 1/4, 1/4-> 1/5 and so on. Once catalysis begins, the hydrinos are more autocatalyzed in a process called disproportionation. This mechanism is similar to that of inorganic ion catalysts. However, hydrino catalysis has a higher reaction rate than inorganic ion catalysts due to a better match for enthalpy of m · 27.2 eV.

2.2 Hydride Ions

Hydride ions contain two indistinguishable electrons that are anchored to the proton. Alkaline and alkaline earth hydrides react violently with water and burn in air ignited by water and heat of reaction. Typically, metal hydrides decompose upon heating at temperatures below the melting point of the parent metal.

2.3 Hydrogen Plasma

The historical motivation for causing emissions from hydrogen gas is that the hydrogen spectrum was recorded first from the only known source, the sun. Appropriate sources and spectrometers have been developed to enable observation in the extreme ultraviolet range. Developed sources that provide adequate strength are high voltage discharges, synchrotron devices, inductively coupled plasma generators, and self-limiting plasmas. An important change in the latter type of source is the tokamak, where a plasma is created and heated to very high temperatures (eg> 10 ⁶ K) by ohmic heating, RF coupling, or neutral beam firing.

2.4 Electromagnetic Fluid Mechanics

Charge separation based on the formation of mass flow of ions in crossed magnetic fields is conventionally known as an electromagnetic fluid dynamic (MHD) power converter. Positive or negative ions experience Lorentzian deflection in the opposite direction and are received at the corresponding electrode, which affects the voltage between them. A typical MHD method for forming a mass flow of ions uses a high pressure gas seeded with ions through a nozzle to create a high velocity flow through a crossed magnetic field with a series of electrodes crossed in terms of the deflection field to receive deflected ions. To expand. In the present hydride reactor, the pressure is not necessary, but is typically below atmospheric pressure, and the directional mass flow can be achieved by magnetic mirror or thermodynamic or other suitable means.

2.5 magnetic mirror

The power converter may comprise a magnetic mirror which is the source of the magnetic field gradient in a given direction of ion flow, where the adiabatic invariant v _ㅗ ² / B = constant, along with the conservation of energy according to the orbital velocity v _ㅗ as the plasma electrons decrease. The parallel velocity of v _II increases and the linear energy is derived from the orbital motion. As the magnetic flux B decreases, the radius a increases and the flux π a ² B remains constant. The flux invariance connecting the orbits is the basis of the "magnetic mirror" mechanism. The magnetic mirror principle is that if the initial velocity to the mirror is ejected from the mirror otherwise the charged particles will be reflected in the strong magnetic field region. The adiabatic invariance of flux through the orbit of ions is a means of the present invention that converts from v _ㅗ to v _II and forms a flow of ions with v _II > v _ㅗ .

Two or more magnetic mirrors may form a magnetic bottle that limits the plasma formed by hydrogen catalysis. The ions created in the central bottle spiral along the axis, but will be reflected by a magnetic mirror at each end. More energetic ions with high velocity components parallel to a given axis will escape at the end of the bottle. Thus, the bottle can produce an inevitable linear flow of ions at the end of the magnetic bottle with an electrohydrodynamic converter. In the plasmadynamic embodiment of the present invention, a voltage is generated because the electrons can be preferably limited because of their lower mass with respect to the cation. It flows between an anode in contact with a power constrained electron and a cathode, such as a wall of a reaction vessel that recruits cations. Power is distributed at the load.

2.6 Plasma Mechanics

The mass of positively charged ions in the plasma is at least 1800 electrons. So the cyclotone orbit is 1800 times larger. This resulted in the electrons trapping magnetically in the magnetic field lines while the ions were drifting. Charge separation can occur to provide a voltage.

1 is a schematic diagram of a power system including a hydride reactor according to the present invention.

2 is a schematic view of a battery according to the invention.

3 is a schematic diagram of a plasma electrolyzer hydride reactor according to the present invention.

4 is a schematic diagram of a gas cell hydride reactor according to the present invention.

5 is a schematic diagram of a gas discharge cell hydride reactor according to the present invention.

6 is a schematic diagram of an RF barrier electrode gas discharge cell hydride reactor according to the present invention.

7 is a schematic diagram of a plasma torch cell hydride reactor according to the present invention.

8 is a schematic diagram of another plasma torch cell hydride reactor according to the present invention.

9 is a schematic diagram of a microwave gas cell reactor or an RF gas cell reactor according to the present invention.

10 is a schematic diagram of a magnetic mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter according to the present invention.

11 is a schematic diagram of another magnetic mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter according to the present invention.

12 is a schematic representation of the joist line of the magnetic mirror centered at z = 0 for the z <0 position in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a magneto-power converter that may act as an energy ion source for an electromagnetic fluid dynamic power converter, and may further act as a means for limiting electrons in the implementation of a plasma dynamic power converter.

14 is a schematic diagram of a plasmadynamic power converter according to the present invention.

15 is a schematic diagram of a plurality of magnetized electrodes serving as the cathode of the plasmadynamic power converter of FIG. 14 in accordance with the present invention.

16 is a schematic diagram of a high frequency power converter having a high frequency bundle of protons according to the present invention.

Detailed description of the invention

The following preferred embodiments of the present invention disclose a number of characteristic ranges including but not limited to voltage, current, pressure, temperature, and the like, and are intended only as illustrative examples. Based on the detailed description, those skilled in the art can easily implement the present invention within other characteristic ranges to produce certain results without unlimited experimentation.

1. Power Cells, Hydride Reactors, and Power Converters

One embodiment of the present invention includes a power system including the hydride reactor shown in FIG. The hydrino hydride reactor includes a vessel 52 containing a catalysis mixture 54. The catalysis mixture 54 includes a source of atomic hydrogen 56 supplied through the hydrogen supply passage 41 and a catalyst 58 supplied through the catalyst supply passage 41. Catalyst 58 has a net enthalpy of the reaction wherein m is an integer of about m / 2 · 27.21 ± 0.5 eV, where m is an integer, preferably less than 400. Catalysis involves reacting atomic hydrogen from source 56 with catalyst 58 to produce power with low energy hydrogen “hydrino”. The hydride reactor further includes an electron source for contacting hydrinos with electrons to reduce hydrinos to hydrino hydride ions.

The hydrogen source may be hydrogen gas, water, conventional hydrides, or metal hydrogen solutions. Water can be decomposed by pyrolysis or electrolysis, for example, to form hydrogen atoms. According to one embodiment of the invention, molecular hydrogen is decomposed to atomic hydrogen by molecular hydrogen decomposition catalysts. Such decomposition catalysts include, for example, precious metals such as palladium and platinum, refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten, nickel and titanium, Internal transition metals such as transition metals, niobium, and zirconium, and other metals described in the prior literature of wheat.

According to another embodiment of the invention, a photon source, such as a microwave or UV photon source, breaks down the hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms.

In the hydrino hydride reactor embodiment of the present invention, the means for forming the hydrino may be one of an electrochemical, chemical, photochemical, thermal, free radical, sonic, or nuclear reaction or inelastic photon or particle dispersion reaction. have. For the last two reactions, the hydride reactor comprises the particle source 75b and / or photon source 75a shown in FIG. In an embodiment of the hydrino hydride reactor, melt, liquid, gas, or solid state catalysts include those given in Tables 1 and 3 and those given in the tables of the prior art of wheat (eg, in PCT / US90 / 01998). Table 4, pages 25-46 and 80-108 of PCT / US94 / 02219).

When catalysis occurs in the gas phase, the catalyst can be maintained below atmospheric pressure, preferably from about 10 millitorr to about 100 torr. The atomic and / or molecular hydrogen reactants are also maintained at subatmospheric pressures, preferably from about 10 millitorr to about 100 torr. However, if desired, pressures higher than atmospheric can be used. Apparatus and methods for producing hydrinos are described in the mill's prior literature, including a list of effective catalysts and hydrogen sources. The hydrinos thus produced react with the electrons to form hydrino hydride ions. Methods of reducing hydrinos to hydrino hydrides include, for example: chemical gas reduction with a reducing agent in a gas cell hydride reactor; In a gas discharge cell hydride reactor, reduction by the cathode of plasma electrons or gas discharge cells; In a plasma torch hydride reactor, reduction by plasma electrons.

The power system may further include an electric field 76 source that may be used to regulate the rate of hydrogen catalysis. This can further concentrate the ions in the cell. This can further impart drift rates to the ions in the cell. The cell may further comprise a microwave power source, which is generally known in the art, for example, traveling waveguides, clostrons, magnetrons, cyclotron vacuum managers, gyrrones, and free electron lasers. The power cell can be an internal source of microwaves, where the plasma generated from the hydrogen catalysis reaction can be magnetized to produce microwaves.

1.1 Plasma Electrolytic Cell Hydride Reactor

The plasma electrolysis power and hydride reactor of the present invention for making low energy hydrogen compounds includes an electrolyzer forming the reaction vessel 52 of FIG. 1 and includes a molten electrolyzer. The electrolyzer 100 is generally shown in FIG. 3. Current flows through the electrolyte solution 102 with the catalyst by energizing the anode 104 and cathode 106 by a power controller 108 powered by the power supply 110. Ultrasonic or mechanical energy may also be applied to the cathode 106 and the electrolyte solution 102 by vibrating means. Heat may also be supplied to the electrolyte solution 102 through the heater 114. The pressure of the electrolyzer 100 can be controlled through pressure control means 116 in which the cell can be sealed. The reactor may further comprise means 101 for removing (molecular) low energy hydrogen, such as a selective discharge valve, to prevent the exothermic contraction reaction from equilibrating.

In an embodiment, the electrolyzer is further supplied with hydrogen from the hydrogen source 121 where the overpressure can be regulated by the pressure regulating means 122 and 116. Embodiments of an electrolyzer energy reactor include a reverse fuel cell structure that removes low energy hydrogen under vacuum. The reaction vessel may be closed except for connection to the condenser 140 at the top of the vessel 100. The cell is operated by boiling so that steam evaporating from the boiling electrolyte 102 condenses in the condenser 140 and the condensed water is returned to the vessel 100. Low energy state hydrogen may be discharged through the top of the capacitor 140. In one embodiment, the condenser includes a hydrogen / oxygen recombinator 145 that contacts the evaporating electrolyte gas. Hydrogen and oxygen are recombined and the resulting water can be returned to vessel 100. The heat released from the catalysis of hydrogen and the heat released due to electrolytically generated normal hydrogen and oxygen recombination may be removed by the heat exchanger 60 of FIG. 1, which may be connected to the capacitor 140.

Hydrino atoms are formed at the cathode 106 through contact between the catalyst of the electrolyte solution 102 and the hydrogen atoms generated at the cathode 106. The electrolyzer hydride reactor apparatus further comprises an electron source in contact with the hydrinos generated in the cell to form hydrino hydride ions. The hydrinos are reduced to the hydrino hydride ions in the electrolytic cell (i.e., electrons are obtained). Reduction occurs by contacting hydrinos with one of the following: 1) a cathode 106, 2) a reducing agent comprising a cell container 100, or 3) a feature designated as the anode 104 or electrolyte 102. One of the components of the same reactor, or 4) a reducing agent or other component 160 exogenous to the operation of the cell (ie, a consumable reducing agent introduced into the cell from an external source). One of these reducing agents includes an electron source that reduces hydrino to hydrino hydride ions.

Compounds may form between hydrino hydride ions and cations in an electrolytic cell. The cation may include, for example, an oxidized species of the cathode or anode material, a cation of the charged reducing agent, or a cation of the electrolyte (eg a cation including a catalyst).

The hydride reactors of the present invention for catalysis of plasma forming electrolytic power cells with increased binding energy hydrogen species and atomic hydrogen forming increased binding energy hydrogen compounds include vessels, cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, high voltage electrolytic power supplies and m. And a catalyst capable of providing a reaction net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.3 ± 0.5 eV, which is an integer and preferably an integer less than 400. In an embodiment, it is present in the range of about 10 V to 50 kV, and the current density may be as high as about 1 to 100 A / cm ² . The cathode of the cell may be tungsten, such as a tungsten rod, and the anode of the cell may be platinum. The catalyst of the cell is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, At least one selected from the group Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ and In ³⁺ do. The catalyst in the cell can be formed from a source of catalyst. Sources of catalyst forming the catalyst are Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , In ³⁺ , and K ⁺ It may include at least one selected from / K ⁺ .

The catalyst source may comprise a compound that provides K ⁺ which is reduced to catalytic potassium during electrolysis.

Compound formed

(a) (i) greater than the binding energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen species,

(ii) the binding energy of a common hydrogen species is less than the thermal energies or negative at ambient conditions, so that the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is larger than the binding energy of any unstable or unobserved hydrogen species.

At least one neutral, positive or negative increased binding energy hydrogen species having a binding energy; And

(b) at least one other element.

The increased binding energy hydrogen species may be selected from the group consisting of Hn, H ^- n, and H ⁺ n, where n is a positive integer, provided that n is greater than 1 when H is a positive charge. The compound formed is characterized in that the increased binding energy hydrogen species is selected from the group consisting of:

(a) the binding energy

Where p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum transmittance, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is the reduced electron weight, and a _o is Bohr Hydride ions having a binding energy greater than that of conventional hydride ions (about 0.8 eV) for p = 2 to 23, represented by the radius, and e is the basic charge; (b) a hydrogen atom having a binding energy greater than about 13.6 eV; (c) hydrogen molecules having a first binding energy greater than about 15.5 eV; And (d) molecular hydrogen ions having a binding energy greater than about 16.4 eV. Compounds may contain increased binding energy hydrogen species of about 3.0, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29.3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61.0, 65.6, 69.2, 71.5, 72.4, 71.5, 68.8, 64.0, 56.8, 47.1, It is characterized in that the hydride ions having a binding energy of 34.6, 19.2, or 0.65 eV. Compounds have increased binding energy

Where p is an integer greater than 1, where s = 1/2, π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum transmittance, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is the reduced electron weight, a _o is the Bohr radius, and e is the hydride ion, the basic charge. Compound is

(a) a hydrogen atom having a binding energy of about 13.6 eV / (1 / p) ² , where P is an integer,

(b) about

The increased binding energy hydride ion having a binding energy (H ^-), where s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum permeability, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is Reduced electron weight, a _o is the Bohr radius, and e is the base charge;

(c) increased binding energy hydrogen species H ₄ ⁺ (1 / p);

(d) increased binding energy hydrogen species trihydrino molecular ions having a binding energy of about 22.6 / (1 / p) ² eV, H ₃ ⁺ (1 / p), increased binding energy hydrogen species, where p is an integer ;

(e) increased binding energy hydrogen molecules having a binding energy of about 15.5 / (1 / p) ² eV; And

(f) is selected from the group consisting of increased binding energy hydrogen molecules with a binding energy of about 16.4 / (1 / p) ² eV.

1.2 Gas Cell Hydride Reactor and Power Converter

According to an embodiment of the invention, the hydrino hydride ions and the reactor for power generation may take the form of a hydrogen gas hydride reactor. The gas cell hydride reactor of the present invention is shown in FIG. Reactant hydrinos are provided by catalytic reaction with a catalyst such as at least one of those given by Tables 1 and 3 and / or disproportionation. Catalysis can occur in the gas phase.

The reactor of FIG. 4 includes a reaction vessel 207 having a chamber 200 that may contain a vacuum or a pressure above atmospheric pressure. The catalyst source 221 in communication with the chamber 200 delivers hydrogen to the chamber through the hydrogen supply passage 242. A controller 222 is positioned to control the pressure and hydrogen flow into the vessel through the hydrogen feed passage 242. Pressure sensor 223 monitors the pressure in the vessel. Vacuum pump 256 is used to evacuate the chamber through vacuum line 257. The device further includes an electron source in contact with the hydrino to form hydrino hydride ions.

In an embodiment, the hydrogen source 221 in communication with the chamber 200 that delivers hydrogen through the hydrogen supply passage 242 to the chamber is the hydrogen permeable hollow cathode of the electrolyzer. Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen that permeates through the hollow cathode. The cathode may be a transition metal such as nickel, iron, or titanium, or a noble metal such as palladium, platinum, or tantalum or palladium coated tantalum, or palladium coated niobium. The electrolyte may be basic and the anode may be nickel. The electrolyte may be water soluble K ₂ CO ₃ . The flow of hydrogen into the cell can be controlled through the control of the electrolytic current with the electrolytic power controller.

Catalyst 250 that generates hydrino atoms may be placed in catalyst reservoir 295. Catalysts in the gas phase include those given in Tables 1 and 3 and those of the mill's prior literature. The reaction vessel 207 has a catalyst supply passage 241 for the passage of the gas catalyst from the catalyst reservoir 251 to the reaction chamber 200. Alternatively, the catalyst can be placed in a chemically resistant open vessel, for example a boat, inside the reaction vessel.

The partial pressure of molecular and atomic hydrogen in the reactor vessel 207 and the partial pressure of the catalyst are preferably maintained between 10 millitorr and 100 torr. Most preferably, the partial pressure of hydrogen in the reaction vessel 207 is maintained at about 200 millitorr.

Molecular hydrogen is decomposed by the decomposition metal into atomic hydrogen in the vessel. Decomposition metals include, for example, precious metals such as palladium and platinum, refractory metals such as molybdenum and tungsten, transition metals such as nickel and titanium, niobium, and internal transition metals such as zirconium. The decomposition material may be maintained at an elevated temperature by the heat generated by hydrogen catalysis (hydrino generation) and hydrino reduction occurring in the reactor. The degradation material may also be maintained at elevated temperatures by the temperature regulating means 230, which may take the form of a heating coil as seen in the cross section in FIG. 4. The heating coil is powered by the power supply 225.

Molecular hydrogen may be decomposed into atomic hydrogen by electromagnetic radiation, for example UV light provided by photon source 205.

Molecular hydrogen may be decomposed into atomic hydrogen by hot filament or grid 280 powered by power supply 285.

Hydrogen decomposition takes place so that the decomposed hydrogen atoms come into contact with the catalyst in the molten, liquid, gas or solid state to produce hydrino atoms. The catalyst vapor pressure is maintained at a predetermined pressure by controlling the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 295 with the catalyst reservoir heater 298 powered by the power supply 272. When the catalyst is contained in the boat in the reactor, the catalyst pressure is maintained at a predetermined value by adjusting the temperature of the catalyst boat by adjusting the boat power supply.

The rate of production of hydrinos and power by the gas cell hydride reactor can be controlled by controlling the amount of catalyst and / or the concentration of atomic hydrogen in the gas phase catalyst. The production rate of hydride ions can be controlled by controlling the hydrino concentration, for example, by controlling the hydrino production rate. The concentration of gaseous catalyst in vessel chamber 200 may be controlled by adjusting the initial amount of volatile catalyst present in chamber 200. The concentration of the gaseous catalyst in the chamber 200 may also be controlled by controlling the temperature of the catalyst, by adjusting the catalyst reservoir heater 298, or by adjusting the heater of the catalyst boat when the catalyst is included in the boat in the reactor. The vapor pressure of the volatile catalyst 250 in the chamber 200 is determined by the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 295 or the temperature of the catalyst boat, since each is colder than the reaction vessel 207. The reaction vessel 207 temperature is maintained at a higher operating temperature than the catalyst reservoir 295 with the heat released by hydrogen catalysis (hydrino production) and hydrino reduction. The reactor vessel temperature may also be maintained by temperature control means, for example heating coil 230 shown in cross section in FIG. 4. Heating coil 230 is powered by power supply 225.

In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises a mixture of a source of a first catalyst supplied from catalyst reservoir 295 and a second catalyst supplied from gas supply 221. Hydrogen may also be supplied to the cell from the gas supply 221 regulated by the flow controller 222. Flow controller 222 may achieve a desired mixture of hydrogen and source of second catalyst, and gases may be premixed at a predetermined rate. In an embodiment, the first catalyst produces a second catalyst from the source of the second catalyst. In an embodiment, the energy released by the catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst produces a plasma in the energy cell. Energy ionizes the source of the second catalyst to produce the second catalyst. The first catalyst can be selected from the group of catalysts given in Table 3, for example potassium and stromium, the source of the second catalyst can be selected from helium, argon, and the second catalyst is He ⁺ , and Ar ⁺ And a catalytic ion is generated from the corresponding atom in the plasma created by the catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst. For example, 1) the energy cell contains strontium and argon, where hydrogen catalysis by strodium produces a plasma containing Ar ⁺ acting as a second catalyst (Equation 12-14), And 2) the energy cell contains potassium and helium, wherein the hydrogen catalysis by potassium produces a plasma containing He ⁺ acting as a second catalyst (Equations 9-11). In an embodiment, the pressure of the second catalyst source is on the order of about atmospheric pressure at about 1 millitorr. Hydrogen pressure ranges from about 1 millitorr to about atmospheric pressure. In a preferred embodiment, the total pressure is from about 0.5 Torr to about 2 Torr. In an embodiment, the ratio of hydrogen pressure to pressure of the second catalyst source is greater than kPa. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrogen is from about 0.1 to about 99%, and the second catalyst source comprises a balance of gas present in the cell. More preferably, the hydrogen is about 1% to about 5% and is in the range of about 95% to 99% of the second catalyst source. Most preferably, hydrogen is about 5% and the second catalyst source is about 95%. These pressure ranges are representative examples, and those skilled in the art will be able to obtain the desired results by practicing this invention at a given pressure.

Preferred operating temperatures depend in part on the nature of the material comprising the reactor vessel 207. The temperature of the stainless steel alloy reaction vessel 207 is preferably maintained at 200 to 1200 ° C. The temperature of the molybdenum reaction vessel 207 is preferably maintained at 200 to 1800 ° C. The temperature of the tungsten reaction vessel 207 is preferably maintained at 200 to 3000 ° C. The temperature of the quartz or ceramic reaction vessel 207 is preferably maintained at 200 to 1800 ° C.

The concentration of atomic hydrogen in the reaction vessel 200 may be controlled by the amount of atomic hydrogen generated from the hydrogen decomposition material. The rate of molecular hydrogen decomposition can be controlled by the choice of surface area, temperature and / or decomposition material. The concentration of atomic hydrogen can also be controlled by the amount of atomic hydrogen provided by atomic hydrogen source 221. The concentration of atomic hydrogen can be controlled by the amount of molecular hydrogen supplied from the hydrogen source 221 controlled by the flow controller 222 and the pressure sensor 223. Reaction rates can be monitored by windowless ultraviolet radiation spectroscopy to detect the intensity of UV radiation due to catalysis and the hydrino hydride ions and compound radiation intensity.

The gas cell hydride reactor further includes an electron source 260 in contact with the generated hydrinos to form hydrino hydride ions. In the gas cell hydride reactor of FIG. 4, hydrino is reduced by contacting a reducing agent comprising a reaction vessel 207 with hydrinohydride ions. Optionally, the hydrino may be a component of a reactor, for example photon source 205, catalyst 250, catalyst reservoir 223, catalyst reservoir heater 298, hot filament grid 280, pressure sensor 223, It is reduced to hydrino hydride ions by contacting the hydrogen source 221, the flow controller 222, the vacuum pump 256, the vacuum line 257, the catalyst supply passage 241, or the hydrogen supply passage 242. Hydrino can also be reduced by contacting a reducing agent exogenous in cell operation (ie, a consumable reducing agent added to the cell from an external source). The electron source 260 is such a reducing agent. The cell may further include a getter or cryocrab 255 to selectively recruit low energy hydrogen species and / or low energy hydrogen compounds.

Compounds containing hydrino hydride anions and cations may be formed in the gas cell. The cation forming the hydrino hydride compound may be a cation of the cell material, a cation containing a molecular hydrogen-degrading material producing atomic hydrogen, a cation containing an added reducing agent, or a cation present in the cell (eg, a cation of a catalyst). ) May be included.

In another embodiment of a gas cell hydride reactor, the vessel of the reactor is a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, a rocket engine, or a gas turbine. Gas catalysts form hydrinos by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons during hydrocarbon combustion from hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbon- or hydrogen-containing fuels contain catalysts. The catalyst is evaporated (gasified) during combustion. In another embodiment, at least one of the catalysts given in Tables 1 and 3, hydrinos, and RbF, RbCl, RbBr, RbI, Rb ₂ S ₂ , RbOH, Rb ₂ SO ₄ , RbCO ₃ , Rb ₃ PO ₄ , And salts of thermally stable rubidium or potassium such as KF, KCl, KBr, KK, K ₂ S ₂ , KOH, K ₂ SO ₄ , K ₂ CO ₃ , K ₃ PO ₄ , K ₂ GeF ₄ . Additional counters or couples include organic anions such as wetting agents or emulsifiers.

In another embodiment of a gas cell hydride reactor, the source of atomic hydrogen explodes to explode the catalyst source and provide atomic hydrogen such that the catalyst reacts with atomic hydrogen in the gas phase to release energy in addition to the energy of the explosion reaction. to be. One such catalyst is potassium metal. In another embodiment, the gas cell is exploded with an explosive release of energy with the contribution from the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. One example of such a gas is a bomb comprising an atomic hydrogen source and a source of catalyst such as helium gas.

In another embodiment using a combustion engine that generates hydrogen atoms, the hydrocarbon-, or hydrogen-containing fuel further includes a solvated catalyst source, such as water and an emulsified catalyst. During pyrolysis, water further functions as a source of hydrogen atoms undergoing catalysis. Water can be thermally or catalytically decomposed at the surface, for example cylinders or piston heads, with hydrogen atoms. The surface may comprise a substance for decomposing water into hydrogen and oxygen. Water degradants are elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb , Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho , Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated charcoal (carbon) and embedded Cs carbon (graphite)

In another embodiment of the invention using an engine that generates hydrogen atoms through pyrolysis, the evaporated catalyst is pulled out of the catalyst reservoir 295. The chamber corresponds to the engine cylinder. This occurs for each engine cycle. The amount of catalyst 250 used per engine cycle is determined by the vapor pressure of the catalyst and the gas replacement volume of the catalyst reservoir 295. The vapor pressure of the catalyst can be adjusted by adjusting the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 295 with the reservoir heater 298. Sources of electrons in contact with hydrinos, for example hydrino reduction reactants, lead to the formation of hydrino hydride ions.

1.3. Gas discharge cell hydride reactor

The gas discharge cell hydride reactor of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5. The gas discharge cell hydride reactor of FIG. Discharge cell 307. The hydrogen source 322 is supplied to the chamber 300 through the hydrogen supply passage 342 through the control valve 325. The catalyst is contained in catalyst reservoir 395. Voltage and current source 330 allow current to flow between cathode 305 and anode 320. The current is reversible. In another embodiment, the plasma is generated with a microwave source, such as a microwave generator.

In an embodiment of the gas discharge cell hydride reactor, the walls of the vessel 313 are conductive and serve as anodes. In another embodiment, cathode 305 is a hollow, such as a hollow, nickel, aluminum, copper, or stainless steel hollow cathode. In an embodiment, the cathode material may be a source of catalyst such as iron or samarium.

The cathode 305 may be coated with a catalyst for the generation of energy and hydrinos. Catalysis for generating hydrinos and energy occurs at the cathode surface. Molecular hydrogen is decomposed at the cathode to form hydrogen atoms for the generation of hydrinos and energy. For this purpose, the cathode is formed of hydrogen decomposition material. Optionally, molecular hydrogen is decomposed by discharge.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the catalyst for generating hydrinos and energy is in gaseous form. For example, discharge can be used to vaporize the catalyst to provide a gaseous catalyst. Optionally, the gaseous catalyst is produced by the discharge current. For example, a gaseous catalyst may be provided by discharge on a rubidium metal that forms Rb ⁺ , or a titanium metal that forms Ti ²⁺ , or a potassium or strontium metal that evaporates the metal. Gas hydrogen atoms for reaction with gas catalysts are provided by the discharge of molecular hydrogen gas, and catalysis takes place in the gas phase.

Another embodiment of a gas discharge cell hydride reactor where catalysis occurs in the article utilizes an adjustable gas phase catalyst. Gas hydrogen atoms for conversion to hydrinos are provided by the discharge of molecular hydrogen gas. The gas discharge cell 307 has a catalyst supply passage 341 for supplying the gas phase catalyst 350 from the reactor chamber 300 from the catalyst reservoir 395. Catalyst reservoir 395 is heated with catalyst reservoir heater 392 and has a power supply 372 to provide gaseous catalyst to reaction chamber 300. The catalyst vapor pressure is controlled by controlling the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 395, by adjusting the heater 392 by means of its power supply 372. The reaction further includes an optional discharge valve 301.

Another embodiment of a gas discharge cell hydride reactor in which catalysis occurs in the gas phase utilizes a controllable gas catalyst. A gaseous hydrogen atom provided by the discharge of molecular hydrogen gas. Chemically resistant open containers, such as tungsten or ceramic boats, located inside the gas discharge cell contain a catalyst. The catalyst in the catalyst boat is heated by a boat heater using a connected power supply as a means to provide a gas catalyst to the reactor chamber. The catalytic vapor pressure is regulated by the discharge cell by controlling the temperature of the boat or by controlling the heater with its power supply.

The gas discharge cell can be operated at room temperature by continuously providing a catalyst. Optionally, to prevent the catalyst from condensing in the cell, the temperature should be maintained above the temperature of the solvent source, catalyst reservoir 395, or catalyst boat. For example, the temperature of a stainless steel alloy cell is about 0-1200 ° C; The temperature of the molybdenum cell is about 0-1800 ° C; The temperature of the tungsten cell is about 0-3000 ° C .; The temperature of the glass, quartz or ceramic cell is about 0-1800 ° C. The discharge voltage is about 1000 to about 50,000 volts. The current is about 1 A at about 1 μA and preferably 1 mA.

The discharge current may be intermittent or pulsed. The pulse can be used to reduce the input power, which also provides a time span in which the field is fixed by an offset voltage that can be below the discharge voltage up to a certain intensity. One application of controlling the field during the non-discharge period is to optimize the energy match between atomic hydrogen and the catalyst. In an embodiment, the offset voltage is about 0.5 to about 500 V. In another embodiment, the offset voltage is fixed to provide a field of about 0.1 V / cm to about 50 V / cm. Preferably, the offset voltage is fixed to provide a field of about 1 V / cm to about 10 V / cm. The peak voltage may be 10 MV at about 1 v. Preferably, the peak voltage may be about 10 v to 10 kV. Most preferably, the voltage is in the range of about 100 V to 500 V. Pulse frequency and duty cycle can also be adjusted. An application to control pulse frequency and duty cycle is to optimize power balance. In an embodiment, this is accomplished by optimizing the input power versus response rate. The amount of catalyst and the amount of hydrogen generated by the discharge decay during the non-discharge period. The reaction rate can be controlled by controlling the amount of catalyst generated by the discharge, for example Ar ^{+ and} the amount of atomic hydrogen, where the concentration depends on the pulse period, duty cycle, and decay rate. In an embodiment, the pulse frequency is about 0.1 Hz to 100 MHz. In another embodiment, the pulse frequency is faster than the actual time for recombination with molecular hydrogen of atomic hydrogen. Based on anomalous plasma afterglow, preferably the frequency is between about 1 and about 200 Hz [R. Mills, T. Onuma, and Y. Lu, "Formation of a Hydrogen Plasma from an Incandescently Heated Hydrogen-Catalyst Gas Mixture with an Anomalous Afterglow Duration", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, in press; R. MILLS, "TEMPORAL Behavior of Light-Emission in the Visible Spectral Range from a Ti-K2CO3-H-Cell", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 26, No. 4, (2001), pp. 327-332. In an embodiment, the duty cycle is about 0.1% to about 95%. Preferably, the duty cycle is about 1% to about 50%.

In another embodiment, the power may be applied in alternating current (AC). The frequency may be about 0.001 Hz to about 1 GHz. More preferably, the frequency may be about 60 Hz to about 100 MHz. Most preferably, the frequency is about 10 to about 100 MHz. The system can include two electrodes, where one or more electrodes are in direct contact with the plasma: otherwise, the electrodes can be separated from the plasma by a dielectric barrier. The peak voltage may be 10 MV at about 1 v. Preferably, the peak voltage may be about 10 v to 100 kV. Most preferably, the voltage is in the range of about 100 V to 500 V.

In order to generate hydrino hydride ions, the gas discharge cell device includes an electron source in contact with the hydrino. The hydrinos are reduced to hydrino hydride ions in contact with the cathode 305, the discharge plasma electrons, or the vessel 313. The hydrino is also a component of a reactor, for example, anode 320, catalyst 350, heater 392, catalyst reservoir 395, selective discharge valve 301, control valve 325, hydrogen source 322. It is reduced by contacting the catalyst supply passage 341 or the hydrogen supply passage 342. According to other variations, the hydrinos can be reduced by a reducing agent 360 that is foreign to cell operation (ie, a consumable reducing agent introduced into the cell from an external source).

Compounds containing hydrino hydride anions and cations can be formed in the gas discharge cell. The cation forming the hydrino hydride compound may comprise an oxidized species of material comprising a cathode or an anode, and may include a cation of the introduced reducing agent, or a cation present in the cell (cation of the catalyst).

In another embodiment of the gas discharge cell apparatus, potassium or rubidium hydrino hydride and energy are produced in the gas discharge cell 307. Catalyst reservoir 395 includes a rubidium metal catalyst that ionizes with a potassium metal catalyst or an Rb ⁺ catalyst. The catalyst vapor pressure in the gas discharge cell is controlled by the heater 392. Catalyst reservoir 395 is heated with heater 392 to maintain the catalytic vapor pressure near cathode 305 in a pressure range of 10 millitorr to 100 Torr, more preferably about 200 millitorr. In another embodiment, cathode 305 and anode 320 of gas discharge cell 307 are coated with potassium or rubidium. The hydrogen supply from source 322 is regulated with control 325 to provide hydrogen and maintain hydrogen pressure in the range of 10 millitorr to 100 Torr.

In an embodiment, the electrode providing the electric field is a compound electrode comprising a plurality of electrodes in series or in parallel that may occupy a substantial portion of the reactor volume. In one embodiment, the electrode comprises a plurality of hollow cathodes in parallel, so that a predetermined electric field is produced in a large volume to generate substantial power levels. One design of a plurality of hollow cathodes includes a plurality of concentric hollow cathodes, each electrically heated from an anode and a common anode. Another compound electrode includes a plurality of parallel plate electrodes connected in series.

Preferred hollow cathodes are composed of refractory materials such as molybdenum or tungsten. Preferred hollow cathodes include compound hollow cathodes. Preferred catalysts for compound hollow cathode discharge cells are neon, RL Mills, P. Ray, J. Dong, M. Nansteel, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Spectral Emission of Fractional-Principal-Quantum-Energy-Level Molecular Hydrogen ", [INT.] J. HYDROGEN ENERGY, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

1.4 High Frequency (RF) Barrier Electrode Discharge Cells

In an embodiment of a discharge cell reactor, at least one discharge electrode is shielded with a dielectric barrier, such as glass, quartz, aluminum, or ceramic, to provide an electric field with minimal power dissipation. A high frequency (RF) barrier electrode discharge cell system 1000 of the present invention is shown in FIG. In an embodiment, the electrode 1004 can be external to the cell 1001. The dielectric layer 1005 isolates the electrode from the cell wall 1006. The high drive voltage can be AC and high frequency. The drive circuit includes a high voltage power source 1002, which can provide an RF and impedance matching circuit 1003. The frequency is preferably at about 10 GHz at 100 Hz, more preferably at about 1 MHz at about 1 kHz, and most preferably about 5-10 Hz. The voltage is preferably from about 100 V to about 1 MV, more preferably from 1 kV to about 100 KV, most preferably from about 5 to about 10 kV.

1.5 Plasma Torch Cell Hydride Reactor

The plasma torch cell hydride reactor of the present invention is shown in FIG. The plasma torch 702 is surrounded by a manifold 706 and provides a hydrogen isotope plasma 704 contained in the plasma chamber 760. Hydrogen from the hydrogen supply 738 and plasma gas from the plasma gas supply 712 are supplied to the torch 702 together with the catalyst 714 to form hydrinos and energy. The plasma may include, for example, argon. The catalyst may include one of those given in Tables 1 and 3 or may include hydrino atoms that provide disproportionation reactions. The catalyst is contained in the catalyst reservoir 716. The reservoir is a magnetic stir bar 718 that is equipped with a mechanical stirrer and is driven by, for example, a stir bar motor 720. The catalyst is supplied to the plasma torch 702 through the passage 728. The catalyst can be generated by microwave discharge. Preferred catalysts are He ⁺ , or Ar ⁺ , from a source such as helium gas or argon gas.

Hydrogen is supplied to the torch 702 through the hydrogen passage 726. Optionally, both hydrogen and catalyst may be supplied through passage 728. The plasma gas is supplied to the torch through the plasma gas passage 726. Optionally, both plasma gas and catalyst may be supplied through the passage 728.

Hydrogen flows from the hydrogen supply 738 through the passage 742 into the catalyst reservoir 716. The flow of hydrogen is controlled by hydrogen flow controller 744 and valve 746. The plasma gas flows from the plasma gas supplier 712 through the passage 732. The flow of plasma gas is controlled by the plasma gas flow controller 734 and the valve 736. The mixture of plasma gas and hydrogen is supplied to the torch through passage 726 and to catalyst reservoir 716 through passage 725. The mixture is controlled by a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer and mixture flow controller 721. The hydrogen and plasma gas mixture functions as a carrier gas of catalyst particles dispersed in the gas stream as fine particles by mechanical stirring. The mixture of aerosolized catalyst and hydrogen gas flows into the plasma torch 702 and becomes a gaseous hydrogen atom and catalytic ions evaporated in the plasma 704 (eg Rb ⁺ ions from a salt of rubidium). The plasma is powered by a microwave generator 724, where the microwave is controlled by an adjustable microwave cavity 722. Catalysis occurs in the gas phase.

The amount of gaseous catalyst in the plasma torch can be adjusted by controlling the rate at which the catalyst is aerosolized by a mechanical stirrer. The amount of gas catalyst can also be adjusted by controlling the carrier gas flow rate where the carrier gas comprises a hydrogen and plasma gas mixture (eg, hydrogen and argon). The amount of gas atom catalyst with the plasma torch can be controlled by adjusting the hydrogen flow rate and the ratio of hydrogen to plasma in the mixture. Hydrogen flow rate and plasma gas flow rate to the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer and mixture flow controller 721 may be controlled by flow rate controllers 743 and 744 and valves 736 and 746. Mixer controller 721 controls the hydrogen-plasma mixture for the torch and catalyst reservoir. The rate of catalysis is also controlled by controlling the temperature of the plasma with the microwave generator 724.

Hydrino atoms and hydrino hydride ions are produced in the plasma 704. The hydrino hydride compound is cold pumped into the manifold 706 or they flow through the passage 748 to the hydrino hydride compound trap 708. The trap 708 communicates with the vacuum pump 710 through a vacuum line 750 and a valve 752. Flow to trap 708 is affected by a pressure gradient controlled by vacuum pump 710, vacuum line 750, and vacuum valve 752.

In another embodiment of the plasma torch cell hydride reactor shown in FIG. 8, at least one plasma torch 802 or manifold 806 is catalyzed for passage of gas catalyst from catalyst reservoir 858 to plasma 804. It has a feed passage 856. Catalyst 814 in catalyst reservoir 815 is heated by catalyst reservoir heater 866 with power supply 868 to provide gaseous catalyst to plasma 804. The catalyst vapor pressure can be adjusted by adjusting the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 858 by controlling the heater 866 with its power supply 868. The remaining components of FIG. 8 have the same function and structure as the components of FIG. 7. In other words, the component 812 of FIG. 8 is a plasma gas supply, which corresponds to the plasma gas supply 712 of FIG. 7, and the component 838 of FIG. 8 is a hydrogen supply, and the hydrogen supply 738 of FIG. 7. ), And so on.

In another embodiment of the plasma torch cell hydride reactor, a chemically resistant open vessel, such as a ceramic boat located within a manifold, contains a catalyst. The plasma torch manifold forms a cell that can be operated at elevated temperatures so that the catalyst in the boat is sublimated, boiled, or evaporated in the gas phase. Optionally, the catalyst in the catalyst boat can be heated with a boat heater having a power supply to provide gas catalyst to the plasma. The catalyst gas pressure can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the cell wall with the cell heater, or by controlling the temperature of the boat by controlling the boat heater connected to the power supply.

The temperature of the plasma in the plasma torch cell hydride reactor is advantageously maintained in the range of about 5,000 to 30,000 ° C. The cell can be operated at room temperature by continuously feeding the catalyst. Optionally, to prevent the catalyst from condensing in the cell, the cell temperature may be maintained above the temperature of the catalyst source, catalyst reservoir 858, or soot boat. The operating temperature depends in part on the nature of the material comprising the cell. The temperature for the stainless steel alloy cell is about 0 to 1200 ° C. The temperature for the molybdenum cell is preferably about 0 to 1800 ° C. The temperature for the tungsten cell is preferably about 0 to 3000 ° C. The temperature for glass, quartz, or ceramic cells is preferably 0 to 1800 ° C. When manifold 706 is open to the atmosphere, the cell pressure is atmospheric pressure.

An exemplary plasma gas for a plasma torch hydride reactor is argon, which can serve as a source of catalyst. An exemplary aerosol flow rate is about 0.8 standard liters of hydrogen per minute and about 0.15 slm argon. An exemplary argon plasma flow rate is about 5 slm. Exemplary preceding input power is about 1000 watts and exemplary reflected power is about 10-20 W.

In another embodiment of the plasma torch hydride reactor, the mechanical catalyst stirrer (magnetic stir bar 718 and magnetic stir bar motor 720) is replaced with an aspirator, atomizer, or nebulizer, such as a liquid medium such as water. Form an aerosol of catalyst 714 dissolved or suspended in. The medium is contained in the catalyst reservoir 716. Alternatively, the aspirator, atomizer, ultrasonic dispersion means, or nebulizer directly injects the catalyst into the plasma 704. The nebulized or automated catalyst can be delivered to the plasma 704 by a carrier gas, for example hydrogen.

In an embodiment, the plasma torch cell hydride reactor further includes a structure that interacts with microwaves resulting in localized regions of high electrical and / or magnetic field strength. The high magnetic field can cause electrical breakdown of gas in the plasma chamber 760. The electric field may form a nonthermal plasma that increases the rate of catalysis by methods such as forming a catalyst from a catalyst source. The source of catalyst may be helium, helium, neon, neon-hydrogen mixture and argon gases, respectively, forming He ⁺ , Ne ₂ ^* , He ₂ ^* , Ne ⁺ / H ⁺ , or Ar ⁺ . Formatting and ionization of non-thermal plasma can occur at low plasma temperatures for plasmas that may be thermal plasma. The structure causing the high local field may be conductive, may be a source of conductive material, may have a high dielectric constant, and / or preferably has sharp, pointed or fewer terminations relative to the average free length of plasma electrons. Can be. Dimensions may exist in the range of about atomic thickness up to about 5 mm. The structure may be at least one of a group of metal screens, metal fibers, metal wool, metal sponges, and metal foams. A structure that causes ionization of gases that can form a nonthermal plasma and increase the rate of catalysis or that forms a point-type source of increased field strength can include small particles sintered in the support structure. The structure may comprise at least one of a metal screen, metal fiber, metal wool, metal sponge or metal foam. Other structures may include materials etched to form rough surfaces. The material may comprise at least one of a metal screen, metal fiber, metal wool, metal sponge or metal foam. The etching process may be acid etching.

In other embodiments, high local fields that can cause local ionization may include conductive particles, a source of conductive entrance, and / or particles having a high dielectric constant seeded in the plasma 704. Seeded particles include aluminum, transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh , Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu At least one element or oxide of a group of Th, Pa, U, activated charcoal (carbon) and embedded Cs carbon (graphite).

The oxide is NiO, W _x O _y , where x and y are integers, for example WO ₂ , and WO ₃ , Ti _x O _y , where x and y are integers, for example TiO ₂ , Al _x O _y , where x and y may be an integer, for example at least one of a group of Al ₂ O ₃ . The source of conductive particles may be reduced by several times and may decompose in the plasma 704 to provide at least a conductive surface. The diameter of the particles is from about 1 nm to about 10 nm, more preferably about 1 mm at 0.01 micron, most preferably about 1 mm at about 1 micron. The particle flow rate per liter of reactor volume is preferably from about 1 ng / min to 1 kg / min, more preferably from about 1 μg / min to about 1 g / min; Most preferably from about 50 μg / min to about 50 mg / min. If the particle has a high dielectric constant, the dielectric constant is in the range of about 2 to about 1000 times the vacuum.

The particles may also be contained in a reservoir 716, which may contain a catalyst, which may be a separate particle reservoir. The reservoir may be equipped with a mechanical stirrer, for example, a magnetic stir bar 718 driven by a magnetic stir bar motor 720. Particles may be supplied to the plasma torch 702 through the passage 728. Hydrogen may flow from the hydrogen supply 738 to the reservoir 716 through the passage 742. Hydrogen flows from the hydrogen supply 738 through the passage 742 into the catalyst reservoir 716. The flow of hydrogen is controlled by hydrogen flow controller 744 and valve 746. The plasma gas flows from the plasma gas supplier 712 through the passage 732. The flow of plasma gas is controlled by the plasma gas flow controller 734 and the valve 736. The mixture of plasma gas and hydrogen is supplied to the torch through passage 726 and to reservoir 716 through passage 725. The mixture is controlled by a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer and mixture flow controller 721. The hydrogen and plasma gas mixture functions as a carrier gas of catalyst particles dispersed in the gas stream as fine particles by mechanical stirring. Aerosolized particles flow into the plasma torch 702 and seed the plasma, causing a high local field around the particles in the plasma 704.

The amount of particles in the plasma torch cell can be adjusted by controlling the rate at which they are aerosolized by a mechanical stirrer. The amount of particles can also be adjusted by controlling the carrier gas flow rate where the carrier gas comprises a hydrogen and plasma gas mixture (eg, hydrogen and argon). Particles may be trapped in trap 708 and may be recycled.

In another embodiment of the plasma torch hydride reactor, the mechanical catalyst stirrer (magnetic stir bar 718 and magnetic stir bar motor 720) is replaced with an aspirator, atomizer, or nebulizer, such as a liquid medium such as water. Form an aerosol of catalyst 714 dissolved or suspended in. The medium is contained in the reservoir 716. Alternatively, an aspirator, atomizer, ultrasonic dispersion means, or nebulizer directly injects particles into the plasma 704. Nebulized or automated particles may be delivered to the plasma 704 by a carrier gas, such as hydrogen.

In other embodiments, microdroplets may be sprayed into the plasma 704 using an electrostatic atomizer. Arnold Kelly, "Pulsing Electrostatic Atomizer", U. S. Patent No. 6,227,465 [BL,] May 8,2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The atomized liquid may be circulated. The liquid can be conductive. The liquid may be a metal such as alkali or alkaline earth metal.

Non-thermal plasma may also be formed by supplying a metal that can be evaporated from the thermal plasma and refluxed in the plasma chamber 760. The volatile metal may also be a catalyst such as potassium metal, cesium metal, and / or strontium metal, or may be a source of a catalyst such as libidium gold. The metal may be contained in the catalyst reservoir 658 and heated by the heater 666 to evaporate as previously described in the case of the catalyst 614. The volatilized metal can form micro droplets by condensation in the gas phase corresponding to the metal vapor fog. Droplets can be formed by evaporating the metal such that the cell thermal temperature is below the temperature of the metal's boiling point. The metal may be evaporated by heating the plasma or catalyst boat or reservoir 858.

In addition to the suspension flow of the particles, they can be suspended by rotating them for mechanical dispersion. In other embodiments, the seeded particles may be ferromagnetic. The plasma torch cell may further comprise means for dispersing the particles in the plasma 704 by application of a magnetic field time varying source.

The plasma torch hydride reactor may further comprise an electron source in contact with the hydrino for generation of hydrino hydride ions. In a plasma torch cell, the hydrino can be: 1) manifold 706, 2) plasma electrons, or 4) plasma torch 702, catalyst feed passage 856, or catalyst reservoir 858, or 5). It is reduced to hydrino hydride ions by contacting a reducing agent exogenous to the cell operation (eg, a consumable reducing agent introduced into the cell from an external source).

Compounds containing hydrino hydride anions and cations can be formed from gas cells. The cation forming the hydrino hydride compound may include a torch, or a cation of an oxidized species of the material forming the manifold, a cation of the added reducing agent, or a cation (such as a cation of the catalyst) present in the plasma. .

2. Microwave Gas Cell Hydride and Power Reactor

In an embodiment of the invention, the reactor producing power and any of hydrino, hydrino hydride ions, dihydrino molecular ions and dihydrino molecules can take the form of a microwave hydrogen gas cell hydride reactor. The microwave gas cell hydride reactor of the present invention is shown in FIG. The hydrinos as given in Tables 1 and 3 are catalysts capable of providing a reaction net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, where m is an integer, preferably an integer less than 400, and / or low energy hydrogen and hydrinos. Is provided by a disproportionation reaction that functions to cause the transition of hydrogen atoms and hydrinos to low energy levels with power release. Catalysis may occur in the gas phase. The catalyst can be generated by microwave discharge. Preferred catalysts are He ⁺ or Ar ⁺ from a source such as helium gas or argon gas. The catalysis reaction provides power to form and maintain a plasma containing energy ions. Microwaves, which may or may not be phased, are generated by electrons ionized in a magnetic field. ; The magnetized plasma of the cell thus includes an internal microwave generator. The generated microwave may be a source of microwaves that partially holds the next microwave discharge plasma.

The reactor system of FIG. 9 includes a reaction vessel 601 having a chamber 660 that may contain a vacuum or a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. Hydrogen source 638 delivers hydrogen to feed tube 642, which flows through the hydrogen supply passage 626 to the chamber. The flow of hydrogen is controlled by hydrogen flow controller 644 and valve 646. In an embodiment of the invention, the hydrogen source in communication with chamber 660 that delivers hydrogen through the hydrogen supply passage 626 to the chamber is the hydrogen permeable hollow cathode of the electrolyzer of the reactor system. Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen that permeates through the hollow cathode. The cathode may be a transition metal such as nickel, iron, or titanium, or a noble metal such as palladium or platinum, or tantalum or palladium coated tantalum, or palladium coated niobium. The electrolyte may be a base and the anode may be nickel, platinum, or a dimensionally stable anode. The electrolyte can be K ₂ CO ₃ . The flow of hydrogen into the cell can be controlled by controlling the electrolytic current with an electrolytic power controller.

The plasma gas flows from the plasma gas supplier 612 through the passage 632. The flow of plasma gas is controlled by the plasma gas flow controller 634 and the valve 636. The mixture of plasma gas and hydrogen is supplied to the cell through passage 626. The mixture is controlled by a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer and mixture flow controller 621. Plasma gas such as helium may be a source of catalyst such as He ⁺ or He ₂ ^* , argon may be a source of catalyst such as Ar ⁺ , neon may be a source of catalyst such as Ne ₂ ^* , neon- The hydrogen mixture can function as a source of catalyst such as Ne ⁺ / H ⁺ . The mixture of hydrogen and source of catalyst flows into the plasma and becomes the catalyst and atomic hydrogen in chamber 660.

The plasma is powered by the microwave generator 624, where the microwave is controlled by the adjustable microwave cavity 622, moved by the waveguide 619, and the RF transparent window 613 or antenna 615. ) May be delivered to the chamber 660. Known sources of microwaves are, for example, traveling wave tubes, clostrons, magnetrons, cyclotron vacuum managers, gyrrones, and free electron lasers. The waveguide or antenna may be inside or outside the cell. In the latter case, microwaves may penetrate the cell from the source through the window of cell 613. The microwave window may comprise aluminum or quartz.

In another embodiment, cell 601 is a microwave resonator cavity. In an embodiment, the source of microwaves provides the cell with sufficient microwave power density, such as at least one helium, neon-hydrogen mixture, and argon gas to form catalysts such as He ⁺ , Ne ⁺ / H ^+, and Ar ⁺ , respectively. Ionize the source of catalyst. In such embodiments, the microwave power source or applicator, such as an antenna, waveguide, or cavity, forms a nonthermal plasma, where species and ions corresponding to the source of the catalyst, such as helium or argon atoms, have a higher temperature than thermal equilibrium. Have Thus, higher energy states, such as the ionized state of the catalyst source, overwhelm hydrogen over a corresponding thermal plasma in which the excited state of hydrogen is overwhelming. In an embodiment, the source of catalyst is excessive compared to the source of hydrogen atoms, so nonthermal plasma is preferred. Power supplied by the source of microwave power can be delivered to the cell and dispersed in the formation of energy electrons within about electron mean free length. In an embodiment, the total pressure is from about 0.5 to about 5 Torr and the average electron free length is from 0.1 cm to 1 cm. In an embodiment, the dimension of the cell is greater than the electron mean free length. In an embodiment, the cavity is at least one of a group of Evenson, Beenakker, McCarrol and a cylindrical cavity. In an embodiment, the cavity provides a strong electromagnetic field that can form a nonthermal plasma. The strong electromagnetic field may be due to the TM ₀₁₀ mode of the cavity, such as the Beenakker cavity. Multiple sources of microwave power may be used simultaneously. For example, a microwave plasma, such as a nonthermal plasma, can be maintained by a plurality of Evenson cavities operating in parallel to form a plasma in the microwave cell 601. The cell may be a cylinder and may comprise quartz with Evenson cavities located along the horizontal axis. In an embodiment, a multi-slot antenna, such as a planar antenna, functions equivalently to multiple sources of microwaves, such as dipole-antenna-equivalent sources. One such embodiment is described in Y. YASAKA, D. NOZALCI, M. Ando, T. Yamamoto, N. Goto, N. Ishii, T. Morimoto, “Production of large-diameter plasma using multi-slotted. planar antenna, "Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., Vol. 8, (1999), pp. Is given in 530-533.

The cell may include a magnet, such as solenoid magnet 607, to provide an axial magnetic field. Ions such as electrons formed by the hydrogen catalysis reaction generate microwaves to at least partially maintain the microwave discharge plasma. The microwave frequency can be selected to effectively form atomic hydrogen from molecular hydrogen. It also effectively forms ions that act as catalysts from sources of catalysts such as He ⁺ , Ne ⁺ / H ⁺ , or Ar ⁺ catalysts from helium, neon-hydrogen mixtures, and argon gases, respectively. The microwave frequency is about 1 MHz to 100 GHz, more preferably about 50 MHz to 10 GHz, most preferably about 75 MHz ± 50 MHz or about 2.4 GHz ± 1 GHz.

Hydrogen crackers may be located on the walls of the reactor to increase the concentration of atomic hydrogen in the cell. The reactor may further comprise a magnetic field, where the magnetic field may be used to provide magnetic limitations to increase the ion energy converted to power by means such as electron and electromagnetic fluid dynamics or plasma dynamics power converters.

The vacuum pump 610 may be used through the vacuum lines 648 and 650 to evacuate the chamber 660. The cell may be operated under flow conditions of catalyst and hydrogen which are provided continuously from catalyst source 612 and hydrogen source 638. The amount of gaseous catalyst can be controlled by controlling the plasma gas flow rate where the plasma gas comprises hydrogen and a catalyst source (eg, hydrogen and argon or helium). The amount of gaseous hydrogen atoms to the plasma can be controlled by controlling the hydrogen flow rate and the ratio of hydrogen and plasma gas in the mixture. Hydrogen flow rate and plasma gas flow rate for the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer and mixture flow controller 621 are controlled through flow rate controllers 634 and 644 and valves 636 and 646. Mixer controller 621 controls the hydrogen-plasma mixture for the chamber. The catalysis rate can also be controlled by controlling the microwave generator 624 and the plasma temperature.

Catalysis can occur in the gas phase. Hydrino atoms and hydrino hydride ions are produced in the plasma 604. The hydrino hydride compound may be cold pumped to the wall 606 and they may also flow through the passage 648 into the hydrino hydride compound trap 608. Optionally, dihydrino molecules can be recruited to trap 608. The trap 608 communicates with the vacuum pump 610, the vacuum line 650, and the valve 652. Flow to the trap 608 may be affected by a pressure gradient controlled by the vacuum pump 610, the vacuum line 650 and the vacuum valve 652.

In another embodiment of the microwave cell reactor shown in FIG. 9, the wall 606 defines a catalyst feed passage 656 for the passage of a gas catalyst from the catalyst reservoir 658 to the plasma 604. Have The catalyst in catalyst reservoir 658 can be heated through catalyst reservoir heater 666 with power supply 668 to provide gaseous catalyst to plasma 604. The catalyst vapor pressure can be controlled by adjusting the temperature of the catalyst reservoir 658 by adjusting the heater 666 with the power supply 668. Gas phase catalysts may include those given in Tables 1 and 3 and those described in the prior art of hydrinos and wheat.

In another embodiment of the microwave cell reactor, a chemically resistant open vessel, such as a ceramic boat located within chamber 660, contains a catalyst. The reactor may further comprise a heater capable of maintaining an elevated temperature. The cell can be operated at elevated temperatures such that the catalyst in the boat sublimes, boils, or evaporates into the gas phase. Optionally, the catalyst in the catalyst boat can be heated with a boat heater having a power supply to provide gas catalyst to the plasma. The catalyst gas pressure can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the cell wall with the cell heater, or by controlling the temperature of the boat by controlling the boat heater connected to the power supply.

In another embodiment, the microwave cell hydride reactor further includes a structure that interacts with the microwave, resulting in a localized region of high electrical and / or magnetic field strength. The high magnetic field can cause electrical breakdown of gas in the plasma chamber 660. The electric field may form a nonthermal plasma that increases the rate of catalysis by methods such as forming a catalyst from a catalyst source. The source of catalyst may be helium, neon-hydrogen mixture and argon gases, respectively forming He ⁺ , Ne ⁺ / H ⁺ , and Ar ⁺ . The structure and method are equivalent to those given in the plasma torch cell hydride reactor section.

The specific heat plasma temperature and / or electron temperature corresponding to the energy ions as opposed to the relatively low energy thermal neutral gas temperature in the microwave cell reactor is preferably maintained at about 5,000 to 5,000,000 ° C. The cell can be operated without heating or insulation. Optionally, if the catalyst has low volatility, the cell temperature is maintained above the temperature of the catalyst source, catalyst reservoir 658, or catalyst boat to prevent the catalyst from condensing in the cell. The operating temperature depends in part on the nature of the material comprising the cell. The temperature for the stainless steel alloy cell is about 0 to 1200 ° C. The temperature for the molybdenum cell is preferably about 0 to 1800 ° C. The temperature for the tungsten cell is preferably about 0 to 3000 ° C. The temperature for glass, quartz, or ceramic cells is preferably 0 to 1800 ° C.

The catalyst partial pressure and the molecular and atomic hydrogen partial pressures in the chamber 660 are preferably maintained at about 1 millitorr to about 100 atmospheres. Preferably, the pressure is about 1 atmosphere at about 100 millitorr and most preferably about 20 torr at about 100 millitorr.

An exemplary plasma gas for the microwave cell reactor is argon. An exemplary flow rate is about 0.1 standard liters of hydrogen per minute and about 0.1 slm argon. An exemplary argon plasma flow rate is about 5 slm. An exemplary front input power is about 1000 watts. The flow rate of the hydrogen-plasma mixture, such as plasma gas or at least one gas selected for the group of hydrogen, argon, helium, argon-hydrogen mixture, helium-hydrogen mixture, is about 0-1 standard liters per cm ³ of the reaction vessel, More preferably about 0.001-10 sccm per cm ³ of reaction vessel. In the case of argon-hydrogen or helium-hydrogen mixtures, preferably helium or argon is in the range of about 99 to about 1%, more preferably about 99% to about 95%. The power density of the plasma power source ranges from about 0.01 W to about 100 W / cm ³ vessel volume.

In another embodiment of the microwave reactor, the catalyst may be agitated and fed through a flowing gas stream, such as plasma gas, which may be an additional source of catalyst, such as hydrogen gas or helium or argon gas. The source of catalyst may also be provided as an aspirator, atomizer, or nebulizer to form an aerosol of the source of catalyst. Catalysts that can be aerosols can be dissolved or suspended in a liquid medium such as water. The medium may be contained in the catalyst reservoir 616. Alternatively, an aspirator, atomizer, ultrasonic dispersion means, or nebulizer injects particles directly into the plasma 604. In another embodiment, the nebulized or automated particles are helium, neon-hydrogen mixtures that can be ionized with a carrier gas, for example He ⁺ , Ne ⁺ / H ⁺ , and Ar ⁺ , each of which can catalyze and It may be carried to the plasma 604 by a carrier gas, such as argon gas.

Microwave cells may be associated with any converter of plasma or thermal energy to mechanical or electrical power, and the magnetic mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, plasmadynamic power converter, or thermal engine described herein, eg steam, gas turbine systems, sterling. Engine, or a thermal ion or thermoelectric converter. In addition it may be associated with a gyrrone, a photon bunch microwave power converter, a charge drift power, or an optoelectronic converter described in Mill's prior literature.

The microwave reactor may further comprise an electron source in contact with the hydrino for the generation of hydrino hydride ions. In the cell, the hydrino is 1) wall 606, 2) plasma electrons, or 4) any reactor component, such as catalyst feed passage 656, or catalyst reservoir 658, or 5) reducing agent exogenous to the cell operation. It is reduced to hydrino hydride ions by contacting (e.g., a consumable reducing agent introduced into the cell from an external source). In an embodiment, the microwave cell reactor further includes an optional valve 618 for the removal of low energy hydrogen products such as dihydrino molecules.

Compounds containing hydrino hydride anions and cations can be formed from gas cells. The cations forming the hydrino hydride compound may include cations of the oxidized species of the material forming the cell, cations of the added reducing agent, or cations present in the plasma (such as cations of the catalyst).

3. Capacitively and Inductively Coupled RF Plasma Gas Cell Hydride and Power Reactors

In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, at least one of the hydrino, hydrino hydride ions, dihydrino molecular ions, and dihydrino molecules may be in the form of a capacitively or inductively bound RF plasma cell hydride reactor. Can be taken. The RF plasma cell hydride reactor of the present invention is also shown in FIG. The cell structure, system, catalyst, and method may be the same as those given for the microwave cell reactor, provided that the RF source (with an impedance matching network 622) is capable of driving at least one electrode and / or coil. Except that it may be replaced by 624). The RF plasma cell may further include two electrodes 669 and 670. The coaxial cable 619 may be connected to the electrode 669 through the coaxial center conductor 615. Optionally, coaxial center conductor 615 may connect an external source coil wrapped around cell 601, which may be terminated or grounded without grounding. Electrode 670 may be connected to ground in the case of a parallel plate or external coil embodiment. The parallel electrode cell can be in accordance with industry standards, Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) Reference Cells or their modifications as described below. G A. Hebner, KE Greenberg, "Optical diagnostics in the Gaseous electronics Conference Reference Cell, J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Vol. 100, (1995), pp. 373-383; VS Gathen, J Ropcke, T. Gans, M. Kaning, C. Lukas, HF DOBELE, "DIAGNOSTIC studies of species concentrations in a capacitively coupled RF plasma containing CH4-H2-AR," PLASMA Sources Sci. Technol., Vol. 10, ( 2001), pp. 530-539; PJ Hargis, et AL., Rev. Sci. INSTRUM., Vol. 65, (1994), p. 140; Ph. Belenguer, LC Pitchford, JC Hubinois, "Electrical characteristics of a RF-GD-OEScell, "J. Anal. At. Spectrom., Vol. 16, (2001), pp. 1-3. 13.56 MHz External Source Coil Cells containing an external source coil, such as a microwave plasma source, are all here D. Barton, JW Bradley, DA Steele, and RD SHORT, "INVESTIGATING radio frequency plasmas used for the modification of polymer surfaces," J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 103, (1999), pp 4423-4430; DT Clark, AJ Dilks, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed., Vol. 15, (1977), p. 2321; B. D. BEALEE, J. S. G. Ling, G. J. Leggett, J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 8, (1998), p. 1735; R. M. France, R. D. Short, Faraday Trans. Vol. 93, No. 3, (1997), p. 3173, and R. M. France, R. D. Short, Langmuir, Vol. 14, No. 17, (1998), p. Is given in 4827. At least one wall of cell 601 wrapped with an outer coil is at least partially transparent to RF excitation. The RF frequency is preferably 100 Hz to 100 GHz, more preferably about 1 kHz to about 100 MHz, most preferably about 13.56 MHz ± 50 MHz or about 2.4 GHz ± 1 GHz.

In another embodiment, the inductively coupled plasma source is a toroidal plasma system, as described, for example, in US Pat. No. 6,150,628, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In an embodiment, the field strength is high enough to induce a nonthermal plasma. The toroidal plasma system includes a primary coil of a strain circuit. The primary coil can be driven by a high frequency power supply. The plasma may be a closed circuit that acts as a secondary coil of the strain circuit. The RF frequency is preferably 100 Hz to 100 GHz, more preferably about 1 kHz to about 100 MHz, most preferably about 13.56 MHz ± 50 MHz or about 2.4 GHz ± 1 GHz.

4. Power converter

4.1 Plasma Restriction by Spatial Control Catalysis

Plasma formed by the catalysis of hydrogen may be generated by a source of catalyst, a source of atomic hydrogen, or an electric or magnetic field that changes the rate of catalysis as given in the section "Controlling Catalysis Rate With Applied Fields" It can be restricted by structures and methods such as those that restrict the source. In an embodiment, the reactor comprises two electrodes, which provide an electric field to control the catalysis rate of atomic hydrogen. The electrode can produce an electric field parallel to the z axis. The electrodes may be grids adjusted in a plane perpendicular to the z axis, such as grid electrodes 912 and 914 as shown in FIG. 10. The space between the electrodes can define a predetermined region of the reactor.

In other embodiments, the magnetic field may optionally limit the charged catalyst, such as Ar ⁺ , to a predetermined region to form the plasma described in the “rare gas catalyst and product” section. In an embodiment of the cell, the reaction is maintained in a magnetic field, such as a solenoid or minimum magnetic (minimum B) field, so that a second catalyst, such as Ar ⁺ , is trapped and has a longer half-life. The second catalyst can be generated by a plasma formed by hydrogen catalysis using the first catalyst. By limiting the plasma, ions such as electrons can be made more energetic, which increases the amount of the second catalyst, such as Ar ⁺ . Limitations can also increase the energy of the plasma to produce even more atomic hydrogen.

In another embodiment, hot filaments that decompose molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen and provide an electric field that controls the rate of catalysis may be used in certain areas within the cell. The plasma may be formed substantially in the region around the filament, wherein at least one of the concentration of atomic hydrogen, the catalyst concentration, and the electric field provides a much faster rate of catalysis than in the non-predetermined region of the reactor.

In another embodiment, a source of atomic hydrogen, such as a source of molecular hydrogen, or a hydrogen cracker can be used to determine a given region of the reactor by selectively providing atomic hydrogen in a given region.

In another embodiment, the source of the catalyst can determine the desired region of the reactor by selectively providing the catalyst in the desired region.

In another embodiment of a microwave power cell, the plasma may be in a predetermined region by selectively providing microwave energy to that region with at least one antenna 615, or waveguide 619 and RF window 613 shown in FIG. maintain.

4.2 Power Converter Based on Magnetic Fluctuation

All publications incorporated herein by reference are JACKSON JD Jackson, CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNANAICS, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1962), pp. 588-593 shows that if a particle moves through an area where the magnetic field strength changes slowly in space or time, which corresponds to the adiabatic change in the field, the flux connected to the next particle's orbit remains constant. If the magnetic flux B decreases, the radius a increases, and the flux π a ² B becomes constant. Certain of the associated flux castle can be expressed in several ways, the magnetic moment of the current circuit of the particles in the orbital ^{_{μ = eω c a 2/2}} , the particles orbiting radius a and magnetic flux B, and transverse momentum p _ㅗ, terms.

Ba ²

p _ㅗ / B] is the adiabatic constant (58)

γμ

Where γ is a spatial relativistic factor. For electrostatic magnetic fields, the velocity of the particles is constant and their total energy does not change. The next magnetic moment μ is the adiabatic constant. The time varying magnetic or electric field μ is adiabatic invariant only within incompatible limits. Here, the ions of the invention are essentially incompatible.

In one embodiment of a magnetic mirror power converter, the static field from the source mainly acts along the z axis, but with a small gradient in that direction. 12 shows the joists in the example case. In addition to the z component of the intestine, there are few radiant components due to the curvature of the joist. Cylindrical symmetry is a good approach. Consider a particle helically spiraling on the z axis in a small radius trajectory with v _II0 velocity components parallel to B at z = 0, the center of a region with a transverse velocity v _{ㅗ 0} and the axis field strength B ₀ . The velocity of the particle, v _0, is constant, at any position along the z axis.

V _II ² + V _ㅗ ² = V ₀ ² (59)

Since the connected flux is a constant movement,

V _II ² / B = V _ㅗ ² / B ₀ (60)

Where B is the shaft flux density. Then at some position along the z-axis the parallel velocity

V ² _II0 = V ² ₀ -V ² _{ㅗ 0} (B (z) / B ₀ ) (61)

Is given by

Flux invariability connecting orbits is the basis of the mechanism of "magnetic mirrors" described in JD Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics. The principle of the magnetic mirror is that if the initial velocity is directed at the mirror and emitted differently from the mirror, the charged particles are reflected by the region of the strong magnetic field. In the case of the magnetic mirror power converter of the present invention, the acceleration for ions in a predetermined region having z> z ₀ or z <z ₀ position with z = 0 magnetic mirror is

(62)

Is given by

Two magnetic mirrors ("tandem mirrors") at two positions along the z-axis with solenoid curves can create a "magnetism" that limits the plasma between the mirrors in the solenoids, as described by JD Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics. . The joists can be seen in FIG. 12. In the center of the region, the ions produced by the bottle spiral out of the axis, but will be reflected at each end by the magnetic mirror, providing a larger field towards the end. In this configuration, the acceleration of ions in a predetermined region with the position -z ₀ <z <z ₀ from the end of the bottle to the magnetic mirror at z = ± z ₀

(63)

, Where z '₀ = ± z₀to be. Flux max Bm is z = ± z₀At the end of the bottle. If the ratio of the maximum magnetic flux Bm in the mirror to the magnetic field B in the central region is very large, only particles with very large components of velocity parallel to the axis will be able to penetrate through the ends. Conditions for permeating ions

IIV _II0 / V _{ㅗ 0} ┃> (Bm / B-1) ^1/2 (64)

to be.

4.2.1 Ion Flow Power Converters

The purpose of a power converter based on magnetic flux invariance of the present invention is to form a mass flow of ions charged from a hydrogen catalysis generating plasma to an "ion flow power converter", which means to convert the flow of ions into a power such as electric power. to be. The ion flow power converter may be an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. Preferably, the direction of supply of ions is parallel to the magnetic field line of the source of the magnetic field gradient along its axis, such as the z axis in the case of a magnetic mirror power converter, or the limiting axis, z axis, in the case of a magnetic bottle power converter. Follow the axis.

Increased binding energy The energy released by the catalysis of hydrogen to form hydrogen species and compounds produces a plasma, such as a plasma of the catalyst and hydrogen. The force F on the charged ions in the magnetic field of flux density B perpendicular to the velocity v

F = ma = evB (65)

Where a is the acceleration and m is the mass of the ions of the charge e. The force is perpendicular to both v and B. The electrons and ions in the plasma are orbiting in a transverse plane with respect to the applied magnetic field for sufficient field strength, and the acceleration a is

a = v ² / r (66)

Where r is the radius of the ion orbit. therefore,

ma = mv ² / r = evB (67)

Angular frequency ω _c = v / r = eB / m (68)

The ion cyclotron frequency ω _c is independent of the speed of ions. Thus, in the case of containing a large number of ions with a velocity distribution, the specific m / e values of all ions will be characterized by a unique cyclotron frequency independent of their velocity. However, the velocity distribution will be reflected by the distribution of the orbital radius,

ω _c = v / r (69)

Because.

From equations (68) and (69), the radius is

r = v / ω _c = v / (eB / m) = mv / eB (70)

Velocity and radius are affected by the electric field, and applying a potential drop in the cell will increase v and r, while with time v and r will decrease due to energy loss and decrease in temperature. The frequency v _c can be determined from the angular frequency given in (68).

v _c = ω _c / 2Π = eB / 2Πm (71)

In a uniform magnetic field, the motion of the moving charged particles is helix with the cyclotron frequency given by equation (68) and the radius given by equation (70). The pitch of the helix is determined by the ratio of the parallel velocity V _II to the magnetic field and the velocity of equation (70) perpendicular to the magnetic field, V _ㅗ . In a uniform plasma, the average V _II is the same as V _ㅗ. The adiabatic invariant of flux through the orbit of ions is a means of the present invention of a magnetic mirror power converter that forms a flow of ions along the z-axis with the transition of V _ㅗ to V _II such that V _II > V _ㅗ . Preferably, V _II >> V _ㅗ . For the magnetic bottle power converter, the insulation _ㅗ invariant V ² / B = constant also V >> _II to V _ㅗ a means to form an ion stream in accordance z axis, wherein the selection of ions with a large rate of the parallel magnetic-terminal Occurs in the mirror

The converter further includes an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter comprising a source of transverse flux with respect to the z axis, direction of ion flow. Thus, it has a priority velocity along the z axis and is spread to the region of the transverse magnetic flux. Lorentzian forces for diffusion electrons and ions

F = ev x B (72)

Is given by

The force is transverse to the ion velocity and the magnetic field and in the opposite direction to the positive and negative ions. Thus, a lateral current is formed. The source of the transverse magnetic field may comprise a source providing a transverse magnetic field of different intensities as a function of position along the z axis to optimize the crossed deflection (Eq. (72)) of the flow ion with equilibrium velocity dispersion. In order to receive the Lorentzian deflected ions that create a voltage across the electrodes, the electrohydrodynamic power converter further comprises at least two electrodes that can be transverse to the magnetic field. Electromagnetic fluid dynamics is described by Walsh [E. M. Walsh, Energy Conversion Electromechanical, Direct, Nuclear, Ronald Press Company, NY, NY, (1967), pp. 221-248] hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the electrohydrodynamic power converter is a split Faraday generator. In another embodiment, the lateral current formed by the low lens in-lens deflection of the ion flow further passes through the low lens in the direction parallel to the input flow (z-axis) of the ions, and at least one first electrode relatively disposed along the z axis. Produce a Hall voltage between and the second electrode. Such a device is conventionally known as a Hall generator embodiment of an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. Similar devices having electrodes angled with respect to the z-axis of the xy-plane include another embodiment of the present invention and are termed diagonal generators having a "window" structure. In each case, the voltage can drive the current through an electrical load. An example of a segmented Faraday generator is described in Petrik [J. F. Louis, V. 1.Kovbasyuk, Open-cycle Magnetohydrodynamic Electrical Power Generation, M Petrick, and B. Ya SHUMYATSKY, Editors, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, (1978), pp. 157-163, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In another embodiment of the electrohydrodynamic power converter, the flow of ions along the z axis of V _II >> V _들어가 enters the compression section containing the increasing axial magnetic field gradient, where the electron motion component V _II parallel to the direction of the z axis. Is at least partly converted to orthogonal motion V _때문 because the adiabatic invariant υ _ㅗ ² / B = constant.

An azimuth current due to V _된다 is formed near the z axis. The current is easily deflected by the axial magnetic field in the plane of motion, and forms a Hall voltage between the inner and outer rings of the disc generator electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. Voltage drives current through an electrical load.

In neutral plasma or ion flow, ions recombine to neutral as a function of time. Survival is proportional to afterglow duration, which can be about 100 μsec. For example, an afterglow with attenuation of the high voltage pulse discharge to zero emission of cesium lines (eg 455.5 nm) is about 100 μsec [A. SURMEIAN, C. Diplasu, C. B. Collins, G. Musa, I-LOVITTZ Popescu, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. Vol. 30, (1997), pp. 1755-1758. The duration of the neon glow afterglow is less than 250 μsec. [T. Bauer, S. Gortchakov, D. LOFFHAGEN, S. Pfau, R. Winkler, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. Vol. 30, (1997), pp. 3223-3239. In the case of magnetic mirror power converters, however, with the diffusion time from the mirror, the ions get a larger parallel component of the velocity due to the adiabatic instability of the flux connected by the orbit of each particle. In an embodiment of a magnetic mirror power converter, at least one means for substantially converting the linear flow of ions into a voltage, such as an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, is placed along the z axis to maximize power.

Another object of the present invention is to reduce the scattering of ions substantially flowing along the z axis with V _II > V _ㅗ . Background ions and neutrals can scatter ions that are replenished along the z axis, forming a mass flow of ions along the z axis. The pressure of the catalyst or the molecular hydrogen pressure can be controlled to achieve the desired rate of catalysis while achieving the desired rate of ion scattering such that the desired power output is obtained. In an embodiment, the predetermined rate of catalysis is maximum and the predetermined rate of ion scattering is minimum.

4.2.2 Magnetic Mirror Power Converter

Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for producing the necessary linear flow of ions from the hydride reactor 910 of the present invention, a hydrogen catalyzed plasma ("unused magnetic bottle with ions flows down the magnetic field gradient"). A magnetic mirror 913 having a magnetic flux gradient along the z axis, and at least one means 911 and 915 for converting the linear flow of essential ions into power, such as an electrohydrodynamic power converter, as shown in FIG. 10. Magnetic mirror power converter.

The plasma formed by the catalysis of atomic hydrogen contains energy electrons and ions that can be selectively generated in a given region by means such as grid electrodes or microwave antennas 912 and 914. The magnetic mirror may be located centrally in a given area, and in other embodiments, the magnetic mirror may be located at the cathode 914. The electrons and ions are forced from the uniform dispersion of the x, y, z speeds to a preferred speed along the z axis, the axis of the magnetic field gradient of the magnetic mirror. The component of the electron cloud, perpendicular to the direction of the z axis, V _전환, is converted to at least some parallel motion V _II , due to the adiabatic invariance of the connected flux of the particle's orbit (the velocity energy is converted as a linear energy drawn from the orbital motion). .

In an embodiment of the magnetic mirror power converter, the magnetic mirror is centered at z = 0 in a given region, and ions are accelerated along the positive and negative of the z axis. The converter further includes two electrohydrodynamic power converters including two sources of transverse flux about the z axis as shown in FIG. 10. The source may be symmetrical along the z axis (ie equidistant from the center of the magnetic mirror). Each electrohydrodynamic power converter may further comprise an electrode oriented to receive ions undergoing deflection in the lens. The voltage from the deflected ions can be dispersed by the load in contact with the electrode. Preferably, the plasma may be overwhelming in a given region such that ions pass through each electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter in only one direction.

An embodiment of a magnetic mirror power converter with a magnetic mirror located at the cathode 914 of FIG. 10 may include a single electrohydrodynamic converter positioned at a position along the z axis from a magnetic mirror larger than that of the anode 912. have. In addition to the grid electrode, the parallel motion component V _II of the electron motion component V _{인 which} is different from the direction of the z-axis due to the adiabatic invariant υ _ㅗ ² / B = constant and produces other fields where the other electrodes produce a field localizing the plasma. It can be used to enable the conversion of the plasma into a linear flow of ions by methods such as at least some conversion to. Other exemplary electrodes are cylinder cathodes or anodes arranged along the z axis with concentric cylindrical electrodes arranged along the z axis, hollow cathodes, hollow anodes, conical electrodes, spiral electrodes, and conductive cell walls acting as counter electrodes.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a solenoidal magnet having a magnetic flux gradient along the z axis, which inevitably produces a linear flow of ions from a hydrogen catalyzed forming plasma ("anionless capless magnetic bottle flows down the magnetic flux gradient"). A power and hydride reactor 926, such as a microwave plasma or discharge plasma cell of the present invention located within 922, an axial electrode 924 such as an anode that provides a radiation field to the cell wall 926 as a counter electrode, where the field is a plasma Is limited to a predetermined area within the solenoid 922, and the electrohydrodynamic magnet 921 causing Lorentzian deflection of the ion flow, and the ions are recruited to form a voltage between the opposite electrodes, thereby loading the necessary linear flow of ions. The magnetic mirror power converter shown in FIG. 11 including a transverse electrode 923 which is converted to electrical power delivered to 927. It includes. In an embodiment, a mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic (“MHD”) power converter is enclosed in a vacuum vessel 925 connected to a hydrino hydride reactor 926. In an embodiment of a mirror MHD power converter in which the power and hydride reactor 926 is a microwave plasma cell, at least one antenna 615, or waveguide 619 and RF window 613 shown in FIG. By providing microwave energy, the plasma can be maintained in a given region. Cell 926 may include a microwave cavity that results in a plasma localized in a given region. Preferably, the plasma is limited to the volume of solenoid magnet 926. In embodiments where the power and hydride reactor 926 may be a discharge cell, the electrode 924 may act as a discharge anode and the walls of the reactor 926 may act as cathodes.

In one embodiment of the magnetic mirror power converter, the magnetic mirror comprises an electromagnet or permanent magnet that produces a field equivalent to a Hermolz coil or solenoid. The electrohydrodynamic power converter may be outside of a solenoid or Hermolds coil or an equivalent permanent magnet in the area, where the magnetic field is significantly larger than a predetermined portion of the maximum field at the center of the magnetic mirror. In a solenoid embodiment, the predetermined area may be in the solenoid. In the case of an electromagnetic magnetic mirror, the magnetic field strength can be adjusted by controlling the electromagnetic current so as to control the rate at which ions flow from a predetermined region in order to control the catalyst speed and power conversion. V ² _II0 = V ² _{ㅗ 0} = 0.5 V ² ₀ and B (Z) / B in the case of ₀ = 0.1, the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, for a given speed by the equation (61) is about 95% parallel to the z-axis to be. The deflection of the ions is substantially 100%. Thus, very high efficiency can be obtained.

In another embodiment of the magnetic mirror converter, the reactor has at least one device in which ions are propagated in the positive or negative direction of the z axis from the center of the magnetic mirror to an ion flow power converter such as an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. The neutral may contain baffles as flow dividers for the neutral to allow passage of ions while remaining in the reactor. The reactor further includes at least one differently pumped portion 925. In an embodiment, the ions are converted to neutrals after they are received by the ionflow power converter, and the neutrals are removed to different pumps through the vacuum line 929 to the pump 930.

In another embodiment of the electrohydrodynamic power converter, the plasma is generated in a given region, such as cell 926. The plasma temperature may be higher than the temperature of the MHD power converter vacuum vessel 925. In this case, the magnetic mirror 922 is not necessary because very high energy ions and electrons flow from the hot to the cold by the second law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamically produced ion flows are converted to electricity by means such as MHD converters that receive the flow. In an embodiment, the MHD power converter vacuum vessel 925 may be pumped to maintain a lower pressure than the cell 924. In another embodiment, the power conversion includes the flow of energy ions to the MHD power converter and includes a flow of neutral particles in the opposite direction following the conversion process. This latter convective flow may eliminate the need for a pump at the MHD site. In an embodiment, ions such as protons and electrons have a large average free length. Energy quantum and electrons flow from the cell to the MHD power converter, and hydrogen flows convectively in the opposite direction.

4.2.3 Magnetic Bottle Power Converter

Another embodiment of the present invention is the hydrino hydride reactor 939, magnetic bottle, and at least one means 930 for converting the necessary linear flow of ions to power, shown in FIG. And 931 magnetic bottle power converter. The magnetic bottle 940 can limit most of the hydrogen catalysis generated plasma to a predetermined region of the hydrano hydride reactor. The magnetic bottle can pass through the predetermined region, such as solenoid windings 937 and 936. At each end of the bottle, additional coils such as 933, 934, 932, and 935 are applied to the axial field produced by the magnetic field source and to provide a much higher field at the end. It is composed. The joists are shown in FIG. 12. The ions produced in the center bottle spiral out along the axis, but will be reflected by a magnetic mirror at each end. Only ions with very large components equilibrated on the z axis will permeate or pass through the magnetic mirror without conduction. Thus, the bottle inevitably supplies the necessary linear flow of ions at the ends from the hydrogen catalysis forming plasma. These ions are propagated to ion flow power converters 930 and 931, such as electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converters. The electrohydrodynamic power converter may comprise a magnetic flux source substantially perpendicular to the z axis at an outer position of the magnetic bottle and two electrodes that intersect a field containing deflected ions in the lens lens that forms a voltage across the electrode.

In another embodiment, the height of the barrier of each magnetic mirror of the magnetic bottle is low (or intermediate in the parallel velocity of ions required to penetrate the mirror) so that high current and high power can be switched. The barrier height can be adjusted to a predetermined value to provide the desired level of power conversion.

In the case of one or more electromagnetic magnetic mirrors forming a bottle, the magnetic field strength can be adjusted by controlling the electromagnetic current to adjust the rate at which ions flow from a given region to control the catalyst speed and power conversion.

The magnetic bottle power converter has at least one device in which ions spread from the center of the transmitted magnetic mirror in the positive or negative z-axis direction to an ion flow power converter such as an electrohydrodynamic power converter. The reactor may comprise at least one site that is differentially pumped, such as part of an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter.

In an embodiment of the magnetic bottle power converter, the ions become neutral after sufficient time or after being received by an ion flow power converter, such as an electrode of an electrohydrodynamic power converter. The neutral can be removed by differential pumping from the power conversion zone.

In another embodiment of the magnetic bottle power converter, the plasma may be partially converted from the magnetic bottle inside the second magnetic bottle, and another embodiment may include an additional step of such magnetic bottle. Thus, the ions have at least two control heights determined by their maximum magnetic field, which acts as an energy selector to provide ions to the ion flow power converter, such as a given energy electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter with low parallel velocity dispersion. It must penetrate the magnetic mirror.

4.3 Power Converter Based on Magnetic Space Charge Separation

The orbital radius of the charged particle is proportional to the momentum given by equation (70) where mv is the particle momentum. Since cations such as protons, molecular hydrogen ions, and catalytic cations have much greater momentum than electrons, their radius is very large relative to electrons. The cations can thus be desirably lost from plasma confinement structures such as magnetic bottles or solenoids. The loss of ions from the plasma constrained by the minimum B field limiting structure, such as magnetic disease, results in a negatively charged plasma and a positively charged cell wall. Such a limiting magnetic field also increases the electron energy that is converted into power.

A power plasmadynamic power converter based on magnetic space charge separation is shown in FIG. 13, which is a hydrino hydride reactor of the present invention, or another power source such as a microwave plasma cell, another magnetic limiting structure such as a magnetic bottle, or most hydrogen. The source of the solenoid field restricting the catalysis generated plasma to a predetermined region of the hydrino hydride reactor, and the separated ions such as two separate electrodes 941 and 942 contacting the region of separated charge are converted into voltage. At least one means for making it. Electrode 941 in contact with the confined plasma recruits electrons, and counter electrode 942 recruits cations in the outer region of the confined plasma. In an embodiment, the cationic recruiter includes a cell wall 944. Constraints may be present in certain areas where hydrogen catalysis generated plasmas are selectively formed. In a microwave plasma cell embodiment, the plasma may be localized with one or more space select antennas, waveguides, or cavities. In a discharge plasma cell embodiment, the plasma is selectively localized by applying an electric field to at least two electrodes in a given region. Power may be supplied to the load 943 through the electrodes.

4.4 Plasma Mechanics Power Converters

The plasmadynamic power converter 500 of the present invention based on the magnetic space charge separation shown in FIG. 14 provides a uniform parallel magnetic field, another power source, such as the hydrino hydride reactor 501 of the present invention, or a microwave plasma cell. At least one electrode 505 magnetized with a magnetic field source, such as a solenoid electrode or permanent magnet, at least one magnetized electrode, and at least one counter electrode 506. In an embodiment, the converter further comprises means for localizing the plasma in a predetermined region, for example the spatially selective generating means given in the plasma confinement section of a self-limiting structure or space constrained catalysis. In a microwave plasma cell embodiment, the plasma may be localized with one or more spatially selective antennas, waveguides, or cavities. The mass of the charged cation in the plasma is 1800 times the electron, so the cyclotron orbit is several orders larger. This result allows electrons to be trapped magnetically in a joist where ions can drift. Thus, the drift potential is increased at the magnetized electrode 506 relative to the non-magnetized counter electrode 506, producing a voltage between the electrodes. Power may be supplied to the load 503 through the connected electrodes.

A plurality of magnetized electrodes 952 are shown in FIG. 15, where each electrode corresponds to electrode 505 of FIG. 14. A source of uniform magnetic field B parallel to each electrode, such as Hermolz coil 950, is further shown in FIG. 15. The intensity of the magnetic field B can be adjusted to produce an optimal cation for the radius of electron rotation to maximize power at the electrode. Power may be delivered to the load through a lead 953 connected to at least one counter electrode.

In other embodiments, the plasma may be confined to the region of at least one magnetized electrode 505, and the counter electrode 506 may be in the region outside of the energy plasma. In another embodiment, 1) the energy plasma may be confined to the region of the non-magnetized electrode, and the counter magnetized electrode may be outside of the predetermined region; 2) Both electrodes 505 and 506 can be magnetized and the field strength of one electrode can be greater than that at the other electrode.

In another embodiment, the plasmadynamic converter may further include a heater. In this disclosure, a magnetized electrode called an anode may be heated to boil electrons that are more fluid than ions. Electrons can be trapped in magnetic field lines and recombine with ions, causing a greater amount of voltage at the anode. Preferably, energy can be extracted from not only electrons but also energy cations.

In an embodiment of a plasmadynamic power converter, what is defined as a magnetized electrode, an anode, may include a magnetized fin, where the joists are substantially parallel to the fin. Any flux that blocks the pin is terminated in the electrical insulator. Such an arrangement of pins can be used to increase the power converted. At least one counter non-magnetized electrode, defined as cathode, is electrically connected to one or more anode pins through an electrical load.

4.5 Proton RF Power Converters

The energy released by hydrogen catalysis to form the hydrino hydride compound (“HHC”) produces a plasma in the cell. The energy protons of the plasma produced by hydrogen catalysis are introduced into the axial magnetic field through which they undergo cyclotron motion. The force on the charged ions in the magnetic field is perpendicular to both its velocity and the direction of the applied magnetic field. The protons in the plasma orbit in a circular orbit in the plane transverse to the applied magnetic field for sufficient field strength at an ion cyclotron frequency ω _c independent of the proton velocity. Thus, a typical case involving a large number of protons with a velocity distribution is defined by the unique cyclotron frequency, which depends on the strength of the applied magnetic field and the proton charge ratio for the zilla. There is no dependence on their speed unless the relative effects cannot be ignored. However, the velocity distribution will be reflected by the distribution of the orbital radius. Protons emit electromagnetic radiation with maximum intensity at cyclotron frequency. The speed and radius of each proton will decrease due to energy losses and decreases in temperature.

The positive RF power converter of the present invention includes a resonator cavity, which has a dominant resonator mode at the cyclotron frequency. The plasma contains protons with a range of energy and ballistics and initially randomly dispersed phases. Electromagnetic oscillation occurs from the protons, generating induced radiation, and is due to the grouping of the protons under the action of the self-matched field produced by the protons themselves with interfering radiation of the resulting packet. In this case, the device is a feedback oscillator. The use of induced oscillation theory and high frequency electromagnetism of a traditional oscillator excited under the action of an external chapter is described by Gaponove et al., Incorporated herein by reference in its entirety [A. Gaponov, M. 1. Petelin, V. K. Yulpatov, Izvestiya VUZ. RADIOFIZIKA, Vol. 10, No. 9-10, (1965), pp. 1414-1453.

Proton spin resonance is about 42 MHz / T; On the other hand, the cross resonance is about 15 MHz / T. Crossroad bunching can be accomplished by spin bunching with the application of resonant RF at the proton spin resonance frequency. Electromagnetic radiation emitted from the protons excites the mode of the cavity and is received by the resonant receiving antenna. The high frequency can be rectified by means such as those given by the prior art with DC electricity [R. M. DICKINSON, Performance of a high-power, 2.388 GHz receiving array in wireless power transmission over 1.5 LUN, in 1976 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, (1976), pp. 139-141; R. M. DICKINSON, Bill Brown's Distinguished Career, http: // www. mtt. ORG / AWARDS / WCB &APOS; S% 20DISTINQUISHED% 20 career. HTM; J. O. McSpadden, Wireless power transmission demonstration, Texas A & M University, http: // www. TSGC. utexas. edu / power / general / wpt. html; History of microwave power transmission before 1980, http: // RAS5. kurasc. kyoto-u. ACJP / DOCS / PLASMA-group / sps / history2-e. HTML; J. O. McSpadden, R. M. DICKSON, L. Fan, K. Chang, A novel oscillating rectenna for wireless microwave power transmission, Texas A & M University, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, http: // www. tamu. edu, Microwave Engineering Department]. DC electricity can be converted to a predetermined voltage and frequency with a conventional power regulator and modified.

The hydrino hydride reactor cell plasma contains ions such as protons with initially randomly distributed phases. The invention further comprises means for the generation and amplification of electromagnetic oscillations from the protons which can be linked to the perturbation given by the external field to the protons. The induced radiation process is responsible for the grouping or multiplexing of protons under the action of a so-called "primary" electromagnetic field introduced from an external system in an amplifier embodiment, or under the action of a self-matched field produced by the protons themselves in a feedback oscillator embodiment. Cause.

In an embodiment of a proton RF power converter, proton bunching can be accomplished by inducing proton orbiting in a magnetic field with an RF input. Fast, slow, and substantially propagating wavelengths of light (K _z ≡ω / c) can be amplified from interactions with rotational protons in the waveguides and cavities given for the electrons in the following references, The documents are hereby incorporated by reference [E. Jerby, A. Shahadi, R. Drori, M. Korol, M. Einat, M. Sheinin, V. DIKHTIAR, V. GRINBERG, M. Bensal, T. HARHEL, Y Baron, A. FRUCHTMAN, VL GRANATSTEIN, and G. BEKEFI, "CYCLOTRON resonance Maser experiment in a NONDISPERSIVE waveguide", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 24, No. 3, June, (1996), pp. 816-823; H. Guo, L. Chen, H. Keren, JL Hirshfield, SY Park, and KR Chu, "Measurements of gain of slow cyclotron waves on an annular electron beam, Phys. Rev. Letts., Vol. 49, No. 10 , September, 6, (1982), pp. 730-733, and TH Kho, and AT Lin, "Slow wave electron cyclotron maser", Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 38, No. 6, September 15, (1988 In the latter case, in order to overcome the effects of axial flexibilization and azimuth cancellation on K _z ≡ω / c, the orthogonal proton velocity must be greater than the parallel velocity as described by Jerby et al. Which is hereby incorporated by reference [E. Jerby, A. Shahadi, R. DRORI, M. Korol, M. Einat, M. Sheinin, V. Dikhtiar, V. Grinberg, M. Bensal, T Harhel, Y. Baron, A. Fruchtman, VL Granatstein, and G. Bekefi, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 24, No. 3, June, (1996), pp. 816-823.

The RF power converter may also be operated in RF amplification mode by an embodiment comprising a source of solenoid magnetic field 908 parallel to the axis of the cavity, which may be a hydrino hydride reactor, and the cavity 901 shown in FIG. . The current coupled loop 903 of FIG. 16 receives RF power from the RF generator 900 through the connector 907 and inputs RF power into the cavity. The RF power may be an input to the cavity or waveguide 901 from the waveguide or antenna. The amplified high frequency output may be an output from the resonator cavity 901 by the current coupled loop 904 of FIG. 16. The current coupled loop may be connected to the rectifier 902 by a connector 905 that outputs DC electricity to an inverter or electrical load through the connector 906. In another embodiment, the cavity 901 may be a waveguide, the input RF power may be from an input waveguide or an antenna, and the output RF power may be through an RF window and an output waveguide.

In an embodiment, RF power may be supplied to the RF coil 909 by the RF power source 910 as shown in FIG. 16. RF power can be applied at proton nuclear magnetic spin resonance frequencies, causing cross bunching through spin multiplexing

Other systems and methods for causing RF radiation from protons are described in the prior application of wheat, eg, "Magnetic mirror magnetohydrodynamic power converter", 8/901 filed U.S. serial No. 60 / 710,848, incorporated by reference in the following sections.

2.1 cyclotron power converter

2.2 Coherent Microwave Power Converter

2.2.1 cyclotron resonance major (CRM) power converter

2.2.2 Gilotron Power Converter

2.2.3 RF Amplifier Electronic Bunching

2.2.4 Beam Generation

2.2.5. Fast or slow wave microwave power converter.

Summary of the Invention

It is an object of the present invention to generate a composition of matter comprising new forms of hydrogen through power and catalysis of new hydrogen species and hydrogen atoms.

Another object of the present invention is to convert the power from the plasma generated as a product of the energy released by the catalysis of hydrogen. The converted power can be used from a source of electricity.

Another object of the present invention is to generate plasma and sources of light such as high energy light, extreme ultraviolet light and ultraviolet light through the catalysis of atomic hydrogen.

1. Catalysis of hydrogen to form a composition of matter comprising new hydrogen species and new forms of hydrogen

These and other objects can be achieved by the present invention comprising a power source, a hydride reactor, and / or a power converter. The power source includes a cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form a composition of matter comprising new hydrogen species and new forms of hydrogen. Power from the catalysis of hydrogen can be converted directly into electricity. In a separate embodiment, the power converter comprises an electrohydrodynamic or plasmadynamic power converter, which is increased or formed by the catalysis of hydrogen to form a composition of a material comprising a new hydrogen species and a new form of hydrogen. Accept power from The novel hydrogen composition of the material

(a) (i) greater than the binding energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen species, or

(ii) the binding energy of any hydrogen species in which the corresponding conventional hydrogen species are unstable or unobservable since the binding energy of the conventional hydrogen species is less or negative than the thermal energies at ambient conditions (standard temperature and pressure, STP). Greater than

At least one neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having a binding energy (herein “increased binding energy hydrogen species”); And

(b) includes at least one other element. Compounds of the present invention are referred to herein as " increased binding energy hydrogen compounds. &Quot;

By "other elements" in this context are meant elements other than increased binding energy hydrogen species. Thus, the other elements may be ordinary hydrogen species, or elements other than hydrogen. In other groups of compounds, other elements and increased binding energy hydrogen species may be charged and provide balanced charges so that other elements produce neutral compounds. Previous groups of compounds are characterized by molecules, and coordinate bonds; The latter group is characterized by ionic bonds.

New compounds and molecular ions can also be provided,

(a) (i) greater than the total energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen species, or

(ii) the total energy of a typical hydrogen species is less than the thermal energies or negative at ambient conditions, so that the corresponding conventional hydrogen species is greater than the total energy of any unstable or unobserved hydrogen species.

At least one neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having a total energy (herein “increased bond energy hydrogen species”); And

(b) includes at least one other element.

The total energy of a hydrogen species is the sum of the energies that remove all electrons from the hydrogen species. Other hydrogen species in the present invention have a total energy greater than the total energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen species. In some embodiments a hydrogen species having increased total energy is referred to as an "increased bond energy hydrogen species", although it may have a first electron bond energy less than the first electron bond energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen species. For example, the hydride ions of formula (43) for p = 24 have less total energy than the corresponding conventional hydride ions, while the total hydride ions of formula (43) for p = 24 correspond to Is greater than the total energy of a typical hydride ion.

Also provided are novel compounds and molecular ions,

(a) (i) greater than the binding energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen species, or

(ii) the bond energy of a common hydrogen species is less than the thermal energies or negative at ambient conditions, so that the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is greater than the bond energy of any unstable or unobserved hydrogen species.

A plurality of neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having a binding energy (herein “increased binding energy hydrogen species”); And

(b) optionally includes other elements. Compounds of the invention are referred to herein as "increased binding energy hydrogen compounds".

The increased bond energy hydrogen species may include one or more hydrino ions in one or more electrons, a hydrino atom, a compound comprising at least one such increased bond energy hydrogen species, and at least one other atom other than the increased bond energy hydrogen species. , By reacting with molecules or ions.

New compounds and molecular ions are also provided,

(a) (i) greater than the total energy of ordinary molecular hydrogen, or

(ii) the total energy of a typical hydrogen species is less than the thermal energies or negative at ambient conditions, so that the corresponding conventional hydrogen species is greater than the total energy of any unstable or unobserved hydrogen species.

A plurality of neutral, positive or negative hydrogen species having a total energy (herein “increased binding energy hydrogen species”); And

(b) optionally includes other elements. Compounds of the invention are referred to herein as "increased binding energy hydrogen compounds".

The total energy of the increased total energy hydrogen species is the sum of the energy that removes all electrons from the increased total energy hydrogen species. The total energy of a typical hydrogen species is the sum of the energy to remove all electrons from the conventional hydrogen species. The increased total energy hydrogen species is referred to as increased bond energy hydrogen species even though some increased bond energy hydrogen species may have a first electron bond energy less than the first electron bond energy of conventional molecular hydrogen. However, the total energy of the increased binding energy hydrogen species is greater than that of conventional molecular hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the invention, the increased binding energy hydrogen species may be Hn, and n is a positive integer and Hn ⁻ , or n is a positive integer and Hn ⁺ greater than 1. Preferably, the increased binding energy hydrogen species is Hn and Hn ^- where n is from about 1 x 10 ^6, preferably from 1 x 10 ^4, 1 x from even more preferably 1 to 10 ^2, and most preferably from 1 to 1 Preferably from 1 to about 10, and Hn ⁺ , where n is from 2 to about 1 x 10 ⁶ , preferably from 2 to 1 x 10 ⁴ , even more preferably from 2 to 1 x 10 ² , and most preferably From 2 to about 10. Hn ^- specific examples of the H ₁₆ ^- is.

In another embodiment, the increased binding energy hydrogen species may be Hn ^m− , where n and m are positive integers, and Hn ^{m +} , where n and m are positive integers and m <n. Preferably, the increased binding energy hydrogen species is Hn ^m- , where n is from 1 to about 1 x 10 ⁶ , preferably from 1 to 1 x 10 ⁴ , even more preferably from 1 to 1 x 10 ² , and most preferably Preferably from 1 to about 10, m is from 1 to 100, from 1 to 10 integers, and Hn ^{m +} , where n is an integer from 2 to about 1 x 10 ⁶ , preferably from 2 to 1 x 10 ⁴ , Preferably from 2 to 1 x 10 ² , and most preferably from 2 to about 10, m is preferably from 1 to about 100, more preferably from 1 to 10.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a compound is provided and comprises at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species, and (a) the binding energy of conventional hydride ions for p = 2 to 23 (about 0.8 eV) Hydride ions having a binding energy according to equation (43) that is larger than and smaller for p = 24 (“increased binding energy hydride ion” or “hydrino hydride ion”); (b) hydrogen having a bond energy greater than the bond energy of the normal hydrogen atom (about 13.6 eV) ("increased bond energy hydrogen atom" or "hydrino"); (c) a first bond energy greater than about 15.5 eV Hydrogen molecules having "increased binding energy hydrogen molecules" or "dihydrinos"; (d) molecular hydrogen ions having a binding energy greater than about 16.4 eV (“increased binding energy molecular hydrogen ions” or “dihydrino molecular ions”).

The compounds of the present invention have one or more unique properties that distinguish them from the corresponding compounds comprising conventional hydrogen, if such compounds are present. Unique properties include, for example, (a) unique stoichiometry, (b) unique chemical structure; (c) one or more unique chemical properties, such as conductivity, melting point, boiling point, density, and reflection index; (d) other elements and compounds. Unique reactivity to: (e) improved stability at room temperature and above; And / or (f) improved stability in air and / or water. Methods for distinguishing increased binding energy hydrogen containing compounds from conventional hydrogen compounds include 1) component analysis, 2) solubility, 3) reactivity, 4) melting point, 5) boiling point, 6) vapor pressure as a function of temperature, 7) reflection index 8) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 9) gas chromatography, 10) X-ray diffraction (XRD), 11) calorimetry, 12) ultraviolet spectroscopy (IR), 13) Raman spectroscopy, 14) Mossbauer spectroscopy , 15) extreme ultraviolet radiation and absorption spectroscopy, 16) extreme ultraviolet emission and absorption spectroscopy 17) visible light emission and absorption spectroscopy, 18) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 19) vapor phase mass spectrometers (solid probes and direct exposure probe quads of heated samples) Lopol and Magnetic Sector Mass Spectrometry), 20) time-of-flight-secondary-ion-mass-spectroscopy (TOFSIMS), 21) electrospray-ionization-time-of-flight-mass-spectroscopy (ESITOFMS) ), 22) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 23) fission analyzer (DTA), 24) Scanning calorimetry, 25) and a liquid chromatography / mass spectroscopy (LCMS), and / or 26), gas chromatography / mass spectroscopy (GCMS).

According to the invention, for p = 2 to 23, the binding energy according to equation (43) is greater than the binding energy of conventional hydride ions (about 0.8 eV) and smaller for p = 24 (H ⁻ ). Branched hydride ions; hydrino hydride ions (H ⁻ ) are demonstrated. For p = 2 to p = 24 in equation (43), the hydride ion binding energies are 3, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29.3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61.0, 65.6, 69.2, 71.5 , 72.4, 71.5, 68.8, 64.0, 56.8, 47.1, 34.6, 19.2, and 0.65 eV. Compositions containing novel hydride ions have also been demonstrated.

The binding energy of the novel hydrino hydride ions can be expressed by the following equation.

Where p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum transmittance, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is the reduced electron weight, and a _o is Bohr Radius, and e is the base charge.

The radius is r ₂ = r ₁ = a ₀ (1 + (s (s + 1)) ^1/2 ); s = 1/2

Is given by

The hydrino hydride ions of the present invention are formed by the reaction of an hydrino, i.e., a hydrogen atom with an binding energy of about 13.6 / n ² eV at an integer greater than 1, of about 13.6 / n ² eV. Hydrino hydride ions are represented by H ⁻ (n = 1 / p) or H ⁻ (1 / p).

_{H [a H / p] +} e - -> H - (n = 1 / p) (45a)

_{H [a H / p] +} e - -> H - (1 / p) (45b)

The hydrino hydride ions have a binding energy of about 0.8 eV and are distinguished from a common hydride ion, which includes a conventional hydrogen nucleus and two electrons. The latter is referred to herein as "normal hydride ions" or "normal hydride ions". The hydrino hydride ions are included in a hydrogen nucleus comprising protein, deuterium, or tritium and in the binding energy according to equation (43). as a function of p-hydroxy Reno hydride ion, H ^- the binding energy of the (n = 1 / p) it is represented in Table 2, where p is an integer.

Table 2 Representative binding energy of hydrino hydride ions H ⁻ (n = 1 / p) as p function

Novel compounds are given that include one or more hydrino hydride ions and one or more other elements. Such compounds are referred to as hydrino hydride compounds.

Common hydrogen species are characterized by the following binding energies: (a) hydride ions, 0.754 eV (“normal hydride ions”); (b) hydrogen atom ("normal hydrogen atom"), 13.6 eV; (c) diatomic hydrogen molecules, 15.46 eV (“normal hydrogen molecules”); (d) hydrogen molecular ions, 16.4 eV (“normal hydrogen molecular ions”); And (e) H ₃ ⁺ , 22.6 eV (“normal trihydrogen molecular ions”). Here, "normal" and "normal" are synonymous with respect to the form of hydrogen.

According to another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a compound comprising at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species, for example (a) a binding energy of about 13.6 eV / (1 / p) ² , preferably ± 10% Within hydrogen atoms, more preferably ± 5%, wherein P is an integer and preferably 2 to 200 integer;

(b) about

,

Hydride ions (H ⁻ ), preferably having a binding energy within ± 10%, more preferably ± 5%, where P is an integer and preferably 2 to 200 integer, where s = 1/2, Pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum transmittance, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is the reduced electron weight, a _o is the Bohr radius, and e is the base charge; (c) H ₄ ⁺ (1 / p); (d) a trihydrino having a binding energy of about 22.6 / (1 / p) ² eV, preferably within ± 10%, more preferably ± 5%, where P is an integer and preferably 2 to 200 integer molecular ^{_{ion, H 3 + (1 / p}} ) ,; (e) dihydrino, having a binding energy of about 15.5 / (1 / p) ² eV, preferably within ± 10%, more preferably ± 5%, where P is an integer and preferably 2 to 200 integer ; Or (f) a dihydride having a binding energy of about 16.4 / (1 / p) ² eV, preferably within ± 10%, more preferably ± 5%, where P is an integer and preferably 2 to 200 integer Reno is a molecular ion.

The compound according to an embodiment of the invention including a charged binding energy hydrogen species as well, the compound further includes a conventional H ₂ ^+, or a conventional ₃ H ⁺ with at least one cation, one example.

A method for preparing a compound is provided that includes at least one increased binding energy hydride ion. Such compounds are referred to herein as "hydrino hydride compounds". The process reacts atomic hydrogen with a catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy of about m / 2 · 27 eV, where m is an integer greater than 1 and preferably less than 400, with a bond of about 13.6 / (1 / p) ² eV Produces an increased bond energy hydrogen atom with energy, where p is an integer, preferably 2 to 200 integer. An additional product of the catalyst is energy. The increased bond energy hydrogen atoms can be reacted with the electron source to produce increased bond energy hydride ions. The increased binding energy hydride ions can be reacted with one or more cations to produce a compound comprising at least one increased binding energy hydride ion.

2. Hydride Reactor

The present invention relates to a reactor for producing increased binding energy hydrogen compounds of the invention, for example hydrino hydride compounds. Another product of catalysis is energy. Such reactors are referred to herein as "hydrino hydride reactors". The hydrino hydride reactor includes a cell for making hydrinos and an electron source. The reactor produces hydride ions with a binding energy of formula (43). The hydrino-producing cell takes the form of a gas cell, a gas discharge cell, a plasma torch cell, or a microwave power cell, for example. Gas cells, gas discharge cells, and plasma torch cells are disclosed in the prior art of mills. Each of these cells includes: a source of atomic hydrogen; At least one solid, melt, liquid, gas catalyst for preparing hydrinos; And a reaction vessel for reacting the catalyst with hydrogen for the preparation of hydrino. As used herein and contemplated by the name of the invention, the term “hydrogen”, unless stated otherwise, includes not only proteum ( ¹ H) but also deuterium ( ² H) and tritium ( ³ H). . Electrons from the electron source contact with hydrinos and react to form hydrino hydride ions.

Reactors described herein as "hydrino hydride reactors" can produce not only hydrino hydride ions, but also other increased binding energy hydrogen compounds of the present invention. As such, the designation "hydrino hydride reactor" should not be understood as being limited only to the point of view of the increased bond energy hydrogen compound produced.

According to one aspect of the invention, novel compounds are produced from hydrino hydride ions and cations. In a gaseous cell, the cation may be an oxidized species of the material of the cell, the cation comprises a molecular hydrogen decomposition material that produces atomic hydrogen, the cation comprises an injected oxidant, or the cation is present in the cell (eg , Cations comprising a catalyst). In a discharge cell, the cation may be an oxidized species of the material of another cathode or anode, a cation of an injected oxidant, or a cation present in the cell (such as a cation comprising a catalyst). In a plasma torch cell, the cation may be an oxidized species of the cell material, a cation of the charged oxidant or a cation present in the cell (eg, a cation including a catalyst).

In an embodiment, the plasma is generated as a result of the energy released from hydrogen catalysis in the hydrino hydride cell. Water vapor can be injected into the plasma to increase the hydrogen concentration seen by Kikuchi et al., J. KIKUCHI, M. Suzuki, H. YANO, and S. Fujimura, Proceedings SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, (1993), 1803 (Advanced Techniques for Integrated Circuit Processing IF, pp. 70-76, which is incorporated herein by reference.

3. Catalyst

3.1 Atomic and Ion Catalysts

In an embodiment, a catalyst system is provided by ionization of t electrons at atomic energy levels from atoms, ions, molecules, and participating species such as ions or molecular compounds, the sum of ionization energies of t electrons is approximately mX27.2 eV, Where m is an integer. One such catalyst system includes cesium. The first and second ionization energies are 3.89390 eV and 23.15745 eV for cesium, respectively [David R. Linde, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74 th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (1993), p. 10-207.

The double ionization (t = 2) reaction from Cs to Cs ²⁺ then has a net enthalpy of 27.05135 eV, which is equivalent to m = 1 in equation (2a).

Thermal energy can widen the reaction enthalpy. The relationship between _kinetic energy and temperature is given by E _kinetic = 3/2 κT. For a temperature of 1200 K, the thermal energy is 0.16 eV, and the net reaction enthalpy provided by the cesium metal is 27.21 eV, which exactly matches the given energy.

Given below is a hydrogen catalyst that can give a net reaction enthalpy of approximately mX27.2 eV where m is an integer such that hydrinos are produced and thereby t electrons are ionized from atoms or ions. Another product of catalysis is energy. The atoms or ions given in the first column are ionized to provide a net reaction enthalpy of mX27.2 eV given in the 10th column where m is given in the 11th column. Ionized electrons are given by ionization potential (or also called ionization energy or binding energy). The ionization potential of the nth electron of an atom or ion is collectively referred to as IPn and given by Linde, which is incorporated herein by reference. David R. Linde, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 78 th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, (1997), p. 10-214 to 10-216. That is, for example, Cs + 3.39890 eV -> Cs + + e - , and ^{Cs + + 23.15745 eV -> Cs} 2+ ± e -. The first ionization potential IP ₁ = 3.89390 eV, and the second ionization potential, IP ₂ = 23.15475 eV, are given in the second and third columns, respectively. The net reaction enthalpy for double ionization of Cs is 27.05135 eV as given in column 10 and m = 1 in equation (2a) as given in column 11 of table 3.

Table 3. Hydrogen ions or atomic catalysts

In an embodiment, the catalyst Rb ⁺ according to formula (6-8) can be formed by ionization of rubidium metal. The source of ionization can be UV light or plasma. At least one of the sources of UV light and plasma may be provided by the catalysis of hydrogen and one or more hydrogen catalysts, for example potassium metal or K ⁺ ions. In the latter, potassium ions can also provide its plurality of net enthalpy of the potential energy of the hydrogen atom. The second ionization energy of potassium is 31.63 eV; And K ⁺ releases when 4.23 eV is reduced to K. The combination of reaction of K ⁺ to K ²⁺ and K ⁺ to K has a net reaction enthalpy of 27.28 eV, which is equivalent to m = 1 in equation (2a).

In an embodiment, the catalyst K ⁺ / K ⁺ may be formed from potassium metal by ionization. The source of ionization may be UV light or plasma. At least one of the UV light or the plasma may be provided by the catalysis of hydrogen with one or more hydrogen catalysts such as potassium metal or K ⁺ ions.

In an embodiment, the catalyst Rb ⁺ or the catalyst K ⁺ / K ⁺ according to formula (6-8) is formed by the reaction of hydrogen forming a corresponding alkali hydride with a rubidium metal or potassium metal, respectively, or an atom of molecular hydrogen It can be formed by ionization in hot filaments that can assist in the decomposition to hydrogen. The hot filament may be a refractory metal such as tungsten or molybdenum that is operated at high temperatures such as 100 to 2800 ° C.

In order to produce an increased binding energy hydrogen atom having a binding energy of about 13.6 / (1 / p) ² eV, where p is an integer and preferably from 2 to 200, the catalyst of the present invention is an integer of m greater than 1, It may be an increased binding energy hydrogen compound having a net reaction enthalpy of about m / 2 · 27 eV, which is preferably an integer less than 400.

In another embodiment of the catalyst of the present invention, hydrinos are formed by reacting a common hydrogen atom with a catalyst having a net reaction enthalpy of about m / 2 · 27.2 eV, where m is an integer. The rate of catalysis is believed to increase as the net enthalpy of the match is close to m / 2 · 27.2 eV. It is believed that catalysts with a net reaction enthalpy within ± 10%, preferably ± 5% of m / 2 · 27.2 eV are suitable for most applications.

In the examples, the catalyst is identified by the formation of a plasma at low voltage as described in the literature of the mill, R. Mills, J. Dong, Y. Lu, "Observation of Extreme Ultraviolet Hydrogen Emission from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Catalysts" ", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 25, (2000), pp. 919-943 is incorporated herein by reference.

In another embodiment, the means for identifying the catalyst and monitoring the catalyst rate comprises a high resolution line of sight spectrometer, with a resolution of preferably 1 to 0.01 Hz. Identification of the catalyst and catalysis rate can be determined by the degree of Doppler broadening of the hydrogen ballmer line or other atomic lines.

3.2 hydrino catalyst

In a process called disproportionation, low-energy hydrogen atoms, hydrinos, can act as catalysts, since the ionization energy, metastable excitation, and resonance excitation of each hydrino atom is mX27.2 eV. The transition reaction mechanism of the first hydrino atom affected by the second hydrino atom includes resonance coupling between atoms of the m degenerate multipole having a potential energy of 27.21 eV. Mills, The Grand UNIFIED THEOFY OF CLASSICAL QUANTUM MECHATZICS, January 2000 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey, Distributed by Amazon. com]. A first hydroxyl Reno claim atom from 2-hydroxy transfer of energy mX27.2 eV Reno reactors and the central portion of the first atom to increase by m, and the electron is a _H / _H in the radius of a p / (p + m M level is lower. The second interacting low energy hydrogen is excited in a metastable state, excited in resonance or ionized by resonant energy transfer. Resonant transitions can occur in multiple stages. For example, non-radioactive transitions by multipole coupling can occur, where the first central portion is increased by m, and then the first electrons, along with other resonance energy transfers, at a radius of a _H / p _The m level falls lower with a radius of _H / (p + m). The energy transferred by multipole coupling is generated by a mechanism similar to proton absorption, including excitation to virtual levels. Alternatively, the energy transferred by electron full duplex multipole coupling of the first hydrino atom can be generated by a mechanism similar to two proton absorption, including a first excitation to the virtual level and a second excitation to the resonance or continuum level. have. BJ Thompson, Handbook of Nonlinear Optics, Marcel Decker, Inc., New York, (1996), pp. 497-548; YR Shen, The PRINCIPLES OFNONLINEAR OPTICS, John Wiley & Sons, New York, (1984), pp. 203-210; B. de Beauvoir, F. Nez, L. Julien, B. Cagnac, F. Biraben, D. Touahri, L. Hilico, O. Acef, A. Clairon, and JJ Zondy, Physical Review Letters, Vol. 78, No. 3, (1997), pp. 440-443. Energy transfers greater than the energy transferred to the second hydrino atom will appear as protons in the vacuum medium. With a resonance state of the _H [a H / p '] of _{H [a H / (p'-} m Here')] [(p ') 2 - (p'-m') 2] X13.6 eV - The transition from H [a _H / p] to H [a _H / (p + m)] induced by the transfer of m · 27.21 eV and the multipole resonance transfer of m · 27.27.2 eV

H [a _H / p '] + H [a _H / p]->

H [a _H / (p'-m ')] + H [a _H / (p + m)] + [((p + m) ² -p ² )-(p' ^2- (p '-m' ) ² )] x13.6 eV

Where p, p ', m and m' are integers. (51)

Hydrino can be ionized during the disproportionation reaction by resonance energy transfer. A hydrino atom having an initial low energy state quantum number p and a radius a _H / p has an initial low energy state quantum number m ', an initial radius a _H / m' and a final radius a _H that provide a net enthalpy of mX27.2 eV. Branches may undergo transition to a state with a low energy state quantum number (p + m) and radius a _H / (p + m) by reaction with a hydrino atom. Thus, the reaction of a hydrogen atom, H [a _H / p], and a hydrogen atom, H [a _H / m '], ionized by resonance energy transfer which causes a transition reaction is expressed as follows.

4. Control of Catalysis Rate

The rate of catalysis is believed to increase as the net enthalpy of the reaction closely matches m · 27.2 eV, where m is an integer. Embodiments of the hydrino hydride reactor for producing the increased binding energy hydrogen compound of the invention further comprise an electric or magnetic field source. The electric or magnetic field source can be adjusted to control the rate of catalysis. The control of the electric or magnetic field provided by the electric or magnetic field source can alter the continuum energy level of the catalyst, whereby one or more electrons are ionized to the continuum energy level to provide a reaction net enthalpy of approximately mX27.2 eV. Changing the continuum level can cause the net enthalpy of the catalyst to match closer to m.27.2 eV. Preferably, the electric field is present in the range of about 0.01-10 ⁶ V / m, more preferably about 0.01-10 ⁴ V / m, and most preferably about 0.01-10 ³ V / m. Preferably, the magnetic flux is in the range of about 0.01-50 T. The magnetic flux can have a strong gradient. Preferably, the flux gradient is present in about 10 ⁻⁴ −10 ⁻² Tcm ⁻¹ , and more preferably in about 10 ^{−3 −1} Tcm ⁻¹ .

In an embodiment, electric field E and magnetic field B are orthogonal to cause EXB electron drift. EXB drift is directed such that energy electrons produced by hydrogen catalysis consume minimal amounts of power due to current flow in the direction of an adjustable applied magnetic field to control the rate of hydrogen catalysis.

In an embodiment of an energy cell, the magnetic field confines electrons to the area of the cell so that interaction with the wall is reduced, and electron energy is increased. The field may be a solenoid field or a magnetic mirror field. The field can be adjusted to control the rate of hydrogen catalysis.

In another embodiment, an electric field, such as a high frequency field, produces the lowest current. In another embodiment, a gas that may be inert, such as rare gas, is added to the reaction mixture and reduces the conductivity of the plasma produced by the energy released from the hydrogen catalysis. Conductivity is adjusted by adjusting the pressure of the gas to achieve an optimum voltage that controls the rate of hydrogen catalysis. In another embodiment, a gas, such as an inert gas, may be added to the reaction mixture that increases the percentage of molecular hydrogen to atomic hydrogen.

For example, a cell may contain hot filaments that break down molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and may be electronic components, internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, Sc, Cr, Mn, Co , Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu Hydrogen decomposers such as, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated charcoal (carbon), and embedded Cs carbon (graphite) can be further heated.

The filaments may further provide an electric field in the cell of the reactor. The electric field can alter the continuum energy level of the catalyst, whereby one or more electrons are ionized to the continuum energy level, providing a reactive net enthalpy of approximately mX27.2 eV. In another embodiment, the electric field is provided by an electrode charged by the variable voltage source. The rate of catalysis can be controlled by controlling the applied voltage which determines the applied field which modulates the rate of catalysis by changing the continuum energy level.

In another embodiment of the hydrino hydride reactor, the electric or magnetic field source is ionized with atoms or ions to provide a catalyst having a reaction net enthalpy of approximately mX27.2 eV. For example, potassium metal is ionized to K ⁺ or rubidium metal to Rb ⁺ to provide a catalyst. The electric field source may be a hot filament, whereby the hot filament can break down molecular hydrogen into atomic hydrogen. Previously observed high power levels in microwave cells have been shown to react with helium-containing plasmas to produce very high power, as shown by the Red-yellow coating and Beenakker cavity, which appear to be ArH (1 / p). The roughening may be due to the accumulation of energy metals such as HeH (1 / p) or ArH (1 / p) in the quartz tube wall. In embodiments of microwave power cells and hydride reactors, microwaves are continued for extended periods of time to provide hydrinos as reactants and catalysts for disproportionation reactions and to enhance these materials that can degrade to produce power.

Optionally, the helium-hydrogen microwave plasma showed a very strong hydrino line drop at 8 nm with KI present in the reactor chamber. Titanium screens were also present in some examples. KI and Ti act as sources of electrons to form hydrino hydride compounds. When they accumulate in sufficient amounts, disproportionation reactions may occur sufficiently to maintain a very high catalysis reaction rate that exceeds the rate at which hydrinos are lost by the reaction or transfer. In embodiments of microwave power cells and hydride reactors, the cells work with electron sources such as KI, Sr, and / or Ti to form hydrino hydride compounds that generate high power conditions. In one case, the reactant may be placed directly into the cell. In other cases, the reactants may be vaporized from the reservoir by heating.

In embodiments of compound hollow cathode and micro hollow discharge power cells and hydride reactors, the cell walls may comprise an electrically conductive material such as stainless steel. Preferably, the glow discharge power is operated at a level that provides the best power output gain or predetermined output power gain for a given input power. If the ratio of output to input increases with input power, it is limited by the arcing of the discharge to the conductive cell walls. The plasma is preferably maintained by electrically insulating the conductive wall with a material, such as quartz or alumina, inside the hollow cathode or cathodes. In an embodiment, the stainless steel cell is lined with a quartz or alumina sleeve.

Preferred hollow cathodes are composed of refractory materials such as molybdenum or tungsten. Preferred hollow cathodes include compound hollow cathodes. A preferred source of catalyst for compound hollow cathode discharge cells is neon, RL Mills, P. Ray, J. Dong, M. Nansteel, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Spectral Emission of Fractional-Principal-Quantum-Energy-Level Molecular Hydrogen ", INT. J. HYDROGEN ENERGY, which is incorporated herein by reference. In embodiments of the cell including compound hollow cathode and neon as a source of hydrogen and catalyst, the partial pressure of neon is for example from 90 to 99.99 atomic% and hydrogen is from about 0.01 to about 10%. Preferably, the partial pressure of neon is about 99 to 99.9% and hydrogen is about 0.1 to 1 atomic%.

In embodiments of hydride reactors such as compound hollow cathodes and power cells, microwaves, and inductively coupled RF cells, the cell temperature is above room temperature. The cell is operated at about 25 ° C at about 1500 ° C. More preferably, the cell is operated at about 200 ° C at about 1000 ° C. Most preferably, the cell is operated at about 200 ° C at about 650 ° C.

In an embodiment of the cell, the requirement of high wall temperature is provided by a gas-gap wall in which a cell, such as a microwave cell, is surrounded by a gas gap and a surrounding water wall. Steep temperatures are present in the gas gap. The thermal conductivity of the gap can be adjusted by varying the thermal conductivity and pressure of the gas in the gap.

5. Rare Gas Catalysts and Products

In an embodiment of a power converter comprising a power source, a hydride reactor and an energy cell for catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form a composition of a material comprising a novel hydrogen species and a novel form of hydrogen of the present invention, the catalyst is A source of a first catalyst and a second catalyst. In an embodiment, the first catalyst produces a second catalyst from the source of the second catalyst. In an embodiment, the energy released by the catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst produces a plasma in the energy cell. Energy ionizes the second catalyst source to produce a second catalyst. The second catalyst may be one or more ions produced in the absence of the strong electric field that is typically required in the case of glow discharges. The weak electric field increases the catalysis rate of the second catalyst, so that the reaction enthalpy of the catalyst can be matched to mX27.2 eV resulting in hydrogen catalysis. In an embodiment of the energy cell, the first catalyst is selected from the group of catalysts given in Table 3, for example potassium and strontium, the source of the second catalyst is selected from the group of helium and argon, and the second catalyst Is selected from the group of He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , wherein the catalytic ions are generated from the corresponding atoms by the plasma created by the catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst. For example, 1) an energy cell containing strontium and argon, wherein hydrogen catalysis by strontium produces a plasma containing Ar ⁺ which acts as a second catalyst in formula (12-14), And 2) an energy cell containing potassium and helium, wherein the hydrogen catalysis by potassium produces a plasma containing He ⁺ which acts as a second catalyst in equation (9-11). In an embodiment, the pressure of the second catalyst source is from about 1 millito to about 1 atmosphere. The partial pressure of hydrogen is from about 1 millitorr to about 1 atmosphere. In a preferred embodiment, the total pressure is from about 0.5 Torr to about 2 Torr. In an embodiment, the ratio of the pressure of the second catalyst source to the hydrogen pressure is greater than one. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrogen is about 0.1 to 99% and the source of the second catalyst comprises a balance of the gas present in the cell. More preferably, the hydrogen is within about 1 to about 5% and the source of the second catalyst is about 95% to about 99%. These pressure ranges are representative examples, and those skilled in the art can implement the invention to provide the desired results using the given pressure.

In embodiments of power cells and power converters, the catalyst comprises at least one selected from the group of He ⁺ , and Ar ⁺ , wherein the ionized catalytic ions are subjected to methods such as glow discharge or inductively coupled microwave discharge. By means of a plasma produced by the corresponding atom. Preferably, a corresponding cell, such as a discharge cell, or a plasma torch hydrino hydride reactor, has a low electric field strength region such that the reaction enthalpy of the catalyst matches mX27.2 eV, resulting in hydrogen catalysis. In one embodiment, the reactor is a discharge cell with a halo anode described by Kuraica and Konjevic. Kuraica, M., Konjevic, N., Physical Review A, Volume 46, No. 7, October (1992), pp. 4429-4432.

In another embodiment, the reactor is a discharge cell having a hollow cathode, such as a central wire or rod anode, and a concentric hollow anode, such as a stainless or nickel mesh. In another preferred embodiment, the cell is a microwave cell, wherein the catalyst is produced by the microwave plasma. In another embodiment, atomic hydrogen is produced by a microwave plasma of molecular hydrogen gas and acts as a catalyst in accordance with the catalytic reaction given by equations (24-26). Preferably, the hydrogen pressure of the hydrogen microwave plasma ranges from about 1 millitorr to about 10,000 torr, more preferably the hydrogen pressure of the hydrogen microwave plasma ranges from about 10 millitorr to about 100 torr, most preferably The hydrogen pressure of the hydrogen microwave plasma ranges from about 10 millitorr to about 10 Torr.

In an embodiment of a cell in which the electric field controls the reaction rate of a catalyst containing a cation such as He ⁺ , or Ar ⁺ , hydrogen catalysis occurs preferentially at the cathode. The cathode is selected to provide the desired field. In an embodiment of the cell, the first catalyst, such as strontium, flows with a source of hydrogen gas and a second catalyst, such as argon or helium.

In an embodiment, the catalysis of hydrogen produces a second catalyst from a source of a second catalyst such as Ar ⁺ from helium and He ⁺ from helium operating as the second catalyst. The plasma produced by hydrogen catalysis can be magnetized to impose a limit. In the cell of the example, the reaction proceeds in a solenoid or in a magnet that provides a minimum magnetic (minimum B) field so that a second catalyst, such as Ar ⁺ , is trapped and obtains a longer half-life. By limiting the plasma, ions such as electrons become energetic which increases the amount of the second catalyst such as Ar ⁺ . The restriction also increases the energy of the plasma, making more atomic hydrogen. By increasing the concentration of the second catalyst and atomic hydrogen, the hydrogen catalysis rate is increased. Strondium metal can react with Ar ⁺ to reduce the amount available for activity as a catalyst. The temperature of the cell may be controlled in at least some of the cells to control the strontium vapor pressure to achieve the desired catalysis rate. Preferably, the vapor pressure of strontium is controlled in the region of the cathode where a high concentration of Ar ⁺ is present.

The compound may have the formula MHn, where n is an integer from 1 to 100, more preferably 1 to 10, most preferably 1 to 6, and M is a rare gas such as helium, neon, argon, xenon, and krypton Atoms, the hydrogen content Hn of the compound includes at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species.

Synthesis of increased binding energy ArHn, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 100, more preferably 1 to 10, most preferably 1 to 6, comprises discharge of an argon and hydrogen mixture, wherein the catalyst is Ar Contains ⁺ ArHn products may be recruited to cooled reservoirs, for example liquid nitrogen cooled reservoirs.

Synthesis of increased binding energy HeHn, where n is an integer from 1 to 100, more preferably 1 to 10, most preferably 1 to 6, involves discharge of an argon and hydrogen mixture, where the catalyst is He Contains ⁺ The HeHn product may be recruited to a cooled reservoir, for example a liquid nitrogen cooled reservoir.

Embodiments for synthesizing an increased bond energy hydrogen compound comprising at least one rare gas atom include introducing the rare gas as a reactant to an hydrino hydride reactor with an atomic hydrogen source and a hydrogen catalyst.

Examples of enriching the rare gas from a source containing a rare gas include reacting with a noble atomic atomic source and increased bond energy hydrogen to form, and an increased bond energy hydrogen compound that can be separated and decomposed to provide a rare gas. do. In one embodiment, a gas stream comprising enriched rare gas flows through a hydrino hydride reactor, such as a gas cell, gas discharge cell, or microwave cell hydrino hydride reactor, resulting in increased binding energy hydrogen generated in the reactor. The species react with the rare gas of the gas stream to form an increased binding energy hydrogen compound comprising at least one rare gas atom. The compound can be separated and decomposed to provide a rare gas enriched.

In plasma cell embodiments wherein the catalyst is a cation such as at least one selected from the He ⁺ and Ar ⁺ groups, an increased binding energy hydrogen compound, ionic hydrino hydride, is formed upon reaction of the hydrino atom with ions present in the cell. The source of iron may be from a stainless steel cell. In other embodiments, additional catalysts such as strontium, cesium, or potassium are present.

6. Plasma and Light Sources from Hydrogen Catalysis

Emission of vacuum ultraviolet light from hydrogen gas is typically achieved using high voltage, synchrotron devices, high power inductively coupled plasma generators, or plasma is created and subjected to RF coupling with limitations provided by a toroidal magnetic field. By heating to an extreme temperature (eg> 10 ⁶ K). The observation of strong extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission at low temperatures (e.g. ≒ 10 ³ ) from atomic hydrogen generated from a titanium decomposer and tungsten filaments heated to certain gas atoms or from the ion catalysts of the present invention evaporated by heated filaments Previously reported. [R. Mills, J. Dong, Y. Lu, "Observation of Extreme Ultraviolet Hydrogen Emission from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Catalysts", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 25, (2000), pp. 919-943]. Potassium, cesium and strodium atoms and Rb ⁺ are ionized at low temperature, an extremely low voltage plasma called resonance transition, or an integer multiple of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen formed from rt-plasma with strong EUV emission. Similarly, the ion energy of Ar ⁺ is 27.63 eV, and when Ar ⁺ radiation is observed, the emission intensity of the plasma increased significantly with the introduction of only argon gas. Mills, P. Ray, "Spectroscopic Identification of a Novel Catalytic Reaction of Potassium and Atomic Hydrogen and the Hydride Ion Product", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, in press]. In contrast, chemically similar atoms, sodium, magnesium and barium do not ionize at integer multiples of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, do not form a plasma, and do not cause any emission.

For further elucidation, the high resolution of the 656.2 nm Balmer α line emitted from microwave and hydrogen alone, strontium or magnesium with hydrogen, or helium, neon, argon, or xenon's glow discharge plasma with high resolution is Recorded with a line of sight spectrometer. RL Mills, A. Voigt, P. Ray, M. Nansteel, B. Dhandapani, "Measurement of Hydrogen Balmer Line Broadening and Thermal Power Balances of Noble Gas-Hydrogen Discharge Plasmas", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, submitted; RL Mills, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, J. He, Comparison of Excessive Balmer a Line Broadening of Glow Discharge and Microwave Hydrogen Plasmas with Certain Catalysts, See Experimental section]. The strontium-hydrogen microwave plasma showed similar broadening to that observed in the 27-33 eV glo discharge cell: whereas, at both sources, no broadening was observed for magnesium-hydrogen. With the rare gas hydrogen mixture, the tendency to broaden with certain rare gases is the same for both sources, but the magnitude of the honeycombs is dramatically different. Microwave helium-hydrogen and argon-hydrogen plasmas showed unusual broadening corresponding to average hydrogen atom temperatures of 110-130 eV and 180-210 eV, respectively. The corresponding results from the glow discharge plasma were 30-35 eV and 33-38 eV, respectively. In contrast, the plasmas of pure hydrogen, neon-hydrogen, krypton-hydrogen, and xenon-hydrogen maintained in both sources did not show excessive broadening corresponding to the average hydrogen atom temperature of ≒ 3 eV. For the helium-hydrogen mixture and the argon-hydrogen mixture microwave plasma, the electron temperature T _e is determined from the ratio of the intensity of the He 501.6 nm line and the intensity of the He 492.2 line, and the ratio of the intensity of the Ar 104.8 nm line and the intensity of the Ar 420.06 nm line. Each was measured. Similarly, the average electron temperatures for helium-hydrogen and argon-hydrogen plasmas were high 28,000 K and 11,600 K, respectively; While the corresponding temperatures of helium and argon alone were only 6800 K and 4800 K. Since no high field was observed observationally, pure broadening or acceleration of charged species due to high field (eg 10 kV / cm or more) may not be associated to account for microwave results. Rather, the results can be explained by the resonance energy transfer between atomic strontium, Ar ⁺ , or He ²⁺ ionizing at an integer multiple of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen and atomic hydrogen.

Preferred embodiments of the power cell produce a plasma that can be converted into electricity by at least one converter disclosed herein, such as magnetic mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter and plasmadynamic power. The power cell also includes at least one light source of extreme ultraviolet, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, or high frequency radiation.

The light source of the present invention comprises a cell of the present invention comprising a light propagation structure or a predetermined radiation window of a predetermined wavelength or a predetermined wavelength range. For example, quartz windows can be used to transmit ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and / or high frequency light from the cell, and ceramic windows can be used to transmit infrared, microwave, and / or high frequency light from the cell. have. The cell wall may comprise a light propagation device or a window. The cell wall or window may be coated with a phosphor that converts one or more short waves into a predetermined long wave. For example, ultraviolet or extreme ultraviolet light can be converted into visible light. The light source can provide shortwave light directly, and the emission of shortwave light can be used in known applications such as photolithography.

Light sources of the present invention, such as visible light sources, include transparent cell walls that can be insulated, such that elevated temperatures are maintained within the cell. In an embodiment, the wall may be a double wall having a vacuum space for separation. The separator may be a filament such as tungsten filament. The filaments can also heat the catalyst to produce a gas phase catalyst. The first catalyst may be at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium, rubidium, cesium, and strontium metal. The second catalyst can be generated by the first. In an embodiment, at least one helium and argon are ionized to He ⁺ , and Ar ⁺ by a plasma formed by the catalysis of hydrogen by a first catalyst such as strontium. He ⁺ , and / or Ar ⁺ acts as the second catalyst. Hydrogen is supplied by hydrides that decompose over time to maintain a predetermined pressure that can be determined by the temperature of the cell. The cell temperature can be controlled using a heater and a heater controller. In an embodiment, the temperature may be determined by the power supplied to the filament by the power controller.

Another embodiment of the present invention of a light source includes an adjustable light source capable of providing coherent or laser light. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectroscopy was recorded on microwave discharges of argon or helium with 10% hydrogen. The new radiation that matches what was predicted for the vibration transition of H ^* ₂ [n = 1/4; n ^* = 2] ⁺ is H _s [n = 1/4] ⁺ , E _D = 42.88 eV (28.92 nm) The expected decomposition limit of, E _D , was observed with v · 1.185 eV, v = 17 to 38 terminated at [R. Mills, P. Ray, "Vibrational Spectral Emission of Fractional-Principal-Quantum-Energy-Level Hydrogen Molecular Ion", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, in press which is incorporated herein by reference]. The vibrating line of dihydrino molecular ions, such as H ^* ₂ [n = 1/4; n ^* = 2] ^+, with v.1.185 eV, v being an integer energy, can be a source of adjustable laser light. Adjustable light source of the present invention includes at least one gas, gas discharge, plasma torch, or microwave plasma cell, wherein the cell may comprise a laser cavity. An adjustable laser light source can be provided by light emitted from dihydrino molecular ions using conventionally known means and methods described in Laser Handbook, Edited by ML Stitch, North-Holland Publishing Company, (1979).

The light source of the present invention may comprise at least one gas, gas discharge, plasma torch, or microwave plasma cell, wherein He ⁺ , Ne ₂ ^* , from helium, helium, neon, neon-hydrogen mixture and argon gases, respectively, Ions or excimers that effectively act as catalysts from catalyst sources such as He ₂ ^* , Ne ⁺ / H ⁺ , or Ar ⁺ are effectively formed. The lights may be nearly monochromatic light, such as Lyman line radiation such as Lyman α, or Lyman β.

The mixture of helium and neon is the basis of the He-Ne laser. Both of these atoms are also sources of catalyst. In an embodiment of a plasma power cell, such as a microwave cell, the source of the catalyst comprises a mixture of hydrogen, helium, and neon. Population of the helium-neon laser state (18.70 eV state excited at 20.66 eV metastable with laser emission at 632.8 nm) is pumped by the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. Examples of discharge cells and microwaves using at least one of neon or helium as the catalyst source are given in the literature of Mill, all incorporated by reference [R. L. Mills, P. Ray, J. Dong, M. Nansteel, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Spectral Emission of Fractional-Principal-Quantum- Energy-Level Molecular Hydrogen", INT. J. HYDROGEN ENERGY, submitted; R. L. Mills, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, M. Nansteel, X. Chen, J. He, "New Power Source from Fractional Rydberg States of Atomic Hydrogen", Chem. Phys. Letts., In press; R. Mills, P. Ray, "Spectral Emission of Fractional Quantum Energy Levels of Atomic Hydrogen from a Helium-Hydrogen Plasma and the Implications for Dark Matter", Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 301-322].

Rb ⁺ to Rb ²⁺ and 2K ⁺ to K + K ²⁺ each provide a reaction with a net enthalpy equal to the potential energy of atomic hydrogen. The presence of these gas ions along with the thermally decomposed hydrogen formed a plasma with strong VUV emission with the normally conducted Lehman population. We propose an energy catalyzed reaction involving resonance energy transfer between a hydrogen atom and Rb ⁺ or 2K ⁺ to form a very stable new hydride ion. This predicted binding energy of 3.0468 eV is the predicted borderless ultrafine structure line that matches j = 1 to j = 37 for less than 1 part per 10 ⁵ E _HF = J ² 3.0056 X 10 ^-5 + 3.0575 eV ( Integer) was observed at 4070.0 Å. This catalytic reaction can pump the cw HI laser. The enabling technique is given in the literature of wheat [R. Mills, P. Ray, R. Mayo, "CW HI Laser Based on a Stationary Inverted Lyman Population Formed from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Group I Catalysts", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, submitted; RL Mills, P. Ray, "Stationary Inverted Lyman Population Formed from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Catalysts", Chem. Phys. Letts., Submitted]. It is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

RL Mills, P. Ray, "Stationary Inverted Lyman Population Formed from Incandescently Heated Hydrogen Gas with Certain Catalysts", Chem. Phys. Letts. As given in: The inverted population is a fast H (n = 1) atom and multipole coupling [RL Mills, P. Ray, B. Dhandapani, J. He, "Spectroscopic Identification of Fractional Rydberg States of Atomic Hydrogen", J. of Phys. Chem., Submitted], a short-lived, high-energy intermediate that undergoes a catalyzed transition, to produce H (n> 2) atoms directly, resonance non-radioactive from the atoms to the states given in equations (1) and (3). It is explained by energy transfer. Background Radiation of H (n = 3) from fast H (n = 1) excited by collision with H ₂ has been discussed by Radovanov et al. [SB Radovanov, K. Dzierzega, JR Roberts, JK Olthoff, “Time-resolved Balmer -alpha emission from fast hydrogen atoms in low pressure, radio-frequency discharges in hydrogen ", Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 66, No. 20, (1995), pp. 2637-2639. Also, as discussed in section 3B, formation of H ⁺ distant from the thermal equilibrium is predicted in terms of ion temperature. AKATSUKA et al. Show the following [H. [AKATSUKA,] M. Suzuki, "Stationary population inversion of hydrogen in arc-heated magnetically trapped expanding hydrogen-helium plasma jet", Phys. Rev. E, Vol. 49, (1994), pp. 1534-1544] It features a cold recombinant plasma that has a high lying level at local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), while for low lying levels the wave rate conduction conductivity, T _e , is shown by the Saha-Boltzmann equation. It is obtained when the appropriate electron density is lowered, such as losing.

As a result of the non-radiative energy transfer of m · 27.2 eV to the catalyst, the hydrogen atoms become unstable and energy until it achieves a low energy non-radiative state with the main energy level given by equations (1) and (3). Emit more. Thus, these intermediate states also correspond to conducted populations, and q · 13.6 eV as shown in documents 14 and 19, where q is an energy of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 Emissions from these states with excitation can be the basis for laser and soft X-rays in EUV, since excitation of the corresponding relaxed Rydberg state atom H (1 / (p + m)) requires participation in the non-radiative process. [H. Conrads, R. Mills, Th. Wrubel, "Emission in the Deep Vacuum Ultraviolet from an Incandescently Driven Plasma in a Potassium Carbonate Cell", Plasma Sources Science and Technology, submitted].

7. Energy reactor

An energy reactor 50 according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 and includes a vessel 52, which is such as an energy reaction mixture 54, a heat exchanger 60 and a steam generator 62 and a turbine 70. It includes a power converter. When the reaction mixture consisting of hydrogen and catalyst reacts to form low energy hydrogen, heat exchanger 60 absorbs the heat released by the catalysis. The heat exchanger exchanges heat with the steam generator 62, which absorbs heat from the heat exchanger 60 to produce steam. The energy reactor 50 further includes a turbine 70, which receives the steam from the steam generator 62 and provides mechanical power to the power generator 80 that converts the steam energy into electrical energy, which load ( 90) to produce or distribute work.

The energy reaction mixture 54 resonancely removes a source of hydrogen isotope atoms or a source of molecular hydrogen isotopes, and approximately mX27,21 eV where m is an integer to form low energy atomic hydrogen, and resonates approximately mX48.6 eV. And to form a low energy molecular hydrogen, wherein the reaction of the hydrogen to a low energy state comprises an energy releasing material 56 comprising a catalyst generated by the hydrogen and the catalyst. Catalysis releases energy in the form of heat and low energy hydrogen isotope atoms and / or molecules.

The hydrogen source can be hydrogen gas, decomposition of water, including thermal decomposition, electrolysis of water, hydrogen from hydrides, or hydrogen from metal-hydrogen solutions. In all embodiments, the catalyst source can be one or more electrochemical, chemical, photochemical, thermal, free radical, sonic, or nuclear reactions, or inelastic photon or particle dispersion reactions. In the latter case, the energy reactor of the present invention comprises a particle source 75b and / or a light source 75a to provide a catalyst. In these cases, the net enthalpy of the supplied reaction corresponds to the resonance collision by photons or particles. In a preferred embodiment of the energy reactor shown in FIG. 9, atomic hydrogen is formed from molecular hydrogen by a photon source, such as a microwave source or a UV source.

The photon source also produces at least one energy of approximately mX27,21 eV, m / 2 X27,21 eV, or 40.8 eV, which causes the hydrogen atoms to undergo a transition to a low energy state. In all reaction mixtures, the selected external energy device 75, for example an electrode, can be used to supply an electrostatic potential or current (magnetic field) to reduce the activation energy of the reaction. In another embodiment, the mixture 54 further includes a material or surface that absorbs and / or decomposes atoms and / or molecules of energy releasing the material 56. Such surfaces or materials that decompose and / or absorb hydrogen, deuterium, or tritium may be elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, Titanium, SC, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated charcoal (carbon) and embedded Cs carbon (graphite).

The catalyst is provided by ionization of t electrons from atoms or ions to continuum energy levels such that the sum of the ionization energies of t electrons is approximately mX27.2 eV, where t and m are each an integer. The catalyst can also be provided by the transfer of t electrons between participating ions. The transfer of t electrons from one ion to another provides the net enthalpy of the reaction, whereby the sum of the ionization energy of the ion emitting electron minus the ionization energy of the electron accepting ion is approximately m · 27.2 eV, where t and m is an integer, respectively.

In a preferred embodiment, the hydrogen atom catalyst source comprises catalyst material 58 and typically provides a net enthalpy of approximately mX27.21 eV ± 1 eV. In a preferred embodiment, the hydrogen molecular catalyst source comprises catalyst material 58 and typically provides a net enthalpy of approximately mX48.6 eV ± 5 eV. Catalysts include those given in Tables 1 and 3, and include the atoms, ions, molecules, and hydrinos described in the prior art of wheat, incorporated by reference.

Another embodiment is a vessel 52 containing a catalyst in the molten, liquid, gas, or solid state and a hydrogen source comprising hydride and gaseous hydrogen. In the case of a reactor for catalysis of hydrogen atoms, the examples include molecular hydrogen, elements, compounds, alloys, or mixtures of transition and internal transition elements, iron, platinum, palladium, zirconium, vanadium, nickel, titanium, SC , Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Ag, Cd, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Au, Hg, Ce, Pr, Nd Atomic hydrogen including, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Vb, Lu, Th, Pa, U, activated charcoal (carbon), and embedded Cs carbon (graphite) It further comprises electromagnetic radiation comprising UV light provided by means for decomposing or into the light source 75a.

The electrolysis cell energy reactor, the compressed gas energy reactor, the gas discharge energy reactor, and the microwave cell energy reactor of the present invention; Hydrogen source; One of a solid, molten, liquid, and gas source of the catalyst; A container containing hydrogen and a catalyst, wherein low energy hydrogen is generated by contact of the catalyst with hydrogen; And means for removing the low energy hydrogen product. The energy invention is further described in the prior literature of wheat, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

In a preferred embodiment, the catalysis of hydrogen produces a plasma. The plasma may also be maintained at least in part by a microwave generator, where the microwave is controlled by an adjustable microwave cavity, moved by a waveguide, and delivered to the reaction chamber through an RF transparent window or antenna. The microwave frequency can be selected to effectively form atomic hydrogen from molecular hydrogen. This results in ion or excimer acting as a catalyst from a catalyst source such as He ⁺ , Ne ₂ ^* , He ₂ ^* , Ne ⁺ / H ⁺ , or Ar ⁺ from helium, helium, neon, neon-hydrogen mixture and argon gases, respectively. It can form effectively.

8. Microwave Gas Cell Hydride and Power Reactor

Microwave gas cell hydrides and power reactors of the present invention for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form increased bond energy hydrogen species and increased bond energy hydrogen compounds are chambers, atoms, which may contain pressures above vacuum or atmospheric pressure. A vessel having a hydrogen source, a microwave power source forming a plasma, and a catalyst capable of providing a reactive net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, where m is an integer and is preferably an integer less than 400. The microwave power source may include a microwave generator, an adjustable microwave cavity, a waveguide, and an antenna. Optionally, the cell may further comprise means for at least partially converting power for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen into microwaves to maintain the plasma.

9. Capacitively and Inductively Coupled RF Plasma Cell Hydride and Power Reactors

The capacitive and / or inductively coupled high frequency (RF) plasma cell hydride and power reactor of the present invention for the catalysis of hydrogen atoms to form increased bond energy hydrogen species and increased bond energy hydrogen compounds Chambers that may contain pressures higher than vacuum or atmospheric pressure, sources of atomic hydrogen, RF power sources that form plasma, and reactive net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, where m is an integer and is preferably an integer less than 400. It includes a vessel having a catalyst that can provide. The cell includes at least two electrodes and an RF generator, where the RF power source may comprise an electrode driven by the RF generator. Optionally, the cell may be a source coil external to the cell wall allowing RF power to be coupled to the plasma formed within the cell, a conductive cell wall that may be grounded, and a coil capable of inductively and / or capacitively coupling the RF power to the cell plasma. It may further include an RF generator for driving.

10. Magnetic Mirror Electrohydrodynamic Power Converter

The plasma formed by the catalysis of atomic hydrogen contains energy electrons and ions that can be selectively generated in a given region. The magnetic mirror 913 of the magnetic mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter shown in FIG. 10 is located in a predetermined area so that electrons and ions are aligned with the axis, z axis of the magnetic field gradient of the magnetic mirror from the same distribution of velocity at x, y and z. Therefore, it can be installed to be forced at first speed. The electron motion component v _인 perpendicular to the direction of the z axis is at least partially converted to parallel motion v _II because of the adiabatic invariant v _ㅗ ² / B = constant. The magnetic mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter further includes the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converters 911 and 915 of FIG. 10 that include a magnetic flux source transverse to the z-axis. Thus, the ions have a velocity first along the z axis and are diffused from the transverse flux source into the region of the transverse flux. The Lorentzian force on the diffusion ions is transverse to the velocity and magnetic flux and opposite to the negative and positive ions. Thus, a lateral current is produced. The electromagnetic fluid dynamics power converter includes at least two electrodes capable of traversing a magnetic field to receive Lorentzian deflected ions transversely creating a voltage across the electrodes. Voltage can drive current through an electrical load.

11. Plasma Mechanics Power Converter

The mass of ions positively charged in the plasma is at least 1800 times the electrons. So, the cyclotron orbit is 1800 times larger. This result allows electrons to be trapped magnetically in the joists where ions can drift. Charge separation can occur to provide a voltage between two electrodes that are the basis of the plasmadynamic power converter of the present invention.

12. hydrino hydride battery

A cathode 405 'and a cathode portion 401' containing an oxidizing agent, an anode portion 402 'comprising an anode 410' and a reducing agent, and a salt bridge 420 for completing a circuit between the cathode portion and the anode portion. And a battery 400 'shown in FIG. 2 comprising an electrical load 425'. The increased binding energy hydrogen compound may act as an oxidant in the battery cathode half reaction. The oxidant may be an increased binding energy hydrogen compound. The cation M ^{n +} (where n silver integer) where the cation binding energy or atom M ^{(n-1) +} is less than the hydrino hydride ion H ^_ (1 / p) can act as the oxidant. . Optionally, the hydrino hydride ions may be selected for a given cation such that the hydrino hydride ions are not oxidized by the cation. Thus, the oxidant M ^{n +} H ⁻ (1 / p) _n is a cation M ^{n + where} n is an integer, and p is an integer greater than 1, and the selected hydride is such that its binding energy is greater than the binding energy of M ^{(n-1) +} . Rhino hydride ions H ⁻ (1 / p). By selecting a stable cation-hydrino hydride anion compound, a battery oxidant is provided, wherein the reduction potential is determined by the binding energy of the cation and anion of the oxidant.

Hydride ions with extraordinary binding energies can stabilize the cation M ^{x +} , which is an exceptionally high oxidation state, +2 in the case of single-yellow lithium. Thus, these hydride ions can be used as the basis of a high voltage battery in a rocking chair design, where they move back and forth between the cathode and anode half cells during the hydride ion discharge and charge cycles. Optionally, it can move back and forth between the cathode and anode half cells during a cation charge and discharge cycle such as lithium ions, Li ⁺ . Examples of reactions of cations M ^{x +} such as Li ²⁺ include;

Cathode reaction:

MH_x+ e^_+ M⁺-> MH_x-1+ MH (55)

Anode reaction:

M-> M ⁺ + e ^- 56

Overall reaction:

M + MHx-> 2 MH _x-1 (57)

Suitable solid electrolytes for lithium ions include polyphosphazine and ceramic powders.

In an embodiment of the battery, the oxidant and / or reducing agent is melted with heat or external heater 450 'provided by the battery's internal resistance. Lithium ions of the molten battery reactant migrate through the salt bridge 420 'to complete the circuit.

Claims (716)

Reactor; A hydrogen atom source in communication with the reactor; A source of catalyst for catalyzing the reaction of hydrogen atoms in a low-energy state in communication with the reactor to release energy from the hydrogen atoms and produce a plasma; And Source of microwave power constructed and arranged to provide sufficient microwave power to initiate the plasma Cell containing. The cell of claim 1, wherein a source of microwave power is constructed and arranged to ionize the source of catalyst providing the catalyst. The cell of claim 1, wherein the source of the microwave power comprises an antenna, waveguide, or cavity. The cell of claim 1, wherein the cell comprises helium gas that produces He ⁺ when the source of catalyst is ionized by microwaves. The cell of claim 1, wherein the cell comprises argon gas to produce Ar ⁺ when the source of catalyst is ionized by microwaves. The cell of claim 1, wherein the source of catalyst is selected such that the catalyst formed by ionizing the source of catalyst using microwaves has a higher temperature than at thermal equilibrium. The method of claim 1, wherein in operation, the catalyst source in the excited or ionized state is further constructed to overwhelm the hydrogen in the excited or ionized state, compared to a thermal plasma in which the hydrogen in the excited or ionized state is dominant, and Placed cell. The cell of claim 1, wherein a source of microwave power is constructed and arranged to provide microwave power to the cell in the form of energy electrons dispersed within approximately electron average free lengths. The micropower of claim 8, wherein the source of microwave power is micropower in the cell in the form of energy electrons dispersed within an approximately mean average free length of about 0.1 cm to 1 cm when the cell is operated at a pressure of about 0.5 to about 5 Torr. A cell constructed and arranged to provide. 10. The cell of claim 9, wherein the cell is further constructed such that the cell is larger than the electron mean free length. The cell of claim 1, wherein the cell comprises a microwave resonator cavity and is further constructed and arranged to provide sufficient microwave power to ionize a source of catalyst providing the catalyst. The cell of claim 11, wherein the cavity is an Evenson cavity. 12. The cell of claim 11 further comprising a plurality of microwave power sources. 14. The cell of claim 13, further comprising a plurality of Evenson cavities constructed and arranged to operate in parallel. The cell of claim 1, wherein the cell comprises a quartz cell having a plurality of Evenson cavities disposed along a longitudinal axis. Reactor; A hydrogen atom source in communication with the reactor; A source of catalyst for catalyzing the reaction of hydrogen atoms in a low-energy state in communication with the reactor to release energy from the hydrogen atoms and produce a plasma; And Source of high frequency (RF) power constructed and arranged to provide sufficient microwave power to the reactor to initiate the plasma Cell containing. The cell of claim 16, wherein the RF power is capacitively or inductively coupled to the cell of the hydride reactor. The cell of claim 16 further comprising two electrodes. 19. The cell of claim 18 further comprising a coaxial cable connected to the power electrode by a coaxial center conductor. 17. The cell of claim 16, further comprising a coaxial center conductor coupled to an external source coil stacked around the cell. 21. The cell of claim 20, wherein the coaxial center conductor connected to an external source coil stacked around the cell terminates without being grounded. 21. The cell of claim 20, wherein the coaxial center conductor connected to an external source coil stacked around the cell is grounded. 17. The cell of claim 16 further comprising two electrodes wherein the electrodes are parallel plates. 24. The cell of claim 23 wherein one of the parallel plate electrodes is powered and the other is grounded. The cell of claim 16, wherein the cell comprises a Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) Reference Cell or a variant. The cell of claim 16 wherein the RF power is 13.56 MHz. 21. The cell of claim 20, wherein at least one wall of cells stacked with an external coil is at least partially transparent to RF excitation. 17. The cell of claim 16 wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 100 Hz to about 100 GHz. 17. The cell of claim 16 wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 1 kHz to about 100 MHz. The cell of claim 16, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 13.56 MHz ± 50 MHz or about 2.4 GHz ± 1 GHz. 17. The cell of claim 16 further comprising at least one coil. The cell of claim 16, wherein the cell comprises an Astron system. 17. The cell of claim 16 wherein the cell is an inductively connected toroidal plasma cell comprising a primary circuit of a transformer circuit. 34. The cell of claim 33, further comprising a primary coil of a transformer circuit driven by a high frequency power supply. 35. The cell of claim 34, further comprising a primary coil of the transformer circuit, wherein the plasma is a closed loop that acts as a second coil of the transformer circuit. The cell of claim 33, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 100 Hz to about 100 GHz. The cell of claim 33, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 1 kHz to about 100 MHz. The cell of claim 33, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 13.56 MHz ± 50 MHz or about 2.4 GHz ± 1 GHz. Reaction vessel; A hydrogen atom source in communication with the vessel; A source of catalyst for catalyzing the reaction of hydrogen atoms in a low-energy state in communication with the vessel to release energy from the hydrogen atoms and produce a plasma; Hollow cathodes in containers; Anode in container; And Power supply connected to cathode and anode to produce glow discharge plasma Cell containing. 40. The cell of claim 39, wherein the hollow cathode comprises a compound electrode having multiple electrodes in parallel or in series that can occupy a substantial portion of the cell volume. 40. A cell according to claim 39, further comprising a plurality of hollow cathodes in parallel such that a predetermined electric field can be produced in large volumes to produce a substantial power level. 40. The cell of claim 39, further comprising one anode and a plurality of concentric hollow cathodes each electrically isolated from a common anode. 40. The cell of claim 39 further comprising a plurality of parallel plate electrodes connected in series with one anode. 40. The cell of claim 39 wherein the electrodes are connected and arranged to operate at 1 to 100,000 volts. 40. The cell of claim 39 wherein the electrodes are connected and arranged to operate at 50 to 10,000 volts. 40. The cell of claim 39 wherein the electrodes are connected and arranged to operate at 50 to 5,000 volts. 40. The cell of claim 39 wherein the electrodes are connected and arranged to operate at 50 to 500 volts. 40. The cell of claim 39 wherein the hollow cathode comprises at least one refractory material. 49. A cell according to claim 48, wherein the refractory material comprises at least one molybdenum or tungsten. 40. The cell of claim 39 comprising neon acting as a catalyst source. 40. The cell of claim 39, wherein the cell comprises neon as a source of hydrogen and catalyst in the range of about 90 to about 99.99 atomic% neon and about 0.01 to about 10 atomic% hydrogen. 40. The cell of claim 39 wherein the neon comprises neon as a catalyst source with hydrogen in the range of about 99 to about 99.9 atomic% and hydrogen in the range of about 0.1 to about 1 atomic%. Reaction vessel; A hydrogen atom source in communication with the vessel; A source of catalyst for catalyzing the reaction of hydrogen atoms in a low-energy state in communication with the vessel to release energy from the hydrogen atoms and produce a plasma; And Electromagnetic fluid dynamics power converter constructed and arranged to convert plasma energy into electricity Cell containing. Reaction vessel; A hydrogen atom source in communication with the vessel; A source of catalyst for catalyzing the reaction of hydrogen atoms in a low-energy state in communication with the vessel to release energy from the hydrogen atoms and produce a plasma; And Plasmadynamic power converters constructed and arranged to convert plasma energy into electricity Cell containing. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, wherein when the catalyst is excited, the source of catalyst has a net enthalpy of about m.27.2 ± 0.5 eV, wherein m is an integer. . 55. The process of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein when the catalyst is excited, the source of catalyst has a net enthalpy of about m / 2.27 ± 0.5 eV, where m is an integer greater than one. A cell providing a catalyst. 55. The process of any of claims 1, 16, 53 and 54, wherein the source of the catalyst initiates the transition of atomic hydrogen from n = 1 (p = 1) energy level to n = 1/2 (p = 2) energy level. A cell providing a catalyst comprising He ⁺ that absorbs 40.8 eV corresponding to 3 / 2.27.2 eV (m = 3) during transition from n = 1 energy level to n = 2 energy level, which acts as a catalyst for. 55. The process of any of claims 1, 16, 53, and 54, wherein the source of the catalyst is 3 of the transition of atomic hydrogen from n = 1 (p = 1) energy level to n = 1/2 (p = 2) energy level. A cell providing a catalyst comprising Ar ²⁺ , which absorbs 40.8 eV corresponding to / 2.27.2 eV (m = 3) and ionizes with Ar ³⁺ . 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 53 and 54 wherein the source of catalyst comprises a mixture of a first catalyst and a second catalyst source. 60. The cell of claim 59, wherein the first catalyst produces a second catalyst from the source of the second catalyst when the cell is operating. 61. The cell of claim 60, wherein the energy released by catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst produces a plasma. 62. The cell of claim 61 wherein the first and second catalysts are selected such that the energy released by the catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst ionizes the source of the second catalyst to produce the second catalyst. 62. A cell according to claim 61, wherein one or more ions are produced in the absence of a strong electric field when the cell is operating. 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the reaction enthalpy of the catalyst is about m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, where m matches an integer to cause the catalysis of hydrogen, The cell further contains a source. 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the first catalyst is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , Ne ⁺ , and In ³⁺ Cell selected from group of. 60. The cell of claim 59, wherein the source of the second catalyst comprises at least one selected from the group of helium and argon. The cell of claim 66, wherein the second catalyst produced from the source of the second catalyst comprises at least one selected from the group of He ⁺ and Ar ⁺ , wherein the second catalyst ions are generated from the corresponding atoms by the plasma. 60. The cell of claim 59 wherein the second catalyst comprises Ar ⁺ . 69. The cell of claim 68, wherein the source of the second catalyst is argon, wherein catalysis of hydrogen with the first catalyst ionizes argon and produces a second catalyst comprising Ar ⁺ . 60. The cell of claim 59, wherein the source of catalyst comprises a mixture of strontium and argon, wherein the catalysis of hydrogen by strontium produces Ar ⁺ . 60. The cell of claim 59, wherein the source of catalyst comprises a mixture of potassium and argon, wherein the catalysis of hydrogen by potassium produces a second catalyst of Ar ⁺ . 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst source comprises a mixture of helium gas producing He ⁺ as a first catalyst and a second catalyst. 60. The cell of claim 59, wherein the source of the second catalyst comprises helium, wherein the catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst produces He ⁺ , which functions as the second catalyst. 60. The cell of claim 59, wherein the source of the second catalyst comprises helium, wherein the catalysis of hydrogen by strontium produces He ⁺ , which functions as the second catalyst. 60. The cell of claim 59, wherein the source of the second catalyst comprises helium, wherein the catalysis of hydrogen by potassium produces He ⁺ , which functions as the second catalyst. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, further comprising at least two electrodes constructed and arranged to receive power from the plasma when the source of the magnetic field and the cell are operated. 55. The apparatus of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, further comprising means for causing a directional flow of ions and a power converter for converting the kinetic energy of the ions flowing when the cell is operated into electrical force. Cell. 78. The method of claim 77, wherein, when the cell is in operation, the component of plasma ion motion perpendicular to the direction of the z-axis ν _하도록 to form a directional flow of ions is parallel movement due to the adiabatic constant υ _ㅗ ² / B = constant v The cell at least partially converted to _ll . 78. The method of claim 77, wherein, when the cell is in operation, the component of plasma ion motion perpendicular to the direction of the z-axis ν _하도록 to form a directional flow of ions is parallel movement due to the adiabatic constant υ _ㅗ ² / B = constant v and at least one magnetic mirror constructed and arranged to at least partially switch to _ll . 78. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein when the cell is activated, the ions preferentially have a velocity along the z axis and are diffused into the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, wherein the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter generates a magnetic field that intersects the direction of the electrode and the flowing ions. Wherein the ions are Lorentzian deflected by a magnetic field, and wherein the deflected ions further comprise an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter constructed and arranged to form a voltage at the electrode crossed with the corresponding transverse deflection field. 81. The cell of claim 80, wherein the electrode voltage is capable of driving current through an electrical load. 81. The electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter of claim 80, wherein when the cell is operating the ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis and are diffused into the converter, and the converter comprises a magnetic field that intersects the direction of the flowing ions, and wherein The ions are Lorentzian deflected by magnetic field, and the deflected ions are constructed and arranged to form a voltage at an electrode that intersects with the corresponding transverse deflection field, wherein the cell comprises a fractionated Faraday generator type electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. 78. The apparatus of claim 77, wherein when the cell is operated, ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis and are propagated into the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, the converter including a magnetic field and at least two electrodes that intersect the direction of the flowing ions. Where the ions are Lorentzian deflected by the magnetic field to form a transverse current, and the transverse current is separated along the z axis, and constructed and arranged so as to deflect by the crossed magnetic field to form a Hall voltage between at least two transverse electrodes. A cell further comprising an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. 80. The cell of claim 73 wherein the electrode voltage is capable of inducing current through an electrical load. 78. The magnetic field of claim 77, wherein when the cell is activated, ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis and are propagated into a Hall generator type electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, the converter having a magnetic field intersecting with the direction of the flowing ions and at least two electrodes. Wherein the ions are Lorentzian deflected by the magnetic field to form a transverse current, and the transverse current is separated along the z axis and is deflected by the crossed magnetic field to form a Hall voltage between at least two transverse electrodes, A cell further comprising a constructed and arranged electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. 78. The device of claim 77, wherein when the cell is operated, ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis and are diffused into the converter, the converter comprising at least two ions and a magnetic field that intersects the direction of the flowing ions, wherein the ions are Lorentzian is deflected by the magnetic field to form a transverse current, and the transverse current is separated along the z-axis, and constructed and arranged window frame so as to be deflected by the crossed magnetic field to form a Hall voltage between at least two transverse electrodes And a diagonal generator with a type electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. 78. The cell of claim 77, further comprising defining the structure to limit the hydrogen catalysis that has generated the plasma to a predetermined region. 88. The cell of claim 87 wherein the confinement structure comprises at least two electrodes. 88. The cell of claim 87 wherein the confinement structure comprises at least one microwave antenna. 88. The cell of claim 87 wherein the confinement structure comprises at least one microwave cavity. 88. The cell of claim 87 wherein the microwave cavity comprises an Evenson cavity. 78. The method of claim 77, further comprising a magnetic bottle comprising a plurality of magnetic mirrors, wherein when the cell is operating, the ions penetrate at least one of the magnetic mirrors and have a preferential velocity along the z axis. And a cell constructed and arranged to disseminate into a power converter to convert kinetic energy of the flowing ions into electrical forces. 78. The method of claim 77, wherein when the cell is operating, a source of ions with preferential velocity along the z axis is supplied to the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, where Lorentzian deflected ions form a voltage at the electrode that intersects with the corresponding transverse deflection field. And a electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter constructed and arranged to do so. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the cell comprises a discharge cell. 95. The cell of claim 94, further comprising a structure for providing an intermittent or pulsed discharge current. 95. The cell of claim 94, further comprising a structure providing an offset voltage from about 0.5 to about 500 V. 95. The cell of claim 94, further comprising a structure providing an offset voltage providing a field from about 1 V / cm to about 10 V / cm. 95. The cell of claim 94, further comprising a structure providing a pulse frequency from about 0.1 Hz to about 100 MHz and a workload period from about 0.1% to about 95%. The method of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, wherein m can be provided m.27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer, or m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 when m is an integer greater than one. further comprising a hydrogen catalyst of atomic hydrogen capable of providing eV and capable of forming a hydrogen atom having a binding energy of about 13.6 eV / (1 / p) ² where p is an integer, Where the net enthalpy of the molecular bonds of the catalyst is such that the sum of the binding energy and the t electron ionization energy is m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer or m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is greater than 1 A cell provided by the ionization of t electrons from the atoms of the destroyed and destroyed molecules to each continuum energy level. 107. A cell according to claim 99, wherein the hydrogen catalyst further comprises at least one of C ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ , and NO ₃ . 107. A cell according to claim 99, further comprising a molecule with a hydrogen catalyst. The method of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the source of catalyst is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , In ³⁺ , He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Xe ⁺ , Ar ²⁺ , Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ , and at least one atom or ion selected from the group of Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ , A cell comprising at least one molecule selected from the group of ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ , and NO ₃ . The cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein in operation, a cell is constructed and arranged such that a catalytic equalization reaction of atomic hydrogen occurs, wherein the metastable excitation, resonance excitation of each hydrino atom And a cell in which a low-energy hydrogen (hydrino) atom acts as a catalyst because the ionization energy is m × 27.2 eV. 107. The reaction of claim 103, wherein the first hydrino atom is reacted in a low energy state affected by a second hydrino atom comprising a resonance coupling between m degenerate multipole hydrino atoms each having a potential energy of 27.21 eV Cell. 107. The method of claim 104, wherein the energy transfer of m X 27.2 eV from the first hydrino atom to the second hydrino reactor causes the central portion of the first atom to be increased by m, and the electron is a from a radius of a _H / P _H / (P + m) A cell that causes the m level to fall as low as a radius. 107. A cell according to claim 104, wherein the cell is constructed and arranged such that the second interacting hydrino atom is excited in a metastable state, excited in a resonance state, or ionized by resonance energy transfer. 107. A cell according to claim 104, wherein the resonance transfer can occur in multiple stages. 107. The method of claim 104, wherein non-radioactive transitions by multipole coupling can occur, wherein the first central portion is accompanied by additional resonance energy transfer, causing the central portion of the first atom to be increased by m, and the electrons a _H / _H from the radius of a P / (P + m) low in the radial cell tteurige drop m levels. 107. A cell according to claim 104, wherein energy transfer by multipole coupling can occur by a mechanism similar to photon absorption, including excitation to virtual levels. 107. The method of claim 104, wherein the energy delivered by the multipole coupling during electron transition of the first hydrino atom is similar to two-photon absorption, including first excitation to a virtual level and second excitation to a resonance or continuous level. Cells that can be caused by mechanisms. 107. The system of claim 104, wherein the multipole resonant transmission of m.27.21 eV and the resonant state of H [a _H / (p'-m ')] excited at H [a _H / p'] are [(p ') ^2. -(p'-m ') ² ] X13.6 eV-hydrino for transition from H [a _H / p] to H [a _H / (p + m)] induced by delivery of m · 27.21 eV Catalytic reaction with catalyst H [a _H / p '] + H [a _H / p]-> H [a _H / (p'-m ')] + H [a _H / (p + m)] + [((p + m) ² -p ² )-(p' ^2- (p '-m' ) ² )] x13.6 eV Wherein p, p ', m and m' are integers. The low-energy hydrogen (hydrino) atom according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, having an initial low energy state quantum number p and a radius a _H / p, when m is an integer m · 27.21 ± The initial low-energy state quantum number m ', the initial radius a _H / m' and the final radius a _H , which give a net enthalpy of 0.5 eV or m is an integer greater than 1, giving a net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.21 ± 0.5 eV A cell undergoing a transition to a state of low-energy state quantum number (p + m) and radius a _H / (p + m) by reaction with a hydrino atom of. 117. The method of claim 112, wherein the hydrino atom, the hydrino atom with H [a _H / m '], H [a _H / p] is ionized by resonance energy transfer to cause a transition reaction represented by Cell. 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, further comprising a power converter constructed and arranged to separate the ions and the electrodes to produce a voltage across at least two separate electrodes. 118. A cell according to claim 114, wherein the power converter comprises a magnetic field source. 118. A cell according to claim 115, wherein the power converter can selectively limit electrons during operation. 118. A cell according to claim 115, wherein the source of the magnetic field comprises at least one of a minimum B field source or a magnetic bottle. 116. A cell according to claim 114, wherein the electrode is constructed and arranged such that when the cell is activated, the electrode contacts a confined plasma that recruits electrons, and a counter electrode that collects positive ions in an outer region of the confined plasma. 57. The plasma confinement structure as claimed in any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein when the cell is operated, the confinement structure further comprises a constructed and arranged plasma confinement structure that confines most hydrogen catalyzed plasmas to a given region. Cell containing. 119. A cell according to claim 119, further comprising a power converter for converting ions separated into voltage. 123. A cell according to claim 120, wherein the power converter comprises two separate electrodes located in the region where separate filling occurs when the cell is operated. 123. A cell according to claim 120, wherein the converter comprises a magnetic bottle. 123. A cell according to claim 120, wherein the converter comprises a solenoid field source. 124. A cell according to claim 120, wherein the converter comprises at least one electrode and at least one counter electrode magnetized during cell operation. 126. A cell according to claim 124, wherein the cell provides a uniform magnetic field parallel to the electrode. 126. A cell according to claim 124, wherein the electrode provides a solenoidal magnet or permanent magnet that provides a uniform magnetic field. 126. A cell according to claim 124, wherein in operation, electrons are magnetically trapped at the joists at the magnetized electrodes that collect cations, and the non-magnetized counter electrodes collect electrons to produce a voltage between the two electrodes. 127. A cell according to claim 127, wherein the magnetic field is adjusted to maximize cation recruitment at the magnetized electrode. 119. A cell according to claim 119, further comprising localization means for selectively holding a plasma in a predetermined region. 129. A cell according to claim 129, further comprising a plasma constraining structure. 131. A cell according to claim 130, wherein the constraint structure comprises a minimum B field. 131. A cell according to claim 130, wherein the confinement structure comprises a magnetic bottle. 129. A cell according to claim 129, further comprising means for generating and maintaining a spatially selective plasma. 138. A cell according to claim 133, wherein the spatially selective plasma generation and maintenance means comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of an electric field, a microwave antenna, a microwave waveguide, and an electrode providing a microwave cavity. 55. The apparatus of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, wherein at least one electrode magnetized during operation to receive cations, a separate non-magnetized counter to accommodate electrons, and a separate A cell further comprising an electrical load between the electrodes. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst source is excessive relative to the hydrogen atom source such that formation of a nonthermal plasma is preferred. 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, further comprising a cavity comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of Eveoson, Beenakker, McCarrol, and a cylinder cavity. The catalyst of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst comprises a neon excimer, Ne ₂ ^* , which absorbs 27.21 eV and is ionized to 2 Ne ⁺ , given by (P ) Catalyzes the transition of atomic hydrogen from the energy level to the (p + 1) energy level, Cell. The catalyst of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst comprises a helium excimer, He ₂ ^* , which absorbs 27.21 eV and is ionized to 2 He ⁺ , given below ( P) catalyzes the transition of atomic hydrogen from the energy level to the (p + 1) energy level, Cell. The energy level according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst comprises two hydrogen atoms, which absorb 27.21 eV and ionized to 2 H ⁺ , giving the energy level (P) given below Catalyzes the transition of atomic hydrogen to the (p + 1) energy level at, Cell. 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst is atomic hydrogen. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising a source of weak electric field. 146. A cell according to claim 142, wherein the weak electric field source is constructed to form a field of about 0.1 to about 100 V / cm. 145. The net enthalpy of the catalytic reaction as defined in claim 142, wherein, when the cell is in operation, causing hydrogen catalysis, m / 2.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer or m / 2 · when m is an integer greater than one. A cell in which a source of weak electric field is constructed and arranged to increase the catalysis rate of the second catalyst to match 27.2 ± 0.5 eV. 146. A cell according to claim 142, wherein a weak electric field is constructed and arranged to localize the plasma to a predetermined area of the cell during operation. The method of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, wherein (a) (i) greater than the binding energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen species, (ii) the binding energy of a common hydrogen species is less than the thermal energies or negative at ambient conditions, so that the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is larger than the binding energy of any unstable or unobserved hydrogen species. At least one neutral, positive or negative increased binding energy hydrogen species having a binding energy; And (b) at least one other element Cells further constructed and arranged to produce a compound comprising a. 145. The method of claim 146, wherein the increased binding energy hydrogen species is selected from the group consisting of Hn, H ^- n, and H ⁺ n, wherein n is a positive integer and provided that n is greater than 1 when H is a positive charge Cell. 146. The hydrogenated hydrogen bond bonds of claim 146. (a) the binding energy Where p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum transmittance, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is the reduced electron weight, and a _o is Bohr Radius, and hydrino ions having a binding energy greater than that of conventional hydrino ions (about 0.8 eV) for p = 2 to 23 expressed in terms of base charge (b) a hydrogen atom having a binding energy greater than about 13.6 eV; (c) hydrogen molecules having a first binding energy greater than about 15.5 eV; And (d) molecular hydrogen ions with binding energies greater than about 16.4 eV An increased binding energy hydrogen species is selected from the group consisting of. 145. The method of claim 146, wherein the increased binding energy hydrogen species is about 3.0, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29.3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61.0, 65.6, 69.2, 71.5, 72.4, 71.5, 68.8, 64.0, 56.8 A hydrino ion species having a binding energy of 47.1, 34.6, 19.2, or 0.65 eV. 147. The bond energy of claim 146, wherein the bond energy of hydrogen species is increased. Has, Where p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum transmittance, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is the reduced electron weight, and a _o is Bohr Radius, and e is the base charge cell. The compound of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, wherein (a) a hydrogen atom having a binding energy of about 13.6 eV / (1 / p) ² , where P is an integer, (b) about Increased binding energy hydrogen ion having a binding energy of the (H ^-), where s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum permeability, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is reduced Electron weight, a _o is the Bohr radius, and e is the base charge; (c) increased binding energy hydrogen species H ₄ ⁺ (1 / p); (d) increased binding energy hydrogen species trihydrino molecular ions having a binding energy of about 22.6 / (1 / p) ² eV, H ₃ ⁺ (1 / p), increased binding energy hydrogen species, where p is an integer ; (e) increased binding energy hydrogen molecules having a binding energy of about 15.5 / (1 / p) ² eV; And (f) increased binding energy hydrogen molecules with a binding energy of about 16.4 / (1 / p) ² eV A cell constructed and arranged to provide an increased binding energy hydrogen species selected from the group consisting of: The cell of claim 1, wherein during operation, the catalytic reaction is further constructed and arranged to provide power to form and maintain the plasma initiated by the microwave power source. The cell of claim 1, wherein the catalysis during operation is constructed and arranged to provide power to at least partially form and maintain a plasma. The cell of claim 1 further comprising means for converting power from at least some hydrogen catalysis into microwave power to maintain a microwave derived plasma. 154. A cell according to claim 154, wherein the means for converting at least some of the power from hydrogen catalysis to microwave power comprises phase or decentralized electrons or ions concentrated in the magnetic field during operation of the cell. The method of claim 1, wherein the cell has a chamber that can contain a vacuum or a pressure above atmospheric pressure, a source of microwave power to form a plasma, and a net enthalpy of m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV or m when m is an integer. A cell comprising a source of catalyst which provides a net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when an integer greater than one. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, further comprising a hydrogen supply tube and a hydrogen supply passage for supplying hydrogen gas to the vessel. 158. A cell according to claim 157, further comprising a hydrogen flow controller and a valve for controlling hydrogen flow to the chamber. The hydrogen permeable hollow cathode of the electrolysis cell of claim 1, further comprising a hydrogen source in communication with the passage for delivering hydrogen to the chamber via the anode and the hydrogen supply passage. Cell. 159. A cell according to claim 159, wherein the cell is constructed and arranged such that electrolysis of water during operation produces hydrogen permeate through the hollow cathode. 161. A cell according to claim 160, wherein the hydrogen permeable hollow cathode comprises at least one of transitional indium, nickel, iron, titanium, precious metals, palladium, platinum, tantalum, talladium coated tantalum, and palladium coated niobium. 163. A cell according to claim 161, wherein the electrolyte is basic. 163. A cell according to claim 161, wherein the anode comprises nickel. 163. A cell according to claim 161, wherein the electrolyte comprises water soluble K ₂ CO ₃ . 163. A cell according to claim 161, wherein the anode comprises platinum. 162. A cell according to claim 161, wherein the anode is dimensionally stable. 162. A cell according to claim 161, further comprising an electrolysis current controller for controlling the flow of hydrogen into the cell. 162. A cell according to claim 161, further comprising an electrolysis power controller for controlling the flow of hydrogen into the cell. 163. A cell according to claim 161, further comprising a plasma gas, a plasma gas supply, and a plasma gas passage. The cell of claim 1, 16, 39, 53, or 54, wherein the plasma gas flows from the plasma gas supply to the vessel through the plasma gas passage. 172. A cell according to claim 170, further comprising a plasma gas flow controller and a control valve. 172. A cell according to claim 171, wherein the plasma gas flow controller and control valve control the plasma gas flow to the vessel. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, further comprising a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer and a mixture flow controller. 55. A mixture flow controller according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, comprising a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture, a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer, and a mixture flow controller which controls the composition of the mixture and the flow of the mixture into the vessel. Cell containing more. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising a passage for the flow of the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture to the vessel. 172. A cell according to claim 170, wherein the plasma gas comprises at least one helium or argon. 176. A cell according to claim 176, wherein the helium or argon comprises a catalyst source providing a catalyst comprising at least one He ⁺ or Ar ⁺ . 172. A cell according to claim 170, wherein the plasma gas comprises a source of catalyst and becomes atomic hydrogen in the vessel with the catalyst when the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture flows into the plasma during operation. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microwave power source comprises a microwave generator, a variable microwave cavity, a waveguide, and an RF transmission window. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microwave power source comprises a microwave generator, a variable microwave cavity, a waveguide, and an antenna. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microwave power source is constructed and arranged such that the microwaves are controlled by the variable microwave cavity, carried by the waveguide, and delivered to the vessel through the RF transparent window. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microwave power source is constructed and arranged such that the microwaves are controlled by a variable microwave cavity, carried by a waveguide, and delivered to a vessel through an antenna. 182. A cell according to claim 182, wherein the waveguide is inside the cell. 182. A cell according to claim 182, wherein the waveguide is outside of the cell. 185. A cell according to claim 183, wherein the antenna is inside the cell. 185. A cell according to claim 183, wherein the antenna is outside of the cell. 185. A cell according to claim 183, wherein the microwave power source comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of traveling waveguide, klystron, magnetron, cyclotron resonance major, gyrrone, and free electron laser. 182. A cell according to claim 182, wherein the window comprises an aluminum or quartz window. The cell of claim 1, wherein the vessel comprises a microwave resonator cavity. The cell of claim 1, wherein the vessel comprises a cavity that is an Evenson microwave cavity and the microwave power source excites the plasma in the Evenson cavity. The cell of claim 1, further comprising a magnet. 191. A cell according to claim 191, wherein the magnet comprises a solenoid magnet to provide an axial magnetic field. 192. A cell according to claim 192, wherein the magnet is constructed and arranged to produce microwaves from the kinetic energy of the magnetized ions of the plasma during operation. 191. A cell according to claim 191, wherein a magnet is constructed and arranged to magnetize ions formed during the hydrogen catalysis and to generate microwaves to maintain microwave discharge plasma. The cell of claim 1, wherein a microwave power source is constructed and arranged such that the microwave frequency can be selected to efficiently form atomic hydrogen from molecular hydrogen. The cell of claim 1, wherein a microwave power source is constructed and arranged such that the microwave frequency can be selected to efficiently form ions that function as catalysts from the catalyst source. 196. A cell according to claim 196, wherein the catalyst source comprises at least one helium or argon, which forms at least one He ⁺ , or Ar ⁺ that acts as a catalyst during cell operation. The cell of claim 1, wherein a microwave power source is constructed and arranged to provide a microwave frequency in the range of about 1 MHz to about 100 GHz. The cell of claim 1, wherein a microwave power source is constructed and arranged to provide a microwave frequency in the range of about 50 MHz to about 10 GHz. The cell of claim 1 wherein the microwave power source is constructed and arranged to provide a microwave frequency in the range of about 75 MHz ± about 50 MHz. The cell of claim 1, wherein the microwave power source is constructed and arranged to provide a microwave frequency in the range of about 2.4 GHz ± about 1 GHz. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising a source of magnetic field which provides plasma magnetic limitation during operation. 203. A cell according to claim 202, wherein the magnetic field source is constructed and arranged to provide magnetic confinement that increases the electron energy converted into power. 55. A cell according to any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising a vacuum pump and a vacuum line connected to the cell. 205. A cell according to claim 204, wherein a vacuum pump is constructed and arranged to vacuum the vessel through the vacuum line. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising gas flow means arranged and constructed to provide hydrogen and catalyst continuously from the catalyst source and the hydrogen source. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, further comprising a catalyst reservoir and a catalyst feed passage for the passage of catalyst from the reservoir to the vessel. 213. A cell according to claim 207, further comprising a catalyst reservoir heater and a power supply for heating the catalyst in a catalyst reservoir providing a gas phase catalyst. 213. A cell according to claim 208, further comprising temperature control means, wherein the vapor pressure of the catalyst can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the catalyst reservoir. 209. The catalyst of claim 209, wherein the catalyst is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , Ne ⁺ , and In ³⁺ A cell comprising at least one selected from the group. 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising a chemically resistant open container located in a container containing a source of catalyst. 213. A cell according to claim 211, wherein the chemically resistant open container comprises a ceramic boat. 213. A cell according to claim 212, further comprising a heater for obtaining or maintaining elevated cell temperature such that the source of catalyst in the boat sublimes, boils, or evaporates in the gas phase. 213. A cell according to claim 212, further comprising a power supply for heating the catalyst source in the boat to provide gaseous catalyst to the vessel, and a boat heater. 215. A cell according to claim 214, further comprising temperature control means, wherein the vapor pressure of the catalyst can be controlled by controlling the temperature of the boat. 215. The catalyst of claim 215, wherein the catalyst is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Consisting of Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , Ne ⁺ , and In ³⁺ A cell containing at least one declared in the group. 213. A cell according to claim 211, further comprising a low energy hydrogen species and a low energy hydrogen compound trap. 222. A cell according to claim 217, further comprising a vacuum pump in communication with the trap to cause a pressure gradient from the vessel to the trap to cause gas flow and transfer of low energy hydrogen species or low energy hydrogen compounds. 218. A cell according to claim 218, comprising a passage from the vessel to the trap and a vacuum line from the trap to the pump, further comprising a valve from and to the trap. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the cell comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, molybdenum, tungsten, glass, quartz, and ceramic. 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, further comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of an aspirator, an atomizer, or a nebulizer, for forming an aerogel of the catalyst source. 225. A cell according to claim 221, wherein an aspirator, an atomizer, or a nebulizer is constructed and arranged to directly feed a catalyst source or catalyst into the plasma during operation. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged such that during operation the catalyst or catalyst source is agitated from the catalyst source and fed to the vessel through a flowing gas stream. 235. A cell according to claim 223, wherein the flowing gas stream comprises hydrogen gas or plasma gas, which may be an additional source of catalyst. 224. A cell according to claim 224, wherein the additional source of catalyst comprises helium or argon gas. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 wherein the catalyst source is dissolved or suspended in a liquid medium. 226. A cell according to claim 226, wherein the catalyst source is constructed and arranged such that the catalyst source is dissolved or suspended in a liquid medium and aerosolized during cell operation. 227. A cell according to claim 227, wherein the liquid medium is contained in a catalyst reservoir. 227. A cell according to claim 227, further comprising a carrier gas to transfer catalyst to the vessel during cell operation. 231. A cell according to claim 229, wherein the carrier gas comprises at least one hydrogen, helium, or argon. 231. A cell according to claim 229, wherein during operation of the cell the carrier gas also comprises at least one of helium and argon that functions as a catalyst source and is ionized by plasma to form at least one catalyst He ⁺ or Ar ⁺ . 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to produce a nonthermal plasma having a temperature in the range of about 5,000 to about 5,000,000 ° C. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, further comprising a catalyst reservoir and heater constructed and arranged to provide a cell temperature above the temperature of the catalyst source to function as a controllable catalyst source. 238. A cell according to claim 233, wherein a heater is arranged and constructed to provide the catalyst boat above the cell temperature to function as a controllable source of catalyst. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 comprising a stainless steel alloy which can be maintained in a temperature range of about 0 to about 1200 ° C during operation. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 comprising molybdenum, which can be maintained in a temperature range of about 0 to about 1800 ° C during operation. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 comprising tungsten which can be maintained at a temperature range of about 0 to about 3000 degrees Celsius during operation. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 comprising glass, quartz or ceramic which can be maintained at a temperature range of about 0 to about 1800 ° C. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to provide molecular and atomic hydrogen partial pressures in the pressure range of about 1 mtorr to 100 atmospheres. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to provide molecular and atomic hydrogen partial pressures in the pressure range of about 100 mtorr to 20 torr. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to provide a catalyst partial pressure in the pressure range of about 1 mtorr to 100 atmospheres. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to provide a catalyst partial pressure in the range of about 100 mtorr to 20 torr. The first, 16, 39, 53 and 54 according to any one of items, including a mixture flow regulator constructed to provide a flow rate of the plasma gas is arranged in the range of from about 0 1 standard liter per cm ³ per minute, the cell volume Cell. The cells according, comprising a mixture flow regulator constructed to provide a flow rate of the plasma gas is arranged in the range of minute cells 100 sccm per volume cm ³ of about 0.001 to 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 any one of items . 55. The mixture of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, comprising a mixture flow regulator constructed and arranged to provide a flow rate of hydrogen gas in the range of about 0 to 1 standard liter per cm ^{3 of} volume of cell volume per minute. Cell. The cells according, comprising a mixture flow regulator constructed to provide a flow rate of hydrogen gas is disposed in a per cell volume cm range of 100 sccm per ³ from about 0.001 to 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 any one of items . 245. A cell according to claim 243, wherein the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture comprises at least one helium or argon present in an amount from about 99 to about 1 volume percent relative to the amount of hydrogen. 245. A cell according to claim 243, wherein the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture comprises at least one helium or argon present in an amount from about 99 to about 95 volume% relative to the amount of hydrogen. 245. A cell according to claim 243, wherein the mixture flow controller is constructed and arranged to provide a flow rate of the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture in the range of about 0 to 1 standard liter per cm ^{3 of} volume of cell per minute. The method of claim 243, wherein the mixture flow controller in per cell volume range of 100 sccm per cm ³ at about 0.001 hydrogen- cell constructed and arranged to provide a flow rate of the gas mixture-plasma. 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to provide a power density of plasma power in the range of about 0.01 W to about 100 W / cm ³ cell volume. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising a power converter for converting the plasma into electricity. 252. A cell according to claim 252, wherein the power converter comprises a heat engine. 252. The direct plasma to power converter of claim 252, wherein the direct plasma to power converter comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a magnetic mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, a plasma dynamic power converter, a gyrotron, a photon intensive microwave power converter, an optoelectronic and a charge drift power converter. Cell. 55. The heat engine power converter of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the heat engine power converter comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of steam, gas turbine systems, stirling engines, thermoionic systems, and pyroelectric systems. Cell. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising a selector valve to remove low energy hydrogen product. 258. A cell according to claim 256, wherein the selectively removed low energy hydrogen product comprises dihydrino molecules. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, further comprising a cold wall in which the increased binding energy hydrogen compound can be cold pumped. 54. A cell according to claim 53, wherein the power converter comprises an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter contained in a vacuum vessel. 54. A cell according to claim 53, wherein the plasma is generated in a predetermined region, and the cell is constructed and arranged such that the plasma temperature is higher than the temperature of the electrohydrodynamic power converter vacuum vessel. 54. A cell according to claim 53, wherein during cell operation, a cell is constructed and arranged to flow high energy ions and electrons of the plasma from a hot predetermined plasma region of the cell to a cooler electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter using the second law of thermodynamics. 54. A cell according to claim 53, wherein an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter is constructed and arranged such that the thermodynamically produced ion flow is converted to electricity by a flowed electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter vacuum vessel further comprises a pump for maintaining a pressure lower than the pressure in the cell in which the plasma is generated. 54. The cell of claim 53, wherein the energy ions are thermodynamically flowed to the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, and the cells are constructed and arranged such that energy ions flow in opposite directions following the conversion of their energy into electricity. 54. The cell of claim 53, wherein the protons and electrons have a large mean free distance, the energy protons and electrons flow from the cell to the electromagnetic hydrodynamic converter, and the cell is constructed and arranged so that hydrogen flows convectively in substantially the opposite direction. . 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, wherein the cell comprises a microwave cell. 268. A cell according to claim 266, further comprising at least one microwave antenna constructed and arranged to confine plasma in a predetermined region of the cell during operation. 268. A cell according to claim 266, further comprising at least one microwave cavity constructed and arranged to confine plasma in a predetermined region of the cell during operation. 268. A cell according to claim 268, wherein the microwave cavity comprises an Evenson cavity. 40. The cell of claim 39 wherein the hydrogen catalyst generating plasma is confined to a predetermined area during operation by at least two electrodes. 57. The net enthalpy or m of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV or m is greater than 1 when the vessel, cathode, anode, electrolyte, high voltage electrolytic power supply and m are integers. A cell further comprising a source of catalyst capable of providing a net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV if a large integer. 268. A cell according to claim 271, wherein the power supply is constructed and arranged to provide a voltage in the range of about 10 to about 50 kV and a current density of about 1 to about 100 A / cm ² . 270. A cell according to claim 271, wherein the anode comprises tungsten. 270. A cell according to claim 271, wherein the anode comprises platinum. 270. The method of claim 271, wherein the catalyst source is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , Ne ⁺ , and In A cell providing a catalyst comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of ³⁺ . 55. The method of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst source is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo A cell providing a catalyst comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , Ne ⁺ , and In ³⁺ and K ⁺ / K ⁺ . 274. A cell according to claim 271, wherein the catalyst source provides K ⁺ which is reduced to a catalyst comprising potassium atoms during cell operation. 55. The axial magnetic field of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, which is constructed and arranged to cause energy protons in the plasma during cell operation to undergo cyclotron motion, causing the protons to emit high frequency radiation at crossroads. Means, and a cell of high frequency power. 307. A cell according to claim 278, comprising a resonant cavity and antenna for exciting the cavity in a cyclotron resonant period of photons during cell operation, and a second antenna for exciting the proton spin resonant frequency to cause spin bunching. Cells that cause giro bunching during operation. 303. A cell according to claim 278, wherein gaso- bunching is constructed and arranged such that application of resonant RF at proton spin resonance frequency during operation can be achieved by spin bunching. 308. A cell according to claim 278, wherein the antenna is constructed and arranged such that electromagnetic radiation emitted from the protons during cell operation excites the mode of the cavity and is received by the resonant receiving antenna. 303. A cell according to claim 278, further comprising a rectifier for rectifying high frequency into DC electricity with a rectifier. 305. A cell according to claim 278, further comprising an inverter and a power regulator for converting and transforming DC electricity to a predetermined voltage and frequency. The cell of claim 16 further comprising at least one electrode and at least one cathode. 290. A cell according to claim 284, wherein at least one of the cathode and the anode is covered by the dielectric barrier. 290. A cell according to claim 285, wherein the dielectric barrier comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of glass, quartz, aluminum, and ceramic. 17. The cell of claim 16, wherein the cell is constructed and arranged such that RF power can be capacitively coupled to the cell. 290. A cell according to claim 284, wherein the electrode is external to the cell. 290. A cell according to claim 284, wherein at least one of the cathode and the anode is shielded by a dielectric barrier, and the dielectric barrier separates the electrode and the anode from the cell wall. 290. A cell according to claim 284, wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to provide high drive voltage and high frequency. 290. A cell according to claim 290, wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to provide AC power. 17. The cell of claim 16 wherein the RF source of power comprises a drive circuit including a high voltage power source constructed and arranged to provide an RF and impedance matching circuit. 17. The cell of claim 16 wherein the source of RF power is constructed and arranged to provide a frequency in the range of about 5 to 10 kHz. 290. A cell according to claim 292, wherein the high voltage power source is constructed and arranged to provide a voltage in the range of about 100 V to about 100 MV. 290. A cell according to claim 292, wherein the high voltage power source is constructed and arranged to provide a voltage in the range of about 1 kV to about 100 kV. 290. A cell according to claim 292, wherein the high voltage power source is constructed and arranged to provide a voltage in the range of about 5 to about 10 kV. 55. The process of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst source comprises one or more molecules, wherein the energy of breaking the molecular bonds and the t electrons from the atoms from the degraded molecule to the continuum energy level Ionization is a cell in which the sum of ionization energies of t electrons is m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer or m is an integer greater than 1 and m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when t is an integer. 303. A cell according to claim 297, wherein the molecule comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of C ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ and NO ₃ . The m / 2 according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, wherein the sum of ionization energies of t electrons is m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, wherein m is an integer, or m / 2 is an integer greater than 1 and t is an integer. A cell comprising a catalyst system provided by means of ionizing t electrons at a continuum energy level from atoms, ions, molecules and participating species such as ions or molecular compounds such that 27.2 ± 0.5 eV. 303. The catalyst system of claim 299, wherein the catalyst system is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd , Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , Ne ⁺ , and In ³⁺ A cell comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of. 55. The process of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, wherein the catalyst is provided by the movement of t electrons between participating ions, and the movement of t electrons from one ion to another is the net enthalpy of the reaction. Whereby the sum of the ionization energies of the electrons releasing ions minus the electron ionization energies that accept ions is approximately m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, where m is an integer, or m is an integer greater than 1 and t is an integer. Cells with /2·27.2±0.5 eV. 57. The net enthalpy of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the catalyst source is a molecule and m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV in which m is an integer or m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV in which m is an integer greater than one. And a catalyst of atomic hydrogen capable of forming a hydrogen atom having about 13.6 / (1 / p) ² eV binding energy when p is an integer, wherein net enthalpy is associated with the breakdown of the molecular bonds of the catalyst and Provided by the ionization of t electrons from the atoms of the destroyed molecule to each continuum energy level, so the sum of the binding energy and ionization energy of t electrons is approximately an integer greater than 1 and t is about m / 2 Cells with 27.2 ± 0.5 eV. 302. A cell according to claim 302, wherein the molecule comprises at least one of C ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO ₂ , NO _2, and NO ₃ . 302. A cell according to claim 302, wherein the source of catalyst comprises a molecule together with an ionic or atomic catalyst. 302. The method of claim 302, wherein the molecule is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, with at least one selected from the group consisting of C ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ and NO ₃ , Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , In ³⁺ , He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Xe ⁺ , Ar ²⁺ , Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ , and Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ A cell comprising with at least one atom or ion selected from the group. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the cell is constructed and arranged to produce extreme ultraviolet light. 306. A cell according to claim 306, further comprising a light propagation structure that propagates extreme ultraviolet light. 307. A cell according to claim 307, wherein the light propagation structure comprises quartz. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 constructed and arranged to produce ultraviolet light. 309. A cell according to claim 309, further comprising a light propagation structure that propagates ultraviolet light. 309. A cell according to claim 310, wherein the light propagation structure comprises quartz. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to produce visible light. 313. A cell according to claim 312, further comprising a light propagation structure that propagates visible light. 313. A cell according to claim 313, wherein the light propagation structure comprises glass. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to produce extreme infrared light. 315. A cell according to claim 315, further comprising a light propagation structure that propagates infrared light. 315. A cell according to claim 315, wherein the light propagation structure comprises glass. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to produce microwaves. 318. A cell according to claim 318, further comprising a light propagation structure that propagates microwaves. 319. A cell according to claim 319, wherein the light propagation structure comprises glass, quartz, or ceramic. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to produce high frequencies. 321. A cell according to claim 321, further comprising a light propagation structure that propagates high frequencies. 322. A cell according to claim 322, wherein the light propagation structure comprises glass, quartz, or ceramic. 55. The cell of any of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, further comprising a light diffusion structure for propagating wavelengths of light produced during cell operation. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, constructed and arranged to include a light propagation structure for providing shortwave light and for propagating shortwave light suitable for photographic plates. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, further comprising a light propagation structure comprising at least a portion of the cell wall and propagating a wavelength or range of wavelengths. 328. A cell according to claim 326, wherein the cell walls are insulated so that elevated temperatures can be maintained in the cell. 328. A cell according to claim 326, wherein the cell wall comprises a double wall having a vacuum space separating it. 55. The cell of any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53, and 54, further comprising a phosphorescent coated light propagation structure that converts one or more shortwaves into longer wavelength light. 330. A cell according to claim 329, wherein the phosphor converts at least one of ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet light into visible light. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54 further comprising a hydrogen cracker. 338. A cell according to claim 331, wherein the hydrogen cracker comprises filament. 342. A cell according to claim 332, wherein the filament comprises tungsten filament. 338. A cell according to claim 331, further comprising a heater heating the catalyst source such that the hydrogen cracker forms a gas phase catalyst. 346. A cell according to claim 334, wherein the catalyst source comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium, rubidium, cesium, and strontium metal. 55. A cell according to any one of claims 1, 16, 39, 53 and 54, wherein the hydrogen source comprises a hydride that decomposes over time maintaining a predetermined hydrogen partial pressure. 338. A cell according to claim 336, further comprising means for controlling the temperature of the cell to maintain a predetermined hydride decomposition rate to provide a predetermined partial pressure of hydrogen. 339. A cell according to claim 337, wherein the means for controlling the temperature comprises a heater and a heater power controller. 338. A cell according to claim 338, wherein the heater and the controller comprise a filament and a filament power controller. 55. The cell of claim 54, based on magnetic space charge separation. 55. The apparatus of claim 54, comprising at least one hydrino hydride reactor or other power source, such as a microwave plasma cell, at least one electrode magnetized with a magnetic field source providing a uniform parallel magnetic field, and at least one counter electrode. Cell. 340. A cell according to claim 341, wherein the source of the magnetic field comprises at least one solenoidal magnet and a permanent magnet. 55. The cell of claim 54, further comprising means for localizing a plasma in a predetermined region. 354. A cell according to claim 343, wherein the means for ubiquitous the plasmaz in a given area comprises at least one self-limiting structure or spatially selective generating means. 344. A cell according to claim 344, wherein the cell is a microwave cell and the spatially selective generating means comprises one or more spatially selective antennas, waveguides, or cavities. 55. The cell of claim 54, wherein the cation is magnetically trapped in the line of force of the magnetic field during drift. 346. A cell according to claim 346, wherein the flow potential is increased at the magnetized electrode relative to the non-magnetized counter electrode to produce a voltage between the two electrodes. 55. A cell according to claim 54, wherein the cell comprises an electrode and power is supplied to the load through the connected electrode. 55. The cell of claim 54 comprising a plurality of magnetized electrodes. 354. A cell according to claim 349, wherein the uniform magnetic field source parallel to each electrode comprises a Helmholtz coil. 370. A cell according to claim 350, adjusted to produce optimum cations for the rotating electron radius to maximize power at the electrode. 55. The cell of claim 54 wherein the plasma is confined to at least one magnetized electrode and the counter electrode is in an outer region of the energy plasma. 55. The cell of claim 54, wherein the energy plasma is confined to one non-magnetized electrode, and the magnetized counter electrode is in an area outside the plasma. 354. A cell according to claim 349, wherein both electrodes are magnetized and the field strength at least at one electrode is greater than at another electrode. 354. A cell according to claim 349, further comprising a heater for heating the magnetized electrode to boil electrons that are much more fluid than ions. 355. A cell according to claim 355, wherein the electrons are trapped by magnetic field lines or recombine with ions to generate a higher voltage at the magnetized electrode compared to the non-magnetized electrode. 55. The cell of claim 54 wherein energy is extracted from energy cations and electrons. 354. A cell according to claim 349, wherein the magnetized electrode comprises magnetized fins whose lines of force are substantially parallel to the fins. 358. A cell according to claim 358, wherein any flux that blocks the pin terminates in the electrical insulator. 354. A cell according to claim 359, comprising an arrangement of pins used to increase the power converted. 370. A cell according to claim 360, wherein at least one counter non-magnetizing electrode is electrically connected to one or more magnetizing pins through an electrical load. Reaction vessel; Hydrogen source; And Two hydrogen atoms act as catalysts and absorb and ionize a total of 27.2 eV from the third hydrogen atom, thereby producing sufficient microwaves in the hydrogen to decompose hydrogen into separate hydrogen atoms under conditions in which the third hydrogen atom relaxes to a lower energy state. Cells built and deployed to provide. Reaction vessel; Hydrogen source; And Microwave power source constructed and arranged to provide enough microwave for hydrogen to decompose hydrogen and form a plasma Cell containing. 370. A cell according to claim 362 or 363, further comprising a power converter to convert power from plasma to electricity. 370. A cell according to claim 364, wherein the converter comprises an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. 370. A cell according to claim 364, wherein the converter comprises a plasmadynamic power converter. Providing a hydrogen atom source and a catalyst source to promote the reaction of the hydrogen atoms to a low energy state; And Applying microwaves to the hydrogen atom source and catalyst to initiate a reaction between the hydrogen atom and the catalyst to form low energy hydrogen and produce a plasma Cell operating method for producing a plasma comprising a. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the cell operates to provide a nonthermal plasma. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein sufficient microwave power is provided to ionize a source of catalyst providing the catalyst. 370. A method according to claim 369, wherein a source of microwave power is provided through an antenna, waveguide, or cavity. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the source of catalyst is provided using helium gas, which produces He ⁺ when ionized by microwaves. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the source of catalyst is provided using an argon gas that produces Ar ⁺ when ionized by microwaves. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the source of catalyst is provided such that the catalyst formed by ionizing the source of catalyst using microwaves has a higher temperature than at thermal equilibrium. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the source of the catalyst is provided such that their excited or ionized state overwhelms the excited or ionized hydrogen state of hydrogen as compared to a thermal plasma in which the excited or ionized state of hydrogen prevails. The method further comprises a step. 370. A method according to claim 367, further comprising using a microwave source to provide microwave power to the cell in the form of energy electrons dispersed within approximately electron average free lengths. 375. The microwave power of claim 375, wherein the cell provides micro power to the cell in the form of energy electrons dispersed within an approximately electron average free length of about 0.1 cm to 1 cm when operated at a pressure of about 0.5 to about 5 Torr. Using the source of the method. 377. A method according to claim 376, further comprising the step of further building such that the cell is larger than the electron mean free length. 370. A method according to claim 376, further comprising providing a microwave resonator cavity and providing sufficient microwave power to ionize a source of catalyst providing the catalyst. 370. A method according to claim 378, wherein the provided cavity is an Evenson cavity. 370. A method according to claim 376, further comprising providing a plurality of microwave power sources. 370. A method according to claim 376, further comprising providing a plurality of Evenson cavities that operate in parallel. 391. The method of claim 381, further comprising providing a quartz cell having a plurality of Evenson cavities disposed along a longitudinal axis. 370. A method according to claim 376, wherein the microwave produces free hydrogen atoms from a source of hydrogen atoms. Providing a hydrogen atom source and a catalyst source to promote the reaction of the hydrogen atoms to a low energy state; And Applying high frequency (RF) to the hydrogen atom source and the catalyst to initiate a reaction between the hydrogen atom and the catalyst to form low energy hydrogen and produce a plasma Cell operating method for producing a plasma comprising a. 390. A method according to claim 384, wherein the RF power is capacitively or inductively coupled to the cells of the hydride reactor. 390. A method according to claim 384, further comprising two electrodes. 386. A method according to claim 386, further comprising a coaxial cable connected to the power electrode by a coaxial center conductor. 390. A method according to claim 387, further comprising a coaxial center conductor coupled to an external source coil stacked around the cell. 390. A method according to claim 388, wherein the coaxial center conductor connected to an external source coil stacked around the cell is terminated without being grounded. 390. A method according to claim 388, wherein the coaxial center conductor connected to an external source coil stacked around the cell is grounded. 390. A method according to claim 384, further comprising two electrodes wherein the electrodes are parallel plates. 391. A method according to claim 391, wherein one of the parallel plate electrodes is powered and the other is grounded. 390. A method according to claim 384, wherein the cell comprises a Gaseous Electronics Conference (GEC) Reference Cell or variant. 390. A cell according to claim 384, wherein the RF power is 13.56 MHz. 390. A method according to claim 388, wherein at least one wall of cells stacked with an outer coil is at least partially transparent to RF excitation. 390. A method according to claim 384, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 100 Hz to about 100 GHz. 390. A method according to claim 384, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 1 kHz to about 100 MHz. 390. A method according to claim 384, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 13.56 MHz ± 50 MHz or about 2.4 GHz ± 1 GHz. 390. A method according to claim 384, further comprising at least one coil. 390. A method according to claim 384, wherein the cell comprises an Astron system. 390. A method according to claim 384, wherein the cell is an inductively connected toroidal plasma cell comprising a primary coil of a transformer circuit. 401. A method according to claim 401, further comprising a primary coil of a transformer circuit driven by a high frequency power supply. 401. A method according to claim 402, further comprising a primary coil of the transformer circuit being a closed loop that acts as a second coil of the transformer circuit. 404. A method according to claim 402, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 100 Hz to about 100 GHz. 403. A method according to claim 402, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 1 kHz to about 100 MHz. 403. A method according to claim 402, wherein the RF frequency is in the range of about 13.56 MHz ± 50 MHz or about 2.4 GHz ± 1 GHz. Providing a source of hydrogen atoms, a catalyst source for promoting the reaction of the hydrogen atoms to a low energy state, a hollow cathode, an anode and a power supply connected to the cathode and the anode; And Powering the cathode and anode, producing a glow discharge, reacting the hydrogen atom with a catalyst which forms low energy hydrogen and produces a plasma Cell operating method comprising a. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein the hollow cathode comprises a compound electrode having multiple electrodes in parallel or in series that can occupy a substantial portion of the cell volume. 406. A method according to claim 407, further comprising a plurality of hollow cathodes in parallel such that the desired electric field can be produced in large volumes to produce a substantial power level. 420. A method according to claim 409, further comprising one anode and a plurality of concentric hollow cathodes each electrically isolated from a common anode. 420. A method according to claim 409, further comprising a plurality of parallel plate electrodes connected in series with one anode. 420. A method according to claim 409, wherein the electrode is operated at 1 to 100,000 volts. 420. A method according to claim 409, wherein the electrode is operated at 50 to 10,000 volts. 420. A method according to claim 409, wherein the electrode is operated at 50 to 5,000 volts. 420. A method according to claim 409, wherein the electrode is operated at 50 to 500 volts. 420. A method according to claim 409, wherein the hollow cathode comprises at least one refractory material. 417. A method according to claim 416, wherein the refractory includes at least one molybdenum or tungsten. 420. A method according to claim 409, wherein neon acts as a catalyst source. 499. The method of claim 409, wherein neon comprises neon as a catalyst source with hydrogen in the range of about 90 to about 99.99 atomic% and hydrogen in the range of about 0.01 to about 10 atomic%. 498. The method of claim 4099, wherein neon comprises neon as a source of hydrogen and catalyst in the range of about 99 to about 99.9 atomic% and hydrogen is about 0.1 to about 1 atomic%. Providing a catalyst source to promote the reaction of the source of hydrogen atoms with the low energy state of hydrogen atoms; Reacting the hydrogen atoms with the catalyst to form low energy hydrogen and produce a plasma; And Using an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter to convert plasma energy into electricity Cell production method comprising a. Providing a catalyst source to promote the reaction of the source of hydrogen atoms with the low energy state of hydrogen atoms; Reacting the hydrogen atoms with the catalyst to form low energy hydrogen and produce a plasma; And Using a plasmadynamic power converter to convert plasma energy into electricity Cell production method comprising a. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the temperature of the cell walls is elevated. 370. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the temperature of the cell walls is from about 50 to about 2000 ° C. 370. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the temperature of the cell walls is at least 200 ° C. 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein when the catalyst is excited, it has a net enthalpy of about m.27.2 ± 0.5 eV, wherein m is a source of catalyst that provides a catalyst that is an integer. The method further comprises a step. 357. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein when the catalyst is excited, it has a net enthalpy of about m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, wherein m is an integer greater than one. Using the source of catalyst further. 357. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, which acts as a catalyst for the transition of atomic hydrogen from n = 1 (p = 1) to n = 1/2 (p = 2) using a catalyst source providing a catalyst comprising He ⁺ which absorbs 40.8 eV corresponding to 3/2 · 27.2 eV (m = 3) during transition from n = 1 energy level to n = 2 energy level. How to include. 357. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein two-thirds of the transition of atomic hydrogen from an n = 1 (p = 1) energy level to an n = 1/2 (p = 2) energy level. Using a catalyst source providing a catalyst comprising Ar ²⁺ , which absorbs 40.8 eV corresponding to 27.2 eV (m = 3) and ionizes with Ar ³⁺ . 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the source of catalyst comprises a mixture of a first catalyst and a second catalyst source. 430. The method of claim 430, wherein the first catalyst further comprises using a first catalyst to produce a second catalyst from a source of a second catalyst. 462. The method of claim 431, wherein a plasma is generated upon catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst. 462. The method of claim 431, further comprising selecting the first and second catalysts to ionize the source of the second catalyst such that energy released by catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst produces a second catalyst. Way. 443. The method of claim 433, further comprising producing one or more ions in the absence of a strong electric field. 443. A source of electric field according to claim 433, wherein the reaction enthalpy of the catalyst to cause catalysis of hydrogen is about m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, where m matches an integer The method further comprises providing. 430. The method of claim 430, wherein the first catalyst is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , Ne ⁺ , and In ³⁺ The method further comprises selecting from a group of. 430. A method according to claim 430, further comprising selecting a source of a second catalyst from the group of helium and argon. 495. The method of claim 437, further comprising producing a second catalyst selected from the group of He ⁺ and Ar ⁺ from the source of the second catalyst, thereby generating a second catalytic ion from the corresponding atom by the plasma. . 430. A method according to claim 430, further comprising providing Ar ⁺ as a second catalyst. 430. The method of claim 430, further comprising providing argon as a source of a second catalyst and catalysis of hydrogen with the first catalyst ionizes argon, thereby producing a second catalyst comprising Ar ⁺ . Way. 430. A method according to claim 430, wherein a source of catalyst is provided using a mixture of strontium and argon, whereby catalysis of hydrogen by strontium produces a second catalyst of Ar ⁺ . 430. A method according to claim 430, wherein a source of catalyst is provided using a mixture of potassium and argon, whereby catalysis of hydrogen by potassium produces a second catalyst of Ar ⁺ . 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the catalyst source is provided using a mixture of helium gas producing He ⁺ as a first catalyst and a second catalyst. 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein a source of catalyst is provided using the first catalyst and helium, whereby the catalysis of hydrogen by the first catalyst functions as the second catalyst. How to produce He ⁺ . 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein a source of catalyst is provided using strontium and helium, whereby the catalysis of hydrogen by stromium functions as a second catalyst How to produce He ⁺ . 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein a source of catalyst is provided using a mixture of potassium and helium, whereby the catalysis of hydrogen by potassium functions as a second catalyst. How to produce ⁺ . 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising providing a source of magnetic field and providing at least two electrodes for receiving power from the plasma. 370. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a means for causing a directional flow of ions and providing a power converter for converting the kinetic energy of the flowing ions into electrical forces. How to include. 478. The method of claim 448, at least partially converting the component ν _의 of the plasma ion motion perpendicular to the z-axis direction to form a directional flow of ions into the parallel motion v _ll due to the adiabatic constant υ _ㅗ ² / B = constant Making a step; _490. The component υ _의 of the plasma ion motion orthogonal to the direction of the z-axis to at least partially convert to parallel motion v _ll due to the adiabatic constant υ _ㅗ ² / B = constant to form a directional flow of ions. And further providing at least one magnetic mirror to make it easy. 425. A method according to claim 421, wherein the ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis, providing an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter to propagate into the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, and cross the direction of the electrode and flow ion to the electromagnetic fluid dynamic power converter. Providing an electric field, whereby the ions are Lorentzian deflected by the magnetic field, and the deflected ions form a voltage at the electrode crossed with the corresponding transverse deflection field. 451. A method according to claim 451, further comprising using an electrode voltage to induce current through an electrical load. 421. The method of claim 421, further comprising using a fractionated Faraday generator type electromagnetic fluid retardant power converter, so that ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis and replenish into the converter, and further use a magnetic field that intersects the direction of the flowing ions, Whereby the ions are Lorentzian deflected by the magnetic field, and wherein the deflected ions form a voltage at the electrode that intersects with the corresponding transverse deflection field. 421. The method of claim 421, wherein the ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis, and are propagated into the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, the converter uses a magnetic field and at least two electrodes that intersect the direction of the flowing ions, whereby the ions are transverse Lorentzian deflected by the magnetic field to form a current, and the transverse current is separated along the z axis, and provided by the crossed magnetic field to form a Hall voltage between at least two electrodes that are transverse, providing an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. The method further comprises a step. 454. A method according to claim 454, further comprising using an electrode voltage to induce current through the electrical load. 421. The method of claim 421, wherein the ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis and are propagated into a Hall generator type electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, the converter employing at least two electrodes and a magnetic field that intersects the direction of the flowing ions, wherein the ions Are Lorentzian deflected by the magnetic field to form a transverse current, and the transverse current is separated along the z axis, and is deflected by the crossed magnetic field to form a Hall voltage between at least two transverse electrodes. Providing a power converter. 421. A method according to claim 421, wherein the ions have a preferential velocity along the z axis, and are propagated into the converter, the converter uses a magnetic field and at least two ions that intersect the direction of the flowing ions, where the ions form a magnetic field to form a transverse current. A diagonal zener having a window frame construction type electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, so that it is Lorentzian deflected by, and the lateral current is separated along the z axis, and deflected by a crossed magnetic field to form a Hall voltage between at least two electrodes in the transverse direction. The method comprising the step of providing a further layerer. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising limiting the hydrogen catalysis generated plasma to a predetermined region. 370. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing at least two electrodes that limit the hydrogen catalysis generated plasma to a predetermined region. 459. The method of claim 459, further comprising providing at least one microwave antenna to confine the hydrogen catalysis generated plasma to a predetermined region. 459. A method according to claim 459, further comprising providing a microwave cavity that limits the hydrogen catalysis generated plasma to a predetermined region. 465. A method according to claim 461, wherein the provided microwave cavity is an Evenson cavity. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein a magnetic bottle comprising a plurality of magnetic mirrors is provided, whereby ions penetrate at least one of the magnetic mirrors to increase the preferred velocity along the z axis. Wherein the branch forms a source of ions, and is constructed to spread into the power converter to convert the kinetic energy of the flowing ions into electrical forces. 420. A method according to claim 421, wherein a source of ions having a preferential velocity along the z axis is propagated to the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, whereby the Lorentzian deflected ions form a voltage at the electrode that intersects with the corresponding transverse deflection field. Providing a power converter. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell comprises a discharge cell. 466. A method according to claim 466, further comprising providing a structure for producing an intermittent or pulsed discharge current. 468. A method according to claim 466, comprising providing a structure to produce an offset voltage from about 0.5 to about 500 V. 468. A method according to claim 466, further comprising providing a structure for producing an offset voltage providing a field of about 1 V / cm to about 10 V / cm. 466. A method according to claim 466, further comprising providing a structure that produces a pulse frequency from about 0.1 Hz to about 100 MHz and a workload period of about 0.1% to about 95%. 462. The net enthalpy of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein m is an integer of m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV, or m is an integer greater than 1, m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV. And a hydrogen catalyst of atomic hydrogen capable of forming a hydrogen atom having a binding energy of about 13.6 eV / (1 / p) ² , wherein p is an integer, The net enthalpy is thus determined so that the sum of the binding energy and the ionization energies of the t electrons is approximately m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer, or m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is greater than 1. And by the breakdown of bonds and ionization of t electrons from each atom of the broken molecule to each continuum energy level. 471. The method of claim 471, wherein the hydrogen catalyst is provided using at least one of C ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ , and NO ₃ . 471. A method according to claim 471, further comprising providing a molecule with a hydrogen catalyst. 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the source of catalyst is Li, Be, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Kr, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Sn, Te, Cs, Ce, Pr, Sm, Gd, Dy, Pb, Pt, Kr, He ⁺ , Na ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Fe ³⁺ , Mo ²⁺ , Mo ⁴⁺ , In ³⁺ , He ⁺ , Ar ⁺ , Xe ⁺ , Ar ²⁺ , Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ , and at least one atom or ion selected from the group of Ne ⁺ and H ⁺ , Provided by using at least one molecule selected from the group of ₂ , N ₂ , O ₂ , CO ₂ , NO ₂ , and NO ₃ . 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein catalytic disproportionation of atomic hydrogen occurs, wherein the metastable excitation, resonance excitation, and ionization energy of each hydrino atom is m × 27.2 eV. As such, low-energy hydrogen (hydrino) atoms act as catalysts. 474. The low energy state of claim 474, wherein the first hydrino atom is affected by a second hydrino atom that includes a resonance coupling between the hydrino atoms of the m degenerate multipole, each having a potential energy of 27.2 eV. How to react. 474. The energy transfer of claim 474, wherein the energy transfer of m x 27.2 eV from the first hydrino atom to the second hydrino reactor causes the central portion of the first atom to be increased by m, and the electron is a from a radius of a _H / P. How to drop m level as low as _H / (P + m) radius. 474. The method of claim 474, wherein the cell is excited, metabolized, or ionized to a metastable state by means of resonance energy transfer of the second interacting hydrino atom. 474. The method of claim 474, wherein the resonance transfer can occur in multiple stages. 474. A non-radioactive transition by multipole coupling can occur, wherein, with additional resonance energy transfer, the first central field is increased by m and the next first electron is from a radius of a _H / P. a method of dropping m levels lower by a radius of _H / (P + m). 474. A method according to claim 474, which may occur by photon absorption similar mechanisms including excitation to energy transfer energy transfer by multipole coupling. 469. A method according to claim 474, wherein the energy delivered by the multipole coupling during electron transition of the first hydrino atom is similar to two-photon absorption, including first excitation to a virtual level and second excitation to a resonance or continuous level. Method that can be caused by the mechanism. The method of claim 474 wherein, m · a resonant state of the resonance of 27.21 eV multi-pole transmission, and _H [a H / p '] of _{H [a H / (p'-} m Here')] [(p ') 2 -(p'-m ') ² ] X13.6 eV-hydrino for transition from H [a _H / p] to H [a _H / (p + m)] induced by delivery of m · 27.21 eV Catalytic reaction with catalyst H [a _H / p '] + H [a _H / p]-> H [a _H / (p'-m ')] + H [a _H / (p + m)] + [((p + m) ² -p ² )-(p' ^2- (p '-m' ) ² )] x13.6 eV Wherein p, p ', m and m' are integers. 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the low-energy hydrogen (hydrino) atom having an initial low energy state quantum number p and a radius a _H / p is m · 27.21 ± Hydrino with an initial low-energy state quantum number m ', an initial radius a _H / m' and a final radius a _H , providing a net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.21 ± 0.5 eV when 0.5 eV or m is an integer greater than 1 By reaction with atoms, may undergo transition to a state of low-energy state quantum number (p + m) and radius a _H / (p + m). 485. A method according to claim 485, which is ionized by resonance energy transfer to cause a transition reaction represented by the addition of a hydrino atom, H [a _H / m '] and a hydrino atom, H [a _H / p], Way to be. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a power converter for separating ions and electrodes to produce a voltage across at least two separate electrodes. 490. A method according to claim 485, wherein the provided power converter uses a magnetic field source. 490. A method according to claim 485, wherein the provided power converter selectively limits electrons during operation. 485. A method according to claim 485, wherein the source of the magnetic field comprises at least one of a minimum B field source or a magnetic bottle. 485. A method according to claim 485, further comprising providing an electrode in contact with a confined plasma for electron recruitment and providing a counter electrode for contributing cations to the confined plasma outer region. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a structure for limiting a majority of the hydrogen catalyzed plasma to a predetermined region in the cell. 490. A method according to claim 490, further comprising providing a power converter that converts the separated ions into voltage. 490. A method according to claim 491, wherein the provided power converter provides two separate electrodes located in the region where separate charges occur. 490. A method according to claim 491, wherein the provided converter comprises a magnetic bottle. 490. A method according to claim 491, wherein the provided converter comprises a solenoid field source. 490. A method according to claim 491, wherein the provided converter comprises at least one electrode and at least one counter electrode magnetized during cell operation. 495. A method according to claim 495, wherein the electrode provides a uniform magnetic field parallel to the electrode. 495. A method according to claim 495, wherein the electrode comprises a solenoidal magnet or permanent magnet providing a uniform magnetic field. 495. A magnetized electrode according to claim 495, wherein the magnetized electrode magnetically traps electrons in the line of force of the magnetized electrode that recruits cations, and the non-magnetized counter electrode recruits electrons to produce a voltage between the two electrodes. How to. 497. The method of claim 498, further comprising adjusting the magnetic field to maximize cation recruitment at the magnetized electrode. 485. A method according to claim 485, further comprising providing localization means for selectively maintaining a plasma in a predetermined region. 501. A method according to claim 500, further comprising providing a structure for confining the plasma. 501. A method according to claim 501, wherein the constraint structure comprises a minimum B field. 504. A method according to claim 502, wherein the confinement structure comprises a magnetic bottle. 501. A method according to claim 500, further comprising providing a means of spatially selective plasma generation and maintenance. 504. A method according to claim 504, wherein the spatially selective plasma generation and maintenance means uses at least one selected from the group consisting of an electric field, a microwave antenna, a microwave waveguide, and an electrode providing a microwave cavity. 357. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the magnetized at least one electrode contains a cation, the separated non-magnetized at least one counter electrode containing an electron, and the separated electrodes. Providing an electrical load therebetween. 406. A method according to claim 407, wherein the hollow cathode has a plurality of electrodes in series or in parallel that can occupy a substantial portion of the cell volume. 407. A method according to claim 407, further comprising the step of providing a plurality of hollow cathodes in parallel to produce a desired magnetic field at large volumes that generate substantial power levels. 407. A method according to claim 407, further comprising providing a plurality of concentric hollow cathodes and anodes electrically insulated from a common cathode. Providing a plurality of parallel plate electrodes and an anode connected in series. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, (a) (i) greater than the binding energy of the corresponding conventional hydrogen species, or (ii) the binding energy of a common hydrogen species is less than the thermal energies or negative at ambient conditions, so that the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is larger than the binding energy of any unstable or unobserved hydrogen species. At least one neutral, positive or negative increased binding energy hydrogen species having a binding energy; And (b) at least one other component How the cell produces a compound comprising a. 517. The method of claim 511, wherein the increased binding energy hydrogen species is selected from the group consisting of Hn, H ^- n, and H ⁺ n, wherein n is a positive integer and n is greater than 1 when H is a positive charge. Further comprising the step of subjecting the large. 511. The method of claim 511, wherein (a) the binding energy Where p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum transmittance, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is the reduced electron weight, and a _o is Bohr Radius, and hydrino ions having a binding energy greater than that of conventional hydrino ions (about 0.8 eV) for p = 2 to 23 expressed in terms of base charge (b) a hydrogen atom having a binding energy greater than about 13.6 eV; (c) hydrogen molecules having a first binding energy greater than about 15.5 eV; And (d) molecular hydrogen ions with binding energies greater than about 16.4 eV The method further comprises the step of using from the group consisting of. 517. The method of claim 511, wherein the increased binding energy hydrogen species is about 3.0, 6.6, 11.2, 16.7, 22.8, 29.3, 36.1, 42.8, 49.4, 55.5, 61.0, 65.6, 69.2, 71.5, 72.4, 71.5, 68.8, 64.0, 56.8 , 47.1, 34.6, 19.2, or hydrino ions having a binding energy of 0.65 eV. 511. The method of claim 511, wherein the increased binding energy hydrogen species binding energy Has, Where p is an integer greater than 1, s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum transmittance, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is the reduced electron weight, and a _o is Bohr Radius, and e is the base charge. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a source of weak electric field. 515. A method according to claim 516, wherein the weak electric field source produces a field from about 0.1 to about 100 V / cm. 515. The method of claim 516, wherein when the cell is in operation, the enthalpy of the catalytic reaction is m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer or m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 when m is an integer greater than 1, such that when the cell is in operation. so that a source of weak electric field increases the catalysis rate of the second catalyst to match eV. 515. A method according to claim 516, wherein the weak electric field localizes the plasma to a predetermined area of the cell. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the source of microwave energy provides microwave emissions to form a catalyst from the catalyst source. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the catalysis reaction provides power to form and maintain the plasma initiated by the microwave power source. 521. The method of claim 521, wherein the catalysis reaction provides power to at least partially form and maintain a plasma. 521. The method of claim 521, further comprising providing a means for at least partially converting power from hydrogen catalysis to microwave power to maintain a microwave derived plasma. 525. A method according to claim 523, wherein the means for converting at least some of the power from hydrogen catalysis to microwave power comprises phase or decentralized electrons or ions in the magnetic field. 523. A microwave source according to claim 523, comprising a microwave source for plasma formation, wherein the cell comprises a vessel having a chamber that can contain a vacuum or a pressure above atmospheric pressure, wherein m.27.2 ± 0.5 when the source of the catalyst is m providing a catalyst having a net enthalpy of m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when eV or m is an integer greater than one. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a hydrogen supply tube and a hydrogen supply passage to supply hydrogen gas to the vessel. 526. A method according to claim 526, further comprising providing a hydrogen flow controller and a valve for controlling hydrogen flow to the chamber. 407. The method of claim 407, further comprising using the hydrogen permeable hollow cathode and anode of the electrolysis cell as a hydrogen source in communication with the chamber for delivering hydrogen to the chamber through the anode and the hydrogen supply passage. 528. The method of claim 528, wherein electrolysis of water is used to produce hydrogen that permeates through the hollow cathode. 530. A method according to claim 529, wherein the hydrogen permeable hollow cathode comprises at least one of transition metals, nickel, iron, titanium, precious metals, palladium, platinum, tantalum, talladium coated tantalum, and palladium coated niobium. 528. The method of claim 528, wherein the electrolyte is basic. 528. A method according to claim 528, wherein the anode comprises nickel. 528. The method of claim 528, wherein the electrolyte comprises water soluble K ₂ CO ₃ . 538. A method according to claim 528, wherein the anode comprises platinum. 528. A method according to claim 528, wherein the anode is dimensionally stable. 528. The method of claim 528, further comprising providing an electrolysis current controller for controlling hydrogen flow into the cell. 528. The method of claim 528, further comprising providing an electrolysis power controller for controlling hydrogen flow to the cell. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a plasma gas, a plasma gas supply, and a plasma gas passageway in the vessel. 538. The method of claim 538, further comprising flowing plasma gas from the plasma gas supply through the plasma gas passage to the vessel. 538. A method according to claim 538, further comprising providing a plasma gas flow controller and a control valve. 540. A method according to claim 540, further comprising using a plasma gas flow controller and a control valve to control the plasma gas flow to the vessel. 538. The method of claim 538, further comprising providing a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer and a mixture flow controller. The method of claim 538, further comprising providing a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture, a hydrogen-plasma-gas mixer, and a mixture flow controller that controls the composition of the mixture and the flow of the mixture into the vessel. 538. The method of claim 538, wherein the plasma gas comprises at least one helium or argon. 560. A method according to claim 544, wherein the helium or argon comprises a catalyst source providing a catalyst comprising at least one He ⁺ or Ar ⁺ . 538. A method according to claim 538, wherein the plasma gas comprises a catalyst source, and when the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture flows into the plasma, it becomes atomic hydrogen in the catalyst and the vessel. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source comprises a microwave generator, a variable microwave cavity, a waveguide, and an RF transmission window. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source comprises a microwave generator, a variable microwave cavity, a waveguide, and an antenna. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source is controlled by the variable microwave cavity, carried by the waveguide, and delivered to the vessel through an RF transparent window. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source is controlled by the variable microwave cavity, carried by the waveguide, and delivered to the vessel via an antenna. 550. A method according to claim 550, wherein the waveguide is inside a cell. 550. A method according to claim 550, wherein the waveguide is outside of the cell. 550. A method according to claim 550, wherein the antenna is inside the cell. 550. A method according to claim 550, wherein the antenna is outside of the cell. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a moving wave tube, klystron, magnetron, cyclotron resonance major, gyrrone, and free electron laser. 549. A method according to claim 549, wherein the window comprises an aluminum or quartz window. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the vessel comprises a microwave resonator cavity. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the vessel comprises a cavity that is an Evenson microwave cavity and the microwave power source excites the plasma in the Evenson cavity. 370. A method according to claim 367, further comprising providing a magnet. 560. A method according to claim 559, wherein the magnet comprises a solenoid magnet to provide an axial magnetic field. 560. A method according to claim 559, wherein the magnet generates microwaves from the kinetic energy of the magnetized ions of the plasma. 560. A method according to claim 559, wherein the magnet magnetizes the ions formed during the hydrogen catalysis, and generates microwaves to maintain the microwave discharge plasma. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source enables the microwave frequency to be selected to efficiently form atomic hydrogen from molecular hydrogen. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source allows the microwave frequency to be selected to efficiently form ions that function as catalysts from the catalyst source. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source provides a microwave frequency in the range of about 1 MHz to about 100 GHz. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source provides a microwave frequency in the range of about 50 MHz to about 10 GHz. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source provides a microwave frequency in the range of about 75 MHz ± about 50 MHz. 370. A method according to claim 367, wherein the microwave power source provides a microwave frequency in the range of about 2.4 GHz ± about 1 GHz. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a source of magnetic field for plasma magnetic confinement. 569. A method according to claim 569, wherein the magnetic field source provides magnetic confinement that increases the electron energy converted into power. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising a vacuum pump and a vacuum line connected to the cell. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the vacuum pump vacuums the vessel through the vacuum line. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising providing a gas flow means arranged and constructed to provide hydrogen and catalyst continuously from the catalyst source and the hydrogen source. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising providing a catalyst reservoir and a catalyst feed passage for the passage of catalyst from the reservoir to the vessel. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising providing a catalyst reservoir heater and a power supply for heating the catalyst in a catalyst reservoir providing a gas phase catalyst. 575. A method according to claim 575, further comprising the step of providing temperature control means for catalyst reservoir temperature control, thereby adjusting the catalyst vapor pressure. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a chemically resistant open container located in a container containing a source of catalyst. 570. A method according to claim 577, wherein the chemically resistant open container comprises a ceramic boat. 580. A method according to claim 578, further comprising providing a heater to obtain or maintain an elevated cell temperature such that the catalyst source in the boat sublimes, boils, or evaporates in the gas phase. 580. A method according to claim 578, further comprising providing a power supply for heating the catalyst source in the boat to provide gaseous catalyst to the vessel, and a boat heater. 580. A method according to claim 578, further comprising the step of providing temperature control means for controlling the temperature of the boat, whereby the vapor pressure of the catalyst can be controlled. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a low energy hydrogen species and a low energy hydrogen compound trap. 583. The method of claim 582, further comprising providing a vacuum pump in communication with the trap to cause a pressure gradient from the vessel to the trap to cause gas flow and transfer of low energy hydrogen species or low energy hydrogen fluoride. 586. The method of claim 583, further comprising providing a passage from the vessel to the trap and a vacuum line from the trap to the pump, and providing a valve from and to the trap. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, molybdenum, tungsten, glass, quartz, and ceramic. 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing at least one selected from the group consisting of an aspirator, an atomizer, or a nebulizer to form an aerogel of the catalyst source. How to include. 586. The method of claim 586, further comprising directly introducing the catalyst source or catalyst into the plasma using an aspirator, an atomizer, or a nebulizer. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising stirring the catalyst or catalyst source from the catalyst source and feeding it to the vessel through a flowing gas stream. 586. A method according to claim 588, wherein the flowing gas stream comprises hydrogen gas or plasma gas, which may be an additional source of catalyst. 590. A method according to claim 589, wherein the additional source of catalyst comprises helium or argon gas. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising the step of dissolving or suspending the catalyst source in a liquid medium. 597. The method of claim 591, further comprising dissolving or suspending the catalyst source in a liquid medium and aerosolizing the catalyst source. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising providing a carrier gas to transfer the catalyst to the vessel. 590. A method according to claim 593, wherein the carrier gas comprises at least one hydrogen, helium, or argon. 595. The method of claim 594, wherein the carrier gas also comprises at least one of helium and argon, which functions as a catalyst source, and is ionized by a plasma to form at least one catalyst He ⁺ or Ar ⁺ . 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell produces a non-thermal plasma having a temperature in the range of about 5,000 to about 5,000,000 ° C. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, providing a cell temperature above the temperature of the catalyst source such that the heater functions as a controllable catalyst source. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the catalyst boat is provided with a cell temperature or higher such that the heater functions as a controllable source of catalyst. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell comprises a stainless steel alloy which can be maintained at a temperature range of about 0 to about 1200 ° C. 370. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell comprises molybdenum, which may be maintained at a temperature range of about 0 to about 1800 ° C. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell comprises tungsten, which can be maintained at a temperature range of about 0 to about 3000 ° C. 370. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell comprises glass, quartz, or ceramic, which may be maintained at a temperature range of about 0 to about 1800 ° C. 370. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell provides molecular and atomic hydrogen partial pressures in the pressure range of about 1 mtorr to 100 atmospheres. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell provides molecular and atomic hydrogen partial pressures in the pressure range of about 100 mtorr to 20 torr. 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell provides a catalyst partial pressure in the pressure range of about 1 mtorr to 100 atmospheres. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell provides a catalyst partial pressure in the range of about 100 mtorr to 20 torr. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the mixture flow regulator provides a flow rate of plasma gas in the range of about 0 to 1 standard liter per cm ^{3 of} cell volume per minute. 707. A method according to claim 607, wherein the mixture flow controller provides a flow rate of plasma gas in the range of about 0.001 to 100 sccm per cm ^{3 of} volume of cell per minute. 709. A method according to claim 607, wherein the mixture flow regulator provides a flow rate of hydrogen gas in the range of about 0 to 1 standard liter per cm ^{3 of} volume of cell per minute. The method of claim 607, wherein the mixture flow regulator provides a method for the flow rate of the hydrogen gas in the range of 100 sccm per minute per cell volume in cm ³ of about 0.001. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture comprises at least one helium or argon present in an amount of about 99 to about 1 volume percent relative to the amount of hydrogen. Way. 611. The method of claim 611, wherein the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture comprises at least one helium or argon present in an amount from about 99 to about 95 volume% relative to the amount of hydrogen. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the mixture flow controller provides a flow rate of the hydrogen-plasma-gas mixture in the range of about 0 to 1 standard liter per cm ^{3 of} volume of cell per minute. According to claim 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422 as set forth in wherein the mixture flow controller is hydrogen in the cell volume per minute per cm ³ in the range of 100 sccm from about 0.001 - how to provide a flow rate of the gas mixture-plasma. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell provides a power density of plasma power in the range of about 0.01 W to about 100 W / cm ³ cell volume. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising providing a power converter for converting energy of ions into plasma in the plasma. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising a power converter that converts the plasma directly into electricity. 725. A method according to claim 617, wherein the power converter comprises a heat engine. 725. The method of claim 617, wherein the direct plasma to power converter comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a magnetic mirror electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, a plasma dynamic power converter, a gyrotron, a photon intensive microwave power converter, an optoelectronic and a charge drift power converter. Way. 725. A method according to claim 617, wherein the heat engine power converter comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of steam, gas turbine systems, stirling engines, thermoionic systems, and pyroelectric systems. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, further comprising providing a selector valve to remove low energy hydrogen product. 628. A method according to claim 621, wherein the selectively removed low energy hydrogen product comprises dihydrino molecules. 628. A method according to claim 621, further comprising providing a cold wall in which the increased binding energy hydrogen compound can be cold pumped. 421. A method according to claim 421, wherein the power converter comprises an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter contained in a vacuum vessel. 628. A method according to claim 624, comprising producing a plasma in a predetermined region, wherein the plasma temperature is higher than the temperature of the electrohydrodynamic power converter vacuum vessel. 624. A method according to claim 624, wherein the high energy ions and electrons of the plasma flow from the hot predetermined plasma region of the cell to the cooler electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter using the second law of thermodynamics. 421. A method according to claim 421, wherein the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter receives the flow and converts the thermodynamically produced ion flow into electricity. 624. A method according to claim 624, wherein the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter vacuum vessel further comprises a pump for maintaining a pressure lower than the pressure in the cell in which the plasma is generated. 624. A method according to claim 624, wherein energetic ions flow thermodynamically to the electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter, and neutral particles generated from energy ions flow in the opposite direction following the conversion of their energy into electricity. 630. A method according to claim 629, wherein the protons and electrons have a large average free distance, the energy photons and electrons flow from the cell to the electromagnetic hydrodynamic converter, and hydrogen flows in a substantially opposite direction convection. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein the power supply provides a voltage in the range of about 10 to about 50 kV and a current density of about 1 to about 100 A / cm ² . 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein the anode comprises tungsten. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein the anode comprises platinum. 370. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the axial magnetic field is constructed and arranged to cause energy protons in the plasma to undergo cyclotron motion, means for causing the protons to emit high frequency radiation at crossroads, And providing a receptor of high frequency power. 634. A method according to claim 634, further comprising providing a resonant cavity and antenna for exciting the cavity in the proton's cyclotron resonant period, and a second antenna that excites the proton spin resonant frequency to cause spin bunching that causes cross-batching. How to. 635. A method according to claim 635, wherein giro bunching is achieved by spin bunching with the application of resonant RF at the proton spin resonance frequency. 635. A method according to claim 635, wherein the antenna causes the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the photons to excite the mode of the cavity and be received by the resonant receiving antenna. 635. A method according to claim 635, further comprising providing a rectifier for rectifying the high frequency into DC electricity with the rectifier. 638. A method according to claim 638, further comprising providing an inverter and a power regulator for converting and modifying DC electricity to a predetermined voltage and frequency. 407. A method according to claim 407, further comprising at least one of a cathode and an anode covered by a dielectric barrier. 640. A method according to claim 640, wherein the dielectric barrier comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of glass, quartz, aluminum, and ceramics. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein RF power is capacitively coupled to the cell. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein the electrode is external to the cell. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein at least one of the cathode and the anode comprises being shielded by a dielectric barrier, wherein the dielectric barrier separates the electrode and the anode from the cell wall. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein the cell provides a high drive voltage and a high frequency. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein the cell provides AC power. 407. A method according to claim 407, wherein the RF source of power comprises a drive circuit comprising a high voltage power source for providing an RF and impedance matching circuit. 647. A method according to claim 647, wherein the high voltage power source provides a voltage in the range of about 100 V to about 100 MV. 647. A method according to claim 647, wherein the high voltage power source provides a voltage in the range of about 1 kV to about 100 kV. 647. A method according to claim 647, wherein the high voltage power source provides a voltage in the range of about 5 to about 10 kV. 357. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the catalyst source comprises one or more molecules, wherein t electrons from the atoms of the degraded molecule and the continuum energy levels from the atoms of the degraded molecule And wherein ionization is such that the sum of ionization energies of t electrons is m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer or m is an integer greater than 1 and m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when t is an integer. The method of any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the sum of ionization energies of t electrons is m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer or m is an integer greater than 1 and m is an integer. And a catalyst source comprising ionizing t electrons at a continuum energy level from atoms, ions, molecules, and participating species such as ions or molecular compounds to be 2 / 2.2 ± 0.5 eV. 357. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the catalyst source provides a catalyst comprising the movement of t electrons between participating ions, and wherein the movement of t electrons from one ion to another ion Provides the net enthalpy of the reaction, whereby the sum of the ionization energy of the electron releasing ion minus the electron ionization energy containing the ion is approximately an integer of m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV or m greater than 1 when approximately m is an integer And m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when t is an integer. 370. The method of any of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the catalyst source is m · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when the molecule and m are integers or m / 2 · 27.2 ± 0.5 eV when m is an integer greater than one. A catalyst of atomic hydrogen capable of providing a net enthalpy and capable of forming a hydrogen atom having about 13.6 / (1 / p) ² eV binding energy when p is an integer, wherein the net enthalpy of the molecular bonds of the catalyst Provided by ionization of t electrons from the atoms of the broken and destroyed molecules to each continuum energy level, so the sum of the binding energy and the t electron ionization energy is an integer where m is greater than 1 and t is about m / 2 at an integer. 27.2 ± 0.5 eV method. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell produces extreme ultraviolet light. 655. A method according to claim 655, wherein the cell comprises a light propagation structure that propagates extreme ultraviolet light. 656. A method according to claim 656, wherein the light propagation structure comprises quartz. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell produces ultraviolet light. 658. A method according to claim 658, wherein the cell further comprises a light propagation structure that propagates ultraviolet light. 659. A method according to claim 659, wherein the light propagation structure comprises quartz. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell produces visible light. 674. A method according to claim 661, wherein the cell comprises a light propagation structure that propagates visible light. 667. A method according to claim 662, wherein the light propagation structure is glass. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the cell produces extreme infrared light. 664. A method according to claim 664, further comprising a light propagation structure in which the cell propagates infrared light. 665. A cell according to claim 665, wherein the light propagation structure comprises glass. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell produces microwaves. 667. A method according to claim 667, wherein the cell comprises a light propagation structure for propagating microwaves. 668. A method according to claim 668, wherein the light propagation structure comprises glass, quartz, or ceramic. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell produces a high frequency. 670. A method according to claim 670, wherein the cell comprises a light propagation structure that propagates high frequencies. 671. A method according to claim 671, wherein the light propagation structure comprises glass, quartz, or ceramic. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell comprises a light diffusion structure for propagating the wavelength of the light produced. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell provides shortwave light and comprises a light propagation structure for propagating shortwave light suitable for photographic flats. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, comprising a light propagation structure comprising at least a portion of the cell wall and propagating a wavelength or range of wavelengths. 671. A method according to claim 675, further comprising insulating the cell walls such that elevated temperatures can be maintained in the cell. 676. A method according to claim 676, wherein the cell wall comprises a double wall having separate vacuum spaces. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421, and 422, wherein the cell comprises a phosphor coated light propagation structure that converts one or more shortwaves into longer wavelength light. 678. A method according to claim 678, wherein the phosphor converts at least one of ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet light into visible light. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, further comprising providing a hydrogen cracker. 680. A method according to claim 680, wherein the hydrogen cracker comprises filaments. The method of claim 681, wherein the filament comprises tungsten filament. 680. A method according to claim 680, further comprising a heater for heating the catalyst source such that the hydrogen cracker forms a gas phase catalyst. 680. A method according to claim 680, wherein the catalyst source comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium, rubidium, cesium, and strontium metal. 370. A method according to any one of claims 367, 384, 407, 421 and 422, wherein the hydrogen source comprises a hydride that decomposes over a time maintaining a predetermined hydrogen partial pressure. The method of claim 685, further comprising providing means for controlling the temperature of the cell to maintain a predetermined hydride decomposition rate to provide a predetermined partial pressure of hydrogen. 686. A method according to claim 686, wherein the means for controlling the temperature comprises a heater and a heater power controller. 690. A method according to claim 687, wherein the heater and the controller comprise a filament and a filament power controller. 425. A method according to claim 422, based on magnetic space charge separation. 420. The method of claim 422, comprising at least one hydrino hydride reactor or other power source, such as a microwave plasma cell, at least one electrode magnetized with a magnetic field source providing a uniform parallel magnetic field, and at least one counter electrode. How to. 690. A method according to claim 690, wherein the source of the magnetic field comprises at least one solenoidal magnet and a permanent magnet. 425. A method according to claim 422, further comprising means for localizing a plasma in a predetermined region. 690. A method according to claim 692, wherein the means for ubiquitous the plasmaz in a region comprises at least one self-limiting structure or spatially selective generating means. 690. A method according to claim 693, wherein the cell is a microwave cell and the spatially selective generating means comprises one or more spatially selective antennas, waveguides, or cavities. 425. A method according to claim 422, wherein electrons are magnetically trapped in the line of force of the magnetic field while the cation is drifting. 690. A method according to claim 695, wherein the flow potential is increased at the magnetized electrode relative to the non-magnetized counter electrode to produce a voltage between the two electrodes. 696. A method according to claim 696, comprising an electrode, and power is supplied to the load through the connected electrode. 422. A method according to claim 422, comprising a plurality of magnetized electrodes. 690. A method according to claim 698, wherein the uniform magnetic field source parallel to each electrode comprises a Helmholtz coil. 699. A method according to claim 699, wherein the intensity of the electric field is adjusted to produce an optimum cation for the rotating electron radius to maximize power at the electrode. 455. A method according to claim 422, wherein the plasma is confined to at least one magnetized electrode, and the counter electrode is in an outer region of the energy plasma. 425. A method according to claim 422, wherein the energy plasma is confined to one non-magnetized electrode, and the magnetized counter electrode is in an area outside the plasma. 455. A method according to claim 422, wherein the plasmadynamic converter comprises at least two electrodes, and the two electrodes are magnetized, and the field strength at least at one electrode is greater than at the other electrode. 703. A method according to claim 703, comprising a heater that heats the magnetized electrode to boil electrons that are much more fluid than ions. 704. A method according to claim 704, wherein the electrons are trapped by magnetic field lines or recombined with ions to generate a higher voltage at the magnetized electrode compared to the non-magnetized electrode. 425. A method according to claim 422, wherein energy is extracted from energy cations and electrons. 425. A method according to claim 422, further comprising a magnetized electrode having a magnetized pin whose line of force is substantially parallel to the fin. 707. A method according to claim 707, wherein any flux that blocks the pin is terminated in the electrical insulator. 708. A method according to claim 708, comprising an arrangement of pins used to increase the power converted. 708. A method according to claim 708, wherein at least one counter non-magnetizing electrode is electrically connected to one or more magnetizing pins through an electrical load. Providing a source of hydrogen atoms; Under conditions where both hydrogen atoms act as catalysts and absorb and ionize a total of 27.2 eV from the third hydrogen atom, thereby allowing the third hydrogen atom to relax to a low energy state, produce low energy hydrogen, and produce a plasma Applying microwaves to a source of hydrogen atoms sufficient to decompose hydrogen into separate hydrogen atoms; Cell operating method for producing a plasma comprising a. Providing a source of hydrogen atoms; And Separating hydrogen into a separate hydrogen atom and applying microwaves to the hydrogen atom source sufficient to generate a plasma; Cell operating method for producing a plasma comprising a. 711. The method of claim 711 or 712, further comprising converting power from the plasma to electricity using a converter. 713. A method according to claim 713, wherein the converter comprises an electromagnetic hydrodynamic power converter. 713. A method according to claim 713, wherein the converter comprises a plasmadynamic power converter. 531. The hydrogen bond species of claim 511, wherein (a) a hydrogen atom having a binding energy of about 13.6 eV / (1 / p) ² , where P is an integer, (b) about Increased binding energy hydrogen ion having a binding energy of the (H ^-), where s = 1/2, Π is pi, h is Planck's constant bar, μ _o is the vacuum permeability, m _e is the electron weight, μ _e is reduced Electron weight, a _o is the Bohr radius, and e is the base charge; (c) increased binding energy hydrogen species H ₄ ⁺ (1 / p); (d) increased binding energy hydrogen species trihydrino molecular ions having a binding energy of about 22.6 / (1 / p) ² eV, H ₃ ⁺ (1 / p), increased binding energy hydrogen species, where p is an integer ; (e) increased binding energy hydrogen molecules having a binding energy of about 15.5 / (1 / p) ² eV; And (f) increased binding energy hydrogen molecules with a binding energy of about 16.4 / (1 / p) ² eV Method selected from the group consisting of.