KR20040003978A - Financial integrated system for e―business environment - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: An advanced online system capable of uniting the banking business of an e-business environment is provided to reduce an investment in the system construction, and to maintain and manage the system conveniently by uniting a common part of diverse message forms different with each goods, and making the specialized data of each goods into one standard e-banking message. CONSTITUTION: The system comprises a communication server connecting a bank account system with an external network, and an operation manager(1). The operation manager comprises a communication manager(2) and a message relay system including an e-banking business system. The message relay system includes a TICP(Transaction Input Control Processor)(5) and a TOCP(Transaction Output Control Processor)(6). The TICP converts the message inputted from the terminal manager into the data defined by an item of a TWM(Transaction Work Area) and transfers it to an AICP(Application Input Control Processor) fit to transaction by filling a common item of the TWM. The TOCP compresses and transmits the output data from an application program to a corresponding process.

Description

Next-generation online system that integrates financial operations in an environment {Financial integrated system for e-business environment}

The present invention relates to a next-generation online system that integrates financial business in an e-business environment. More specifically, the present invention relates to a bank online system technology, an electronic financial integration relay system, and a web-based technology. It is designed to integrate various heterogeneous texts that occur in various forms when connecting them to standardization, integrated database of professional management, communication failure status and information management.

The term 'electronic banking' refers to providing financial services through electronic media. In detail, the electronic transaction, electronic response method, electronic behavior, and electronic payment method are combined with information communication technology and information processing technique. It refers to financial services that adopt and electronically perform financial transactions and settlement services between customers and financial institutions.

Conventional financial forms are the most common and most common financial forms of branch-centered financing, in which various financial transactions are handled by face-to-face interactions between employees and customers, expansion of branches (including branches) and counters, Improving customer service has been a strategic key to customer engagement.

As shown in FIG. 1, all business processes of a financial institution are concentrated on the main computer (HOST) of the headquarters. The main task was to centralize the account processing tasks of the company and send the processing results to the branches.

In order to centralize the exchange of funds with other financial institutions, such as the receipt of checks of other financial institutions and payment of draft checks of customers, it is necessary to exchange data with financial settlement agencies. The automated settlement of funds between financial institutions through the communication connection between the HOST and the KFTC, and the time-series database of various customer information acquired at the point of contact of customers of financial institutions and surrounding environment information about changes in the financial environment. For this purpose, the company has established an information processing system that processes customer information, management information, cost analysis and financial product information by separating account processing and information processing from the existing account processing system.

In order to solve the recent fierce competition in the conventional financial environment as described above, the traditional revenue source of financial institutions, for example, the decrease in profits due to the reduction of the lending margin, etc. Customer demand for electronic financial products is increasing due to the consignment of goods, the proliferation of automated devices (CDs, ATMs), the spread of personal computers, and the explosive spread of the Internet population.

In order to establish such an electronic financial system, each financial institution needs to establish a new area system for the development of electronic financial products in addition to the operation of the account processing system and the information processing system in the existing host, as shown in FIG. As various electronic financial products are built in the host, the burden of host 1 is incurred due to the increase in the amount of data processed by the host, and the communication relay function is established by constructing sub-system (SUB-SYSTEM) as the subsystem of the host. By handling the data and data processing functions, it is possible to reduce the burden on the host by the distribution of business processes and to efficiently perform the interface between external agencies ③ and customers.

However, the construction of an electronic banking system using such a subsystem is different in the form of specialty for each electronic banking product in the case of specialized transmission / reception with the subsystem and the host due to the difference in the work of each individual electronic financial product 2, thus maintaining the electronic banking system. It is difficult to flexibly cope with the difficulty of maintenance and system improvement and expansion, and above all, the problem of high cost due to the double investment due to the introduction of hardware and software development in developing new electronic financial products.

An object of the present invention is to provide a variety of specialized forms received from an external institution or an electronic financial transaction customer in the existing electronic financial system, namely PC banking, Internet banking, linked business, cyber securities, CDMS, phone banking, financial common network, etc. Integrate the various parts received in the form of a common part of each business in the electronic financial relay system, and the specialized data for each product sets up a fixed specialized area so that one standardized electronic banking can be unified without special design for each electronic financial product. Produces a full text, integrates and manages the status of various transactions with the external computer network, various processing occurrence areas, and unprocessed status in a professional management database. Can further reduce the investment cost of the system construction, maintenance and management It can provide the convenience, and to provide the flexibility for improvement and expansion of the system.

Can accommodate a variety of client environments on the Internet.

Receiving messages from various clients with different system environments, from branch offices of financial institutions to b2b trading companies, BUS standardizes raw data messages through Internet / leased line connection channels and professional management functions to convert them into standard I / O EDI. Is processed. BUS can accept raw data and combine it with network information and convert it into a standardized message, and manage it through a consistent process through standardized messages to accommodate various client environments on the Internet. You can do it.

* Can establish cyber sales system

Financial institution sales, which have been performed only at financial institution branches, can be operated in cyber via BUS. When loan application comes through internet banking, it is possible to operate an automated customer credit evaluation system by linking an application system with credit evaluation system and CRM system. However, when a customer requests an additional request, he / she can apply for a face-to-face meeting with a member of staff in charge and execute it through the counter.

* Free to build CRM, CMS, ORM, MIS, AMS using EDI Suite.

Another feature of the system implemented through the present invention is an EDI system. The EDI Suites, which consist of additional information generated during the execution of the application, are processed by eTPS, an automated operating system. In other words, eTPS is a systematic system that is constructed and executed for each EDI. It is composed of an accounting system for generating an EDI Sutie, an EDI Suite, and an eTPS, an operating system independent of an information system referring to the EDI Suite. EDI Suite, created through a professional management system, can be stored as a database immediately after creation to be used as source data for another application, and data can be recovered through related data even if data loss occurs during application processing. .

* Efficient system operation management is possible through monitoring system.

Another feature of the present invention may be said to be the monitoring function that Solti PS has among the core technologies constituting the present invention. It provides a function to monitor various information in real time, from monitoring functions for various network management or server failure management to application operation. Therefore, the transaction monitoring system is operated to promptly deal with abnormal transactions or requests for monitoring during application processing, which can be a very efficient system, especially in financial transactions.

The present invention is an S / W that provides an optimal solution for the Internet environment by combining an electronic banking integrated system and a web-based technology with a bank online system technology, and the banking United system and electronic commerce that integrate the work of a financial institution. It is a business united system that acts as a hub of the company and can be called a system that supports financial institutions or e-commerce. In addition, by standardizing various financial client environment and e-Biz system environment, it can play a very efficient system role in financial transactions by providing a unified interface environment that can execute processes independently or connect with Legacy system.

1 is a structural diagram of a computer system centered on a conventional financial institution account processing task

2 is a structural diagram of an electronic financial product computer system of an initial financial institution

3 is an exemplary view of a conventional electronic financial product

Figure 4 is a standardization of electronic finance professional and disability status information management processing according to the present invention

Illustration

5 is a basic configuration of the integrated electronic financial relay system according to the present invention

6 is an exemplary view of standardized electronic financial products according to the present invention.

7 is an internal structure diagram of electronic financial integration relay system according to the present invention

8 is a schematic diagram of a SOLBUS processor in accordance with the present invention.

9 is a structural diagram of a client and a WEB SERVER processor according to the present invention

10 is a structural diagram of a business processor of a data server according to the present invention

11 is a structural diagram of an eTPS processor of a data server according to the present invention

12 is a structural diagram of a TPSEDI processor of a data server according to the present invention

13 is a monitoring configuration diagram of the online integrated operation management system according to the present invention

14 is an eTPS processing flow chart of a data server according to the present invention.

15 is an eTPS internal processing structure diagram according to the present invention

16, 17 is an eTPS internal processing structure diagram according to the present invention

18 is a flowchart of system failure processing according to the present invention.

19 is a functional diagram of an EDI system according to the present invention.

20 is a flow chart of the full conversion process according to the present invention.

21 is a block diagram of an EDI system and an online integrated operating system according to the present invention.

☞ Explanation of symbols on the main parts of the drawing ☜

a: DBMS (Database Management System)

b: Common Application control-Package for advanced banking system

c: IMS (Information Management System)

d: VTAM (Virtual Telecommunications Access Method)

e: Relational Database Management System: RDBMS

Management system)

1: Operation Manager

2: Communication Manager

3: Terminal Manager

4: Screen Manager

5: Communication Input Professional Management Department (TICP)

6: Communication Output Professional Management Department (TOCP)

4 is an exemplary view illustrating the standardization and disability information management process of the electronic banking professional according to the present invention, FIG. 5 is a basic configuration diagram of the electronic financial integration system according to the present invention, and FIG. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an internal structure of an electronic banking integrated relay system according to the present invention. FIG. 7 will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In order to realize the present invention, first, a specialized form of an external computer network is used to classify electronic financial products such as PC banking, Internet banking, linked business, cyber securities, CDMS, phone banking, and financial common network. A database of unified and standardized full texts should be prepared.

That is, the standardized telegram converts the telegram of the external computer network received in various specialized formats as shown in FIG. 3 into the standard telegram of ① and ② of FIG. 6 in the electronic financial integrated relay system. In case of transmitting the message to the external computer network, it is possible to convert and transmit the message to request the message from the external computer network individually, simplifying the type of transmission and reception, and effectively operating the user interface channel. By providing information on the delivery process and disability of specialists in real time to the headquarters, branch offices, branch offices, customer PCs, and affiliated institutions of each financial institution, it provides the ability to immediately respond to computer disability situations.

As shown in FIG. 6, the basic form of the electronic banking standard telegram sets the most basic specialized information such as transaction code and terminal information into the header section, and common contents of electronic financial products, that is, finance for each transaction. The specialty domains were classified into payment and electronic banking business sectors and standardized as shown in ① of FIG. 6, and the head (HEAD) sector of funds transfer for each specialized domain was shown in ② of FIG. Financial settlement area ④ of FIG. 6 and e-banking business area of ⑤ of FIG. 6 were standardized.

The method for creating a standardized specialized database is to first select a standard message corresponding to the type of the message received from the external computer network, call the standard message input screen, and then input the corresponding item of the message received from the external computer network for each standard message item. Then, MATCHING table (database) of the relevant standard text is automatically created for each type of text received from external computer network. Therefore, the telegram received from the external computer network is automatically converted into a standard telegram and transmitted by the telegram common module.

The present invention is intended to convert the standardized database of the external computer network received in various specialized forms as described above from the electronic financial integrated relay system to the standard full text to send and receive with the financial institution host.

In other words, the electronic financial integrated relay system of the present invention is an external computer network server that connects an external computer network such as a bank account system, PC banking, Internet banking, linkage work, cyber securities, CDMS, phone banking, and a financial common network. S)] and a system operation management unit (Operation Manager) (1) configured to be connected to the terminal system, respectively.

The system operation management unit (1) is composed of a communication manager (Communication Manager) (2) including a professional management system connected to the bank account system and an external computer network server, and a professional relay system including an electronic financial business system, The communication network management unit (2) and the professional relay system include an online operating system including a failure management system for monitoring the operation status of a process and recovering in the event of a failure during a professional transfer between processes, screen generation and screen selection functions, and basic input data. Terminal Manager (3) and terminal screen file that provide interface between terminal operator and application program such as inspection function, editing of expert, control of terminal and peripheral device and supporting application program development regardless of terminal type. Entry and exit connected to the terminal system consisting of a map manager (4) for managing registration and screen version The power management system is connected.

The specialized relay system converts the full text received from the terminal, TM, into the data data defined in the corresponding item of the TWA (Transaction Work Area), fills the contents of the common TWA item, and fits the transaction with the application input control processor (AICP). Receives the output data created as a result of the transaction processing from the communication professional management department (TICP; 5) and the application that is passed on to, deletes unnecessary parts, compresses them, classifies them by destination (trade terminal or other system), and sends them to the corresponding process. The module also functions as a communication output expert management unit (TOCP) 6, which calls a full message by the system management unit when the system is running and allows one process to reside in the integrated relay system.

The external computer network server is a communication support program for data transmission and reception with an external computer network. The application program is independent of the communication protocol and network configuration. External computer networks or electronic banking such as electronic banking products (PC banking, Internet banking, interworking, cyber securities, CDMS, phone banking, financial common network) that monitors the connection status with the communication counterpart and sends and receives in various forms. When connecting the sender / receiver message of the customer with the external computer network, the heterogeneous transaction message (Fig. 3: the transaction message for each business before standardization) is simplified and the program is simplified regardless of the type of electronic financial product in the electronic financial integration relay system. Integrated management of financial specialists is possible (Fig. 4: Integrated management of electronic banking specialists) and each professional processing process is real time. By monitoring: immediately available (Figure 4 disability status information management), financial institutions, headquarters, branches, disability status information such as the customer PC.

According to the present invention having the above-described configuration, in communication with an external computer network and a host of a financial institution, a full text message is transmitted and received.

Send / receive full texts of external computer server or electronic financial transaction customers such as electronic banking products (PC banking, Internet banking, linked business, cyber securities, CDMS, phone banking, financial common network) in various forms. By connecting heterogeneous transaction specialization (Fig. 3: transaction specialization for each task before standardization) in the electronic financial integration system, regardless of the type of electronic financial products, the business program can be simplified and integrated management of electronic financial specialists is possible (Fig. 3). 4: Integrated management of electronic banking specialists) By monitoring each professional processing process in real time (Figure 4: Disability Status Information Management), it is possible to immediately provide failure status information to financial institution headquarters, branch offices, and customer PCs.

As an embodiment of the present invention, the host of the financial institution and the external computer network are specialized in the following manner.

If the command is ordered through a host in a financial institution, the full text is transmitted to the system operation management unit 1 according to the command of the host, and the full text through the system operation management unit 1 is transmitted to the communication management unit 2 and the full text. Compressed and encrypted, and the encrypted text is delivered to the terminal management unit 3 by a professional relay system or an electronic financial business system to provide an interface between a terminal operator and an application program and to support application program development regardless of the terminal type. It outputs to the screen of the terminal of the screen management unit 4 and is transmitted to the communication infrastructure professional management unit 5 and converted into the data data defined in the corresponding item of the TWA (Transaction Work Area). The contents of the TWA common items are filled and passed to the AICP (Application Input Control Processor) for the transaction. Receives the output data created as a result of transaction processing from the application program of the terminal management unit 3, which is delivered to the expert expert management unit 6, deletes and deletes the unnecessary parts, and classifies them into destinations (trade terminals or other systems). It is sent to a process and delivered to a host of another financial institution.

An online operating system including a failure management system is connected to the communication network management system and the professional relay system, and the online operating system records the operation status of the process, the professional transfer status between processes, or the connection status with an external computer network step by step. The status is transmitted to the failure management system, and the failure management system is a table that shows the types of failures by process and computer network, and the action contents by each type (headquarters, sales office, customer, etc.) As it is defined as, it analyzes the full text received from the online operating system to automatically take action and recover in case of failure.

As described in detail above, according to the present invention, various full texts received in independent forms for each product, such as PC banking, Internet banking, interworking, cyber securities, CDMS, phone banking, and financial common network of electronic institutions, In the integrated financial relay system, the common part of each task is integrated, and the specialized data for each product can be fixed within the electronic financial integrated relay system by setting up a fixed specialized area. By simplifying and standardizing the channel (User Interface Channel), not only can we actively respond to the explosive increase in the amount of e-banking business, but also the effect of shortening the development period and reducing the development cost will be great when applying variously developed e-banking products. Processing status and issues of various transactions with external computer networks, which are various specialized occurrence areas The management status is integrated and managed in the professional management integrated database, and the monitoring system provides real-time information on the specialized processing and failure status so that the system can respond immediately in case of failure.

[Application Field]

[Integrated management of financial information system]

1. Real-time monitoring and transaction management

2. System resource management and fault management

3. Integrated management of various electronic banking applications

4. Support interoperability between systems

[IDC Center Integrated Operations Management]

1. Integrated management of large server system and network system

2. Optimization and integrated operation management of various storage systems

[Computation system operation management inside company]

1. Integrated management of computer system resources in the enterprise

2. Integrated operation management of various resources in distributed environment

3. Supports efficient integration with legacy systems

4. Active management to support real-time self recovery in case of system failure

Economic expectation effect

Expect economic substitution effect through import substitution effect and export by entering into domestic system management software market formed mainly in foreign countries through the present invention

Avoid redundant investment by reducing system manpower in the enterprise and effective management of system resources when introducing new hardware and applications in the future

[Expected Industrial Effect]

Through the present invention, it is possible to secure pure domestic technology of integrated operation management technology for various systems and applications and to provide technology propagation opportunities for domestic related companies.

Give your customers a competitive edge in your e-business environment by providing the highest levels of availability, security, and performance for systems, including the network, client / server, middleware, databases, and applications that are at the heart of your business.

[Expected technical effect]

Efficiently combines various distributed object infrastructures and includes web servers in the Internet environment. Various servers, network resources, and applications can be integrated and managed.

Integrate system-level functions such as system failures and transactions to provide efficient system management techniques

By introducing an integrated operation management system, it is possible to further improve the accuracy and reliability of the system by solving the limitations of system heterogeneity and interoperability and the problem of system overhead and failure caused by a rapidly increasing process.

Claims (1)

It is connected to the external computer network [communication server (C / S)] and the terminal system that connect the external computer network such as bank account system, PC banking, internet banking, linkage work, cyber securities, CDMS, phone banking and financial common network. It is an electronic financial integration system composed of the System Operation Manager, which converts the specialized form input from the external computer network server into a standard full text message and sends and receives with the financial institution host. The system operation management unit (1) is a communication network management unit (2) including a bank accounting system and a professional management system connected to an external computer network server, and receives the full text from the TM data data defined in the corresponding item of the TWA (Transaction Work Area) Receives the output data generated by the transaction processing result from the TFP 5 and the application program that converts the data into the TWA common item and fills the contents of the TWA common items and passes them to the application input control processor (AICP). It is a module that deletes and compresses unnecessary parts and classifies them by destination (trade terminal or other system) and sends them to the corresponding process. Specialized relay system, including the Telecom Output Specialized Management Department (TOCP) 6, which allows two processes to reside, and the electronic financial business system. Consists of, The communication network management unit (2) and the professional relay system includes an online operating system including a failure management system for monitoring the operation status of a process, full transfer between processes, and recovery in the event of a failure, screen generation and screen selection function, and basic input data. Terminal management unit (3) and terminal screen file registration and screen version that provide interface between terminal operator and application program such as inspection function, professional editing, terminal and peripheral device control function and support application program development regardless of terminal type. Input and output management system connected to the terminal system consisting of a screen management unit 4 for managing the connection, The external computer network server is a communication support program for data transmission and reception with an external computer network. It creates an application program irrelevant to the communication protocol and network configuration, compresses and encrypts the text, and checks the state of deformation of the data during transmission and reception. It monitors the interconnection status with the communication counterpart, and connects the transmission and reception messages of external computer networks or electronic financial transaction customers with various forms to the external computer network regardless of the type of electronic financial products. Integrated electronic banking relay system to simplify management of electronic programs and to provide real-time monitoring of each professional processing process and provide disability status information to financial institution headquarters, branch offices, and customer PCs immediately. It consists of core technology that implements bank accounting system and various e-Biz systems and technologies that apply the core technology. By combining core technology and application technology, we realize the next generation online system that integrates financial business of e-business environment. Will be Major core technology groups include web integrated terminal system that connects user environment with server function and manages terminal system in user environment, and manages electronic financial integrated relay system that relays system and overall operation of such system. It consists of an integrated operating system that can On the other hand, there are EDI system applying core technology and standard professional management system based on electronic financial integrated relay system, and eTPS which is a small integrated operation system for operating EDI system. Core technologies include an integrated online financial management system that can operate the entire system as a whole, and an electronic financial integrated relay system that relays the system by standardizing the full text, and a web integrated terminal system function and information security system that transmits and manages the user environment to the standard environment. In addition, the other application technology consists of an EDI system that performs the information EDI system generated in real time to the application program and an eTPS that performs such EDI system, On-line integrated operating system is middleware designed to facilitate transaction processing between heterogeneous systems. In online environment, it manages and manages online integrated operating system through online integrated management, network management, failure management, integrated EDI management, and database management. Operating system, On-line integrated operating system that connects user environment and application execution system environment into a unified environment is a real-time integrated operation management of components and middleware concept by function that can efficiently manage various software and hardware resources applied to large e-business environment. It is a system, which supports interoperability between systems, and is an operation management system in a distributed environment. It is a system that enables efficient integration with existing applications such as Legacy system and support of all users who participate in various platform environments. The online integrated operating system is composed of a server management system, a network management system, a transaction management system, a database management system, an application resource management system, a failure management system, a message management system, a load balancing function, and the like; 1. Server management system : Server system resource management component: Provides notification function when administrator's predetermined threshold is exceeded, and efficient redistribution of resources when system resource usage is concentrated. Refer to the following information. CPU utilization management module -Memory utilization management module -SWAP Utilization Utilization Management Module -File System Utilization Management Module User File Management Module 2 network management system Display network status between each server system connected to operation management system Server communication traffic management -Databaseization function of communication traffic -Integrated management of network equipment such as router 3. Transaction Management System : A system that provides the functions to analyze and statistics the data flow occurring in the business, and to use the information for integrated management and new work of the information. -Transaction specialist management: Transaction specialist conversion and standardization, transaction specialist integrated management, transaction relay function, communication network management function -Settlement of funds: Management of funds transactions by transaction, fund ambassador function between affiliated institutions, host, integrated linkage system -Incomplete professional management: non-response processing by timeout, professional status monitoring function, original transaction cancellation request function of incomplete specialists, information on incomplete matters during ambassador -Network linkage process: External institution linkage process, financial joint network linkage process -Transaction Recovery: Recovery in case of failure during transaction between processes 4. Database resource management system -Summary function: Display the entire database management -DB Resource Management: CPU and I / O Utilization, Packets, Receive / Send Count, I / O Read / Write Count, Cache Usage Rate -DataBase Management: Space Usage Management, Monitor Add function of specific Database -DataBase Table Management: Allocate, Used, Row Count, I / O, count (Check Looping) -Lock function: Extent / intent / Page / Table / Shared locks, Exclusive / Blocking Locks 5. Application Resource Management System ⊙ Log management function -Summary management: Display the entire log management -Log file status management -LOG Watcher: If there is a message of a specific pattern in the designated LOG file, a warning message is displayed. ⊙ Processor Management -Summary Management: Display the overall process management -Current Running Process: Process list and status currently running on the system -Process Watcher: Manages the normal operation of a specific process and outputs restart or warning message when down Processor start and stop Processor Scheduling 6. Fault management system ⊙ Disability Management -History management: Failure system, date of occurrence and completion of failure, failure type and situation, action details as technology and storage, and failure management knowledge database -Disability log: Disability history online inquiry function, daily, monthly, yearly disability history inquiry and output function 7. Message Management System Emergency message management: Displays the emergency message created and started as the main processor by the message management and notified by the message management on the screen, and requires confirmation processing by the operator. ⊙ Notification of failure: Notify only the necessary information among the failure information notified by message management from each processor 8. Load control function ⊙ Load control based on data value: If the same type of service is supported by multiple nodes, load is adjusted by allocating nodes to process according to the data range. ⊙ Load control according to system performance: Function to increase throughput and shorten processing time of entire system by adjusting throughput by node according to node performance or system situation ⊙ Dynamic load control: When load is concentrated on a specific node, the load is distributed according to the dynamic load control method to increase the throughput of the entire system and shorten the processing time. EDI system, an on-line integrated operating system application technology, is a professional management system that converts the electronic text transmitted from various client environments into a standardized form so that it can be applied to the system environment to be actually performed. The EDI system is not only limited to applications that perform standardized texts, but also extended to be used for additionally generated customer information, accounting information, and various management information management. The EDI system converts additional information generated during the execution of the application into data of each standardized form, stores it in a database, and uses the stored data as another type of data so that it can be operated recursively. It will form a suite. Therefore, the EDI system may be referred to as a professional management system using a database. EDI Suite created by such a professional management system can be stored as a database immediately after creation and used as source data of another application, and data can be recovered through the associated database even if data loss occurs during application processing. , A professional management system is the exchange of information from one system to another through a communication network through electronic data exchange. The professional management system refers to an integrated professional management interface designed to have a professional design to have a function of relaying and communicating with various systems by standardizing, converting, and integrating a standardized transaction text. According to the development methodology called Component Based Information Engineering Methodology (CBIEM), which combines the advantages of object-oriented technology and information engineering techniques, the entire text is coded and standardized, and then classified according to the attributes (user environment and business processing method) and types By converting and integrating, it is possible to process standard transactions even when connected to various external information and communication networks.In case of business processing, the parts of each part are converted to EDI for each characteristic. Next-generation online system integrating financial business in an e-business environment, characterized in that applicable to.