KR20030063565A - Manifold having electric heater for injecting mold and method for manufacturing the same - Google Patents
Manifold having electric heater for injecting mold and method for manufacturing the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR20030063565A KR20030063565A KR1020020003737A KR20020003737A KR20030063565A KR 20030063565 A KR20030063565 A KR 20030063565A KR 1020020003737 A KR1020020003737 A KR 1020020003737A KR 20020003737 A KR20020003737 A KR 20020003737A KR 20030063565 A KR20030063565 A KR 20030063565A
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- electric heater
- manifold
- insertion groove
- cover
- groove
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- ALKZAGKDWUSJED-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinuclear copper ion Chemical compound [Cu].[Cu] ALKZAGKDWUSJED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/72—Heating or cooling
- B29C45/73—Heating or cooling of the mould
- B29C45/7331—Heat transfer elements, e.g. heat pipes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/26—Moulds
- B29C45/27—Sprue channels ; Runner channels or runner nozzles
- B29C45/2725—Manifolds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/26—Moulds
- B29C45/27—Sprue channels ; Runner channels or runner nozzles
- B29C45/2737—Heating or cooling means therefor
- B29C45/2738—Heating or cooling means therefor specially adapted for manifolds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/26—Moulds
- B29C45/27—Sprue channels ; Runner channels or runner nozzles
- B29C45/2737—Heating or cooling means therefor
- B29C2045/2743—Electrical heating element constructions
Abstract
Description
본 발명은 사출금형 제작 시 이용되는 매니폴드(manifold)에 관한 것으로, 특히 그 내부에 전기히터가 내장된 매니폴드 및 그 제조 방법에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a manifold used in manufacturing an injection mold, and more particularly, to a manifold in which an electric heater is embedded therein and a manufacturing method thereof.
합성수지 제품 제조는 적정한 온도로 용융된 수지를 제품형상의 금형 캐비티(cavity)내에 적정한 압력과 속도로 충진시킨 다음, 일정한 시간을 두고 충진된 수지를 냉각 고화시켜 성형품을 생산한다. 여기서 사출성형시 금형의 캐비티에 이르는 수지의 흐름부위를 적절한 방법으로 수지가 항상 녹아 있도록 하는 데, 여기에 합성수지 원료를 균일하게 주입하기 위해 매니폴드가 구비된다.Synthetic resin products are manufactured by molding molten resin at an appropriate temperature into a mold cavity of a product shape at an appropriate pressure and speed, and then cooling and solidifying the filled resin over a predetermined time to produce a molded article. Here, in the injection molding, the resin flows to the cavity of the mold so that the resin always melts in an appropriate manner, and a manifold is provided to uniformly inject the synthetic resin material.
전술한 과정에 따라 합성수지가 캐비티로 이동되는 과정에서, 용융 상태의 합성수지 원료가 굳어지지 않도록 매니폴드 내부에 전기히터를 구비한다.In the process of moving the synthetic resin to the cavity according to the above-described process, an electric heater is provided inside the manifold so that the synthetic resin raw material in the molten state does not harden.
도 1은 종래 기술 기술에 따라 전기히터가 내장된 매니폴드의 구성을 보이는 분해사시도로서, 매니폴드(1)의 상, 하면(1', 1'') 각각에 구비된 삽입 홈(2)내에 전기히터(3)를 매립하고, 그 내부에 지지홈(5)이 마련된 동(구리) 커버(4)를 삽입홈(2) 내에 압입한 것을 보이고 있다.1 is an exploded perspective view showing the configuration of a manifold in which an electric heater is built according to the prior art, and is provided in an insertion groove 2 provided in each of the upper and lower surfaces 1 'and 1' 'of the manifold 1. It is shown that the electric heater 3 is embedded, and a copper (copper) cover 4 having a support groove 5 provided therein is pressed into the insertion groove 2.
상기와 같은 종래의 전기히터 내장형 매니폴드는, 매니폴드(1)의 상,하면(1', 1'')에 각각 삽입 홈(2)과 동일 형상으로 주조된 동커버(4)를 매니폴드의 삽입 홈(2)에 압입방식으로 끼워넣기 때문에, 삽입 홈(2)과 동커버(4)의 형상의 오류가 발생할 경우 정확하게 삽입하기 어렵다. 또한, 통상 서로 다른 물질로 제조되는 매니폴드(1)와 동커버(4)의 서로 다른 열팽창계수 때문에, 장시간 고온의 상태로 유지되면 동커버(4)의 부식이 발생하는 문제 뿐 만 아니라, 매니폴드(1)와 동커버(4) 사이에 틈이 생기거나, 동커버(4)가 매니폴드 외부로 나오게 되는 경우가 자주 발생되며, 심할 경우 그 하부의 전기히터(3)까지 돌출하게 되어 단선까지 발생한다. 이와 같이 단선이 발생할 경우에는 매니폴드 전체적인 수리가 필요하며, 그에 따른 제조 비용이 증가하는 문제점이 있다.The conventional electric heater built-in manifold as described above manifolds the copper cover 4 cast in the same shape as the insertion groove 2 on the upper and lower surfaces 1 'and 1' 'of the manifold 1, respectively. Since the fitting groove 2 is inserted into the insertion groove 2 in the press-fitting manner, it is difficult to accurately insert the shape of the insertion groove 2 and the copper cover 4 when an error occurs. In addition, due to the different thermal expansion coefficients of the manifold 1 and the copper cover 4, which are usually made of different materials, not only the problem of corrosion of the copper cover 4 occurs when the temperature is maintained at a high temperature for a long time, There is often a gap between the fold (1) and the copper cover (4), or the copper cover (4) to come out of the manifold, and if severe, protrudes to the electric heater (3) in the lower portion of the disconnection Occurs until When disconnection occurs as described above, the entire manifold needs repair, and there is a problem in that manufacturing cost increases.
상기와 같은 문제점을 해결하고자 하는 본 발명은, 매니폴드의 전기히터 삽입 홈 형상에 의존하지 않는 전기히터 커버를 구비하여 매니폴드 내에 전기히터 커버를 용이하게 삽입할 수 있으며, 매니폴드로 부터 전기히터 커버의 분리 이탈이 용이하지 않은 전기히터 내장형 매니폴드 및 그 제조 방법을 제공하는데 목적이 있다.The present invention to solve the above problems, the electric heater cover that does not depend on the shape of the electric heater insertion groove of the manifold can easily insert the electric heater cover in the manifold, the electric heater from the manifold An object of the present invention is to provide an electric heater built-in manifold and a method of manufacturing the same.
도 1은 종래 기술 따라 전기히터가 내장된 매니폴드의 구성을 보이는 분해 사시도,1 is an exploded perspective view showing a configuration of a manifold in which an electric heater is built according to the prior art;
도 2a 본 발명에 따른 매니폴드의 전기히터 삽입 홈 구조를 보이는 사시도,Figure 2a is a perspective view showing the structure of the electric heater insertion groove of the manifold according to the present invention,
도 2b는 도 2a와 같은 삽입 홈 내에 전기히터 및 전기히터 커버를 정렬한 상태를 보이는 단면도,Figure 2b is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which the electric heater and the electric heater cover in the insertion groove as shown in Figure 2a,
도 2c는 도 2b와 같이 정렬된 전기히터 커버를 압입한 상태를 보이는 단면도Figure 2c is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which the electric heater cover is aligned as shown in Figure 2b
도 3은 원통 형상의 파이프(pipe)를 보이는 사시도3 is a perspective view showing a cylindrical pipe
＜도면의 주요부분에 대한 부호의 설명＞<Description of the code | symbol about the principal part of drawing>
1: 매니폴드1: manifold
1' : 매니폴드 상면1 ': Manifold Top
1" : 매니폴드 하면1 ": When manifold
2: 삽입 홈2: insert groove
4: 동커버4: copper cover
5: 지지홈5: support groove
10: 매니폴드10: manifold
11: 삽입 홈11: insert groove
12: 확장 홈12: extension groove
20: 전기히터20: electric heater
30: 전기히터 커버30: electric heater cover
상기 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명은, 사출금형을 위해 그 내부에 전기히터를 구비하는 매니폴드에 있어서, 매니폴드, 상기 매니폴드 내에 형성된 전기히터 삽입 홈; 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈 측면의 상기 매니폴드 내에 형성된 전기히터 커버확장 홈; 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈 내에 삽입된 전기히터; 및 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈 및 상기 전기히터 커버 확장 홈에 삽입되어 상기 전기히터를 덮는 전기히터 커버를 포함하는 매니폴드를 제공한다.The present invention for achieving the above object, the manifold having an electric heater therein for the injection mold, the manifold, the electric heater insertion groove formed in the manifold; An electric heater cover extension groove formed in the manifold on the side of the electric heater insertion groove; An electric heater inserted into the electric heater insertion groove; And an electric heater cover inserted into the electric heater insertion groove and the electric heater cover extension groove to cover the electric heater.
또한 상기 목적을 달성하기 위한 본 발명은, 사출금형을 위해 그 내부에 전기히터를 구비하는 매니폴드 제조 방법에 있어서, 매니폴드 내에 전기히터 삽입 홈을 형성하는 제1 단계; 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈 내에 전기히터를 삽입하는 제2 단계; 및 상기 전기히터가 삽입된 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈 상에 전기히터 커버를 정렬하는 제3 단계; 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈 상에 정렬된 전기히터 커버를 압입하는 제4 단계; 및 상기 제3 단계 및 상기 제4 단계를 적어도 한번 반복 실시하여 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈 내에 상기 전기히터 커버를 삽입 제5 단계를 포함하는 매니폴드 제조 방법을 제공한다.In addition, the present invention for achieving the above object, a method of manufacturing a manifold having an electric heater therein for the injection mold, the first step of forming an electric heater insertion groove in the manifold; Inserting an electric heater into the electric heater insertion groove; And arranging an electric heater cover on the electric heater insertion groove into which the electric heater is inserted. A fourth step of press-fitting the electric heater cover aligned on the electric heater insertion groove; And a fifth step of inserting the electric heater cover into the electric heater insertion groove by repeating the third step and the fourth step at least once.
이하, 첨부된 도면을 참조하여 본 발명의 바람직한 실시예를 설명한다.Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
도 2a 본 발명에 따른 매니폴드의 전기히터 삽입 홈 구조를 보이는 사시도로서, 매니폴드(10), 상기 매니폴드(10) 내에 형성된 전기히터 삽입 홈(11), 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈(11) 측면의 매니폴드(10) 내부에 형성된 전기히터 커버 확장 홈(12)을 보이고 있다. 본 발명의 바람직한 실시예에서 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈(11)과 상기 전기히터 커버 확장 홈(12)은 함께 "T" 모양의 형상을 이룬다.Figure 2a is a perspective view showing the electric heater insertion groove structure of the manifold according to the present invention, the manifold 10, the electric heater insertion groove 11 formed in the manifold 10, the electric heater insertion groove 11 side The electric heater cover expansion groove 12 formed in the manifold 10 of the is shown. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the electric heater insertion groove 11 and the electric heater cover expansion groove 12 together form a "T" shape.
도 2b는 도 2a와 같은 전기히터 삽입 홈(11) 내에 전기히터(20) 및 전기히터 커버(30)를 정렬한 상태를 보이는 단면도로서, 상기 전기히터 커버(30)는 상기 매니폴드와 동일 재질 또는 다른 재질로 이루어지며, 바람직한 본 발명의 실시예에서는 도 3에 보이는 바와 같이 원통 형상의 파이프(pipe)를 이용한다. 상기 전기히터 커버(30)는 그 내부가 채워지며 다양한 형상을 가질 수도 있다.FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view showing the electric heater 20 and the electric heater cover 30 arranged in the electric heater insertion groove 11 as shown in FIG. 2A. The electric heater cover 30 is made of the same material as the manifold. Or made of another material, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a cylindrical pipe (pipe) as shown in FIG. The electric heater cover 30 may be filled therein and may have various shapes.
도 2c는 정렬된 전기히터 커버를 압입방법으로 전기히터 커버(30)를 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈(11) 내에 끼워넣은 것을 보이는 단면도로서, 압입 과정에서 상기 전기히터 커버 확장 홈(12) 내로 전기히터 커버(30)가 확장 삽입된 것을 보이고 있다.FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view showing the electric heater cover 30 being inserted into the electric heater insertion groove 11 by the press-fit method of the aligned electric heater cover, and the electric heater into the electric heater cover extension groove 12 during the press fitting process. It is shown that the cover 30 is extended.
전술한 본 발명의 바람직한 실시예서는 상기 전기히터 삽입 홈(11)에 전기히터 커버 확장 홈(12)이 구비되는 것을 설명하였지만, 상기 전기히터 커버 확장 홈(12)은 생략 가능하다. 즉, 전기히터 커버 확장 홈(12) 없이 전기히터 삽입 홈(11) 내에 상기 전기히터(20) 및 전기히터 커버(30)를 정렬한 후, 전기히터 커버(30)를 압입할 수도 있다.In the above-described preferred embodiment of the present invention, the electric heater cover expansion groove 12 is provided in the electric heater insertion groove 11, but the electric heater cover expansion groove 12 may be omitted. That is, after aligning the electric heater 20 and the electric heater cover 30 in the electric heater insertion groove 11 without the electric heater cover expansion groove 12, the electric heater cover 30 may be press-fit.
이와 같이 매니폴드(10) 내의 전기히터 삽입 홈(11) 형상에 따라 전기히터 커버(30)를 휘면서 정렬하고 압입하는 과정을 반복적으로 수행하여, 히터 삽입 홈(11) 전체에 전기히터 커버(30)를 끼워 넣는다.As such, the process of repeatedly aligning and pressing the electric heater cover 30 in accordance with the shape of the electric heater insertion groove 11 in the manifold 10 is repeatedly performed. Insert 30).
상기와 같이 이루어지는 본 발명은 파이프 형상 등과 같이 전기히터 커버를 매니폴드의 전기히터 삽입 홈 형상에 따라 휘면서 정렬하고 압입하는 전기히터 삽입 홈 내에 전기히터 커버를 끼워 넣음으로써, 매니폴드 내에 전기히터 커버를 용이하게 삽입할 수 있다.According to the present invention made as described above, the electric heater cover is inserted into the electric heater insertion groove into which the electric heater cover is bent and aligned according to the shape of the electric heater insertion groove of the manifold. Can be easily inserted.
또한, 전기히터 삽입 홈 내에 전기히터 커버 확장 홈을 구비하는 경우에는매니폴드로부터 전기히터 커버의 분리 이탈이 용이하지 않아 매니폴드의 수명을 증가시킬 수 있다.In addition, when the electric heater cover expansion groove is provided in the electric heater insertion groove, separation and separation of the electric heater cover from the manifold is not easy, and thus the life of the manifold can be increased.
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020020003737A KR20030063565A (en) | 2002-01-22 | 2002-01-22 | Manifold having electric heater for injecting mold and method for manufacturing the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020020003737A KR20030063565A (en) | 2002-01-22 | 2002-01-22 | Manifold having electric heater for injecting mold and method for manufacturing the same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20030063565A true KR20030063565A (en) | 2003-07-31 |
Family
ID=32218932
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020020003737A KR20030063565A (en) | 2002-01-22 | 2002-01-22 | Manifold having electric heater for injecting mold and method for manufacturing the same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| KR (1) | KR20030063565A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20030066248A (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2003-08-09 | 최용주 | Manufacturing method of the manifold having the heater for injecting mold |
| KR100693151B1 (en) * | 2005-10-05 | 2007-03-13 | 김혁중 | Manifold for injection molding machine |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5227179A (en) * | 1988-07-11 | 1993-07-13 | Salvatore Benenati | Assembly of injection molding manifold, nozzles and mold |
| KR940013783A (en) * | 1992-12-30 | 1994-07-16 | 유영희 | Method of embedding electric heating wire in manifold of injection molding machine and method of embedding cooling water distribution hole in mold |
| KR200273507Y1 (en) * | 2002-01-19 | 2002-04-25 | 노정환 | manifold for injection molding machine |
-
2002
- 2002-01-22 KR KR1020020003737A patent/KR20030063565A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5227179A (en) * | 1988-07-11 | 1993-07-13 | Salvatore Benenati | Assembly of injection molding manifold, nozzles and mold |
| KR940013783A (en) * | 1992-12-30 | 1994-07-16 | 유영희 | Method of embedding electric heating wire in manifold of injection molding machine and method of embedding cooling water distribution hole in mold |
| KR200273507Y1 (en) * | 2002-01-19 | 2002-04-25 | 노정환 | manifold for injection molding machine |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20030066248A (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2003-08-09 | 최용주 | Manufacturing method of the manifold having the heater for injecting mold |
| KR100693151B1 (en) * | 2005-10-05 | 2007-03-13 | 김혁중 | Manifold for injection molding machine |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US5108317A (en) | Sealed metal shell connector and method of molding a plastic insert within a metal shell | |
| EP1188544A3 (en) | Part connecting member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus | |
| EP1155803A3 (en) | Method of injection molding for creating a fluid meter housing | |
| KR20030001330A (en) | Chip antenna and method of manufacturing the same | |
| WO2011155493A1 (en) | Method for producing resin molded article by injection molding, and injection molding device | |
| DE69810004T2 (en) | Connection socket for injection molding distributors | |
| JP2000208232A (en) | Manufacture of harness and metal mold used therefor | |
| JP3701464B2 (en) | Molded product | |
| KR20030063565A (en) | Manifold having electric heater for injecting mold and method for manufacturing the same | |
| US6544027B2 (en) | Manifold of injection molding machine | |
| KR20030066248A (en) | Manufacturing method of the manifold having the heater for injecting mold | |
| KR100531219B1 (en) | Injection molding method of terminal inserted plastic mold and inserting terminal | |
| KR200403729Y1 (en) | Manifold for injection molding machine | |
| KR200279261Y1 (en) | manifold for injection molding machine | |
| KR200273508Y1 (en) | manifold for injection molding machine | |
| KR200273507Y1 (en) | manifold for injection molding machine | |
| JP3730738B2 (en) | Manufacturing method of electronic parts | |
| KR100809950B1 (en) | Terminal block having dual structure and manufacturing method thereof | |
| KR200394900Y1 (en) | Injection molding machaine having a needle gate | |
| KR100378341B1 (en) | Injection molding machine | |
| KR200268845Y1 (en) | aa | |
| JPH0558247U (en) | Two-piece injection mold | |
| KR100828398B1 (en) | Manifold for injection molder | |
| KR200246829Y1 (en) | Manifold of hot-runner system for injection molder | |
| EP0997256A4 (en) | Method and device for multilayer molding of resin |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A201 | Request for examination | ||
| A302 | Request for accelerated examination | ||
| E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
| E601 | Decision to refuse application |