KR20010112751A - Parallel convolutional encoder in data transmission system - Google Patents

Abstract

A film (705) (carbon and/or diamond) for a field emitter device, which may be utilized within a computer display, is produced by a process utilizing etching of a substrate (701) and then depositing the film. The etching step creates nucleation sites on the substrate for the film deposition process. With this process patterning of the emitting film is avoided. A field emitter device can be manufactured with such a film. A metal film can also be deposited (702), patterned by photolithography (703) and etch (704) to prepare nucleation sites.

Description

PARALLEL CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER IN DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to error correcting codes, and more particularly, to a convolutional code processing apparatus widely used in a digital transmission system.

The technical field of the present invention relates to a convolutional code processing apparatus widely used in digital transmission systems (e.g., satellite communication systems, digital cellular systems, W-CDMA, B-WLL, IMT-2000), and the like. In general, convolutional codes are used to recover from errors occurring in data transmitted or recorded in a data transmission system such as a communication system, and the like. Usually, convolutional codes such as 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc. The convolutional code of Code Rate (R) is mainly used.

In addition, in the field of convolutional coding, a puncturing method may be used to generate a new convolutional code having a higher code rate from a convolutional code having a code rate of R = 1 / n. The reason for using the puncturing technique is to transmit a high code rate with the same decoding complexity since the decoding complexity of the Viterbi decoder in the receiver increases exponentially with the increase of the code rate. In other words, for the high rate convolutional code, the convolutional code with the original code rate of R = k / n (k> 1) is used to exponentially calculate the number of branches merging and departing in each state in the Trellis of the Viterbi decoder. Will increase. Therefore, in order to reduce the decoding complexity, a puncturing technique is used for convolutional codes having a code rate of R = 1 / n. Decoding Complexity in the case of using the above puncturing technique is almost equal to the Decoding Complexity of the convolutional code having the code rate R = 1 / n.

1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a conventional convolutional code device in a digital communication system.

The parallel-to-serial converter 110 converts parallel unit data input from the outside into serial data corresponding to the first clock 160 and outputs the serial unit data to the shift register 120. . In this case, the parallel unit data may be source coding and compressed.

The shift register 120 shifts the input serial data bit by bit in correspondence to the input second clock 170 and outputs the bit to the encoder 130. The second clock 170 is multiplied by the first clock 160 used for the parallel data input, that is, a clock that is faster than the clock used for the data input, for example, a number of bits of the parallel unit data is faster. Can be.

The encoder 130 performs an exclusive OR operation on values stored in predetermined cells among cells (not shown) in the shift register 120, and puncturing the resultant value, that is, the convolutional coded data value. 140).

The puncturing unit 140 punctures corresponding second values according to the puncturing algorithm with respect to the string of convolutional coded data values input according to the puncturing code rate. In this case, the puncturing algorithm is performed by additional hardware or software and is stored by a storage means such as a memory.

On the other hand, parallel convolutional coding apparatuses have recently emerged in digital transmission systems. The basic concept of parallel convolutional coding is briefly described as follows.

That is, instead of inputting the parallel data input to the shift register in serial bit units and processing by a single convolutional encoder, parallel convolutional coding shifts a plurality of encoders for parallel processing on the input data of the parallel unit. A plurality of encoders, which are connected to the corresponding cells in the shifted state in the register, and receive the parallel unit bit data, respectively, perform the convolutional encoding process in parallel at the same time.

2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a parallel convolutional coding apparatus in a digital transmission system. For convenience of description, FIG. 2 is assumed to have a constraint length of 3 (K = 3), an encoding rate of 1/2 (R = 1/2), and two encoding units.

The shift register 200 may be divided into a first shift register 210 and a second shift register 220. The first encoders 230a and 230b are wired by the corresponding polynomial, that is, convolutional encoding is performed on values stored in corresponding cells of the first shift register 210. The second encoders 240a and 240b perform convolutional encoding on values stored in the second shift register 220, that is, shifted bit by bit, compared to values stored in the first shift register 210. .

3 is a diagram illustrating another example of a parallel convolutional coding apparatus in a digital transmission system. In FIG. 3, it is assumed that parallel data in bytes is input, and a coding rate is 1/2 (R = 1/2) and a punctured code rate is 8/9 (k / n).

Reference numeral 311 denotes a convolutional encoding process that was input in the previous step and is a data storage unit for storing data necessary for generating encoded data in the current step.

The encoding unit 315 to encoding unit 329 are all input data 313 in parallel units (8 bits) by the corresponding polynomial. To Convolutional coding is performed on the coded information, and a total of 16 encoded data 331 ( To And To ) In this case, the encoded data 331 may be temporarily stored by a constant storage unit such as a parallel register. At this time, each of the encoders is composed of two building blocks for generating two code data according to the coding rate (1/2), and each block is composed of corresponding XOR gates according to the generation polynomial.

The puncturing unit 333 performs a puncturing operation on the 16 encoded data 331 according to predetermined puncturing logic, and interleaver (not shown) or FIFO (first in, first out) memory (not shown). )

4 is a diagram illustrating a conventional puncturing operation in a digital transmission system. Hereinafter, a description will be given with reference to FIG. 3.

4A illustrates an example of the drilling logic table 411 of the drilling unit 333 in FIG. 3, and FIG. 4B illustrates the drilling operation of the drilling unit 333. As shown, the puncturing logic table 411 is a case where the code rate R is 1/2 and the punctured code rate is 8/9 (k / n). Here, n denotes the number of bits of the punctured output coded data, and k denotes the number of data bits required to generate the n punctured coded data. Therefore, when the code rate R is 1/2 and k / n is 8/9, the puncturing table is composed of 16 bits (kx 1 / R) and receives 9 punctured bits by receiving 16-bit code data. Generate encoded data. In addition, when k is 8, the puncturing table performs puncturing in units of 16-bit (kx 1 / R) code data, and when k is 7, puncturing is performed in units of 14-bit (kx 1 / R) code data. Do this.

16 encoded data 331 of FIG. To And To In each case, puncturing or output is determined by logic of the puncturing logic table 411. Here, the meaning of “0” of the puncturing logic table means that corresponding encoded data is punctured and is not output from the puncturing unit 333. 333). In FIG. 4B, the puncturing portion 433 of FIG. 3 uses 16 encoded data 331 ( To And To ) Shows the operation of outputting a total of 9 punctured encoded data by performing puncturing according to the puncturing logic.

4A and 4B, when the conventional parallel convolutional coding apparatus of the digital transmission system has a code rate of 1/2, input data is input in bytes, and a punctured output code rate is 8/9. As illustrated in FIG. 4B, the puncturing operation may be performed on the convolutional coded data using only a simple connection configuration. The puncturing operation is performed in the (i-1) th and (i + 1) th as well as the i th.

However, for example, when the punctured output coding rate is 7/8, it is impossible to construct a puncturing unit that performs puncturing operation using only a simple connection configuration using a functional block constituting a conventional parallel convolutional coding apparatus.

Because the code rate is 1/2 and the punctured output code rate is 7/8, the coded data should be input to the puncture table in units of 14 bits in order to construct a puncturing part with a simple connection configuration. Is generated from the parallel convolutional coder, the concatenation of each bit of the output code data and each bit of the puncture table is changed at every step of puncture operation processing. For example, current step code data as in FIG. 4C. And Perforated table And Connected to each, And Silver perforated table And If connected to the next step, And Perforated devil And Connected to each, And Silver perforated table And Should be connected to

Therefore, since the conventional parallel convolutional encoding apparatus of the digital transmission system performs parallel convolutional encoding using all input data of a predetermined unit, a perforation table determined according to the data unit outputted from the encoder and the encoding rate and the punched encoding rate. If the number of data bits is different, the puncturing operation cannot be performed by the simple connection configuration, and thus, the puncturing operation must be performed by a complicated hard wiring or software.

In addition, the conventional parallel convolutional coding apparatus of the digital transmission system does not encode the entire input data when parallel data of a predetermined unit is input, and k bits which are some data of the input data according to the punched output coding rate (k / n). If only encoding is performed, the number of bits of the input data is smaller than the number of bits of the coded code data. Therefore, the puncturing portion can be configured with only a simple connection configuration by adding less and simple hardware than constructing the drilling portion by the above complicated hard wiring. have. However, in this case, there should be a configuration that manages unencoded bits, but there is no such configuration in a conventional parallel convolutional encoding apparatus.

Therefore, when performing a puncturing process using a conventional parallel convolutional encoder, there are inconveniences in that the hardening part has to be complicatedly hard-wired or software-processed due to the above two reasons in order to support various punctured code rates. .

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention, when data of various parallel units larger than k is input in a data transmission system, the number of data bits used in the parallel convolutional encoding process at once according to the punctured coding rate (k / n) to k bits. The present invention provides a parallel convolutional encoding apparatus that can be adjusted so that coding logic and puncturing logic can be easily configured.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a parallel convolutional encoding apparatus capable of performing an encoding operation and a puncturing operation with a simple connection configuration for the length of data of various parallel units larger than k input from a data transmission system and the length of various encoded output data. In providing.

It is still another object of the present invention to manage the bits that are not processed at the present stage among the input data with respect to the length of data in various parallel units larger than k input in the data transmission system and the length of various encoded output data. The present invention provides a parallel convolutional encoding apparatus capable of performing an encoding operation and a puncturing operation.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a parallel convolutional encoding apparatus in a data transmission system, including encoding units corresponding to the number of output encoded data bits (n), wherein the encoding units include a shift register according to the puncturing logic and the generation polynomial. An encoding and puncturing unit that simultaneously performs encoding and puncturing operations on the input data in parallel, and the number of data bits (k) and the length of the constraint field (K) required to generate the n output encoded data. Whenever data of various parallel units larger than k is input from the outside in the current encoding and puncturing step, the data stored in each of the bit cells is bit by bit (K bits) of the constraint length. Shift and output the corresponding stored data to the encoding and puncturing unit. The shift register for storing raw input data bits not used in the previous steps of empty operation, and inputting and outputting various parallel unit data larger than k to the shift register, occurring in each of the encoding and puncturing steps, and shifting the shift Data alignment that senses when the number of raw input data bits stored in the register reaches the number of k bits and does not input data for one clock so that the shift register can shift and output K bits of raw input data by K bits. At least inclusive.

1 is a diagram showing an example of a conventional convolutional code device in a digital transmission system.

2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a parallel convolutional coding apparatus in a digital transmission system.

3 is a diagram illustrating another example of a parallel convolutional coding apparatus in a digital transmission system.

4 is a diagram for explaining a conventional puncturing operation in a digital transmission system.

5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a parallel convolutional coding apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention in a digital transmission system.

Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. First of all, in adding reference numerals to the components of each drawing, it should be noted that the same reference numerals are used as much as possible even if displayed on different drawings. In the following description of the present invention, detailed descriptions of related well-known functions or configurations are omitted when it is determined that the detailed description may unnecessarily obscure the subject matter of the present invention.

5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a parallel convolutional coding apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention in a digital transmission system. In FIG. 5, it is assumed that parallel data in bytes is input, and a coding rate is 1/2 (R), a punctured code rate is 7/8 (k / n), and a constraint length is 7 (K).

The length of the shift register 5 can vary depending on the specific implementation of the present invention. That is, the shift register 5 has the number of cells corresponding to the length of the constrained length K and the number of data bits k required to generate n punctured output encoded data. The number of bit cells can be calculated by Equation 1 below.

Number of bit cells in shift register = K + (K-1) + K

Where k is the number of data bits needed to generate output coded data, and K is the constraint length of the parallel convolutional encoder.

The configuration from the 0th bit cell to the 12th bit cell of the shift register 5 can be said to be composed of seven shift registers having a seventh constraint. In this case, the first bit register to the sixth bit cell may be referred to as a first shift register, and the first bit register to the seventh bit cell may be referred to as a second shift register. Up to the cell may be referred to as a third shift register, and from the third bit cell to the ninth bit cell may be referred to as a fourth shift register, and from the fourth bit cell to the tenth bit cell may be referred to as a fifth shift register. The fifth to 11th bit cells may be referred to as a sixth shift register, and the sixth to 12th bit cells may be referred to as a seventh shift register. Among them, the second to seventh shift registers respectively store values shifted by corresponding bits sequentially compared to values stored in the first shift register. For example, the third shift register stores values of a 2-bit shifted state compared to the first shift register.

The configuration from the thirteenth bit cell to the nineteenth bit cell of the shift register 5 performs an operation of storing raw input data bits that are not used in the encoding and puncturing operations described below.

The shift register 5 shifts the data stored in the respective bit cells by the bit length (K = 7 bits) each time data (input data Din [7: 0]) is input from the outside in the current step. The stored values from the 0th bit cell to the 12th bit cell are output to the encoding and puncturing unit 6.

The encoding and puncturing unit 6 may include as many encoding units as the number of output encoded data bits (n = 8). However, since the encoders are connected to the corresponding bit cells of the shift register 5 by puncturing logic, only the number of output coded data bits exists as shown in FIG. 5, and each encoder has a single exclusive OR gate (XOR). Gate). In other words, since the encoding operation and the puncturing operation included in the conventional parallel convolutional encoding apparatus are separated, each encoder should be composed of two exclusive OR gates. However, if the output from the corresponding bit cells of the shift register 5 is by a puncturing algorithm, then there are no need for two exclusive OR gates that perform convolutional coding on the value stored in a cell. In an embodiment of the present invention, an exclusive OR gate performing an encoding operation is connected and arranged only with respect to outputs of cells that are not punctured according to puncturing logic. The encoding units provided in the encoding and puncturing unit 6 are connected to corresponding cells of the shift register 5 by the corresponding puncturing logic and the corresponding polynomial to simultaneously perform parallel encoding and puncturing operations on the input data. do.

The data aligning unit 2 generates the data generated by each encoding and puncturing operation because the number of data bits input in bytes and the number of data bits k required to generate the n output encoded data are different from each other. Performs an operation to manage raw data bits.

The data aligning unit 2 detects when the number of k bits of the raw input data bits generated in the encoding and puncturing steps and stored in the corresponding cells of the shift register 5 becomes the number of k bits. The data alignment unit 2 then does not input data Din [7: 0] for one clock, and shifts the shift (K bits) in the shift register 5 so that the k bits of raw input data can be processed. Let's do it.

On the other hand, the data alignment unit 2 may be composed of the data selection unit 4, the barrel shifter 1 and the counter (3). The data selector 4 provided in the data alignment unit 2 has a length equal to the number of data bits k, and the number of raw input data bits stored in the shift register 5 by the barrel shifter 1. The input data (Din [7: 0]) shifted by as much as the raw data stored in the shift register 5 (from the thirteenth bit cell to the nineteenth bit cell), and each bit is selectively received. The data bit is output to the shift register 5.

The data selector 4 is generated for each processing step by the control signal of the counter 3 and is the number of bits of raw input data stored in the shift register 5 (from the thirteenth bit cell to the nineteenth bit cell). Can be detected.

To further explain the function and operation of the data selector 4, for example, it is assumed that the unprocessed data stored in the thirteenth bit and the fourteenth bit of the shift register 5 in the previous step is stored. The barrel shifter 1 shifts the input data Din [7: 0] by the number of unprocessed data bits (2 bits) according to the control signal of the counter 3 so that Ain [6: 0] of the data selector 4 is shifted. To enter. That is, among the Ain [6: 0], input data Din [7] to Din [3] are respectively inputted from Ain [2] to Ain [6], and Din [2] to Din [0] are shift registers ( Input from the thirteenth cell to the fifteenth cell of 5). The shift register 5 inputs the stored values from the thirteenth cell to the nineteenth cell in which the raw data are stored, into the bin [0] to the bin [6] of the data selector 4, respectively. At this time, the raw data stored in the thirteenth and fourteenth cells are input to Bin [0] and Bin [1] according to the above assumption, and Din [7] to Din [3] are respectively Ain [2] to Ain [ 6]. The data selector 4 selectively outputs Bin [0], Bin [1] and Ain [2] to Ain [6] according to the control signal of the counter 3, and inputs them to the shift register 5. . Accordingly, the data selector 4 selectively outputs the two input data in bit units so that the input data Din [7: 0] and the raw data are not stored at the same position of the shift register 5 at the same time.

The counter 3 is stored in the shift register 5 and counts the number of raw input data bits generated for each encoding and convolutional code operation, and the count control signal is converted into the data selector 4 and the barrel shifter 213. Will output

The barrel shifter 1 has an input terminal of 8 bits (input data unit), an output terminal of 14 bits (input data unit + k-1) which can shift and output the input data to (k-1) bits, and It has a control terminal indicating the number of bits to shift the input data. By shifting the input data [Din [7: 0]) by the number of unprocessed data bits according to the count control signal, the corresponding cells (13 th bit to 19 th cell bits) of the data selector 4 and the shift register 221 are shifted. Output to cell).

Hereinafter, an operation process of a parallel convolutional coding apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 5.

In the first step, input data in byte units is stored from the sixth bit cell to the thirteenth bit cell in the shift register 5. The input data stored in the bit cell except the thirteenth bit cell are input to the encoding and puncturing unit 6 together with the values stored as initial values from the 0th bit cell to the fifth bit cell, and convolutionally encoded and punctured in parallel. When new byte data is input in the second stage, the shift register 5 shifts the values stored in the first stage by K bits. At this time, the value stored in the thirteenth bit cell is shifted to the sixth bit cell via the data selector 4. It should be noted that the second stage input data is stored in the seventh to thirteenth bit cells via the barrel shifter 1 and the data selector 4. That is, the thirteenth bit cell stored value (input data unprocessed in the first stage) input in the first stage is input to the encoding and puncturing unit 6 together with the data input in the second stage in the data input order.

The barrel shifter 1 is stored in the thirteenth bit cell in the first step as described above and unprocessed by the encoding and puncturing unit 6, and the first step in the second step is k-bit shifted and stored in the sixth bit cell. In order to prevent the data and the second stage input data from being overlapped, the data input in the second stage is converted into one bit by the counter control signal (the value of the number of bits of the raw data among the previous stage input data). The number of unprocessed data bits in the input data is 1 bit) and outputs it by shifting. The data are stored in the seventh bit cell to the fourteenth bit cell in the shift register 5. Therefore, the data input in the first step is stored in the 0th bit cell to the sixth bit cell, and the data input in the second step is stored in the 7th bit cell to the 14th bit cell. Values stored in the twelfth bit cell are input to the encoding and puncturing unit 6, and convolutionally encoded and punctured in parallel. At this time, the number of unprocessed data bits input in the second step becomes two bits from the thirteenth bit cell to the fourteenth bit cell.

In the third stage, as in the second stage, the second stage raw data (13th and 14th cell storage values) are respectively shifted by K bits via the data selector 4 and stored in the sixth and seventh cells. The third stage input data is stored from the eighth bit cell to the fifteenth bit cell via the barrel shifter 1 and the data selector 4. Values stored in cells 0 to 12 are input to the encoding and puncturing unit 6 as in the first or second stages, and convolutionally encoded and punctured in parallel. At this time, the number of unprocessed data bits input in the third step becomes three bits from the thirteenth bit cell to the fifteenth bit cell. Therefore, the number of unprocessed data bits is 1 bit (13th bit cell) in the first step, 2 bits (13th bit cell to 14th bit cell) in the second step, and 3 bits (13th bit cell from the third step). 15 bit cells) and accumulates one bit at every step.

In this way, in the seventh step, raw input data values are stored from the thirteenth bit cell to the nineteenth bit cell (k bits in total), and in the eighth step, a clock from a clock generator (not shown) is not generated. Data (Din [7: 0]) is not input during the clock. In this case, the raw input data are shifted by K bits and stored in the sixth bit cell to the twelfth bit cell, and convolutional code and puncturing are performed. From the ninth step, the same operation as described above is performed again by repeating the first step.

On the other hand, in the detailed description of the present invention has been described with respect to the embodiment applied when the input data unit is 8 bits, the code rate is 1/2, the punctured code rate is 7/8, the constraint length is 7, but within the scope of the present invention Various modifications are possible, such as data having a length greater than the number of corresponding bits of the input data for generating encoded data in which the input data unit is not byte unit, without departing from the scope. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the described embodiments, but should be defined not only by the scope of the following claims, but also by the equivalents of the claims.

As described above, the present invention provides a parallel convolutional coding apparatus in a data transmission system, in which parallel data of a predetermined unit larger than k is input, and when the punctured coding rate is k / n, parallel is generated whenever data is input. By allowing the number of data bits used in the convolutional encoding process to be adjusted to k bits, it is possible to generate n number of output encoded data bits at a time, which is advantageous in that the encoding logic and the puncturing logic can be easily configured.

Claims (5)

In the parallel convolutional encoding apparatus in a data transmission system, And a plurality of encoders corresponding to the number of output encoded data bits (n), and the encoders are connected to the shift register by corresponding puncturing logic and the corresponding polynomial to perform encoding and puncturing operations on input data in parallel. Coding and punching section, The number of bit cells corresponding to the number of data bits (k) and the length of the constraint field (K) necessary for generating the output coded data of the number of output coded data bits (n) is obtained from the outside in each encoding and puncturing step. Whenever parallel data of a predetermined unit larger than k is input, the data stored in the respective bit cells are shifted bit by bit of the constraint length, and the corresponding stored data are output to the encoding and puncturing unit, and the encoding and puncturing operations are transferred. The shift register for storing raw input data bits not used in the steps in corresponding bit cells; Data bits required to generate the output encoded data are inputted parallel data of a predetermined unit larger than k and output to the shift register, and raw data bits generated in each encoding and puncturing step and stored in the shift register. At least a data alignment unit for detecting the number of k bits and not inputting data for one clock, so that the shift register can shift and output the k bits of raw input data by K bits. Parallel convolutional encoding apparatus in a digital transmission system characterized in that. The method of claim 1, wherein the data alignment unit, A counter which is stored in the shift register and counts the number of raw input data bits generated for each encoding and convolutional code operation and outputs a count control signal according thereto; A barrel shifter for shifting the parallel data of a predetermined unit larger than the k inputted in each encoding and puncturing step by the count control signal by the number of bits of raw data input in the previous step and outputting the same to the data selector and the shift register; A previous step stored in respective k bits and corresponding bit cells in the shift shift register among predetermined unit input data having a length equal to the number of data bits k and shifted by the number of raw input data bits; And a data selector for outputting one data bit of each bit of raw input data to the shift register. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of bit cells of the shift register, Parallel convolutional coding apparatus in a digital transmission system characterized in that determined by the following equation (2). Number of bit cells in shift register = K + (K-1) + K Where k is the number of data bits required to generate the output coded data, and K is the constraint length of the parallel convolutional coding apparatus. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the encoders as many as the number n of the output encoded data bits, Parallel convolutional coding apparatus in a digital transmission system, characterized in that composed of a single exclusive OR gate. The parallel convolutional encoding apparatus of claim 1, wherein the parallel data of a predetermined unit larger than k is a byte unit.