KR20000064595A - Methods and equipment for the treatment of organic waste and biogas equipment used for the equipment - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a facility for treating organic waste by using a mixture of fermentation and composting, which is connected to a fermentation material tank (3) through a pipeline (2), and to ferment organic waste having a low structural strength. Biogas plant (1), wherein the fermentation tank (3) has a high structural strength as well as a stack composting device (5) and / or biological waste generated at home for composting organic waste having high structural strength. It is connected via a pipeline 4 to a closed composting device 6 for selectively composting contaminated organic waste. The invention also relates to a process for treating organic waste and to a novel biogas plant (1).

Description

Method and equipment for treating organic waste, and biogas equipment used for the equipment

* Explanation of symbols for main parts of the drawings

1 Biogas Plant 1.2 Pump

1.3 Sanitary Devices 1.4 Pumps

1.5 Reservoir or Reactor for Pretreatment

1.6 Pump 1.7 Hydrolysis Reactor

1.8 Compressor 1.9 Spill Air Filter

1.10 Pump 1.11.1 Methanation Reactor

1.11.2 Methanation Reactor 1.12 Pump

1.13.1 Sedimentation Tank 1.13.2 Sedimentation Tank

1.14 Pump 1.15 Recycled Treated Water

1.16 gas reservoir 1.17 gas flame

1.18 Block Type Thermal Power Plant 2 Fermentation Material Supply Line

3 Fermentor Tank 4 Supply Line

4a supply line 4b supply line

5 Stack compost device for composting organic waste with high structural strength

6 Closed composting device for composting contaminated, high structural strength organic waste

7 supply lines 8 supply lines

9 Supply Line 9a Unpacking of Food Waste

10 supply lines 11 supply lines

12 supply lines 13 supply lines

13a Separation device for biological waste at home

14 supply lines 15 supply lines

16 Homogenizer 17 Cutter

18 cutting machine 19 extruder

20 extruders 21 nets

22 supply line 23 supply line

24 Mixing Unit 25 Supply Line

26 supply line 27 supply line

28 supply lines

The present invention relates to a facility for simultaneously treating organic wastes having low structural strength and organic wastes having high structural strength, and more specifically, to handle various waste capacities, and flexibly adjusted according to the type and amount of wastes generated. The present invention relates to an organic waste disposal facility.

The present invention also relates to a new biogas plant and a suitable method for treating organic waste through a two-stage fermentation process, wherein the biogas plant is used as a component of the organic waste treatment plant or as a separate and separate plant. Can be.

Organic waste occurs in various forms and compositions in communities and industries, and can be easily separated and collected:

-Organic components from household waste bins;

-Debris from plant pieces and trees (twigs from horticultural farms, parks and roadside trees);

-Uncontaminated wood waste, such as building wallboard and commercial pallets;

-Wood waste, which occurs on demolition and deterioration of buildings and is contaminated with impregnants (for example tar oils and formaldehyde) and pigments;

Soil contaminated with tar oil, mineral oil, hydrocarbons or other organic components;

-Residues, food waste and vegetable waste from farms as well as military restaurants, slaughterhouses, dairy farms, central markets and factories producing and processing food;

-Purification precipitate;

Fats, organic solvents and other organic residues from chemistry, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics;

-The animal body to be treated.

The disposal of biologically non-biodegradable organic waste in the trash is harmful and adversely affects the environment, so this practice is increasingly regulated and / or restricted by laws and regulations. For this reason, there is an increasing search for biological treatment of such waste.

These biological methods have the advantage of being very close to the decomposition processes occurring in nature, minimizing changes in the balance of matter in nature. That is, lignin and humic substances are maintained. In addition, the products produced during this biological treatment can be re-supplied to the food chain in various forms. Biological treatments have lower degradation rates than thermal treatments, and therefore require larger reservoirs or reaction vessels for their treatment. On the other hand, in general, the technical input is generally small, and considerably lower processing costs than the heat treatment method.

These biological waste treatments employ two basic biotechnological methods, each with unique effects and desirable applications:

-Composting method

Anaerobic Biological Methanation Method (Fermentation)

Above all, the composting method is expected to be used to convert solid organic waste into humus improver. In particular, this composting method makes it possible to decompose materials with high structural strength, such as wood chips, glass, etc., which are difficult to decompose. However, if the decay process is very slow, insufficient ventilation or excessive humidity, the formation of some humus no longer occurs. In addition, odors are generated. Therefore, this composting method requires considerable effort to mix and / or compact waste material for sufficient ventilation. On the other hand, the heat generated naturally in the compost in the first decay step is the result of sanitizing the waste. A significant amount of heat generated during the decay process is hardly available. In the composting process, gout causes mass loss caused by evaporation of moisture and conversion of organics to carbon dioxide and water.

Composting is used to improve soil in agriculture and horticulture, to use soil sanitation and recultivation of soil, and to cover waste piles.

Anaerobic biogas treatment (fermentation) is easy to decompose and is particularly suitable for the treatment of moist wastes with low structural strength. When using the above treatment method, the most preferable treatment of organic matter can be obtained by converting most of the organic matter into methane and converting a small amount into carbon dioxide. As such, German Patent Publication No. 44 46 661 discloses a method and a facility for anaerobic treatment of food waste.

Biogas provides a valuable and renewable energy carrier similar to natural gas and is suitable for the production of electrical energy in block type thermal power plants.

And furthermore, biological waste treatment methods in which composting and fermentation are combined are known. In this process, biogas production occurs following composting of solids (eg HGG and LINDE KCA methods), or composting occurs before and after biogas production (3A method) (October 1994). See "Arbeitskreiss fur die Nutzbarmachung von Siedlungsabfallen e. V.", vol. 29, pp. 61-77.

However, these treatment methods and facilities are subject to the disadvantages of not being able to change the waste capacity without being controlled according to the various amounts of waste, since composting and the production of biogas are not independent of each other. It has the disadvantage of generating waste.

Also a disadvantage of the two or three stage treatment methods already known, including composting and anaerobic treatment, is that some of the waste in the first treatment stage is not treated optimally. In other words,

1. If the first treatment step consists of anaerobic biological methanation, poorly decomposed or high structural strength components pass through this first treatment step without substantial degradation effect. That is, since they require additional reaction vessels, the processing cost is high. They also cause additional difficulties in the treatment step, such as the formation of surface substances or precipitates, the impairment of complete mixing, and the conditions of keeping the temperature and concentration constant in the anaerobic reactor. Therefore, more expensive reactors, increased energy input and higher processing costs are required for the purification cycle.

2. If the first treatment step is made by a composting method (aerobic), it can be easily decomposed, and most of the low structural strength organics are decomposed into carbon dioxide and water, so that anaerobic formation of biogas is no longer possible, energy Use as a circle becomes ineffective. In addition, the first complete aerobic treatment step results in an undesirable composition of the fatty acids produced at the end of the aerobic treatment process, in which oxygen is continuously reduced, for example, adversely affects subsequent methanation, and sometimes aerobic. It has the disadvantage of having an excessive ratio of lactic acid and propionic acid which can cause significant disruption to the treatment process. As a result, these treatments have serious problems with odors and the amount of biogas produced, and their quality is poor.

And, in the first treatment step, mixing materials that are not suitable for each biological treatment may cause quasi- "dilution" or "contamination". In this case, therefore, it is impossible to efficiently operate the high performance biological reactor in the first stage.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention, fats, organic solvents and other arisings in the field of residues, food waste and vegetable waste, chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetics generated in military restaurants, slaughterhouses, dairy farms, agricultural companies, and food producers. Organic residues, animal bodies to be treated, organic constituents from household biological waste, debris from plant and tree debris, contaminated or uncontaminated wood waste, and contaminated soil are treated differently. The present invention provides a waste treatment facility capable of obtaining biogas, compost, and liquid fertilizer by treating efficiently and optimally in a high performance biological reactor.

This object of the present invention can be realized by using the equipment according to claims 1 to 7. The waste stream for composting and biogas production is performed in parallel, so that the production and composting of biogas can be used independently or in combination with each other, thereby enabling efficient treatment of energy and waste. A precondition for the plant and associated method of the present invention to operate properly is that the biogas plant 1 utilizes waste which can easily rot and decompose almost 100 percent. As a result, water containing mineral components with little solids is produced. This fermentation substance is collected in the tank 3.

Wastes containing components of high structural strength and not easily decomposed are fed to the composting devices 5 and 6, which are discharged from the biogas plant to facilitate composting. Receive additional nutrients from 3).

After appropriate treatment processes, such as selective shredding and extrusion processes, organic structural wastes of high structural strength, such as cardboard, wood chips and plant pieces, which are not a problem for composting, are normally stacked. It is easily processed in the composting device 5 to produce high quality compost. Depending on the action of the plant pieces, depending on the nitrogen content of the material to be composted, some of the fermentation residue from the tank 3 is passed through the pipelines 4, 4a as a nutrient source and fermentation promoter to the stack composting device. (5) can be supplied.

After appropriate treatment processes, such as selective shredding and extrusion processes, contaminated woods and soils, odors, as well as problematic structural materials, such as household structural high-strength biological waste I waste, or poorly decomposed wastes, are purified and composted in a single treatment process in a closed vent composting reactor (6). At this time, the closed ventilation composting reactor 6 may optionally be added with contaminant-decomposing microorganisms and fermentation residues, specially cultured from the tank 3. Here, a more expensive composting reactor (6) is required to uniformize conditions such as humidity, ventilation, optimal temperature throughout the waste, and to control the biotechnological process at high decomposition rates, which are required for the safe decomposition of contaminants. ) Is required.

On the other hand, if, for example, the facility occupies a small area due to space limitations or is to be installed indoors due to noise pollution, the composting reactor 6 is also used to compost clean, high structural strength waste. Also available. In this case, the composting reactor 6 is fed with uncontaminated wood via feed line 14, cardboard through feed line 27, and plant pieces through feed line 28.

After homogenization in the homogenizer 16, easily decomposed wastes and purifying precipitates are fermented in the biogas plant 1. This biogas plant 1 may be of a one-stage or multistage design, ie, a multistage design in which a hydrolysis device is installed upstream of the fermentation apparatus. This biogas plant preferably comprises at least one standard hydrolysis reactor and one or two biogas reactors. One or more sanitary reactors or biological reactors or thermal or chemical reactors may be provided upstream of the hydrolysis reactor to predegrade special materials such as bone, hair or feathers. Plants known in the prior art can also be used as biogas plants, but it would be more desirable to use biogas plants according to the invention to be described below.

The formed biogas is converted into electrical energy and thermal energy in a block type thermal power plant

Can be. After an appropriate gas purification step, the biogas can be used directly for combustion of the heater or for driving a machine or vehicle with a gas motor. If necessary, water containing minerals is supplied from the tank 3, in part to the composting devices 5 and / or 6, and partly used as liquid fertilizers in agriculture or horticulture.

Figure 1 shows a plant for the treatment of organic waste according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Single plant components such as homogenizers, cutters and extruders are well known in the art and commercially available.

The invention also relates to a method for treating organic waste using the equipment described above, according to claims 8 to 16 of the method. According to the present invention, as well as biogas, liquid fertilizers and high quality compost, plant substrates can be produced in the composting step and in the processing step. To achieve this goal, the compost obtained in the composting device 5 or / and 6 is mixed in the mixer 24 with a material comprising an expandable organic polymer and optionally a clay or clay for the production of a complete vegetable substrate.

Optionally wood cut and extruded from the extruder 19 can be added. Preferably, crosslinked acryl amide / acrylic acid polymers may be added as the polymer. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the vegetable substrate is a porous fiber containing 30 to 85% by volume of cellulose and / or lignin, a polymer in a pre-expanded state of 3.5 to 30% by volume, 12 to 40% Compost and the clay to make up 3 to 20% by volume of clay. Optionally, after fertilizer is first added to the culture, this substrate can be used as a water storage substrate for the cultivation of water storage substrates, particularly soils with low water content, in agriculture or horticulture.

The invention also relates to a novel biogas plant according to claim 17 in which wet fermentation of food waste can be made effective and safe. The plant is capable of fermenting not only food waste, but also any structural low-strength wastes containing up to 25% of organic dry ingredients, including animal bodies.

Surprisingly, it was found that if the hydrolysis reactor (1.7) was continuously vented by pressurized air through the surface of the homogenate or by a device in the reactor, the fermentation process was made quite safe during the hydrolysis and pre-acidification stages. That is, the first step of the fermentation process is not in the anaerobic state, but in a semi-anaerobic state. Gout rate depends on the spectrum of fatty acids and also depends on the various components of the feed such as fat, sugar, starch and protein. The spectrum of fatty acids can be determined through prior experiments with each of the materials supplied using conventional well known standard methods. In a preferred embodiment, the plant is designed such that the hydrolysis reactor 1.7 is connected to the extruder 1.8.

In addition, controlled supply of air facilitates the removal of hydrogen sulfide such that the biogas produced in the plant has a hydrogen sulfide content below the 10 ppm detection limit. At the same time, bacterial degradation in the hydrolysis reactor is better accomplished by controlled supply of air.

In addition, the efficiency of the hydrolysis step is such that the hydrolysis is not carried out at atmospheric temperature (usually, the equipment is in the atmosphere even in summer and winter), and at least 20 ° C. and at most 40 ° C., that is, medium temperature. It can be increased further if done under mesophilic conditions. To this end, also in a preferred embodiment, the hydrolysis reactor (1.7) is equipped with a conventional temperature controller capable of regulating the temperature to at least 20 ° C and at most 40 ° C. This also provides the effect of increased operational safety since most of the microorganisms can be optimally within this temperature range.

In order to further improve the process described above with regard to operational safety and faster throughput, at least two settling tanks are connected to the 1 and 2 methanation reactors, which are operated alternately for a minimum of 6 hours, preferably 12 It has been found that the efficiency can be significantly improved by having a time and degree of rest. In addition, this allows for a rapid concentration of the biomass in the treated water substantially.

In addition, with regard to the stability and efficiency of the treatment process, the biomass content is preferably contained in a ratio of 2: 1 to 1: 2 relative to the amount of waste to be supplied without recycling the biomass as described in German Patent 44 46 661. It is likely that it is necessary to feed the treated water to the hydrolysis reactor (1.7) and optionally to the methanation reactor (1.11) for inoculation (see pipeline system (1.15)). The biomass-containing treated water may be recycled into the methanation reactor 1.11 in a ratio of 1: 5 to 1:10 relative to the amount of hydrolyzed material remaining in the hydrolysis reactor 1.7. Thus, the removal of costly biomass is no longer needed. That is, after at least six hours, the biomass-rich treated water accumulated at the bottom of each settling tank is easily recycled.

According to the invention, about 40-60% of the treated water is recycled to ensure inoculation on the one hand and at the same time dilute the material in the hydrolysis reactor on the other hand from 2: 1 to 1: 2. The dilution included in the treatment process described above provides an important advantage for the safety of the treatment process.

In addition, complete mixing in the reactors 1.7 (1.11.1) and (1.11.2) is ensured, for which the reactors can be equipped with a mixing device, for example. It is also possible to recycle the contents in the reactor or to inject biogas.

If desired and / or required by law or by other regulations, the hydrolysis reactor 1.7 may have a sanitary sanitary tank 1.3 upstream, which may contain shredded material. It is supplied by the pump 1.2 from this homogenizer 16, and is heated, for example to 70 to 90 degreeC for 30 minutes to 1 hour. Other types of sanitary devices, for example sanitary devices operated by ozone, are also available. In addition, an aerobic or semi-anaerobic working bioreactor or thermal or chemical reactor may be provided upstream to cut off poorly degraded components such as bones and feathers.

Depending on the material to be fermented, the devices 16 (1.3) and (1.5) may or may not be used selectively, and may be arranged in a different order. For example, when the ground precipitate is fermented, homogenization may not be necessary, so that the homogenization device 16 may not be used. Similarly, in some cases, the reservoir 1.5 and the sanitizers 1, 3 may not be necessary, respectively. If these devices are required, a reservoir in which a homogenizer is formed integrally can be used as a preferred variant of the present invention. The sanitary tank 1.3 and the reservoir 1.5 may or may not be stirred depending on the optimum process design suitable for the starting material.

In fermentation of high mineral content, solids should be initially removed in the sedimentation tank (1.13) and, if necessary, transferred to a solids tank connected to the sedimentation tank (1.13). Only then can the biomass-rich treated water be recycled to the hydrolysis and methanation stages.

By using the continuously operating facility according to the invention, any waste having an OTS content of up to 25% can be fermented completely, safely and effectively. This is a hygienically closed system. Organics decompose up to 90%. The resulting biogas is of high quality and contains 65-75%, preferably 70-75% of methane.

High quality biogas has important uses for facility management. For example, it can be used directly as heat or in the production of heat or electricity through linkages or provision with natural gas networks in the community.

For control, each of the functional devices (reservoir, hydrolysis reactor, bioreactor) of the plant has a micro control module which controls the parameters of the process by an active control program.

In the lower part of Fig. 2, a preferred embodiment of the biogas plant 1 of the present invention is shown. All components of this technical facility, as well as automatic control and pipeline systems, are designed as modules, and their processing power can be further increased by additional modules. According to the invention, it is desirable to ensure that the structural form and size of all devices are identical. In addition, the plant of the present invention can be accommodated in a mobile container.

Claims (17)

In a plant for treating organic waste by using a mixture of fermentation and composting, the plant is connected to a fermentation tank 3 via a pipeline 2 and is a biogas plant for fermenting organic waste having a low structural strength. And (1), wherein the fermentation tank (3) comprises a stack compost device (5) for composting organic structural waste of high structural strength and / or contaminated organic waste of high structural strength as well as biological waste generated at home. Organic waste treatment facility, characterized in that connected via a pipeline (4) to a closed composting device (6) for selectively composting. 2. The biogas plant (1) according to claim 1, wherein the biogas plant (1) is connected to a homogenizer (16) upstream thereof, and the homogenizer (16) is connected to a supply line (8) and / or (9) at its inlet side. Organic waste treatment equipment, characterized in that. The stack composting device (5) according to claim 1, wherein the stack composting device (5) is connected to an upstream cutter (17) and / or an extruder (19), the cutter (17) being connected to the supply line (10) at its inlet side. And the compressor (19) is connected to supply lines (10) (11) at its inlet side. 4. The closed composting device 6 is connected to an upstream cutter 18 and / or an extruder 20 and / or a mesh 21, and the cutter 18 of claim 1. Is connected to the supply line 13 and / or 14, the extruder 20 is connected to the supply line 25 and / or 27 at its inlet side, and the mesh 21 is at its inlet. Organic waste treatment equipment, characterized in that connected to the supply line (15) at the side. The stack composting device (5) and / or the closed composting device (6) are connected to the mixing device (24) by a discharge line (22) and a discharge line (23), respectively. Organic waste treatment equipment, characterized in that. The organic waste treatment facility as claimed in claim 1, wherein the supply line connects the extruder and the mixing device. The biogas plant 1 is connected directly to the supply line 7, the stack composting device 5 is directly connected to the supply line 12, and the closure. Composting device (6) is an organic waste treatment facility, characterized in that directly connected to the supply line (28). In the method for treating organic waste by mixing fermentation and composting, the organic waste having low structural strength and liquid is fermented in the biogas plant (1) using the equipment according to claims 1 to 6, and the fermentation residue is Biological waste generated at home from the tank 3 as a nutrient source into the stack composting device 5 used for composting organic structural waste of high structural strength and / or through the pipeline 4b. In addition, it is fed to a closed composting device 6 which is used for the selective composting of contaminated organic waste of high structural strength, and completely decomposes the organic waste to generate biogas, liquid fertilizer and compost, and the generated compost is selectively Through feed lines 22 and 23, shredded and extruded from extruder 19 via additive material and optionally feed line 26 A method of treating organic waste, in which wood is added and transferred into a mixing device 24 to obtain a vegetable substrate. The method according to claim 8, wherein the low structural strength and liquid organic wastes fermented in the biogas plant (1) are residues, food waste, fruit and vegetable waste, animal body, fat, waste water, purified sediment, and chemical, pharmaceutical, Organic waste treatment method comprising the waste generated in the cosmetic field. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the high structural strength organic waste composted in the stack composting device 5 or the closed composting device 6 consists of uncontaminated waste such as wood, wood chips, cardboard, and plant scraps. Organic waste disposal method. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the high structural strength contaminated organic waste composted in the closed composting device 6 consists of problematic wastes such as contaminated soil, contaminated wood waste, and odorous waste. Organic Waste Disposal Method. 9. A method according to claim 8, wherein a material comprising an expandable organic polymer and optionally clay or clay is fed into the mixing device (24) as an additive. 10. The method according to claim 8 and 9, wherein the biogas plant 1 feeds organic waste, which is low in structural strength and liquid, generated in the chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields via the supply line 7, via the feed line 8 to the animal. Residual and fruit and vegetable waste, as well as the body, and food waste selectively fed from the apparatus 9a via a supply line 9, the residue and fruit and vegetable waste as well as the animal body are selectively Organic waste treatment method characterized in that the homogenizer in the homogenizer (16) before being supplied to the biogas facility (1). The stack composting device (5) according to claim 8, wherein the stack composting device (5) is supplied with wood through the supply line (10), cardboard through the supply line (11), and plant pieces through the supply line (12). In this process, the wood is optionally cut at the cutter 17 and / or extruded at the extruder 19 before being fed to the stack composting device 5, and the cardboard is fed to the stack composting device 5. Before the extruder (19) is selectively extruded. The method according to claim 8 and 11, wherein the closed composting device (6) is a high-strength structural biological waste, selectively sorted, sorted, separated in the device (13a) through the supply line 13, supply line (14) Through contaminated wood and via feed line 15 the problematic waste containing contaminated soil, wherein in the process the contaminated wood is fed to the closed composting device 6. Optional organic waste, characterized in that it is cut at the cutter 18 and / or extruded at the extruder 20 and the waste in question passes through the net 21 before being fed to the closed composting device 6. Treatment method. 11. The closed composting device (6) according to claim 8 and 10 receives uncontaminated waste, wood through feed line (14), cardboard through feed line (27), and feed line (28). Plant pieces are fed, and in the process the wood is optionally cut at the cutter 18 and / or extruded at the extruder 20 before being fed to the closed composting device 6, as well as the cardboard ( 20) is also optionally extruded in the extruder (20) before being fed to the closed composting device (6). Organic wastes containing up to 25% of organic dry ingredients are treated in a two-stage fermentation process, and the hydrolytic fermentation reactor (1.7) for hydrolysis and pre-acidification of organics and thermophilic fermentation of hydrolyzed and pre-acidified materials In a biogas plant comprising one or preferably two methanation reactors (1.11) for The hydrolysis reactor (1.7) is ventilated by pressurized air, and in the methanation reactor (1.11) two sedimentation tanks (1.13.1) (connected in parallel to concentrate the produced biomass in the treated water) 1.13.2) are subsequently connected, the two settling tanks being operated alternately with each other, for the circulation of the treated water through a hydrolysis reactor (1.7) and optionally methane via a pump (1.14) and a pipeline (1.15). Biogas plant, characterized in that connected to the reactor (1.11).