KR102647065B1 - Organic-inorganic complex solar cell - Google Patents

Abstract

This specification includes a lower electrode; a light absorption layer provided on the lower electrode and including a perovskite structure compound; a first upper electrode provided on the light absorption layer and including a first carbon material and inorganic nanoparticles; and a second upper electrode provided on the first upper electrode and containing a second carbon material.

Description

Organic-inorganic composite solar cell {ORGANIC-INORGANIC COMPLEX SOLAR CELL}

This specification relates to organic-inorganic composite solar cells.

In order to solve global environmental problems caused by the depletion of fossil energy and its use, research is being actively conducted on renewable and clean alternative energy sources such as solar energy, wind power, and hydropower. Among these, interest in solar cells, which change electrical energy directly from sunlight, is greatly increasing. Here, a solar cell refers to a battery that generates current-voltage by absorbing light energy from sunlight and using the photovoltaic effect to generate electrons and holes.

Organic-inorganic composite perovskite materials have recently been in the spotlight as light-absorbing materials for organic-inorganic composite solar cells because they have a high extinction coefficient and can be easily synthesized through a solution process.

However, in the case of organic-inorganic composite solar cells using existing perovskite materials, despite high efficiency, the metal electrode applied to the upper electrode reacts with halogen elements in the perovskite light absorption layer, reducing electrical conductivity. And there is a problem that long-term driving stability is deteriorated. Additionally, the vacuum deposition method for introducing metal electrodes has a problem in that costs increase when applied to a roll-to-roll process for commercialization.

Therefore, research on other upper electrodes that can improve durability and processability is needed.

Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4991-4998

This specification provides an organic-inorganic composite solar cell.

One embodiment of the present specification includes a lower electrode;

a light absorption layer provided on the lower electrode and including a perovskite structure compound;

a first upper electrode provided on the light absorption layer and including a first carbon material and inorganic nanoparticles; and

An organic-inorganic composite solar cell is provided including a second upper electrode provided on the first upper electrode and containing a second carbon material.

The organic-inorganic composite solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification may exhibit energy conversion efficiency similar to that of a conventional organic-inorganic composite solar cell using a metal electrode as an upper electrode.

In addition, the organic-inorganic composite solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification can be manufactured in an atmospheric pressure process without a vacuum process, thereby reducing the process cost.

1 to 4 are diagrams illustrating a stacked structure of an organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured according to an embodiment of the present specification.
Figure 5 is a diagram showing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the cross section of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured in Example 1.
Figure 6 is a diagram showing the current density according to voltage of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured in Example 1.
Figure 7 is a diagram showing the current density according to voltage of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured in Comparative Example 1.
Figure 8 is a diagram showing the current density according to voltage of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured in Comparative Example 2.

Hereinafter, this specification will be described in detail.

In this specification, when a part “includes” a certain component, this means that it does not exclude other components but may further include other components, unless specifically stated to the contrary.

In this specification, when a member is said to be located “on” another member, this includes not only the case where a member is in contact with another member, but also the case where another member exists between the two members.

In this specification, “nanoparticle” means that the particle size is in the nm range. For example, the “nanoparticles” may have a particle size of 1 nm to 990 nm.

One embodiment of the present specification includes a lower electrode;

a light absorption layer provided on the lower electrode and including a perovskite structure compound;

a first upper electrode provided on the light absorption layer and including a first carbon material and inorganic nanoparticles; and

An organic-inorganic composite solar cell is provided including a second upper electrode provided on the first upper electrode and containing a second carbon material.

Figure 1 shows a stacked structure of an organic-inorganic composite solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification. Specifically, an organic-inorganic composite solar cell is shown in which a lower electrode 10, a light absorption layer 20, a first upper electrode 30, and a second upper electrode 40 are sequentially stacked.

Conventional organic-inorganic composite solar cells used metal alone or carbon material alone as the upper electrode.

When the upper electrode contains only metal, the metal reacts with halogen elements in the perovskite light absorption layer, thereby reducing electrical conductivity and long-term driving stability. Additionally, the vacuum deposition method for introducing metal has a problem in that costs increase when applied to a roll-to-roll process for commercialization.

When the upper electrode contains only carbon material, there is a problem in that the interfacial resistance with the lower layer increases and the physical adhesion decreases. In addition, there is a problem that due to the size of the carbon material, voids are formed at the interface between the upper electrode and the lower layer, thereby reducing the contact area. Accordingly, when only carbon materials are included as the upper electrode, there is a problem that the performance of the battery is lowered.

On the other hand, if the upper electrode contains only inorganic nanoparticles, there is a problem that electronic conductivity is lowered.

On the other hand, one embodiment of the present specification maximizes the efficiency of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell by minimizing the contact resistance between the first upper electrode and the lower layer by using a mixture of carbon material and inorganic nanoparticles in the first upper electrode. Shows effect. Additionally, by using a mixture of inorganic nanoparticles suitable for the energy level of the light absorption layer in the first upper electrode, charge separation can be induced at the interface between the light absorption layer and the first upper electrode. In addition, it is possible to manufacture batteries even at normal pressure and low temperature (150°C or lower).

In addition, by providing a second upper electrode containing a second carbon material on the first upper electrode, the interfacial resistance between the light absorption layer and the first upper electrode is minimized, and charge separation at the interface is smoothly achieved. .

In one embodiment of the present specification, the lower layer refers to a light absorption layer or an intermediate layer.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the first carbon material and the second carbon material are the same or different from each other.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the first carbon material and the second carbon material are carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, activated carbon, and porous carbon. It includes one or more of mesoporous carbon, carbon fiber, conductive carbon black, and carbon nano wire.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the first carbon material includes one or more types of carbon black, carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphite, and graphene, and the second The carbon material includes one or more of conductive carbon black and graphite.

Specifically, the first carbon material includes one or two types of carbon black, carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphite, and graphene, and the second carbon material is conductive. Contains one or two types of carbon black and graphite.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the second carbon material has excellent conductivity.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the size of the first carbon material is smaller than the size of the second carbon material.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the particle size of the first carbon material is 5 nm to 400 nm. When the size of the first carbon material satisfies the above range, adhesion at the interface between the first upper electrode and the light absorption layer can be improved and interfacial resistance can be minimized. In addition, because of its good compatibility with nanoparticles, the effect can be maximized when carbon materials and inorganic nanoparticles are mixed and used. Specifically, the first upper electrode includes the first carbon material and inorganic nanoparticles of the size described above, which has the effect of minimizing the contact resistance between the lower layers.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the particle size of the second carbon material is 400 nm to 15 μm. Specifically, the particle size of the second carbon material is greater than 400 nm and less than or equal to 15 μm. When the size of the second carbon material satisfies the above range, the second upper electrode can be formed with a thickness optimized for conductivity.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the inorganic nanoparticles include one or more types of metal and metal oxide.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the inorganic nanoparticles include metal or metal oxide.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the metal is silver (Ag), gold (Au), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), and tin (Sn). ) or alloys thereof. Specifically, the metal is silver (Ag), gold (Au), or copper (Cu).

In one embodiment of the present specification, the metal oxide includes nickel oxide, copper oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, titanium oxide, or tin oxide.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the size of the inorganic nanoparticles is 10 nm to 100 nm.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the thickness of the first upper electrode is 20 μm or less. Specifically, the thickness of the first upper electrode is 50 nm to 20 μm. More specifically, the thickness of the first upper electrode is 50 nm to 10 μm.

When the thickness of the first upper electrode satisfies the above range, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor increase, which has the effect of increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the content of the inorganic nanoparticles in the first upper electrode is 5 wt% to 20 wt% compared to 100 wt% of the first carbon material. By including the inorganic nanoparticles in the above content, the short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and charging rate increase, which has the effect of increasing the efficiency of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the thickness of the second upper electrode is 10 μm to 70 μm. Specifically, the thickness of the second upper electrode is 10 μm to 50 μm.

When the thickness of the second upper electrode satisfies the above range, conductivity is improved.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the light absorption layer includes a perovskite structure compound.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the compound of the perovskite structure is represented by any one of the following formulas 1 to 3.

[Formula 1]

R1M1X1 ₃

[Formula 2]

R2 _a R3 _(1-a) M2X2 _z X3 _(3-z)

[Formula 3]

R4 _b R5 _c R6 _d M3X4 _z' X5 _(3-z')

In Formulas 1 to 3,

R2 and R3 are different from each other,

R4, R5 and R6 are different from each other,

R1 to R6 are each independently C _n H _{2n + 1} NH ₃ ⁺ , NH ₄ ⁺ , HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , NF ₄ ⁺ , NCl ₄ ⁺ , PF ₄ ⁺ , PCl ₄ ⁺ , CH ₃ PH ₃ ⁺ , CH ₃ AsH ₃ ⁺ , CH ₃ SbH ₃ ⁺ , PH ₄ ⁺ , AsH ₄ ⁺ and SbH ₄ ⁺ , and is a monovalent cation selected from

M1 to M3 are the same as or different from ^{each other} , and each independently Cu ²⁺ , Ni ²⁺ , Co ²⁺ , Fe ^{2+ ,} Mn ²⁺ , Cr ^{2+ ,} Pd ^{2+ , Cd 2+ ,} Ge ^{2+ , Sn} It is ^{a divalent} metal ion ^{selected from 2+} , Bi ²⁺ , Pb ²⁺ and Yb ²⁺ ,

X1 to X5 are the same or different from each other and are each independently a halogen ion,

n is an integer from 1 to 9,

a is a real number 0 < a < 1,

b is a real number 0 < b < 1,

c is a real number 0 < c < 1,

d is a real number 0 < d < 1,

b + c + d is 1,

z is a real number 0 < z < 3,

z' is a real number 0 < z' < 3.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the perovskite structure compound of the light absorption layer may include a single cation. In this specification, a single cation means using one type of monovalent cation. That is, this means that only one type of monovalent cation is selected as R1 in Chemical Formula 1. For example, R1 in Formula 1 is C _n H _{2n + 1} NH ₃ ⁺ , and n may be an integer from 1 to 9.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the compound of the perovskite structure of the light absorption layer may include a complex cation. In this specification, complex cation means using two or more types of monovalent cations. That is, in Formula 2, monovalent cations in which R2 and R3 are different from each other are selected, and in Formula 3, monovalent cations in which R4 to R6 are different from each other are selected. For example, in Formula 2, R2 may be C _n ^H _2n+1 NH ₃₊ and R3 may ^be HC(NH ₂ ) ₂₊ . Additionally, in Formula 3, R4 may be C _n H _{2n + 1} NH ₃ ⁺ , R5 may be HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ ⁺ , and R6 may be Cs ⁺ .

In one embodiment of the present specification, the compound of the perovskite structure is represented by Formula 1.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the compound of the perovskite structure is represented by Formula 2.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the compound of the perovskite structure is represented by Formula 3.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, R1 to R6 are each C _n H _{2n + 1} NH ₃ ⁺ , HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ ⁺ or Cs ⁺ . At this time, R2 and R3 are different from each other, and R4 to R6 are different from each other.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, R1 is CH ₃ NH ₃ ⁺ , HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ ⁺ or Cs ⁺ .

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, R2 and R4 are each CH ₃ NH ₃ ⁺ .

In an exemplary embodiment of ^the present specification, R3 and R5 are each HC(NH ₂ ) ₂₊ .

In one embodiment of the present specification, R6 is Cs ⁺ .

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, M1 to M3 are each ^{Pb 2+} .

In one embodiment of the present specification, X2 and X3 are different from each other.

In one embodiment of the present specification, X4 and X5 are different from each other.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, X1 to X5 are each I ^- , F ^- , or Br ^- .

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, so that the sum of R2 and R3 is 1, a is a real number of 0<a<1. Additionally, in order for the sum of X2 and X3 to be 3, z is a real number of 0<z<3.

In one embodiment of the present specification, in order for the sum of R4, R5 and R6 to be 1, b is a real number of 0<b<1, c is a real number of 0<c<1, and d is a real number of 0<d <1 is a real number, and b+c+d is 1. Additionally, in order for the sum of X4 and X5 to be 3, z' is a real number of 0<z'<3.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the perovskite structure compound is CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ , HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ PbI _{3 ,} CH ₃ NH ₃ PbBr ₃ , HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ PbBr ₃ , (CH ₃ NH ₃ ) _a (HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ ) _(1-a) PbI _z Br _(3-z) or (HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ ) _b (CH ₃ NH ₃ ) _c Cs _d PbI _z' Br _(3-z') , a is a real number of 0<a<1, b is a real number of 0<b<1, c is a real number 0<c<1, d is a real number 0<d<1, b+c+d is 1, z is a real number 0<z<3, z' is a real number 0<z'<3 .

In one embodiment of the present specification, the thickness of the light absorption layer is 200 nm to 1500 nm.

When the thickness of the light absorption layer satisfies the above range, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery is increased.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the light absorption layer may be introduced through methods such as spin coating, dip coating, inkjet printing, gravure printing, spray coating, doctor blade, bar coating, brush painting, and thermal evaporation.

In one embodiment of the present specification, a first intermediate layer is further included between the lower electrode and the light absorption layer.

Figure 2 shows a stacked structure of an organic-inorganic composite solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification. Specifically, an organic-inorganic composite solar cell is shown in which a lower electrode 10, a first intermediate layer 50, a light absorption layer 20, a first upper electrode 30, and a second electrode 40 are sequentially stacked.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the first intermediate layer is an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer. More specifically, the first intermediate layer is an electron transport layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the thickness of the first intermediate layer is 5 nm to 200 nm.

In one embodiment of the present specification, a second intermediate layer is further included between the light absorption layer and the first upper electrode.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the second intermediate layer is a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer. More specifically, the second intermediate layer is a hole transport layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the thickness of the second intermediate layer is 1 μm to 100 μm. Specifically, the thickness of the second intermediate layer is 10 μm to 50 μm.

When the thickness of the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer satisfies the above range, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor increase, which has the effect of increasing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery.

Figure 3 shows a stacked structure of an organic-inorganic composite solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification. Specifically, an organic-inorganic composite solar cell is shown in which a lower electrode 10, a light absorption layer 20, a second intermediate layer 60, a first upper electrode 30, and a second electrode 40 are sequentially stacked.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the organic-inorganic composite solar cell may simultaneously include a first intermediate layer and a second intermediate layer.

Figure 4 shows a stacked structure of an organic-inorganic composite solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification. Specifically, an organic-inorganic composite in which the lower electrode 10, the first intermediate layer 50, the light absorption layer 20, the second intermediate layer 60, the first upper electrode 30, and the second electrode 40 are sequentially stacked. A solar cell is shown.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the first intermediate layer and the second intermediate layer are formed by sputtering, E-Beam, thermal evaporation, ALD (Atomic layer deposition), spin coating, slit coating, screen printing, inkjet printing, spray coating, and doctor coating. It can be formed by being applied to one side of the lower electrode or light absorption layer using a blade or gravure printing method, or by coating it in the form of a film.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the organic-inorganic composite solar cell has an n-i-p structure.

In this specification, the n-i-p structure is a structure in which a lower electrode, an electron transport layer, a light absorption layer, a first upper electrode, and a second electrode are sequentially stacked; Alternatively, it refers to a structure in which a lower electrode, an electron transport layer, a light absorption layer, a hole transport layer, a first upper electrode, and a second electrode are sequentially stacked.

In the present specification, the electron transport layer may include metal oxide. For example, Ti oxide, Zn oxide, In oxide, Sn oxide, W oxide, Nb oxide, Mo oxide, Mg oxide, Zr oxide, Sr oxide, Yr oxide, La oxide, V oxide, Al oxide, Y oxide, Sc oxide, One or two or more selected from Sm oxide, Ga oxide, SrTi oxide and their composites may be used, but are not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the hole transport layer is tertiary butyl pyridine (TBP), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) [PEDOT:PSS] can be used, but is not limited to this.

In this specification, the lower electrode may be an anode and the upper electrode may be a cathode. Additionally, the lower electrode may be a cathode and the upper electrode may be an anode. At this time, the upper electrode refers to the first upper electrode and the second upper electrode.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the lower electrode may be a transparent electrode, and the solar cell may absorb light via the lower electrode.

In one embodiment of the present specification, when the lower electrode is a transparent electrode, the lower electrode is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthelate (PEN), and polypropylene ( polyperopylene (PP), polyimide (PI), polycarbornate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyoxyethylene (POM), AS resin (acrylonitrile styrene copolymer), ABS resin (acrylonitrile butadiene) A conductive material doped on a flexible and transparent material such as plastic including styrene copolymer (TAC), triacetyl cellulose (TAC), and polyarylate (PAR) may be used. Specifically, the lower electrode is made of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), and indium zinc (IZO). oxide), ZnO-Ga ₂ O ₃ , ZnOAl ₂ O ₃ , and antimony tin oxide (ATO). More specifically, the lower electrode may be ITO.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the lower electrode may be a translucent electrode. When the lower electrode is a translucent electrode, it may be made of a metal such as silver (Ag), gold (Au), magnesium (Mg), or an alloy thereof.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the organic-inorganic composite solar cell may further include a substrate below the lower electrode.

In one embodiment of the present specification, a substrate having excellent transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and waterproofing may be used. Specifically, a glass substrate, thin glass substrate, or plastic substrate can be used. The plastic substrate is made of flexible films such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyether ether ketone, and polyimide in the form of a single layer or multiple layers. may be included. However, the substrate is not limited to this, and any substrate commonly used in organic-inorganic composite solar cells can be used.

Hereinafter, in order to explain the present specification in detail, examples will be given in detail. However, the embodiments according to the present specification may be modified into various other forms, and the scope of the present specification is not to be construed as being limited to the embodiments described in detail below. The embodiments of this specification are provided to more completely explain the present specification to those with average knowledge in the art.

Example 1.

The ITO substrate was washed with acetone and IPA, dried in an oven, and then treated with ultraviolet-ozone for 20 minutes. Afterwards, the solution in which SnO ₂ nanoparticles were dispersed was spin-coated at 2000 rpm and heat treated at 120°C for 30 minutes. Afterwards, a thin film was formed by spin coating with a perovskite precursor solution. At this time, a perovskite precursor solution consisting of three organic substances, CH ₃ NH ₃ (MA), HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ (FA), and Cs, and PbI ₂ and PbBr ₂ was used. Afterwards, the blade was coated with a paste made of carbon nanotubes (GS Alliance) mixed with NiO nanoparticles, and then heat treated at 100°C for 30 minutes to form the first upper electrode. Finally, an organic-inorganic composite solar cell was manufactured by coating the blade with a paste made of carbon black and graphite (XG Scincence) and then heat-treating it at 100°C for 30 minutes to form a second upper electrode.

Figure 5 shows a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the cross section of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured in Example 1.

Through Figure 5, it can be seen that the interfacial bonding between the first carbon material (first upper electrode) and the light absorption layer of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell is excellent.

Figure 6 is a diagram showing the current density according to voltage of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured in Example 1.

Comparative Example 1.

The ITO substrate was washed with acetone and IPA, dried in an oven, and then treated with ultraviolet-ozone for 20 minutes. Afterwards, the solution in which SnO ₂ nanoparticles were dispersed was spin-coated at 2000 rpm and heat treated at 120°C for 30 minutes. Afterwards, a thin film was formed by spin coating with a perovskite precursor solution. At this time, a perovskite precursor solution consisting of three organic substances, MA, FA, and Cs, and PbI ₂ and PbBr ₂ was used. After that, An organic-inorganic composite solar cell was manufactured by coating the blade with a paste made of carbon black and graphite (XG Scince) and then heat-treating it at 100°C for 30 minutes to form an upper electrode.

Figure 7 is a diagram showing the current density according to voltage of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured in Comparative Example 1.

Comparative Example 2.

The ITO substrate was washed with acetone and IPA, dried in an oven, and then treated with ultraviolet-ozone for 20 minutes. Afterwards, the solution in which SnO ₂ nanoparticles were dispersed was spin-coated at 2000 rpm and heat treated at 120°C for 30 minutes. Afterwards, a thin film was formed by spin coating with a perovskite precursor solution. At this time, a perovskite precursor solution consisting of three organic substances, MA, FA, and Cs, and PbI ₂ and PbBr ₂ was used. Afterwards, the blade was coated with a paste made of carbon nanotubes (GS Alliance) and then heat-treated at 100°C for 30 minutes to form the first upper electrode. Finally, an organic-inorganic composite solar cell was manufactured by coating the blade with a paste made of carbon black and graphite (XG Scincence) and then heat-treating it at 100°C for 30 minutes to form a second upper electrode.

Figure 8 is a diagram showing the current density according to voltage of the organic-inorganic composite solar cell manufactured in Comparative Example 2.

Experimental Example 1. Measurement of photoelectric conversion efficiency

The results of measuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the organic-inorganic composite solar cells prepared in Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2 using an ABET Sun 3000 solar simulator as a light source and a Keithley 2420 source meter are shown in Table 1 below. It was described. For one measurement, the voltage was applied under 100 mW/cm ² from 1.2 V to 0 V at a rate of 12 mV per 0.1 second, and then the current was measured.

PCE
(%) J _sc
(mA/ ^cm2 ) V _oc
(V) FF
(%) Example 1 9 15.478 0.994 58.6 Comparative Example 1 5.5 13.795 1.015 39.2 Comparative Example 2 3.7 15.128 0.59 41.7

In Table 1, V _oc means open-circuit voltage, J _sc means short-circuit current density, FF means fill factor, and PCE means energy conversion efficiency. The open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current density are the X-axis and Y-axis intercepts in the fourth quadrant of the voltage-current density curve, respectively, and the higher these two values, the higher the efficiency of the solar cell. Additionally, the fill factor is the maximum area of a rectangle that can be drawn inside the curve divided by the product of the short-circuit current density and the open-circuit voltage. Energy conversion efficiency can be obtained by dividing these three values by the intensity of the irradiated light, and higher values are more desirable.

From Table 1, Example 1 in which the first upper electrode containing a carbon material and inorganic nanoparticles and the second upper electrode containing a carbon material were formed, the upper electrode was formed as a single layer (Comparative Example 1), and the upper electrode was formed as a single layer. Although it was formed in two layers, it can be seen that the performance is superior to that of the case containing only carbon material (Comparative Example 2).

10: lower electrode
20: Light absorption layer
30: first upper electrode
40: second upper electrode
50: first intermediate layer
60: second intermediate layer

Claims (9)

lower electrode;
a light absorption layer provided on the lower electrode and including a perovskite structure compound;
a first upper electrode provided on the light absorption layer and including a first carbon material and inorganic nanoparticles; and
A second upper electrode is provided on the first upper electrode and includes a second carbon material,
The first carbon material and the second carbon material include carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, activated carbon, mesoporous carbon, and carbon fiber. An organic-inorganic composite solar cell containing one or more types of fiber, conductive carbon black, and carbon nano wire. delete In claim 1,
The first carbon material includes one or more of carbon black, carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphite, and graphene,
An organic-inorganic composite solar cell wherein the second carbon material includes one or more types of conductive carbon black and graphite. In claim 1,
An organic-inorganic composite solar cell wherein the inorganic nanoparticles include one or more types of metal and metal oxide. In claim 1,
An organic-inorganic composite solar cell in which the content of the inorganic nanoparticles is 5 wt% to 20 wt% based on 100 wt% of the first carbon material. In claim 1,
An organic-inorganic composite solar cell wherein the size of the inorganic nanoparticles is 10 nm to 100 nm. In claim 1,
An organic-inorganic composite solar cell further comprising a first intermediate layer between the lower electrode and the light absorption layer. In claim 1,
An organic-inorganic composite solar cell further comprising a second intermediate layer between the light absorption layer and the first upper electrode. In claim 1,
An organic-inorganic composite solar cell wherein the perovskite structure compound is represented by any one of the following formulas 1 to 3:
[Formula 1]
R1M1X1 ₃
[Formula 2]
R2 _a R3 _(1-a) M2X2 _z X3 _(3-z)
[Formula 3]
R4 _b R5 _c R6 _d M3X4 _z' X5 _(3-z')
In Formulas 1 to 3,
R2 and R3 are different from each other,
R4, R5 and R6 are different from each other,
R1 to R6 are each independently C _n H _{2n + 1} NH ₃ ⁺ , NH ₄ ⁺ , HC(NH ₂ ) ₂ ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , NF ₄ ⁺ , NCl ₄ ⁺ , PF ₄ ⁺ , PCl ₄ ⁺ , CH ₃ PH ₃ ⁺ , CH ₃ AsH ₃ ⁺ , CH ₃ SbH ₃ ⁺ , PH ₄ ⁺ , AsH ₄ ⁺ and SbH ₄ ⁺ , and is a monovalent cation selected from
M1 to M3 are the same as or different from ^each other, and each independently Cu ²⁺ , Ni ^{2+ ,} Co ²⁺ , Fe ^{2+ ,} Mn ²⁺ , Cr ^{2+ ,} Pd ^{2+ , Cd 2+ ,} Ge ^{2+ , Sn} It is ^{a divalent} metal ion ^{selected from 2+} , Bi ²⁺ , Pb ²⁺ and Yb ²⁺ ,
X1 to X5 are the same or different from each other and are each independently a halogen ion,
n is an integer from 1 to 9,
a is a real number 0 < a < 1,
b is a real number 0 < b < 1,
c is a real number 0 < c < 1,
d is a real number 0 < d < 1,
b + c + d is 1,
z is a real number 0 < z < 3,
z' is a real number 0 <z'< 3.