KR102453688B1 - System for assessmenting potential risk of traffic accident and method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a system for evaluating the potential risk of a traffic accident, and a method thereof. The system for evaluating the potential risk of a traffic accident according to the present invention comprises the steps of: acquiring a first relative risk weight according to the accident type or law violation type for each risk object; acquiring second to fifth relative risk weights for each of the facility, school zone, freezing, and occurrence time; identifying whether a dangerous object exists on the road at the current time, whether a facility exists, whether the road is in a school zone state, and whether the road is icy by using an intelligent street light installed on the road; calculating a potential risk index of the corresponding road using the identified road condition information and the first to fifth relative risk weights; and comparing the potential risk index and the reference index to determine the possibility of a fatal accident on the road at the current time. As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide information and danger warnings as the risk of potential situations is evaluated. In addition, by relatively comparing various situations at the same point, it is possible to provide a risk level more effectively than a specific type accident improvement approach based on the number of accidents by type.

Description

SYSTEM FOR ASSESSMENTING POTENTIAL RISK OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT AND METHOD THEREOF

The present invention relates to a system and method for evaluating the potential risk of a traffic accident, and to a system for evaluating the potential risk of a traffic accident and a method therefor for evaluating the possibility of a fatal accident through risk assessment.

In order to improve road traffic safety, existing data on traffic accident history are used to select problem points, or technology to respond by determining the likely occurrence of a traffic accident is applied.

Among them, the method of using the existing traffic accident history data corresponds to a method of comparing multiple points based on the total number of accidents, the number of fatalities and injuries, etc. The technology or algorithm for judging a specific type of accident corresponds to a countermeasure to prevent it in a situation where it is likely to occur.

In other words, the method of using the traffic accident history data is to collect the driving speed and acceleration/deceleration of the vehicle through communication with the vehicle entering the traffic management area set within a certain range, and determine the possibility of a vehicle-to-vehicle accident according to the signal change. do.

In addition, based on the location and speed information of the approaching vehicle for the vehicle approaching the intersection, the possibility of collision is predicted by calculating the intersection arrival time of the approaching vehicle, or the space width in the direction the own vehicle wants to proceed when entering and passing the intersection is calculated. It is determined whether the own vehicle can pass, and when it is impossible to pass, a warning and vehicle control are performed.

This conventional technique has a disadvantage that it is impossible to compare the overall risk level of the road network.

Therefore, there is a need for a technology to detect and respond to the possibility of traffic accidents earlier and effectively inject limited financial resources in terms of efforts to improve traffic safety.

The technology underlying the present invention is disclosed in Korean Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-2018-0040014 (published on April 19, 2018).

The technical problem to be achieved by the present invention is to provide a potential risk assessment system for traffic accidents and a method therefor for evaluating the risk of death accidents through risk assessment.

According to an embodiment of the present invention for achieving this technical task, in a risk assessment method using a potential risk assessment system of a traffic accident, the steps of obtaining a first relative risk weight according to the accident type or law violation type for each risk object; Acquiring second to fifth relative risk weights for each facility, school zone, icing, and occurrence time, whether there is a dangerous object at the current time on the road using an intelligent street lamp installed on the road, and the presence of a facility Identifying whether or not the school zone state, whether the road is icing, calculating a potential risk index of the corresponding road using the identified road condition information and the first to fifth relative risk weights, and the potential risk index and judging the possibility of a fatal accident occurring at the current time for the road by comparing the index with the reference index.

The method may further include providing an alarm through the color, sound, or text of the intelligent street lamp according to the determination result.

The step of obtaining the second to fifth relative risk weights includes collecting traffic accident history data, average traffic volume, and average speed of a vehicle into a database, and estimating accident severity by accident occurrence condition using the databased data Building a model, calculating the relative risk and frequency of occurrence for each facility, school zone, freezing, and occurrence time based on the accident severity estimation model, and for the facility, school zone, freezing, and occurrence time The method may include obtaining the second to fifth relative risk weights by applying each relative risk, Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO), and accident frequency to a generalized linear model.

The step of calculating the relative risk and the frequency of occurrence, calculating the relative risk according to the degree of injury, minor, serious and death of the accident for each of the facility, school zone, icing, and occurrence time, and the number of accidents that have occurred can be used to calculate the frequency of occurrence.

The calculating of the potential risk index may include calculating the potential risk index through the following equation.

은 해당 위치에서의 교통 시설물 여부에 따른 제2 상대적 위험도 가중치, s는 스쿨존 여부에 따른 제3 상대적 위험도 가중치, f는 결빙 여부에 따른 제4 상대적 위험도 가중치, p는 사고 발생 시간대에 따른 제5 위험도 가중치,

는 i번째 출현 또는 식별된 상기 위험 객체에 해당하는 제1 상대적 위험도 가중치이다.Here, PRI (Potential Risk Index) is the potential risk index,

is the second relative risk weight according to the presence or absence of traffic facilities at the location, s is the third relative risk weight according to the presence of a school zone, f is the fourth relative risk weight according to the presence or absence of ice, and p is the fifth relative risk weight according to the time of occurrence of the accident risk weighting,

is the first relative risk weight corresponding to the i-th occurrence or the identified risk object.

If the object that appears on the road is a vehicle alone, if it is a violation other than a major violation, a general violation, or a safe driving violation, the first relative risk weight is set to 1, and facilities installed on the road are located at intersections, crosswalks, For facilities other than tunnels, the second relative risk weight is set to 1, if the road is not a school zone, the third relative risk weight is set to 1, and if the road is not an ice area, the The fourth relative risk weight may be set to 1, and when the current time is daytime, the fifth relative risk weight may be set to 1.

The determining of the risk of occurrence of the fatal accident may include determining that the potential risk index is less than the reference index, determining that the risk of occurrence of the fatal accident is low, and when the potential risk index is greater than or equal to the reference index, the death accident It can be judged that the risk of occurrence is high.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, in a potential risk assessment system for risk assessment of a traffic accident, a first relative risk weight is obtained according to an accident type or a law violation type for each risk object, and a facility, a school zone, a freezing, A relative risk weight acquisition unit that acquires second to fifth relative risk weights for each occurrence time, whether a dangerous object exists at the current time on the road using an intelligent street lamp installed on the road, whether a facility exists, a school A zone state, an identification unit for identifying whether the road is icy, a calculation unit for calculating a potential risk index of the corresponding road using the identified road condition information and the first to fifth relative risk weights, and the potential risk index and reference Comparing the index with the index, it includes a judgment unit that determines the possibility of a death accident occurring at the current time on the corresponding road.

As described above, according to the present invention, information provision and danger warning can be provided by evaluating the degree of risk of a potential situation.

In addition, by relatively comparing various situations at the same point, it is possible to provide risk more effectively than a specific type of accident improvement approach based on the number of accidents by type.

1 is a configuration diagram for explaining a potential risk assessment system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
2 is a view for explaining the classification of each of the dangerous object, the facility, the school zone, the freezing and the occurrence time according to an embodiment of the present invention.
3 is an exemplary diagram of a potential risk assessment system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
4 is a flowchart illustrating a risk assessment method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining step S420 of FIG. 2 .
FIG. 6 is a view for explaining step S421 of FIG. 5 .
FIG. 7 is a view for explaining step S423 of FIG. 5 .
FIG. 8 is a view for explaining step S424 of FIG. 5 .
9 is a diagram for explaining step S480 of FIG. 5 .
10 is a graph showing an example of a risk assessment method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so that those of ordinary skill in the art can easily carry out the present invention. However, the present invention may be embodied in several different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. And in order to clearly explain the present invention in the drawings, parts irrelevant to the description are omitted, and similar reference numerals are attached to similar parts throughout the specification.

Throughout the specification, when a part "includes" a certain component, it means that other components may be further included, rather than excluding other components, unless otherwise stated.

Then, with reference to the accompanying drawings, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail so that those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains can easily implement them.

1 is a configuration diagram for explaining a potential risk assessment system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 1 , the potential risk assessment system 100 includes a relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 , an identification unit 120 , a calculation unit 130 , a determination unit 140 , and an alarm unit 150 .

First, the relative risk weight obtaining unit 110 obtains first to fifth relative risk weights.

2 is a view for explaining the classification of each of the dangerous object, the facility, the school zone, the freezing and the occurrence time according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Here, the first relative risk weight means a relative risk weight according to an accident type or a law violation type for each risk object.

In this case, the accident type of the first relative risk corresponds to any one of a vehicle-to-vehicle type, a vehicle-to-person type, or a vehicle-only type.

As shown in FIG. 2, the vehicle-to-vehicle type is a type for illegally parked vehicles and broken vehicles, the vehicle-to-person type is a type for signal violation/jamming pedestrians and dangerous pedestrians on the road, and the vehicle-only type is for falling objects or wild animals. means type.

In addition, the type of law violation falls under any one of the major violation type, general violation type, safe driving violation type, and other types.

At this time, as shown in FIG. 2 , the serious violation type corresponds to any one of signal violations, illegal U-turns, center line violations, or reverse running vehicles, and the general violation types correspond to speed violations and speeding vehicles, and the safe driving violation type corresponds to rear collision. It is a dangerous vehicle.

In addition, the second relative risk weight is a relative risk weight for the facility.

At this time, as shown in FIG. 2, the second relative risk weight corresponds to any one of an intersection, a crosswalk, a tunnel, and others.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 2 , the third relative risk weight is a relative risk weight for the existence of a school zone, and the fourth relative risk weight indicates a relative risk weight for the presence or absence of ice.

And, the fifth relative risk weight is a relative risk weight with respect to the occurrence time, and as shown in FIG. 2 , the occurrence time is divided into night or day.

Then, the relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 calculates the relative risk of each facility, school zone, icing, and occurrence time, Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) and accident frequency through a generalized linear model. to obtain a fifth relative risk weight.

Here, the property damage conversion method is calculated by setting injuries as 1, minor injuries as 3, serious injuries as 6, and death as 12 as the property damage conversion method by the degree of damage caused by traffic accidents.

Next, the identification unit 120 uses the intelligent street lamp installed on the road to identify the presence of a dangerous object at the current time on the road, the presence of a facility, whether the school zone is in a state, and whether the road is frozen.

Here, the intelligent street lamp identifies the presence of a dangerous object at the current time point, the presence of a facility, the school zone state, and whether the road is frozen through the installed camera and a plurality of sensors.

Next, the calculator 130 calculates a potential risk index of the corresponding road by using the identified road condition information and the first to fifth relative risk weights.

Then, the determination unit 140 compares the potential risk index and the reference index to determine the risk of occurrence of a death accident at the current time on the corresponding road.

At this time, if the potential risk index is smaller than the reference index, the determination unit 140 determines that the risk of occurrence of a fatal accident is low.

In addition, if the potential risk index is greater than or equal to the reference index, the determination unit 140 determines that the risk of occurrence of a fatal accident is high.

Next, the alarm unit 150 provides an alarm through the color, sound, or text of the intelligent street lamp according to the determination result.

3 is an exemplary diagram of a potential risk assessment system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

That is, as shown in FIG. 3 , the potential risk assessment system 100 uses a plurality of intelligent street lamps 10 to provide information and facilities, school zones, icing and occurrences of each object 1 and object 2 currently present on the road. get time

Then, the potential risk assessment system 100 obtains the potential risk index of each object 1 and object 2 to predict the risk of death.

Hereinafter, a risk assessment method using a potential risk assessment system for a traffic accident according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 4 to 9 .

4 is a flowchart illustrating a risk assessment method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

First, the relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 acquires a first relative weight according to the accident type or the law violation type for each dangerous object (S410).

That is, as shown in FIG. 2 , the relative risk weight obtaining unit 110 obtains each relative weight according to the accident type or the law violation type for each risk object.

Next, the relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 acquires second to fifth relative risk weights for each facility, school zone, icing, and occurrence time ( S420 ).

FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining step S420 of FIG. 2 .

First, the relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 collects traffic accident history data, average traffic volume, and average speed of the vehicle and forms a database (S421).

FIG. 6 is a view for explaining step S421 of FIG. 4 .

As shown in FIG. 6 , the relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 collects traffic accident history data, average traffic volume, and average speed of the vehicle and forms a database.

In an embodiment of the present invention, a total of 58,864 data obtained by combining data from the National Police Agency traffic accident analysis data and data from the Korea Transportation Research Institute between 2014 and 2017 is converted into a database.

Next, the relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 builds an accident severity estimation model for each accident occurrence condition using the databased data (S422).

In this case, the accident severity estimation model is a relative risk ratio or an event occurrence ratio between comparison groups, and refers to a model for estimating the strength of a relationship and association between each group and an event occurrence.

Next, the relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 calculates the relative risk and frequency of occurrence for each facility, school zone, icing, and occurrence time based on the accident severity estimation model (S423).

FIG. 7 is a view for explaining step S423 of FIG. 5 .

That is, as shown in FIG. 7 , the relative risk weight obtaining unit 110 calculates the relative risk and frequency of occurrence for each facility, school zone, freezing, and occurrence time.

As shown in FIG. 7 , when the object appearing on the road is a single vehicle, the first relative risk weight is set to 1 in the case of other violations excluding major violations, general violations, and safe driving violations.

In addition, when the facilities installed on the road are facilities other than the intersection, crosswalk, and tunnel, the second relative risk weight is set to 1.

If the road is not a school zone, the third relative risk weight is set to 1, if the road is not an icy area, the fourth relative risk weight is set to 1, and if the current time is daytime, the fifth relative risk The weight is set to 1.

Next, the relative risk weight acquisition unit 110 applies the relative risk for each facility, school zone, icing, and occurrence time, the property damage conversion method (EPDO), and the accident frequency to the generalized linear model, as shown in FIG. 2 . Second to fifth relative risk weights are obtained (S424).

FIG. 8 is a view for explaining step S424 of FIG. 5 .

As shown in FIG. 8 , in the embodiment of the present invention, second to fifth relative risk weights corresponding to the metropolitan area are obtained.

Next, the identification unit 120 uses the intelligent street lamp 10 installed on the road to identify the presence of dangerous objects at the current time on the road, the presence of facilities, the status of the school zone, and whether the road is frozen ( S430).

That is, the identification unit 120 uses the motion detection sensor or camera installed in the intelligent street lamp 10 to determine whether a dangerous object exists at the current time on the road, whether there is a facility, whether there is a school zone, whether the road is icing. identify

Next, the calculator 130 calculates a potential risk index of the corresponding road by using the identified road condition information and the first to fifth relative risk weights ( S440 ).

Here, the potential risk index of the corresponding road is calculated using Equation 1 below.

는 i번째 출현 또는 식별된 위험 객체에 해당하는 제1 상대적 위험도 가중치,

은 해당 위치에서의 교통 시설물 여부에 따른 제2 상대적 위험도 가중치, s는 스쿨존 여부에 따른 제3 상대적 위험도 가중치, f는 결빙 여부에 따른 제4 상대적 위험도 가중치, p는 사고 발생 시간대에 따른 제5 위험도 가중치를 나타낸다.Here, PRI (Potential Risk Index) is the potential risk index,

is the first relative risk weight corresponding to the i-th occurrence or identified risk object,

is the second relative risk weight according to the presence or absence of traffic facilities at the location, s is the third relative risk weight according to the presence of a school zone, f is the fourth relative risk weight according to the presence or absence of ice, and p is the fifth relative risk weight according to the time of occurrence of the accident Indicates the risk weight.

For example, as shown in FIG. 8, pedestrians (car-to-person, relative risk weight: 1.0377) at night (relative risk weight: 1.0269) in a crosswalk (relative risk weight: 1.1535) in a school zone (relative risk weight: 1.0864) When the speeding vehicle (general violation, relative risk weight: 1.0818) is in a signal violation (severe violation, relative risk weight: 1.2230), the calculator 130 calculates the potential risk index of the road as 1.7668 by Equation 1 do.

Next, the determination unit 140 determines whether the potential risk index is greater than or equal to the reference index (S450).

If the potential risk index is greater than or equal to the reference index, the determination unit 140 determines that the risk of occurrence of a death accident at the current time is high (S460).

That is, if the reference index is 1 and the calculated potential risk index is 1.7668, the determination unit 140 determines that the risk of occurrence of a fatal accident is high.

On the other hand, if the potential risk index is less than the reference index, the determination unit 140 determines that the risk of occurrence of a death accident at the current time is low (S470).

That is, when the potential risk index is less than 1, the determination unit 140 determines that the risk of occurrence of a death accident at the current time is low.

Next, the alarm unit 150 provides an alarm using the color, sound, or text of the intelligent street lamp (S480).

9 is a diagram for explaining step S480 of FIG. 5 .

Here, when the risk of occurrence of a fatal accident is low, as shown in FIG. 9 , the alarm unit 150 displays the corresponding area in green, and when the probability of occurrence of a fatal accident is high, as shown in FIG. 9 , the alarm unit 150 (150) marks the area in red.

In addition, when the risk of occurrence of a fatal accident is high, the alarm unit 150 shortens the corresponding period of the warning alarm and provides it to other users.

10 is a graph showing an example of a risk assessment method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 10 , the potential risk assessment system 100 increases the risk index when a plurality of dangerous objects appear, and when an accident occurs, the risk index has a maximum value.

At this time, the potential risk assessment system 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention determines the appearance of the dangerous object and the occurrence of an accident as a dangerous situation.

In addition, when the dangerous situation is released, the potential risk assessment system 100 changes the risk index value to a normal risk index value and stores it.

As described above, according to an embodiment of the present invention, information provision and risk warning can be provided by evaluating the degree of risk of a potential situation.

In addition, by relatively comparing various situations at the same point, it is possible to provide risk more effectively than a specific type of accident improvement approach based on the number of accidents by type.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to the embodiment shown in the drawings, which is merely exemplary, those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications and equivalent other embodiments are possible therefrom. Accordingly, the true technical protection scope of the present invention should be determined by the technical spirit of the appended claims.

10: intelligent street light
100: potential risk assessment system;
110: relative risk weight acquisition unit;
120: identification unit, 130: calculation unit,
140: judgment unit, 150: alarm unit

Claims (14)

In the risk assessment method using the potential risk assessment system of a traffic accident,
obtaining a first relative risk weight according to the type of accident or the type of violation of laws for each risk object;
Acquiring second to fifth relative risk weights for each facility, school zone, freezing, and occurrence time;
Using the intelligent street lamp installed on the road to identify the presence of dangerous objects at the current time on the road, the presence of facilities, the status of the school zone, whether the road is frozen,
calculating a potential risk index of the corresponding road using the identified road condition information and the first to fifth relative risk weights, and
Comprising the step of comparing the potential risk index and the reference index to determine the risk of occurrence of a death accident at the current time on the road,
Acquiring the second to fifth relative risk weights comprises:
A step of collecting and databaseizing traffic accident history data, average traffic volume, and average vehicle speed;
constructing an accident severity estimation model for each accident occurrence condition using the databased data;
Calculating each relative risk and frequency of occurrence for facilities, school zones, icing, and time of occurrence based on the accident severity estimation model, and
The second to fifth relative risk weights are obtained by applying the relative risk of each of the facilities, school zones, icing, and occurrence time, Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO), and accident frequency to the generalized linear model. A risk assessment method comprising the step of: According to claim 1,
The risk assessment method further comprising the step of providing an alarm through the color, sound, or text of the intelligent street lamp according to the determination result. delete According to claim 1,
The step of calculating the relative risk and the frequency of occurrence,
A risk assessment method for calculating the relative risk according to the degree of injury, minor, severe, and death of each accident at the facility, school zone, freezing, and time of occurrence, and calculating the frequency of occurrence using the number of accidents that have occurred. According to claim 1,
Calculating the potential risk index comprises:
A risk assessment method for calculating the potential risk index through the following equation:

Here, PRI (Potential Risk Index) is the potential risk index,

is the second relative risk weight according to the presence or absence of traffic facilities at the location, s is the third relative risk weight according to the presence of a school zone, f is the fourth relative risk weight according to the presence or absence of ice, and p is the fifth relative risk weight according to the time of occurrence of the accident risk weighting,

is the first relative risk weight corresponding to the i-th occurrence or the identified risk object. 6. The method of claim 5,
When the object that appears on the road is a vehicle alone, in the case of other violations other than major violations, general violations, and safe driving violations, the first relative risk weight is set to 1,
If the facility installed on the road is a facility other than an intersection, crosswalk, or tunnel, the second relative risk weight is set to 1,
If the road is not a school zone, the third relative risk weight is set to 1,
If the road is not an ice area, the fourth relative risk weight is set to 1,
A risk assessment method in which the fifth relative risk weight is set to 1 when the current time is daytime. 6. The method of claim 5,
The step of determining the risk of occurrence of the death accident is,
If the potential risk index is smaller than the reference index, it is determined that the risk of occurrence of the death accident is low,
When the potential risk index is greater than or equal to the reference index, the risk assessment method for determining that the risk of occurrence of the death accident is high. In the potential risk assessment system for risk assessment of traffic accidents,
A relative risk weight obtaining unit that obtains a first relative risk weight according to the accident type or law violation type for each risk object, and acquires second to fifth relative risk weights for each facility, school zone, icing, and occurrence time;
An identification unit that uses the intelligent street lamp installed on the road to identify the presence of dangerous objects at the current time on the road, the presence of facilities, the status of the school zone, and whether the road is icing;
a calculating unit for calculating a potential risk index of the corresponding road using the identified road condition information and the first to fifth relative risk weights; and
Comprising a determination unit for determining the risk of occurrence of a fatal accident at the current time on the road by comparing the potential risk index and the reference index,
The relative risk weight obtaining unit,
Traffic accident history data, average traffic volume, and average speed of vehicles are collected and databased, and an accident severity estimation model for each accident occurrence condition is built using the databased data, and facilities and schools are based on the accident severity estimation model. Calculate the relative risk and frequency of occurrence for each zone, icing, and occurrence time, and each relative risk for the facility, school zone, icing, and occurrence time, Equivalent Property Damage Only (EPDO) and accidents A risk assessment system for obtaining the second to fifth relative risk weights by applying the frequency of occurrence to a generalized linear model. 9. The method of claim 8,
The risk assessment system further comprising an alarm unit for providing an alarm through the color, sound, or text of the intelligent street lamp according to the determination result. delete 9. The method of claim 8,
The calculation unit,
A risk assessment system for calculating the relative risk according to the degree of injury, minor, serious and death of the accident for each of the facilities, school zone, freezing, and occurrence time, and calculating the frequency of occurrence using the number of accidents that have occurred. 9. The method of claim 8,
The calculation unit,
A risk assessment system that calculates the potential risk index through the following equation:

Here, PRI (Potential Risk Index) is the potential risk index,

is the second relative risk weight according to the presence or absence of traffic facilities at the location, s is the third relative risk weight according to the presence of a school zone, f is the fourth relative risk weight according to the presence or absence of ice, and p is the fifth relative risk weight according to the time of occurrence of the accident risk weighting,

is the first relative risk weight corresponding to the i-th occurrence or the identified risk object. 13. The method of claim 12,
When the object that appears on the road is a vehicle alone, in the case of other violations other than major violations, general violations, and safe driving violations, the first relative risk weight is set to 1,
If the facility installed on the road is a facility other than an intersection, crosswalk, or tunnel, the second relative risk weight is set to 1,
If the road is not a school zone, the third relative risk weight is set to 1,
If the road is not an ice area, the fourth relative risk weight is set to 1,
A risk assessment system in which the fifth relative risk weight is set to 1 when the current time is daytime. 13. The method of claim 12,
The judging unit,
If the potential risk index is smaller than the reference index, it is determined that the risk of occurrence of the death accident is low,
If the potential risk index is greater than or equal to the reference index, a risk assessment system for determining that the risk of occurrence of the death accident is high.

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