KR102249238B1 - Manufacturing method of eco friendly porous seedbed for seaweed cultivation and construction method of sea forest - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an eco-friendly porous seedbed for the cultivation of seaweed, and a marine forest construction method produced thereby. More specifically, the method of manufacturing an eco-friendly porous seedbed for the cultivation of seaweed is characterized by comprising the steps of: preparing a tray mold with an opened upper surface and an internal accommodation space formed therein; primarily introducing a plurality of natural aggregates coated with a biopolymer binder into the internal accommodation space of the tray mold to form an aggregate layer at a certain height from the bottom surface of the tray mold; horizontally mounting a hollow pipe made of a biodegradable material on an upper surface of the aggregate layer; secondarily introducing the plurality of natural aggregates coated with the biopolymer binder on the upper surface of the aggregate layer on which the pipe is mounted up to a height of the upper opening of the tray mold; and demolding, when the plurality of natural aggregates are integrally hardened, the plurality of natural aggregates from the tray mold to complete the manufacturing of a seedbed. When a certain period of time elapses, the pipe is biodegraded and naturally disappears from the inside of the seedbed, and a passage that horizontally crosses the inside of the seedbed from one side to the other side thereof is formed in the seedbed. According to the present invention, a bed of Zostera marina L. is created on the shore that provides a water temperature, a salinity, and a chroma suitable for the germination of Zostera marina L. seeds, and the secured Zostera marina L. seeds can be firmly anchored to the seabed and germinated such that a problem of increasing costs incurred when the seeds are cultivated indoors can be resolved, and since the seeds are firmly anchored to the Zostera marina L. bed, a problem of Zostera marina L. seeds being washed out into the open sea when the Zostera marina L. seeds are cultivated in the sea can be resolved.

Description

{Manufacturing method of eco friendly porous seedbed for seaweed cultivation and construction method of sea forest}

The present invention is for restoring alpine forests damaged by climate change, excessive development, and marine pollution.In particular, the seed germination rate of Salpi, which has low germination and survival rates in natural conditions, is increased, damage during transplantation is reduced, and the survival rate after transplantation is increased, so that undersea work The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed that can quickly and effectively create a Salpi forest by saving time and cost, and a method of constructing a sea forest formed through it.

In general, seagrass (Seagrass) is a flowering plant having roots, stems and leaves, and in Korea, zosteraceae belonging to the zosteraceae family (Zostera) and seaweed (Phyllospadix) are inhabited.

Jalpiryu live as a colony in sandy or low-quality environments in which the influence of waves and external forces is small, such as the west and south seas, or a mixture of sand and clay.

On the other hand, the horsetails colonize and inhabit hard substrates such as rock mass or shallow sand in the intertidal zone with severe waves.

Here, the speed of blooming algae is reduced to settle suspended particles in the seawater, and the dense underground diameter and root structure stabilize the soil in the sea to clear the seawater.

In addition, it plays an important role in improving water quality by preventing eutrophication of marine ecosystems by rapidly absorbing and removing nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus that are excessively introduced from rivers, and reducing environmental disasters such as red tide and green algae. .

In addition, per unit area of the periphery, the plant has the ability to store about three times as much carbon as that of land plant forests absorbed.

In other words, while terrestrial forests store about 30,000 tons of carbon per 1 ㎢ in the form of wood, seaweed can store about 83,000 tons of carbon per 1 ㎢. Although these seaweed communities account for only about 0.2% of the world's oceans, they act as'ocean oxygen tanks' where seaweeds absorb about 10% of the carbon that the oceans absorb.

On the other hand, in recent years, the area of habitation of alpine has been rapidly decreasing. The main causes of the reduction can be divided into anthropogenic factors such as reclamation and dredging, and natural causes such as diseases, typhoons, and climate change. The destruction of the world is getting more serious.

It is reported that the domestic coastal algae habitat has decreased by more than 70% since the 1970s. In the world, about 29% of seaweed communities have been destroyed, and about 1.5% of these communities are disappearing every year. Therefore, there is an urgent need to restore the alpine habitat not only domestically, but also globally.

On the other hand, there are methods of cultivating marine alpine forests, a method of transplanting an adult body and a method of using seeds. Here, methods of transplanting adults include the Staple method, the TERFS method, and the method of transplanting with sediment.

The Staple method is a method of transplanting by removing sediment from the root after scenting the skin and fixing it on the target seabed using wires or the like. This method has the advantage of having a high survival rate because the transplanted individuals quickly settle in the sediment, but there is a problem that the transplant operation is difficult and high cost is required because divers must work in the water for a long time for the transplant operation.

In addition, the TERFS (Transplanting Eelgrass Remotely with Frame Systems) method has the advantage of being able to transplant a large amount at once, but the transplanting net must be collected after the transplantation. There is a problem that takes a long time to do.

Lastly, the Seagrass and sediment method is applicable to areas with hard sediments and is suitable for transplantation with well-developed underground parts.

At this time, damage to the breakfast in the basement of the walrus is minimized, and nutrients are supplied to the individual from the beginning of the transplant, so it has the advantage of quickly establishing itself, but it greatly damages the natural habitat while collecting the walrus seedlings, and there is a problem that a lot of cost and manpower are required. .

On the other hand, as a conventional technique, a method of attaching the subterranean tissue of the horsetail to the bedrock with an underwater adhesive was attempted in Korea for transplantation, but the toxicity of chemicals interfered with the metabolism of the plant, and the transplanted horsefly died after several months. Resulted in

And, according to the prior art, an adult horsetail is suspended with a stone, etc., or fixed with a rubber strap and inserted into the uneven part of an underwater structure, or a young horsehair in the state of a young plant is transplanted into a rope and put into the water. Therefore, it was used to secure the number of horsetails.

However, all of the above-described conventional techniques have a problem that the survival rate of the transplanted or injected horsetail is too low or almost killed.

In addition, there is no method for fixing both soft sediments (sand, etc.) or hard sediments (rock mass or underwater structures, etc.) that may be formed on the sea floor, so during the time or period of growth by transplanting the sea shell, underwater waves are used. There are problems with being swept away and not being able to transplant marine plants to designated locations.

On the other hand, the transplant method using seeds has the advantage of being easier than using adults as a method suitable for restoring a large-scale algae habitat.

However, when seeds are sprinkled in the sea as they are, most of them are sprouted to areas where they cannot survive and germinated by algae or waves, or are eaten by various marine animals and decayed by marine microorganisms, resulting in a very low survival rate and germination rate of seeds. have.

In the natural state of the horsetail colony, about 10,000 seeds per square meter are produced, but most of the horsepik colonies in the natural state are shed by rapid currents before being attached to underwater structures or are predated by marine organisms. Expansion is limited.

In order to improve the shortcomings of the direct sowing method in the sea, when the seeds are cultivated indoors, it is necessary to germinate and grow them to a certain size while maintaining a certain temperature, and germinating seeds collected in a facility that continuously supplies seawater.

In addition, there is a problem in that a long time is required and too much cost is required in that the grown skin is separated and transported to the seafloor in need of restoration and then individually transplanted again.

On the other hand, the conditions for germination of Jalpica seeds are greatly influenced by the temperature and salt concentration of seawater.

First of all, when looking at the seawater temperature, the germination rate of sea shells living in the west coast is the highest around 5℃, and the germination rate of sea shells living in the east coast is the highest around 15℃. In Korea, the average temperature in January and February in the West Sea is around 5℃, and in the East Sea in April and May, the average temperature is around 15℃.

Next, looking at the salinity concentration, when the salinity is high, the Salpi seeds remain dormant with a high osmotic pressure, and when the salt concentration decreases, the hydration of the tissues is promoted to germinate. The domestic coastal salt concentration is low in summer and high in winter. Therefore, the probability of germination in summer when the salt concentration is low increases.

For reference, jalphi seeds have a germination rate of about 30% at the normal salt concentration of seawater (about 32 psu), and when the salt concentration is lowered, the germination rate rises, but in the salt-free state (0 psu), the germination rate rises to about 80%. However, there are frequent cases where seeds germinated in a low-salt or unsalted state die from the propagation of fungi before they grow into young plants.

In other words, among temperature and salt concentration, temperature plays a more important role. This will significantly lower the germination rate when the water temperature rises above about 25°C.

Therefore, seeds are sown and germinated in brackish waters where the salt concentration is low in winter and spring, when the water temperature is suitable for germination, but if the seeds are fixed so that they are not wiped out, and the sown seeds germinate and grow to a certain size, the roots are not hurt. It is required to develop a technology that is safely and easily collected and transplanted into the final sea forest formation area.

Korean Registered Patent Publication No. 10-2073886 (announced on February 5, 2020)

The subject of the present invention conceived to solve the above-described problem is to create a field on the shore that provides water temperature, salt concentration and saturation suitable for germination of the seed, and the secured seed can be firmly fixed to the seabed to germinate. It is to provide a method for manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed and a method for constructing a sea forest created through it.

In addition, the subject of the present invention is to reproduce by sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction by the subterranean seed (laterally extending root), but the sea forest can be formed through asexual reproduction by the subterranean seed, and the subsurface is transplanted. In this case, the objective is to provide an eco-friendly porous bed sheet manufacturing method for cultivation of seaweed that can protect the underground diameter from being damaged, and a sea forest construction method created through it.

In addition, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed that can fix a plurality of collected seedlings in the sediment of the seabed of a target area at once, and a method for constructing a sea forest formed through the same. .

The present invention conceived to achieve the above object is a method for manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for seaweed cultivation, the step of providing a tray mold with an open top surface and an inner receiving space, and a biopolymer binder in the inner receiving space of the tray mold The step of forming an aggregate layer at a predetermined height from the bottom surface of the tray mold by first inputting a plurality of natural aggregates coated with the aggregate layer, the step of horizontally seating a hollow pipe made of a biodegradable material on the upper surface of the aggregate layer, the A step in which a plurality of natural aggregates coated with a biopolymer binder on the upper surface of the aggregate layer on which the pipe is mounted is secondly injected to the height of the upper opening of the tray mold, and when the plurality of natural aggregates are integrally cured, in the tray mold It includes the step of removing the bed to be completed, and the pipe is biodegraded after a certain period of time and naturally disappears in the interior of the bed, and a passage horizontally crossing the interior of the bed from one side to the other side of the bed is formed. It is characterized by that.

The pipe is characterized in that it comprises a first pipe horizontally seated on the upper surface of the aggregate layer and a second pipe orthogonal to the first pipe and horizontally seated on the upper surface of the first pipe.

It is characterized in that both ends of the first pipe and the second pipe are in contact with each other on the inner surface of the tray mold.

The diameter of the natural aggregate is characterized in that less than about 40mm.

In addition, the present invention is a sea forest construction method constructed through an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed, the step of applying a biopolymer binder on the top surface of the bed, and the seed of the skin on the top surface of the bed on which the biopolymer binder is applied. The step of attaching, the step of submerging the seedling in seawater for a certain period of time by the seedling of the seedling being attached to the foreshore seabed, and when the seedlings germinated from the seedlings seated on the seabed of the foreshore and growing into seedlings, The bed is moved to the outside and the bed is fixed to the outside seabed by a fixing means, and the sea forest is formed as the seedlings grown in the bedside fixed on the outside seabed grow into adult trees.

When the roots of the seedlings germinated from the seedlings grow through the pores of the seedlings, the underground diameter of the seedlings extends through a passage formed inside the seedlings.

In the present invention, the cost of cultivating seeds indoors increases the cost of cultivating seeds indoors because they can create a seaweed field on the coast that provides water temperature, salt concentration and saturation suitable for germination of seaweed seeds, and securely fix the secured seeds on the seabed to germinate. The problem can be solved, and when cultivated in the sea area by firmly fixing the seeds in the field, there is an effect that can solve the problem of being washed away by the open sea.

In addition, the present invention reproduces by sexual reproduction by seeds that bloom well and by asexual reproduction by the subsurface (root extending laterally), but it is possible to form a sea forest through asexual reproduction by the subsurface. In order to protect it from damage, by making the bed so that there are various passages inside the porous bed, it is possible to induce the basement diameter of the seedlings grown by germination of the seedlings so that they can grow smoothly inside the bedside, and the grown basement diameter is inside the bedside. Because it is located in, the damage is minimized when collecting the bed for transplantation, thereby improving the survival rate of the skin after transplantation.

In addition, the present invention is a problem in that the roots cannot be fixed to the sediment when a large number of individuals are transplanted at once, and the problem of collecting a transplant tool and each individual, since a plurality of collected cortex seedlings can be fixed in the sediment of the seabed of the target area at once. When transplanting, there is an effect that can solve all the problems that take a lot of time.

1 and 2 are flow charts showing a method of manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for seaweed cultivation according to an embodiment of the present invention,
FIG. 3 is an exemplary view showing that the underground diameter of Jalpi is expanded through the passage of the bed in the method for manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed according to an embodiment of the present invention;
4 to 6 are flow charts showing a sea forest construction method constructed through an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed according to an embodiment of the present invention,
7 is an exemplary view showing that the bed is fixed to the seabed by a fixing means in the sea forest construction method constructed through an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is an exemplary view showing that (horse) algae are transplanted to rocks or pearls on the sea floor in the sea forest construction method constructed through an eco-friendly porous bed for seaweed cultivation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of a method for manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

1 and 2 are flow charts showing a method of manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivating seaweed according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a passage of the bed in the method for manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivating seaweed according to an embodiment of the present invention. It is an exemplary view showing the expansion of the underground diameter of Jalpi through.

1 to 3, the method of manufacturing an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is, first, in order to manufacture a porous bed so that the seedlings can take root and develop an underground diameter. A tray mold 10 in the form of a box that is opened and provided with an internal accommodation space is prepared (step S100).

This tray mold 10 becomes a frame of the mother plate 100 that is finally completed, which will be described later. At this time, the tray mold 10 may be made of a synthetic resin material such as metal or plastic.

Then, a plurality of natural aggregates 20 coated with a biopolymer binder in the inner receiving space of the tray mold 10 are first injected at a predetermined height from the bottom of the tray mold 10 to form an aggregate layer (step S200). )do.

Incidentally, the porous base plate 100 of the present invention is manufactured by bonding a natural aggregate 20 of a certain standard with a biopolymer binder.

These binders use eco-friendly biopolymers extracted from vegetable oils so as not to contain environmentally hazardous substances such as heavy metals or to generate volatile organic compounds by organic solvents.

Here, it is preferable that the diameter of the natural aggregate 20 is about 40 mm or less so that the space between the aggregates is continuously formed without being cut off by excluding the filling material.

Then, it is to form a passage 110 through which the underground mirror 230 can extend from the inside of the completed bed 100, and a hollow pipe with a small diameter made of a biodegradable material or paper on the upper surface of the aggregate layer ( For example, a straw, etc.) 30 is placed horizontally (step S300).

Here, when placing the pipe 30 on the upper surface of the aggregate layer, both ends of the pipe 30 are brought into contact with the inner surface of the tray mold 10 so that the pipe 30 is mounted inside the tray mold 10. do.

Meanwhile, the pipe 30 may be composed of a first pipe 31 and a second pipe 32.

In other words, the first pipe 31 is horizontally seated on the upper surface of the aggregate layer, and the second pipe 32 is orthogonal to the first pipe 31 and horizontally seated on the upper surface of the first pipe 31. .

That is, the pipe 30 may be formed in a lattice shape in which the first pipe 31 and the second pipe 32 cross each other.

At this time, when placing the first pipe 31 and the second pipe 32 on the upper surface of the aggregate layer, both ends of the first pipe 31 and the second pipe 32 are on the inner surface of the tray mold 10. The first pipe 31 and the second pipe 32 are mounted on the inside of the tray mold 10 by contacting each.

Then, a plurality of natural aggregates 20 to which the biopolymer binder is applied on the upper surface of the aggregate layer on which the pipe 30 is seated are secondly introduced to the height of the upper opening of the tray mold 10 (step S400).

Here, it is preferable that the diameter of the natural aggregate 20 to be input second is about 40mm or less.

Finally, when a plurality of natural aggregates 20 are integrally cured by a biopolymer binder, the porous mother plate 100 is completed by removing it from the tray mold 10 (step S500).

At this time, the pipe 30 is biodegraded after a certain period (several months) and naturally disappears from the inside of the bed 100, and horizontally transverses the interior of the bed 100 from one side of the bed 100 to the other side. The through passage 110 is formed.

4 to 6 are flow charts showing a sea forest construction method constructed through an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivating seaweed according to an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 7 is an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivating seaweed according to an embodiment of the present invention It is an exemplary view showing that the bed is fixed to the seabed by a fixing means in the sea forest construction method constructed through, and FIG. 8 is a sea forest construction method constructed through an eco-friendly porous bed for seaweed cultivation according to an embodiment of the present invention. This is an exemplary diagram showing that (horses) japonica is transplanted to rocks or pearls on the seabed in.

4 to 8, the sea forest construction method constructed through an eco-friendly porous bed for cultivation of seaweed according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is, first, applying a biopolymer binder on the upper surface of the bed 100 on land. (Step S600), and attaching the seedling seed 200 to the upper surface of the bed 100 to which the biopolymer binder is applied (step S700).

Here, the bed 100 used for transplantation provides a space for growth while protecting the roots of the algae, and does not contain or elute environmentally harmful substances, so it does not affect the marine ecosystem, so there is no need for separate collection.

In addition, when sowing the seedling seed 200 in the seabed, it is not directly sprinkled on the seabed, but attached to the porous bed 100 using a biopolymer binder, so that the seedling seed 200 may be prevented from being swept away by the current. There will be.

At this time, after applying the binder to the bed 100 so that the problem of the seedling 200 being surrounded by the binder and not germinating occurs, the moisture of the seedling 200 is removed and sprinkled thereon to adhere.

Here, the biopolymer does not exhibit an exothermic phenomenon during curing, and the curing time is short within about 20 minutes, so that the survival of the seedling seed 200 is not affected.

In addition, the binder that adheres the aggregate and attaches the seeds is a vegetable composition, does not contain heavy metals or organic solvents, does not elute environmentally hazardous substances, does not interfere with the growth of the seedlings 210, and the curing time is very fast It is possible to attach firmly before about 30 minutes elapse after drying when the germination rate of (200) begins to decrease.

Then, the bed 100 to which the seedling seed 200 is attached is settled on the foreshore seafloor so that the bed 100 is submerged in the seawater for a certain period (step S800).

At this time, the germinated seedling descends through the pores between the aggregates of the bed 100, and the underground diameter 230 expands through the passage inside the bed 100.

In addition, when the roots of the seedlings germinated from the seedlings 100 grow through the voids of the seedlings 100, the underground diameter 230 of the seedlings extends through the passage 110 formed inside the seedlings 100.

On the other hand, the seedlings 100 in which the seeds do not germinate or the seedlings 210 are not properly grown after transplantation are recovered and reused.

Then, when the seedling seed 200 is germinated from the seedling bed 100 seated on the electric seabed and grown into the seedling seedling 210, the seedling layer 100 is input (transferred) to the seabed inshore and reinforced, steel bar, The base plate 100 is fixed to the outside seabed by means of fixing means 300 such as anchor bolts and from cement (step S900).

Incidentally, as an embodiment of the fixing means 300, the bed 100 may be fixed to the bottom of the sea by vertically penetrating a reinforcing bar or steel bar whose upper end is bent on the bed seated on the soil (pearl) of the sea bed.

In another embodiment, an anchor bolt may be vertically mounted on the bed 100 seated on the rock on the seabed to fix the bed 100 on the rock on the seabed.

In another embodiment, after the frome cement is applied to the surface of the seabed rock, the bottom of the mother plate 100 may be attached to the surface of the rock to which the frome cement is applied to fix the mother plate 100 to the rock.

Here, the seedlings 210 grown at a certain level are removed from the bed 100 and transplanted to prevent damage to the subterranean diameter 230 that is active in the passage 110. That is, when the seedling seed 200 germinates and grows to a certain level, the bed 100 is collected as it is and moved to an area where a sea forest is to be formed.

At this time, if the skin is dried, the survival rate decreases, so it is prevented from drying by covering it with a nonwoven fabric containing moisture.

Finally, by inserting the bed 100 on the site where the sea forest is to be created and fixing the bed 100 on the pearl or rock of the seabed to complete the transplantation of the seedlings, the seedlings 210 grown in the bed 100 fixed on the open seabed. ) The sea forest is created (step S1000) as it grows into the adult body 220.

On the other hand, in order to regenerate the natural bedrock of the seabed where bleaching has occurred, lime algae or limestone attached to the surface must be cleaned with a high-pressure spray. The cost is very high, and since it takes a lot of time for divers to work on the seabed, it can be applied to a large area. This is an impractical method to apply.

To overcome this, a porous bed can be installed on top of the rock without washing the rock, and the rock can be used as a foundation to create a walpi forest. In addition, it is possible to recycle them by attaching a bedrock by using as a basis for seaweeds and fishweeds that have lost their function after being put into the seabed.

In the above, the present invention has been described based on a preferred embodiment, but the technical idea of the present invention is not limited thereto, and modifications or changes can be implemented within the scope described in the claims. It is obvious to the user, and such modifications or changes will fall within the scope of the appended claims.

10: tray mold
20: natural aggregate
30: pipe
31: first pipe
32: second pipe
100: bed
110: passage
200: alpine seed
210: Alpine seedling
220: Zalfi Adult
230: Underground
300: fixing means

Claims (6)

A first step of providing a tray mold having an upper surface open and an inner receiving space formed therein;
A second step in which a plurality of natural aggregates coated with a biopolymer binder is first introduced into the receiving space of the tray mold to form an aggregate layer at a predetermined height from the bottom of the tray mold;
A third step in which a hollow pipe made of a biodegradable material is horizontally seated on the upper surface of the aggregate layer;
A fourth step in which a plurality of natural aggregates coated with a biopolymer binder on the upper surface of the aggregate layer on which the pipe is seated are secondarily injected to the height of the upper opening of the tray mold; And
When the plurality of natural aggregates are integrally cured, a fifth step of being removed from the tray mold to complete the bed; Including,
The pipe is biodegradable after a certain period of time and naturally disappears from the inside of the bed, and an eco-friendly porous bed for seaweed cultivation, characterized in that a passage horizontally crossing the inside of the bed from one side of the bed to the other side is formed. Manufacturing method. The method of claim 1,
The pipe,
A first pipe horizontally seated on the upper surface of the aggregate layer; And
A second pipe orthogonal to the first pipe and horizontally seated on an upper surface of the first pipe;
Eco-friendly porous bed manufacturing method for seaweed cultivation, characterized in that it comprises a. The method of claim 2,
An eco-friendly porous bed manufacturing method for seaweed cultivation, characterized in that both ends of the first pipe and the second pipe are in contact with each other on the inner side of the tray mold. The method of claim 1,
Eco-friendly porous bed manufacturing method for seaweed cultivation, characterized in that the diameter of the natural aggregate is less than 40mm. As a sea forest construction method formed through the bed prepared by the eco-friendly porous bed sheet manufacturing method for seaweed cultivation of claim 1,
A first step of applying a biopolymer binder to the upper surface of the mother plate;
A second step of attaching the seed to the upper surface of the bed on which the biopolymer binder is applied;
A third step in which the bed plate to which the seedling seed is attached is settled on the foreshore seabed so that the bed plate is submerged in seawater for a certain period of time;
A fourth step in which the seedlings are germinated from the seedlings seated on the electric seabed and grown into seedlings, the seedlings are moved to the inshore and the seedlings are fixed to the outer seabed by a fixing means; And
A fifth step in which a sea forest is formed while the seedlings of the seaweed growing on the bed fixed on the open seabed are grown into adults;
Sea forest construction method comprising a. The method of claim 5,
Sea forest construction method, characterized in that when the roots of the seedlings germinated from the bedside grow through the pores of the bedside, the underground diameter of the seedlings extends through a passage formed inside the bedside.

Images