KR102192312B1 - Producing Method of Inverted Organic Solar Cell Module with Uniform Cell Performance - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module having uniform unit cell performance.

Description

Manufacturing Method of Inverted Organic Solar Cell Module with Uniform Cell Performance

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module having uniform unit cell performance.

Recently, as the consumption of fossil fuels has increased rapidly around the world, oil prices are rising rapidly, and the need for clean alternative energy is increasing due to environmental problems such as global warming. Accordingly, countries around the world are focusing their efforts on renewable energy sources, and in particular, the development of eco-friendly and pollution-free energy sources has been raised as a national challenge.

The solar cell technology that produces electricity from sunlight, an infinite energy source, is the field of interest among various renewable energy technologies. Currently, inorganic silicon solar cells, which occupy a major part of solar cells, are commercially available and commercially available. However, there are disadvantages of expensive material prices and limited supply of materials. In addition, the complicated manufacturing process is a factor that increases the cost.

Therefore, interest in organic solar cells as an alternative to these inorganic silicon solar cells is being drawn. The organic solar cell has advantages such as excellent processability, diversity, light weight and economy of organic materials. In addition, compared to the existing inorganic silicon solar cell, the manufacturing process is simple, and thus manufacturing cost can be reduced.

The organic solar cell module is manufactured by connecting several unit cells in series or in parallel, and the efficiency of the unit cells constituting the module affects the performance of the entire module. Therefore, it is important to increase the efficiency of the organic solar cell unit cell, but fabricating the unit cell exhibiting uniform efficiency also plays an important role in the performance of the organic solar cell module.

Patent KR 10-1810900 includes a novel polymer compound obtained by forming a symmetric structure of quarterthiophene and fluorine-substituted benzothiadiazole in a photoactive layer of an organic solar cell, thereby improving photoelectric conversion efficiency. In the patent KR 10-1368816, photoelectric conversion efficiency was improved by including metal nanoparticles in the photoactive layer of an organic solar cell.

However, although the efficiency of the organic solar cell unit cell can be increased through the above methods, uniform efficiency between the unit cells cannot be guaranteed, and thus there is still a problem of low performance of the organic solar cell module. Therefore, in order for the organic solar cell to ultimately secure competitiveness, it is more important than anything else to uniformly manufacture a unit cell exhibiting high efficiency.

Korean Patent Publication No. 10-1810900 Korean Patent Publication No. 10-1368816

An object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module having uniform unit cell performance.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module having improved performance.

The present invention

a) forming a transparent electrode on the substrate;

b) forming an electron transport layer on the transparent electrode;

c) forming a photoactive layer on the electron transport layer;

d) forming a hole transport layer on the photoactive layer; And

e) forming an electrode on the hole transport layer,

It provides a method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module in which the efficiency deviation between unit cells is 6 to 10%.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, the electron transport layer may be formed by a sol-gel method.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, the sol-gel method may be performed under conditions of 10 to 30% relative humidity.

In one embodiment according to the present invention, the sol-gel method may be performed through spin coating at 1000 to 3000 rpm.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, the sol during the sol-gel method may include 10 to 30% by weight of a metal precursor.

In one embodiment according to the present invention, the metal precursor may be an alcohol-soluble metal precursor including any one or two or more metals selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, titanium, and zinc.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, the electron transport layer may have a thickness of 50 to 250 nm.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, the electron transport layer may have a surface roughness (Rq) of 4 nm or less.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, the inverted structure organic solar cell module may have an effective area of 55% or more.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the unit cell may be 7 to 10%.

The method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module according to an embodiment of the present invention has an advantage of exhibiting uniform unit cell performance.

In addition, the method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module according to an embodiment of the present invention has an advantage of exhibiting high photoelectric conversion efficiency.

Even if the effects are not explicitly mentioned in the present invention, the effects described in the specification expected by the technical features of the present invention and the inherent effects thereof are treated as described in the specification of the present invention.

1 is a diagram showing the structure of an inverted structure organic solar cell module.
2 is an image showing a patterned shape of a transparent electrode on a substrate in Example 1.
3A is an AFM image of an electron transport layer according to Example 1.
3B is an AFM image of the electron transport layer according to Example 3.
3C is an AFM image of an electron transport layer according to Comparative Example 1.

Unless otherwise defined, technical terms and scientific terms used in the present specification have the meanings commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs, and the gist of the present invention in the following description and accompanying drawings A description of known functions and configurations that may unnecessarily obscure will be omitted.

The present invention

a) forming a transparent electrode on the substrate;

b) forming an electron transport layer on the transparent electrode;

c) forming a photoactive layer on the electron transport layer;

d) forming a hole transport layer on the photoactive layer; And

e) forming an electrode on the hole transport layer,

It relates to a method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module in which the efficiency deviation between unit cells is 6 to 10%.

In general, an inverted structure organic solar cell module is composed of several unit cells, and the efficiency deviation between the unit cells constituting the module is 15% or more. This high efficiency deviation between unit cells ultimately has a problem of deteriorating the performance of the inverted structure organic solar cell module itself. In particular, when the number of unit cells is 5 or more, the efficiency uniformity between the unit cells is further deteriorated, and furthermore, the performance of the module is deteriorated.

However, in the inverse structure organic solar cell module according to the manufacturing method of the present invention, even when the number of unit cells is 10, the efficiency deviation between unit cells is 6 to 10%, preferably 6 to 8%. In addition to showing cell performance, it has the advantage of remarkably improving the performance of an inverted structure organic solar cell module including the same.

In this case, the efficiency refers to the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE), and can be calculated through the relational photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE, %) = fill factor × [(J _sc ×V _oc )/100]. In the above relational expression, J _sc is the optical short-circuit current density, and V _oc is the optical open voltage. The efficiency deviation may be an efficiency difference expressed as an average efficiency by measuring the efficiency of each of the unit cells among the unit cells constituting the inverted structure organic solar cell module. The efficiency of each unit cell is 100 mW/cm ² by connecting the anode and cathode of an arbitrary unit cell in the module with wires and connecting it to an external solar simulator. It may be measured under the condition of the strength of Air Mass 1.5 Global (AM 1.5 G).

The unit cell is a minimum unit constituting an inverted structure organic solar cell module, and may include a transparent electrode, an electron transport layer, a photoactive layer, a hole transport layer, and an electrode. The module may include several unit cells spaced apart from each other, and each unit cells arranged spaced apart from each other may be in a state of being electrically connected to adjacent unit cells. In this case, the connection between the unit cells means the connection between the opposite electrodes between the unit cells. For example, the anode of one unit cell and the cathode of another adjacent unit cell may be connected, and more unit cells may be connected in the same manner. Inverted structure organic solar cell modules formed by connection of unit cells can be connected in series or parallel, and the purpose of these modules is to obtain a target voltage (in case of series) or current (in case of parallel).

More specifically, the inverted structure organic solar cell module may be configured by connecting unit cells including a transparent electrode, an electron transport layer, a photoactive layer, a hole transport layer, and an electrode in series or parallel. Specifically, forming a transparent electrode in the unit cell spaced apart through a pattern process on a substrate, forming an electron transport layer, a photoactive layer, and a hole transport layer sequentially so that a part of the patterned transparent electrode is exposed, and spaced apart And forming an electrode such that the hole transport layer of each unit cell and the transparent electrode of the adjacent unit cell are electrically connected. Specifically, the patterning process is a process of coating the cathode and anode of each unit cell in a form suitable for a continuous process in order to contact the cathode and the anode of each unit cell in fabricating an inverted structure organic solar cell module. The patterned form may have a stripe or grid pattern, but is not limited thereto.

In the step a), the substrate is used to support the organic solar cell and is not particularly limited as long as it has transparency. Specifically, it is a transparent inorganic substrate such as quartz or glass, or polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyimide (PI), Any one transparent plastic substrate selected from the group consisting of polyethylene sulfonate (PES), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyethersulfone (PES) and polyetherimide (PEI) Can be used. In particular, the transparent plastic substrate may be flexible and having high chemical stability, mechanical strength, and transparency.

In step a), the transparent electrode is applied to one surface of the substrate or coated in a film form using sputtering, E-Beam, thermal evaporation, spin coating, screen printing, doctor blade or gravure printing to form a coating layer. I can. Specifically, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), Fluorinated Tin Oxide (FTO), Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO), Al-doped Zinc Oxide: AZO, It may be one or more conductive metal oxides selected from zinc oxide (ZincOxide: ZnO) and indium zinc tin oxide (IZTO), but is not limited thereto. The transparent electrode may be formed to be spaced apart through a pattern process on the substrate, but the general arrangement method is not limited, but may have a stripe or grid pattern. It can be seen that the arrangement of the unit cells is determined according to the arrangement of the transparent electrodes.

In step b), the electron transport layer is a layer that effectively transfers electrons generated in the photoactive layer, and may be formed by a sol-gel method according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the sol-gel method is performed through spin coating using a metal precursor, so that a much uniform electron transport layer can be formed, so that after the electrons and holes of the excitons generated after light absorption are separated, electrons can be effectively transferred. have.

Specifically, in the manufacturing method of an inverted structure organic solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention, the sol during the sol-gel method may include 10 to 30% by weight of a metal precursor, preferably 10 to 25% by weight. In the above range, a uniform thin film can be formed even in a thin thickness range. The sol may include a metal precursor and a solvent, and the metal precursor is not particularly limited as long as it is an alcohol-soluble metal precursor, but may be an alkoxy-based material specifically denoted as M(OR ¹ R ² ). Each of R ¹ and R ² is hydrogen or C ₁ to C ₄ alkyl, and M may be a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, titanium, and zinc, but is not limited thereto. In a specific example, the metal precursor is among copper chloride hydrate, copper nitrate hydrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum chloride hydrate, aluminum nitrate, zinc acetate hydrate, zinc hydroxide, zinc nitrate hydrate, titanium isopropoxide, titanium chloride and titanium ethoxide. It may include one or two or more selected, but is not limited thereto.

In the method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention, the sol-gel method may be performed at a relative humidity of 10 to 30%, preferably 15 to 30%, and more preferably 20 to 30%. When performed in the humidity range, the surface roughness of the formed thin film is reduced, so that a more uniform thin film can be formed even in a large area. In the method for manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention, the electron transport layer may have a surface roughness (Rq) of 4 nm or less, preferably 1 to 3 nm, but is not limited thereto. The surface roughness (Rq) refers to the root mean square roughness, and the electron transport layer having the surface roughness may be formed more uniformly and may perform a uniform electron transfer role. In the above conditions, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the unit cell may be 7 to 10%, preferably 8 to 10%. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the unit cells constituting the inverted structure organic solar cell module satisfies the above range, thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the module.

In an inverted structure organic solar cell module, formation of a uniform electron transport layer is advantageous for uniform distribution of efficiency between unit cells constituting the module. Therefore, the inverted structure organic solar cell module including the electron transport layer through the sol-gel method in the above range can reduce the efficiency deviation between unit cells to 6 to 10%, preferably 6 to 8%, as well as the module Its own performance can also be significantly improved.

In the method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention, the sol-gel method may be performed through spin coating at 1000 to 3000 rpm, preferably 1500 to 3000 rpm, more preferably 2000 to 3000 rpm. In the above range, the electron transport layer may have a thickness of 50 to 250 nm, preferably 55 to 230 nm, and more preferably 60 to 200 nm, but is not limited thereto. The electron transport layer having a thickness in the above range can more effectively transfer electrons generated in the photoactive layer to the electrode.

In the method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention, the inverted structure organic solar cell module has an effective area of 55% (photoactive layer area / substrate area) or more, preferably 55 to 60%, more preferably May be 60 to 70%, but is not limited thereto. The effective area may refer to a ratio of the photoactive region (a region that absorbs light to generate electric charge) in the total area of the inverted structure organic solar cell module. Specifically, the total area of the inverted structure organic solar cell module may be 50 to 100 cm ² , preferably 70 to 100 cm ² , but is not limited thereto. In addition, the effective area may be increased by adjusting the spacing between the unit cells constituting the inverted structure organic solar cell module to 500 μm or less, preferably 100 to 300 μm, but is not limited thereto. In the above range, light absorption may be sufficiently performed, and a large amount of electric charge may be generated.

In step c), the photoactive layer may be formed through a solution process in which a solvent is dried after applying a mixed solution of an electron donating material and an electron accepting material on the electron transport layer. Specifically, the coating process may be performed by a known conventional coating method such as spin coating, spray coating, doctor blade coating, and inkjet printing, and may be preferably performed by spin coating, but is not limited thereto. The photoactive layer may have a thickness of 10 to 200 nm, but is not limited thereto. The electron donor and electron acceptor are not limited as long as they are materials used in the art, and non-limiting examples include polythiophene-based polymers, polyparaphenylenevinylene, and fullerene. Or a derivative thereof, and may be selected from the group consisting of combinations thereof, but is not limited thereto. The polythiophene-based polymer is, for example, poly-3-hexylthiophene (poly-3-hexylthiophene = P3HT), poly-3-dodecyl thiophene (poly-3-dodecylthiophene = P3DT), or poly- 3-octylthiophene (poly-3-octylthiophene = P3OT), Poly [[4,8-bis [(2-ethylhexyl) oxy]benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b'] dithiophene-2, 6-diyl][3-fluoro-2- [(2-ethylhexyl) carbonyl]thieno [3,4-b] thiophenediyl]] (PTB7) may be included, but is not limited thereto. In addition, the fullerene or a derivative thereof may include (6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester [(6,6)-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester = PCBM], but is limited thereto no.

In step d), the hole transport layer performs a function of assisting in transferring holes from the photoactive layer to the electrode. The hole transport layer may be formed by spin coating, dip coating, Langmere-blogging, screen printing, or inkjet printing using a molecular dispersion, but is not limited thereto. The hole transport layer may have a thickness of 10 to 200 nm. Specifically, the hole transport layer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS), polyaniline, phthalocyanine, pentacene, polydiphenyl acetylene, poly(t-butyl) Diphenylacetylene, poly(trifluoromethyl)diphenylacetylene, copper phthalocyanine (Cu-PC) poly(bistrifluoromethyl)acetylene, polybis(T-butyldiphenyl)acetylene, poly(trimethylsilyl) Diphenylacetylene, poly(carbazole)diphenylacetylene, polydiacetylene, polyphenylacetylene, polypyridineacetylene, polymethoxyphenylacetylene, polymethylphenylacetylene, poly(t-butyl)phenylacetylene, polynitrophenylacetylene, poly (Trifluoromethyl) phenylacetylene, poly(trimethylsilyl) phenylacetylene, derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof may contain any one hole transport material selected from the group consisting of, and preferably Mixtures can be used.

In the step e), the electrode may be formed using thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, sputtering, etc., but is not limited thereto. In addition, the electrode is not particularly limited, but silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), zirconium (Zr), Metal particles such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn); Or a precursor containing the metal element, for example, silver nitrate (AgNO ₃ ), Cu (hexafluoroacetyl acetonate) 2, Cu (HAFC) (1,5-cyclooctane), Cu (HAFC) (1, 5-Dimethylcyclooctane diene), Cu (HAFC) (4-methyl-1-pentene), Cu (HAFC) (vinyl cyclohexane), Cu(HAFC)(DMB), Cu (tetramethyl heptanedionate) 2, Hydrogenated dimethyl aluminum, tetramethyl ethylene diamine, dimethyl ethyl amine allane, trimethyl aluminum, triethyl aluminum, triisobutyl aluminum, tetra (dimethyl amino) titanium, tetra (dimethyl amino) titanium, and the like, but is not limited thereto. As shown in FIG. 1, the electrode may be formed such that a hole transport layer of each unit cell arranged spaced apart from each other and a transparent electrode of an adjacent unit cell are connected.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail through examples, but these are for explaining the present invention in more detail, and the scope of the present invention is not limited by the following examples.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) was formed on a glass substrate (10.5cm x 12cm) by a sputtering method with a thickness of 200 nm as shown in FIG. 2, and acetone and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were used for 15 minutes each at 60℃. After washing at 100 ℃ dried for 10 minutes, and ozone treatment for 20 minutes. An electron transport layer, a photoactive layer, and a hole transport layer were formed as follows in a state where a mask was covered so that part of the patterned ITO was exposed.

A solution containing 600 parts by weight of 2-methoxyethanol and 30 parts by weight of ethanol amine was prepared with respect to 100 parts by weight of zinc acetate, followed by stirring at 300 rpm for 12 hours. The solution was spin-coated on the ITO-patterned substrate under conditions of 25% relative humidity and 3000 rpm, and then heat-treated at 200° C. for 10 minutes to form a 65 nm-thick zinc oxide electron transport layer.

Photoactive layer material: Poly [[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo [1,2-b:4,5-b'] dithiophene-2,6-diyl] [3-fluoro-2- [(2-ethylhexyl) carbonyl] thieno [3,4-b] thiophenediyl] (PTB7) and phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) dissolved in 4 wt% in chlorobenzene in a weight ratio of 1:1.5 After mixing, spin coating at 1000 rpm and drying was performed to form a photoactive layer having a thickness of 200 nm. A conductive polymer PEDOT-PSS (AI 4083, Clevios P) was mixed with isopropanol 1:10 (v/v) and spin-coated at 5000 rpm to coat a 40 nm-thick hole transport layer, followed by annealing at 120°C for 10 minutes. To remove the solvent.

Finally, silver (Ag) was deposited as an electrode to a thickness of 100 nm inside the thermal evaporator to fabricate an inverted structure organic solar cell module having 10 unit cells and a spacing between cells of 300 μm.

In Example 1, the electron transport layer was formed in the same manner, except that spin coating was performed at 2000 rpm.

In Example 1, when the electron transport layer was formed, the same was carried out except that the process was conducted at 15% instead of 25% relative humidity.

(Comparative Example 1)

In Example 1, when the electron transport layer was formed, the same procedure was carried out except that the process was conducted at 70% instead of 25% relative humidity.

(Comparative Example 2)

Except that the step of forming the electron transport layer in Example 1 was not carried out, it was carried out in the same manner.

(Experimental Example 1)

<Measurement of surface roughness of electron transport layer>

For the fabricated Examples 1, 3 and Comparative Example 1, the surface roughness of the electron transport layer was confirmed and measured using AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy), and the results are shown in FIGS. 3 and 1.

As can be seen in Figure 3 and Table 1, the surface roughness (Rq) of the electron transport layer according to the manufacturing method of the present invention are all 3 nm or less, it can be seen that lower than the surface roughness of the electron transport layer of Comparative Example 1. That is, it can be seen that a more uniform electron transport layer can be formed within the humidity range suggested by the present invention.

R _q [ ㎚ ] Example 1 2.69 Example 3 2.08 Comparative Example 1 10.78

(Experimental Example 2)

<Performance measurement>

For the prepared Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2, 100 mW/cm ² The performance was measured using a solar simulator (Solar simulator, Newport ORIEL, LCS-100) under the condition of the strength of Air Mass 1.5 Global (AM 1.5 G), and the results are shown in Table 2. As a result of the measurement, Comparative Examples 1 to 2 were found to be inferior to the examples.

In Table 2, V _oc is the open circuit voltage, J _sc is the short-circuit current density, FF is the fill factor, and PCE is the photoelectric conversion efficiency value.

V _oc (V) J _sc (mA/ cm2 ) FF PCE ( % ) Example One 3.69 15.77 0.64 7.36 Example 2 3.68 15.54 0.64 7.29 Example 3 3.65 15.12 0.64 7.15

As can be seen in Table 2, the inverted structure organic solar cell module manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention exhibited high performance. In addition, it can be seen that the higher the rpm value during spin coating is within the range suggested by the present invention, the higher the performance.

(Experimental Example 3)

<Efficiency deviation between the unit cells constituting the reverse structure organic solar cell module>

For the prepared Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2, 100 mW/cm ² In the condition of the strength of Air Mass 1.5 Global (AM 1.5 G), the performance of the unit cells was measured using a solar simulator (Newport ORIEL, LCS-100), and the efficiency deviation results are shown in Table 3.

Efficiency deviation Example One 7.34% Example 2 7.68% Example 3 7.97% Comparative example One 15.23% Comparative example 2 42.81%

As can be seen in Table 3, the inverted structure organic solar cell module manufactured by the manufacturing method of the present invention exhibited a much lower efficiency deviation between unit cells than the inverted structure organic solar cell module not including the electron transport layer of Comparative Example 2. In addition, under the conditions of forming the electron transport layer, the unit cell performance was more uniform within the humidity range suggested by the present invention, and the higher the rpm value during spin coating was within the range suggested by the present invention, It can be seen that the efficiency deviation is low.

100: substrate, 200: unit cell
210: transparent electrode, 220: electron transport layer,
230: photoactive layer, 240: hole transport layer
250: electrode

Claims (10)

A method for manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module in which unit cells including a transparent electrode, an electron transport layer, a photoactive layer, a hole transport layer, and an electrode are arranged spaced apart from each other on a substrate,
a) forming a patterned transparent electrode on a substrate through a patterning process; And
b) manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module including unit cells spaced apart from each other on a substrate by sequentially forming an electron transport layer, a photoactive layer, a hole transport layer, and an electrode so that a part of the patterned transparent electrode is exposed Including ;,
The electron transport layer is formed by a sol-gel method under conditions of 15 to 30% relative humidity,
The electrode is formed so that the hole transport layer of one of the unit cells arranged spaced apart and the transparent electrode of the other adjacent unit cell are electrically connected,
The method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module, wherein the efficiency deviation between the unit cells electrically connected in the reverse structure organic solar cell module is 6 to 10%. delete delete The method of claim 1,
The sol-gel method is a method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module that is performed through spin coating at 1000 to 3000 rpm. The method of claim 1,
In the sol-gel method, the sol comprises 10 to 30% by weight of a metal precursor. The method of claim 5,
The method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module wherein the metal precursor is an alcohol-soluble metal precursor containing any one or two or more metals selected from the group consisting of copper, aluminum, titanium and zinc. The method of claim 1,
The method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module, wherein the electron transport layer has a thickness of 50 to 250 nm. The method of claim 1,
The method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module wherein the electron transport layer has a surface roughness (Rq) of 4 nm or less. The method of claim 1,
The method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module, wherein the inverted structure organic solar cell module has an effective area of 55% or more. The method of claim 1,
The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the unit cell is 7 to 10% of the method of manufacturing an inverted structure organic solar cell module.

Images