KR102158276B1 - Cargo Transportation System Based On Blockchains - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a blockchain-based cargo transportation system (1) which comprises: a provider terminal (20) connecting a provider who has a cargo to be transported to an exclusive blockchain network (10); a transporter terminal (3) connecting a transporter who transports the cargo to the blockchain network (10); a demander terminal (4) connecting a demander who receives the transported cargo to the blockchain network (10); a forwarder terminal (5) connecting a forwarder, who mediates transportation of the cargo from the provider to the demander through the transporter, to the blockchain network (10); and a server (6) sequentially transferring a distribution token (11) about detail, transportation, and document information of the cargo and the like from the provider to the demander through the exclusive blockchain network (10). Accordingly, each distribution subject can load token-type data on the exclusive blockchain network to transfer the data to a destination with the cargo, such that anxiety about data forgery can be removed, thereby increasing reliability about cargo information. Moreover, since the cargo information is divided into three kinds of detail, transportation, and document information of the cargo, a management right for the cargo information can be distributed, such that security of the information can be increased, thereby increasing integrity of the data.

Description

Cargo Transportation System Based On Blockchains

The present invention relates to a block chain-based freight transport system, and more particularly, in the process of transporting import and export freight from a supplier to a consumer, through a smart contract based on blockchain technology, changes in the logistics subject and transport stage of the relevant freight are It is possible to increase the integrity of data by recording it in the blockchain and storing this information distributedly to prevent information manipulation or hacking, and by entrusting the right to correct changes in each transport phase to the relevant manager only, and passing this authority to the next logistics entity. It relates to a block chain-based cargo transportation system that has been made possible.

In general, logistics is an economic activity that creates value by allowing goods from a region to be sent quickly and efficiently to a desired location at the lowest cost as much as necessary. It covers a number of activities related to packaging, unloading, transport, storage, and communication of materials and products, and has traditionally been considered to belong to the field of offline business.

Recently, such a logistics business has been filed by the applicant of the present application, as in "O2O platform service system and method for ship freight transport service provision" (Patent No. 10-1982250), which provides logistics services online. It is transforming into a system.

However, in the online distribution business as in the above system, as shown in Fig. 1, as well as the server 300, the shipper terminal 200, the shipowner terminal 400, etc., which are logistics subjects, are on the information communication network. Since it is exposed, trust in the security of data exchanged with each other is weak, and thus data integrity cannot be secured.

KR 10-1982250

The present invention has been proposed to solve the problems of the conventional logistics system as described above.For example, in the transport process of import/export cargo, transport subjects such as land transport companies, shipping companies, and airlines hand over cargo to the importing country according to the transport means. When handling customs clearance between the exporting country and the importing country, the person in charge exchanges various documents. The cargo information and documents are integrated and stored in the blockchain as token-type data, and this token-type data is targeted through the blockchain. The purpose is to prevent the document from being forged or altered by passing it to the point.

In addition, when integrating cargo information in the form of tokens on the blockchain network as above, cargo information is divided into three types of cargo information, transportation information, and document information, and the management authority for cargo information is distributed. Another purpose is to increase the security of information and improve the integrity of data by allowing suppliers, transporters, forwarders and consumers to modify only their own information as producers of information.

In addition, the divided data in the form of sub-tokens recorded in the blockchain network by the divided smart contract as above is divided into n pieces again, and each piece is distributed and stored under the management of each logistics entity on the blockchain network. Another objective is to ensure the integrity of the data and, at the same time, to strengthen the preparedness against loss or damage of cargo information data.

In order to achieve this object, the present invention provides a supplier terminal that connects a supplier holding a cargo to be shipped to a dedicated blockchain network through a web or mobile platform; A transporter terminal connecting a transporter for transporting the cargo to the blockchain network through a web or mobile platform; A consumer terminal for connecting a consumer receiving the transported cargo to the blockchain network through a web or mobile platform; A forwarder terminal connecting a forwarder for arranging the transport of the cargo from the supplier to the consumer through the transporter to the blockchain network through a web or mobile platform; And the dedicated block chain formed by a consortium including the supplier terminal, the transporter terminal, the consumer terminal, and the forwarder terminal with a distribution token related to the detailed information of the cargo, transport information of the cargo, and document information of the cargo. It provides a block-chain-based freight transportation system comprising a; server sequentially transferring from the supplier to the consumer through a network.

In addition, the smart contract employed as a script of the dedicated blockchain network includes: a first SSC for recording detailed information of a cargo according to the type of recorded information; A second SSC for recording cargo transport information; And a third SSC for recording document information of the cargo, wherein the distribution token includes: a first sub-token in which detailed information of the cargo is recorded by the first SSC; A second sub-token in which cargo transport information is recorded by the second SSC; And a third sub-token in which document information of the cargo is recorded by the third SSC.

In addition, it is preferable that the first to third sub-tokens are managed by grouping with a hash index value given when the distribution token is first recorded in the dedicated blockchain network.

In addition, it is preferable that the first to third SSCs can be used only by one type of manager who has been granted management authority among the supplier, transporter, consumer, or forwarder.

In addition, the server includes a secret sharing module for dividing each of the first to third subtokens into n pieces, wherein the secret sharing module includes one SSC among the first to third SSCs. The corresponding one generated from the third sub-token is divided into n pieces and encrypted into sub-token pieces, and then distributed to the blockchain wallet owned by the administrator among the provider, transporter, consumer, or forwarder on the dedicated blockchain network. It is preferable that the sub-token fragment decrypted from the wallet is re-encrypted and then decrypted in the server to be merged into the sub-token when there is a request for consolidation.

In addition, the merged sub-token is preferably configured to check the integrity of the logistics token by contrasting with the corresponding logistics token delivered through the dedicated blockchain network at the time the sub-token is merged.

In addition, when the sub-token piece divided and encrypted by the server is transferred to the wallet, and the sub-token piece, which is stored in the wallet and then decrypted and encrypted again, is transferred to the server, the sub-token piece is a public key-based encryption private key. It is preferable to be encrypted or decrypted by a decryption algorithm.

According to the block chain-based freight transport system of the present invention, in a series of logistics processes that transport freight from a supplier to a consumer, the logistics subject including not only the supplier and the consumer, but also a transporter and a forwarder who arranges the logistics process Various information that occurs at each stage of logistics can be loaded as token-type data on a dedicated blockchain network formed by a consortium of logistics subjects and delivered to the target point along with the cargo, eliminating the fear of data forgery. Therefore, it is possible to further increase the reliability of cargo information.

In addition, when cargo information is integrated and recorded in the form of tokens on the blockchain network as above, cargo information is divided into three types of cargo information, transportation information, and document information, and each information is recorded in the blockchain. Smart contracts can also be divided into three SSCs, so that the management authority for cargo information made by each SSC can be distributed, so that the supplier, transporter, forwarder, and consumer of the cargo only have the authority to manage the information they produce. The security of the data can be improved, and thus the integrity of the data can be further improved.

In addition, the data in the form of sub-tokens recorded by dividing the management authority on the blockchain network by the divided smart contract is divided into n pieces again, distributed and stored in the wallet on the blockchain network owned by each logistics entity. As it can be reassembled and used again when necessary, the integrity of the cargo information data can be further strengthened, and the loss or damage of cargo information data by a secret sharing algorithm that can restore the original even if some pieces are lost or damaged. You will be able to further strengthen your preparation for

1 is a schematic diagram schematically showing a conventional distribution system.
Figure 2 is a schematic diagram showing a block chain-based freight transport system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 3 is a block diagram showing the connection of each distribution entity shown in Figure 2, the server and the dedicated blockchain network.
4 is a block diagram showing the relationship between the server of FIG. 3 and a dedicated blockchain network.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing an operation between a supplier and a consumer terminal, a server, and a dedicated blockchain network among the logistics subjects shown in FIG.
6 is a flow chart showing an operation between a transporter terminal, a server, and a dedicated block chain network among the logistics subjects shown in FIG. 2.
7 is a flow chart showing an operation between a forwarder terminal, a server, and a dedicated blockchain network among the logistics subjects shown in FIG. 2;
8 is a flow chart illustrating a process of distributed encryption of cargo information data by a transport system according to another embodiment of the present invention including a secret sharing module.
9 is a block diagram illustrating keys involved in sub-token pieces encrypted in FIG. 8;

Hereinafter, a block chain-based freight transport system according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

The transport system of the present invention includes a supplier terminal (2), a transporter terminal (3), a consumer terminal (4), a forwarder terminal (5), and a server (6), as shown by reference numeral 1 in FIG. As it is done, a dedicated blockchain network 10 is created and operated by a consortium of the supplier terminal 2, the transporter terminal 3, the consumer terminal 4, the forwarder terminal 5, and the server 6.

Here, the supplier terminal 2 is a device that connects a supplier who wants to send a cargo to the dedicated blockchain network 10 as described above, and as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, for example, in import/export logistics, export The exporter with the desired cargo is connected to the dedicated blockchain network 10 through a web or mobile platform. Accordingly, the supplier terminal 2 records detailed information on the cargo, such as information on the type, size, weight, etc. of the cargo on the dedicated blockchain network 10 in the form of a distribution token 11 as described later.

Likewise, the carrier terminal 3 is a device that connects a carrier who wants to transport a supplier's cargo to a target point, that is, a location of a consumer, to the dedicated blockchain network 10, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. , For example, a transporter that transports cargo to be exported to an importer by ship or air is connected to the dedicated blockchain network 10 through a web or mobile platform. Accordingly, the transporter terminal 3 records transport information about cargo, for example, information about a truck, ship, airplane, etc., which are transportation means of cargo, on the dedicated blockchain network 10 in the form of a distribution token, as described later.

In addition, the consumer terminal 4 is a device that connects a consumer who receives a cargo transported by a transporter to the dedicated blockchain network 10, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, for example, from an exporter. An importer who imports cargo through a transporter is connected to the dedicated blockchain network 10 through a web or mobile platform. Thus, likewise, the consumer terminal 4 records detailed information about the cargo on the dedicated blockchain network 10 in the form of a distribution token.

In addition, the forwarder terminal 5 is a device that connects the transport agent who arranges the entire logistics related to the transport of cargo from the supplier of the cargo to the customer through the transporter to the dedicated block chain network 10, and FIGS. As shown in Fig. 3, for example, a logistics forwarder that arranges import/export logistics is connected to a dedicated blockchain network through a web or mobile platform. Accordingly, the forwarder terminal 5 collects document information such as various documents necessary to maintain the entire logistics, such as documents required for customs clearance of cargo, and records them on the dedicated blockchain network 10 in the form of a single logistics token.

Finally, the server 6 constitutes the above dedicated blockchain network 10 formed through the supplier terminal 2, the transporter terminal 3, the consumer terminal 4, and the forwarder terminal 5 It enables information on predetermined cargo to be sequentially transmitted from the supplier to the customer through the transporter under the arrangement of the forwarder.As shown in Fig. 3, detailed information on the cargo delivered from the supplier and the customer terminal (2,5) , Information on the transport of cargo delivered from the carrier terminal (3), and information on various documents delivered from the forwarder terminal (5) from the supplier through a dedicated blockchain network (10) in the form of a logistics token (11). It is delivered sequentially to the consumer.

To this end, the server 6 is a dedicated block for detailed information of cargo, transport information, and document information transmitted from the supplier terminal 2, the transporter terminal 3, the consumer terminal 4, and the forwarder terminal 5 As recorded in the chain network 10, as shown in FIG. 3, a cargo detailed information processing module 13-1 for recording detailed information of a cargo, and a cargo transportation information processing module for recording cargo transport information ( 13-2), and a cargo document information processing module 13-3 for recording document information of cargo.

In addition, the server 6 creates a block chain wallet 17 on the dedicated block chain network 10 composed of each node (node1, 2,...), as shown in FIG. 4, and this block chain wallet It is connected to the dedicated blockchain network 10 through (17), and after the connection, the smart contract 15 adopted as a script is executed using the blockchain API. Through the smart contract (15) executed in this way, the server (6) allows the supplier terminal (2) and the consumer terminal (4) to record cargo detailed information in the form of a logistics token (11) on the dedicated blockchain network (10). Do it. However, the first distribution token 11 is generated by the consumer terminal when distribution is started by the consumer. Similarly, the server 6 allows the transporter terminal 3 to record the cargo transport information and the forwarder terminal 5 to record the cargo document information in the form of a distribution token 11 on the dedicated blockchain network 10. .

To this end, the server 6 creates each blockchain wallet 18 for both suppliers, transporters, forwarders, and consumers, and therefore, the first supplier or consumer is a dedicated block through the supplier or consumer blockchain wallet 18. On the chain network 10, a logistics token 11 is generated that records the detailed information of the cargo. The generated logistics token 11 is transmitted to the block chain wallet 18 of the transporter when the supplier delivers the cargo to the transporter, that is, when transport begins, and the logistics token 11 to which the transport information of the cargo is added by the transporter. Is transmitted to the forwarder's blockchain wallet 18 to add document information. The logistics token 11 added to the document information is used for customs clearance of the cargo, and then finally delivered to the consumer blockchain wallet 18 at the time when the cargo is received by the consumer.

At this time, in the transportation system 1 of the present invention, the above three kinds of cargo information, namely, detailed information of cargo, transportation information, and document information are recorded in separate blocks, respectively, and the smart contract 15 Depending on the type, the first SSC (15-1) for recording detailed information of the cargo, the second SSC (15-2) for recording the transport information of the cargo, and the third SSC (15-3) for recording document information of cargo. ). In this case, SSC is the English abbreviation for Sub-Smart Contract.

Therefore, since each SSC only allows access to the information allowed by the server 6, the first SSC (15-1) allows the supplier or consumer to access only the detailed cargo information and the second SSC (15-2). ) Allows the transporter to process the logistics token 11 only for the cargo transport information, and the third SSC (15-3) for the forwarder only for document information, that is, only for the manager who has been given management authority. Make it treatable. Accordingly, the logistics token 11 is the first token 11-1 created by the supplier or the consumer recording detailed information of the cargo through the first SSC 15-1, and the transporter is the second SSC 15-2 The second sub-token (11-2) created by recording the transport information of the cargo through and the third sub-token (11-3) created by recording document information of the cargo through the third SSC (15-3) by the forwarder. Are individually created on the dedicated blockchain network 10.

However, each of the first to third sub-tokens (11-1, 11-2, 11-3) is connected to each other on the dedicated blockchain network 10, so that the distribution token 11 is the first on the dedicated blockchain network. It is grouped and managed by a predetermined hash index value assigned when recording.

Moreover, as shown in FIG. 8, the transport system 1 of the present invention further includes the secret sharing module 19 in the server 6, the first to third sub-tokens 11-1, 11- 2,11-3) By dividing each into n pieces (21) and storing them in a distributed manner, it is possible to improve the data integrity of the sub-token by reassembling them so that they are merged when necessary.

To this end, the secret sharing module 19 is a corresponding one generated by one of the first to third SSCs 15-1, 15-2, 15-3, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. For example, the sub-token (11-3) is divided by n and encrypted with the public key of the administrator below, and then the encrypted fragment (21) is a provider, transporter, consumer, or forwarder on the dedicated blockchain network 10. That is, it is distributed and stored in the forwarder's blockchain wallet 18. For example, in the case of a forwarder, one of the n pieces transmitted to the blockchain wallet 18 owned by the forwarder is stored in an encrypted state, When there is a request for consolidation of sub-token pieces due to the need for customs clearance, etc., each wallet 18 decrypts with its own private key and then re-encrypts the sub-token pieces 22 with the public key of the server 6 into the wallet 18 ) And transfers it to the server-owned blockchain wallet 17, and the server 6 decrypts again with the server's private key in the server-owned blockchain wallet 17, and then the original sub-token (11-3) ) To merge.

At this time, each sub-token piece 21 is transferred from the block chain wallet 17 of the server 6 to each manager block chain wallet 18 such as, for example, the forwarder block chain wallet 18, or vice versa, the sub token When transferring the fragment 22 from each administrator blockchain wallet 18 to the server blockchain wallet 17, the sub-token fragments 21 and 22 are encrypted or decrypted by a public key-based encryption/private key decryption algorithm. Is more desirable for data integrity.

On the other hand, as described above, the sub-token 11-3 merged as needed is the sub-token of the corresponding logistics token 11 delivered through the dedicated blockchain network 10 at the time the sub-token 11-3 was merged. It can be contrasted with (11-3), and the integrity of the logistics token 11 is further strengthened when the two data match.

Now, the operation process of the block chain-based freight transport system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described in relation to the import/export logistics of freight as follows.

First, as shown in FIG. 5, the exporter or importer of the cargo sends the detailed information of the cargo to the server 6 and records the detailed information through the first SSC 15-1 to the dedicated blockchain network 10. While recording detailed information, a unique hash value of the cargo is created and stored as an index. At this time, the detailed information of the cargo becomes fixed information that does not change during transportation once input such as the type, size, and weight of the cargo.

Then, as shown in Fig. 6, when the transport of the cargo is determined and moved, the cargo is moved in the order of land transport, port (airport), sea (air) transport, port (airport), and land transport. Each freight handling manager stores the transport information in the dedicated blockchain network 10 through the second SSC 15-2, which records transport information such as trucks, ships, and airplanes. At this time, the hash value created while storing the detailed information of the cargo is also stored and used as an index.

Then, as shown in Fig. 7, the necessary documents or documents exchanged during transport while the cargo goes through customs clearance at the port or airport are processed through the third SSC 15-3, which records document information, through a dedicated blockchain network 10. Will be stored in. Also at this time, it receives the hash value of the cargo and stores it as an index. Therefore, detailed information, transport information, and document information of a specific cargo stored in the dedicated blockchain network 10 all have the same index value. At this time, the hash value, which is an index of the cargo, is used when searching for cargo information on the blockchain. This index is stored in the server 6 and contains detailed information and transportation information that are included when requesting information from outside through the Internet. , Document information is found in block data and a value is provided.

On the other hand, in the transport system 1 of the present invention, for example, as the transport subject changes, delegation of the right to modify transport information is performed in the following procedure.

As an example, when a trailer transporting export cargo arrives at the destination port and the cargo is loaded on a ship, the transport subject changes from a trailer to a ship. At this time, the trailer transport manager generates a cargo transport information transaction to the ship transport manager, and this transaction is performed. Upon completion, the authority to modify the transport information of the cargo passes to the ship transport manager, and the ship transport manager can modify the transport information of the cargo from this point on. Cargo transportation information that can be modified at this time includes the location of the cargo, transportation means (trailer, ship, aviation, etc.), transportation means identification number (vehicle number, ship's unique call code, aircraft identification number, etc.), transportation schedule (departure time, Arrival time) and other information generated during transportation.

At this time, the cargo information record of the smart contract 15 is divided into three types of detailed information, transport information, and document information, and recorded by each of the first to third SSCs (15-1, 15-2, 15-3). By doing so, there is no error in the recording that overwrites the information of other recorders.

On the other hand, the server 6 distributes and stores the first to third sub-tokens 11-1, 11-2, 11-3 through the secret sharing module 19 and combines them when necessary, so that the distribution token ( 11) can further strengthen the integrity.

Accordingly, the first to third sub-tokens 11-1, 11-2, and 11-3 are encrypted into pieces 21 divided by n, respectively, as shown in FIG. 8, and then the supplier, the transporter, the consumer, It is distributed and stored in the blockchain wallet 18 of each manager such as forwarders, and when the logistics token 11 is required in the process of delivering the cargo to the destination, it is re-encrypted in each manager's blockchain wallet 18. By gathering each piece 22 into one, decrypting the encryption, and merging and recovering each complete sub-token (11-1, 11-2, 11-3), the cargo is delivered safely.

That is, if one sub-token is represented by A in FIG. 8, A is divided into n and encrypted fragments 21 such as encA1 through public key-based encryption of each administrator, and the blockchain wallet 17 of the server 6 ) Is distributed to the administrator's blockchain wallet 18 and stored in the blockchain in an encrypted state.

After that, when the document information of the logistics token is needed to transfer the cargo after the import/export transport is over, when it arrives at the destination port, the fragment such as encA1 stored in each blockchain wallet 18 is decrypted with each manager's private key to create A1, Through the public key-based encryption of the server 6, it is re-encrypted into pieces 22 such as encA1`, and then transmitted to the blockchain wallet 17 owned by the server 6, and the distributed encryption module of the server 6 ( Through 19), the encrypted encryption based on the server's public key is decrypted with the server's private key, decrypted into n pieces (A1, A2,...), and then reassembled into the original A and used to transfer the cargo.

Therefore, A is compared with the sub-token delivered through the dedicated blockchain network 10, and the integrity of the sub-token can be further strengthened, and the sub-token delivered through the blockchain network 10 is lost or damaged. It can be prepared, and according to the secret sharing algorithm, even if some of the distributed pieces are lost, the original sub-token can be implemented safely.

1: transportation system 2: supplier terminal
3: transporter terminal 4: consumer terminal
5: forwarder terminal 6: (logistics) server
10: Dedicated Blockchain Network 11: Logistics Token
11-1, 11-2, 11-3: 1st, 2nd, 3rd sub-tokens
13-1, 13-2, 13-3: information processing module
15: Smart contract 15-1, 15-2, 15-3: 1st, 2nd, 3rd SSC
17, 18: Blockchain wallet 19: Secret sharing module
21, 22: encrypted fragment

Claims (7)

delete A supplier terminal (2) for connecting a supplier with cargo to be shipped to a dedicated blockchain network 10 through a web or mobile platform;
A transporter terminal 3 connecting the transporter for transporting the cargo to the blockchain network 10 through a web or mobile platform;
A consumer terminal 4 connecting a consumer receiving the transported cargo to the blockchain network 10 through a web or mobile platform;
A forwarder terminal 5 connecting a forwarder for arranging the transport of the cargo from the supplier to the consumer through the transporter to the blockchain network 10 through a web or mobile platform; And
The logistics token 11 related to the detailed information of the cargo, the transport information of the cargo, and the document information of the cargo is transferred to the supplier terminal (2), the transporter terminal (3), the consumer terminal (4), and the forwarder. A server 6 that sequentially transfers from the supplier to the consumer through the dedicated blockchain network 10 formed by a consortium including a terminal 5;
The smart contract 15 employed as a script of the dedicated blockchain network 10 is based on the type of information recorded,
The first SSC (15-1) for recording detailed information of the cargo;
A second SSC (15-2) for recording cargo transport information; And
It is divided into 3rd SSC (15-3); for recording document information of cargo,
The logistics token 11,
A first sub-token (11-1) in which detailed information of cargo is recorded by the first SSC (15-1);
A second sub-token (11-2) in which cargo transport information is recorded by the second SSC (15-2); And
Containing a third sub-token (11-3) in which document information of the cargo is recorded by the third SSC (15-3),
The server 6 includes a secret sharing module 19 that divides each of the first to third sub-tokens 11-1, 11-2, and 11-3 into n pieces and encrypts them into pieces 21, ,
In the secret sharing module 19, one SSC among the first to third SSCs 15-1, 15-2, 15-3 is the first to third sub-tokens 11-1, 11-2, 11-3) After dividing each corresponding sub-token by n pieces and encrypting it with a sub-token piece (21), it is owned by the administrator among the provider, transporter, consumer, or forwarder on the dedicated blockchain network 10 The server (6) is distributed and stored in the blockchain wallet (18), and the sub-token fragment (21) decrypted from the wallet (18) is re-encrypted to the sub-token fragment (22) when there is a request for consolidation. Blockchain-based freight transport system, characterized in that the sub-token of the original can be implemented even if the fragments (21, 22) distributed and stored according to the secret sharing algorithm are partially lost. . The method according to claim 2,
The first to third sub-tokens (11-1, 11-2, 11-3) are grouped and managed by a hash index value given when the distribution token 11 is first recorded in the dedicated blockchain network 10 Blockchain-based cargo transportation system, characterized in that. The method according to claim 2,
The first to third SSCs (15-1, 15-2, 15-3) are available only by one type of manager who has been granted management authority among the supplier, transporter, consumer, or forwarder. Blockchain-based cargo transportation system. delete The method according to claim 2,
The merged sub-token is compared with the corresponding logistics token 11 delivered through the dedicated blockchain network 10 at the time the sub-token is merged, so that the integrity of the logistics token 11 is checked. Blockchain-based cargo transportation system, characterized in that there is. The method according to claim 2,
The sub-token piece (21) divided and encrypted by the server (6) is transferred to the wallet (18), and the sub-token piece (22), which is stored in the wallet (18) and then decrypted and encrypted again, is transferred to the server (6). ), the sub-token pieces (21, 22) are encrypted or decrypted by a public key-based encryption private key decryption algorithm.

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