KR101759824B1 - Self-sustaining smart window system - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a self-powered smart window system capable of detecting external environmental changes, harvesting energy from an external environment, converting and storing harvested energy, and using this as an energy source for external light blocking / To a self-driven smart window system including a function of increasing the power generated by the energy harvesting element, efficiently converting and storing it, and functioning as a self-sensing-power-optical shutter.

Description

[0001] Self-sustaining smart window system [0002]

The present invention relates to a self-powered smart window system capable of detecting external environmental changes, harvesting energy from an external environment, converting and storing harvested energy, and using this as an energy source for external light blocking / To a self-driven smart window system including a function of increasing the power generated by the energy harvesting element, efficiently converting and storing it, and functioning as a self-sensing-power-optical shutter.

In order to be able to detect external environment changes and to be self-driven, it is necessary to develop a self-driven smart window technology capable of detecting external environment change and harvesting energy from external environment to enable external light blocking / light projection and information display. This technology not only saves the energy of the buildings lost due to the sunlight penetration of the building windows, but also enables information to be displayed at low power so that information is always visible from the surroundings.

Smart window freely transforms external light shielding and floodlighting to control the light quantity and temperature inside buildings and automobiles, thus saving energy and maintaining a comfortable environment. The energy required for smart window driving requires energy for shielding / light-emitting switching and energy for shielding or maintaining the light-emitting state. Proper energy harvesting and storage systems and self-powered optical sensing switches are also needed. Energy harvesting technologies are collectively referred to as technologies for converting primary energy such as kinetic energy, light energy, and thermal energy into secondary energy by using photoelectric elements, thermoelectric elements, pyroelectric elements, piezoelectric elements, and triboelectric elements. In the case of optoelectronic devices, smart windows can be realized through electrical connection, but energy conversion efficiency is low. When a thermoelectric device is driven under a general condition, the generated voltage is insignificant, and it is difficult to drive a smart window as a single device. The superconducting phenomenon is a phenomenon in which electric charges flow through the connected electrodes due to changes in the internal charge of the superconducting material polarized by the temperature difference with time. Organic matter and inorganic matter are largely classified as inorganic matter, and pyroelectric constant is generally used for commercialized sensor because inorganic matter is generally high. Organic materials are 5 times lower in performance than inorganic materials.

Semiconductive or conductive materials, such as conductive polymers, can detect changes in external environment due to color changes or conductivity changes due to light, heat, acid, or wind and rain. Particularly, the photothermographic effect of a conductive polymer refers to a phenomenon in which, when heat is generated by absorbing near-infrared rays, heat is generated in the same device as the heat. Carbon isotopes such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, and metals have both conductive and photothermal effects, but have limited thermoelectric effects, limiting their application to self-driven optical sensors.

The photothermal effect of a conductive polymer is a phenomenon that absorbs light to generate heat, and has been studied for a long time. In recent years, basic research and application studies of photothermal effect have been continuing through CNT. However, it has not been easy to obtain effective photothermal effect in the existing studies, and the CNT thin film to utilize the photothermal effect is limited in the sensor and application research because the transmittance is low.

Up to now, there have been some cases of absorbing light and using heat generated by photothermal effects as pyroelectricity generation, but most of them have been realized by combining superconducting elements and absorbers. In order to simplify and simplify the structural aspects of the device and the fabrication process, a new concept is needed to generate heat by using light in the superconducting device itself and thereby generate electric energy.

In addition, in the case of conventional solar cells, it was necessary to solve low efficiency due to the problem of not fully utilizing the sunlight. Generally, a solar cell has a high absorption rate in a visible light region, but there is a problem that most of light is transmitted after the near-infrared region. A new type of system that can increase the overall energy conversion efficiency is needed by implementing the hybrid type energy device utilizing the waste energy.

As described above, the superconducting element, the piezoelectric element and the triboelectric element have a small amount of energy. Further, it is necessary to convert the output energy of the AC type into the energy of the DC type. This problem remains a challenge for smart window devices and efficient energy harvesting and storage modules.

Information display devices used in smart windows can be electrochromic, liquid crystal, luminescent, electrochromic mirror, and transparent e-paper. Materials used in the dual electrochromic devices include: 1) devices using photonic crystals or optical patterns, particles, and capsules using structural color changes; and 2) organic materials based on electrochemistry, metal oxides, conductive polymers, metal mirrors, etc. . The electrochemical based electrochromic material reversibly changes the color by the following charge transfer according to the electrochemical oxidation and reduction reaction by the externally applied voltage.

(Electrochromic material) + (Anion ^-) ↔ (electrochromic material ⁺ · Anion ^-) + e ^-

Electrochromic materials that can reversibly change optical characteristics by electrochemical oxidation and reduction reactions include metal oxides such as tungsten, iridium, vanadium, and the like, organic molecules such as monomolecular organic dyes such as viols and the like, polythiophenes, There are conjugated polymers, and studies have been conducted to control the nanostructure and complex structure to increase the properties of existing materials. Among the various variable color materials capable of adjusting the transmittance, the electroconductive polymer based on a conjugated polymer has advantages of excellent durability (> 100,000 cycles), low driving voltage (<3 V) and fast response time (<3 seconds) . In addition, since the solution process can be performed by solution casting, application to various substrates and large area is easy. The zero-bias, which maintains the coloring and decoloring states for a long time without any additional applied voltage (voltage-off state) through control of the charge transfer at the interface of [transparent electrode / electrochromic polymer] and [electrochromic polymer / electrolyte] ) Stability, and it is possible to apply it to an energy-saving smart window.

Electrochromic devices have been studied for application as next generation display devices because of their low operating voltage, simple manufacturing process and light weight. Recently, studies have been made to improve visibility, contrast control, and color tone by adding an electrochromic device layer in a transparent display device and darkening the background by applying a voltage to the electrochromic device during image realization. In addition, researches are being conducted to control the light transmittance of ultraviolet and infrared regions by applying reversible optical characteristics, which are transparent and dark, to windows, thereby enabling effective cooling and heating energy management inside buildings. This application area can be defined as a smart window. In order to manage energy effectively, a low-energy small-type smart window such as an electrochromic window that can maintain the light emission or shielding without an external power source is needed.

Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a device for detecting light, heat, acid, or wind and rain environment by using a semiconductive or conductive material, And to provide a smart window system capable of detecting changes in the external environment by itself in combination with the smart window system.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide an energy harvesting apparatus capable of energy conversion in a hybrid mode by applying energy harvesting techniques different from each other in energy conversion processes to harvest an energy source necessary for a smart window system from an external environment, By combining the energy harvester, which improves energy conversion efficiency, into a smart window system, it provides a self-powered smart window system that is self-driven.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a smart window system which realizes an electrochromic device capable of shielding / transmitting light in a non-power source so as to reduce energy consumption.

Also, the object of the present invention is to provide an external environment sensing device, Driven smart window system combined with smart windows and displays such as electrochromic devices, liquid crystal displays, light emitting displays, etc., as well as one or more devices selected from Harvestor: energy management storage systems that harvest energy from external environments.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a power generation cluster comprising one or a plurality of energy harvesting elements; A power conversion module for converting energy produced from the power production cluster; A power storage module for storing the energy produced from the power generation cluster directly or via a power conversion module; A sensing sensor that receives power from the power storage module and senses a change in the external environment; And an output cluster driven by power from a power storage module or an energy harvesting element.

In the present invention, the energy harvesting element includes one selected from a photoelectric energy harvesting element, an acidic energy harvesting element, a hydraulic energy harvesting element, a thermoelectric energy harvesting element, a pyroelectric energy harvesting element, a piezoelectric energy harvesting element, a frictional electric energy harvesting element, Or a hybrid energy harvesting device composed of two or more species.

In the present invention, the photoelectric energy harvesting device may be at least one selected from a silicon thin film solar cell, a dye-sensitized solar cell, an organic thin film solar cell, an organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell, and a perovskite solar cell.

In the present invention, the thermoelectric energy harvesting device may be a thermoelectric energy harvesting device using an organic material made of p-type, n-type or mixed type or an inorganic material.

In the present invention, the pyroelectric energy harvesting device comprises a polarized polymer material or a superconducting film in which a ceramic material is formed in a film shape; And an electrode formed on both surfaces of the superconducting film and formed of a conductive polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, or a mixture of two or more kinds, and can be energy-harvesting devices that can be energy-harvested by a change in thermal energy with time.

In the present invention, the piezoelectric energy harvesting element includes a pyroelectric material layer in which a polarized polymer material or a ceramic material is formed in a film shape; And a piezoelectric energy harvesting device formed on both sides of the pyroelectric material layer and including an electrode formed of a conductive polymer, metal, metal oxide, or a mixture of two or more kinds, and capable of energy harvesting by kinetic energy.

In the present invention, the triboelectric energy harvesting element is a film or a cloth type friction material layer having two frictional contact surfaces having different work functions; And an electrode formed on the opposite side of the friction contact surface and formed of a conductive polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, or a mixture of two or more.

In the present invention, the power generation cluster includes a first energy harvesting element composed of at least one of a photoelectric energy harvesting element and a thermoelectric energy harvesting element; A second energy harvesting element composed of at least one of a photoelectric energy harvesting element, a thermoelectric energy harvesting element, and a photothermal / thermoelectric energy harvesting element; A third energy harvesting element comprising at least one of a photothermal element, a photothermal / pyroelectric energy harvesting element, a piezoelectric energy harvesting element, and a triboelectric energy harvesting element; And a fourth energy harvesting element composed of at least one of a photoelectric energy harvesting element, a photo-thermal / pyroelectric energy harvesting element, a piezoelectric energy harvesting element, and a frictional energy harvesting element.

In the present invention, the power conversion module may include at least one selected from an AC-AC amplifier, an AC-DC converter (bridge diode), a rectifier, and a booster.

In the present invention, the power storage module may include at least one selected from power storage elements such as a capacitor, a battery, and the like.

In the present invention, the detection sensor is operated by receiving power through a power storage module storing the power energy generated through the energy harvesting element, and is operated by an illumination sensor, an acid rain sensor, a heat sensor, a solar sensor, , A wind detection sensor, a yellow dust detection sensor, a fog detection sensor, a moisture detection sensor, and a pH detection sensor.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor may include at least one selected from a photoelectric device, a superconducting device, a piezoelectric device, an acid / base sensor, a chemical sensor, a photo-thermal device, a thermoelectric device, and a triboelectric device.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor can sense pH or heat of the external environment through a film using a conductive compound.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor can sense temperature and light energy through the photothermal element.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor can sense temperature and light energy through the pyroelectric element based on the photothermal effect.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor can sense temperature and light energy through a thermoelectric element based on a photo-thermal effect.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor can sense the physical energy of the external environment through the piezoelectric element.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor can sense light energy through a photoelectric device.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor can sense the external temperature through the thermoelectric element.

In the present invention, the sensing sensor can sense the pressure through the triboelectric element.

In the present invention, the output cluster may include at least one selected from a smart window, a display, a communication element, and a switch element.

In the present invention, the smart window includes at least one selected from an electrochromic device, a heat shield window, and a light shielding window, and the display includes an electrochromic device, an electrochromic mirror, a liquid crystal display, a photonic crystal device, a quantum display, -paper), and a light emitting diode display.

In the present invention, the electrochromic device may include at least one ionic electrolyte selected from the compounds having the following structures.

The smart window system according to the present invention may further include a switch module connected to the sensing sensor and the output cluster, respectively, and controlling the driving of the output cluster based on the sensing signal of the sensing sensor.

The smart window system according to the present invention is connected to the power storage module and receives power from the power storage module. The smart window system is connected to the switch module to change color to a desired transmittance according to an external signal. The smart window system includes Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z- And a Z-wave. The wireless transceiver may further include a wireless transceiver.

The smart window system according to the present invention may further include a self-driven optical sensor capable of controlling the operation of a power production cluster, a power conversion module, a power storage module, and an output cluster.

In the present invention, when the power production cluster is a single triboelectric energy harvesting device, the output cluster can be driven directly without going through the power conversion module and the power storage module.

According to the present invention, it is possible to extract energy from these external environments by detecting changes in the external environment such as light, heat, pressure, friction, and applying various energy harvesting technologies with different energy conversion processes, A self-driven smart window system including a self-sensing-power-optical shutter function for use in the conversion of a light source.

Specifically, a conductive compound film capable of sensing and harvesting the entire range of light energy and capable of absorbing near infrared rays can be used as an electrode of a pyroelectric element, and at the same time, it can be used as a layer of photothermal effect material. (Energy, light, heat, pressure, friction, etc.) can be stored in the hybrid energy harvesting device, and it is possible to store the energy generated by the hybrid energy harvesting device Devices, liquid crystal devices (LCD), light emitting devices (LED, OLED, LEC, etc.), energy hubbing and self-driving smart windows can be realized.

In addition, since the harvesting and window clusters are constituted by a single system, it can be applied directly to automobiles and building walls to spontaneously control external light and heat without any energy consumption, thus saving energy and providing a pleasant environment . This is made possible through the hybrid of smart window materials and devices that can be driven spontaneously, such as a hybrid electric power energy production device, a module for storing it, and a sensor for sensing the external environment.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the entire configuration of a self-sensing / driving smart window system according to the present invention.
2 is a configuration diagram of a hybrid energy harvesting device according to Embodiment 20 of the present invention.
3 is a single system configuration diagram of a low-power-driving electrochromic device and a hybrid energy harvesting device constructed in accordance with embodiments 16 and 20 of the present invention.
4 is a schematic diagram of the entire smart window system according to the embodiment 22 of the present invention.
5 is a low-voltage driven large-area electrochromic device made in Structure 2 of Example 16 of the present invention.
6 is a graph showing the non-power-source stability in the coloring and decoloring states of the low voltage driving electrochromic device.
7 is a graph showing the repeatability of the low voltage driving electrochromic device according to the sixteenth embodiment of the present invention.
8 is a configuration diagram of an electrochromic smart window system for self-driving according to embodiments 16 and 21 of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a pH-sensitive smart window system according to a twenty-sixth embodiment of the present invention, in which a stacked display of an LCD and an electrochromic device is used.
10 is a schematic diagram of a wind speed measurement type smart window system according to Embodiment 27 of the present invention.
11 is a self-driven LCD smart window system using a triboelectric element according to an eighteenth embodiment of the present invention.
12 is a flowchart of smart window driving using the self-sensing power generation of the present invention.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

The smart window system according to the present invention is characterized in that it senses each external stimulus without bias, and it also understands the mechanism of external environment energy conversion and generation method and minimizes the energy loss occurring in each step, The energy is recovered by applying a different energy conversion process and then used again for energy production. These systems are collectively referred to as power generation clusters, where each energy production method can consist of materials and devices harvesting light energy, kinetic energy or heat energy. The power generated in the power generation cluster is stored in the power storage cluster, and the stored energy is supplied to the sensing sensor and the smart window and / or the display device, A smart window or a display element can be driven.

Here, the power generation cluster may be composed of a hybrid type energy producing device in which a photoelectric, pyroelectric, thermoelectric, piezoelectric energy device and a plurality of harvesting devices are connected. In the case of photoelectric devices, it may be at least one of a translucent silicon solar cell, a dye-sensitized solar cell, an organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell, and a perovskite solar cell. In the case of a superconducting and piezoelectric device, it may be one or more of an organic thin film type or a ZnO type inorganic thin film type device in which a conductive polymer is used as an electrode. In the case of a thermoelectric element, it may be composed of at least one of a p-type, n-type single connection element or a p-type and n-type hybrid type thermoelectric element.

The power storage cluster may include a rectifier for converting the AC signal into a DC signal, and may be constituted by a capacitor or a battery for storing the energy generated in the power generation cluster.

Such an energy harvesting device can use the generated energy as an external environment sensing function. In the case of photoelectric, pyroelectric, and light heat, it is possible to detect changes in light energy. The piezoelectric element can sense external physical energy such as rain, snow, and the like. In the case of a triboelectric device, the electric energy can be produced and sensed through the physical energy such as the wind of the external environment. In the case of a thermoelectric element, a change in external temperature can be detected in a single unit, and a change in light energy can be detected in a configuration of a hybrid harvesting unit.

The cluster of power generation through the hybrid energy harvesting of the present invention may preferably be composed of photoelectric, pyroelectric, piezoelectric, light heat, and thermoelectric energy elements. The heat generated by the photovoltaic effect of the conductive polymer electrode of the superconducting element can drive the superconducting element and the thermoelectric element through the heat.

It is possible to combine one or more energy harvesters and combine them with one or more elements selected from an electrochromic device, a liquid crystal display device, a light emitting device, or the like to provide a self-driving smart window.

The hybrid energy harvesting element of the present invention may be constituted by an organic or inorganic superconducting element having a light absorbing effect in the near infrared region and a conductive polymer having a light heat effect or a metal oxide film formed as an electrode.

The pyroelectric material refers to a substance known to be a normal pyroelectric phenomenon, and includes, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene (hereinafter abbreviated as "polyvinylidene fluoride- Or an inorganic pyroelectric material such as PbTiO ₃ , LiNbO ₃ , or the like. A conductive polymer, metal or metal oxide film may be formed as an electrode. The pyroelectric film can be applied to various substrates and large areas through the solution casting method, the melting process, and the deposition method by dissolving the pyroelectric material in a solvent (methyl ethyl ketone, etc.).

In a pyroelectric material having the above-described shape and material, the electrode of the present invention has high electrical conductivity and can be directly used as an electrode, and a conductive polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, or a composite thereof having absorbance in the near- And may be comprised of an included film.

Such an electrode film uses the photothermal characteristic of a conductive polymer or a metal oxide which absorbs near infrared rays (a rate of cut off of 95% or more) and generates heat by converting light energy into thermal energy. When such a film is used as an electrode of a pyroelectric element, Heat may be generated to change the temperature of the pyrotechnic material, which may result in the generation of electrical energy. The generated electric energy generates a photothermal effect and flows to the external circuit through the electrode which causes energy generation of the superconducting element. By adjusting the near-infrared intensity, there is no damage to the film even after the irradiation. Therefore, it has an advantage that it can be repeatedly and stably used in the superconducting energy harvester and the sensor.

Such an electrode film may be made of a polymer or copolymer of a conductive monomer having absorbance in the near infrared region, or may be made of a hybrid of a metal oxide.

In the present invention, the near infrared rays generally correspond to a wavelength range of 800 to 2500 nm, and the conductive monomers having absorbance in the near infrared region of the present invention may also have absorbance within this range. According to one embodiment, measuring the absorbance at a wavelength of about 808 nm can produce a heating effect of about 25 DEG C when irradiated for up to 300 seconds.

The present invention also relates to a pyroelectric electrode material; And a device for irradiating a near-infrared light beam, can be provided.

The superconducting element of the present invention can be constituted so that the superconducting energy generated by the heat generated in the near infrared ray irradiation can flow to the external circuit by using the polymer film having high electrical conductivity as the electrode. In particular, a hybrid type energy generation is possible by attaching a thermoelectric element to the lower part of the superconducting element. The light beam for generation of super-electricity can be a laser beam or a sun light, and the light irradiation is preferably performed at 0.01 mJ / cm2 to 5000 J / cm2, more preferably 10 mJ / cm2 to 500 J / cm2.

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a method of inducing a pyroelectric phenomenon of a pyroelectric material by irradiating near-infrared rays to electrodes constituting the pyroelectric device, harvesting the generated energy through the electrode, and a hybrid energy harvesting device together with the photoelectric and thermoelectric devices System can be provided.

The present invention can also provide a photovoltaic electron-powered non-powered optical sensor capable of controlling the operation of a power generation cluster and a power storage cluster and a low power smart window element in which a conductive polymer, metal oxide or metal-organic complex is formed into a film.

In the present invention, the photothermaterial is a material having a high photothermal effect and a thermoelectric effect, and may be formed of any one of conductive polymer, metal oxide, and metal-organic composite material or a complex thereof. A conductive polymer, a metal oxide, or a metal-organic complex may be formed as an electrode.

When light is irradiated on a conductive polymer, metal oxide or metal-organic complex, light energy is converted into heat energy by the photo-thermal effect, and the heat energy is converted into thermoelectric energy, so that voltage and current can be generated. Conversely, when light is not irradiated, no electric energy is generated. Through the signal of this electric energy, it can detect when light is being irradiated and when it is not irradiated, and can control the operation of power production cluster, power storage cluster and low power smart window device through switch.

In the present invention, the near infrared rays generally correspond to the wavelength range of 700 to 2500 nm, and the photothermographic materials having the absorbance in the near infrared region of the present invention may also have absorbance within this range. According to one embodiment, when a thin film having a thickness of 180 nm is irradiated with a wavelength of 808 nm and a power of 0.2 W and an area of 0.1 cm 2, the temperature rise of about 50 ° C. and the increase of 1 mV And a current signal of 0.1 mA can be obtained. The light beam for the photothermographic element is preferably a laser beam, and the light irradiation is preferably performed at 1 pW / cm 2 to 1 GW / cm 2, more preferably 0.1 mW / cm 2 to 100 W / cm 2.

According to one specific example, light of 1 Sun (100 mW / cm 2) is irradiated to a thin film having a thickness of 180 nm by a solar simulator in half of the device, and the light intensity is measured in an area of 5 × 10 cm 2, , A temperature rise of about 8 캜 and a voltage of 450 과 and a current signal of 7 를 can be obtained.

Therefore, the present invention detects the time when the light is irradiated and the time when the light is not irradiated by irradiating the optical thermoelectric element with near-infrared light or sun light and converting the electric energy generated through the light thermoelectric effect into a signal, Or to control the operation of power generation clusters, power storage clusters and low-power electrochromic devices via switches.

In the present invention, a capacitor material is a material having a high capacitance and a charge / discharge speed, and may be formed of any one of conductive polymer, metal oxide, and metal-organic composite material or a complex thereof. A conductive polymer, a metal oxide, or a metal-organic complex may be formed as an electrode.

For the stored electrical energy, the direction to receive or receive the voltage using the switch sensed by the optical sensor can be determined through the IC circuit or the switch module. In the light receiving condition, electric energy produced in a power production cluster composed of one or more composite energy harvesting elements of a conductive polymer, a metal oxide or a metal-organic complex is photovoltaic, thermoelectric, pyroelectric, piezoelectric or triboelectric energy harvesting element Can be stored at a predetermined voltage or higher. The stored electrical energy can also act to make the working electrode of the electrochromic device transparent by applying a positive voltage. Under the condition that the light is not received, the electric energy produced in the power production cluster can be stored over a certain voltage. The stored electrical energy can also act when the negative voltage is applied to the working electrode of the electrochromic device to turn it into a colored state.

The capacitance of the capacitor element is preferably 0.1 mF to 1 TF, more preferably 0.1 F to 5000 F.

The present invention relates to a friction contact film having two frictional contact surfaces different in work function among hybrid energy harvesting devices; And an electrode composed of a conductive polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, or a mixture of two or more materials formed on the opposite side.

In the present invention, the friction contact film refers to a conventional synthetic polymer or a natural polymer, and refers to an insulator which is not electrically connected. For example, it is possible to use a polymer such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyimide, polymethylmethacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, cotton, wool, polystyrene and the like Lt; / RTI &gt;

In the present invention, the triboelectric energy harvesting element can be formed on the opposite side of the frictional contact material having the above-described shape and material, with an electrode capable of moving the generated charge due to its high electrical conductivity.

In the present invention, the friction surfaces of the friction contact material are subjected to two friction rubbers to be used as triboelectric energy harvesting devices by using conventional methods such as micro-nano structure formation, high voltage injection, contact with materials having largely different work functions, Different charges can be distributed on the surface. According to one specific example, when a high positive voltage of 20 kV is applied to polyethylene terephthalate for 5 minutes, it is confirmed that an electric charge of 2.1 kV is formed on the friction surface when it is confirmed by using an electrostatic voltmeter .

In the present invention, the triboelectric generator can generate power generation efficiency constantly for an external force of about 0.01 N to 5000 N and various external forces ranging from 0.1 Hz to 1000 Hz. According to one embodiment, for an external force of approximately 25 N, 5 Hz, a triboelectric generator having an area of 42 cm 2 can generate 108.4 mW of power by one external force.

Accordingly, the present invention can provide a method of applying an external force to a triboelectric energy harvesting device, harvesting the generated energy through the electrode, and a method of using the same.

The present invention relates to an electric power generation system capable of easily controlling the absorbance of a visible ray (400 to 800 nm) and a near infrared ray region (800 to 2500 nm) (a rate of interruption of 95% or more) It is possible to provide a low-voltage self-driving electrochromic device based on a discoloring polymer thin film.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the entire configuration of a smart window system according to an embodiment of the present invention. The system of FIG. 1 includes a power generation cluster 110, a power conversion / storage and sensing cluster 120, And an output cluster 130. [

The power generation cluster 110 may be a self-generating cluster, consisting of one energy harvesting element or two or more hybrid type energy harvesting elements. Specifically, the energy harvesting element is one selected from a photoelectric energy harvesting element, an acidic energy harvesting element, a hydraulic energy harvesting element, a thermoelectric energy harvesting element, a pyroelectric energy harvesting element, a piezoelectric energy harvesting element, a frictional electric energy harvesting element, Or a hybrid energy harvesting device composed of two or more species.

Also, the power production cluster 110 may comprise a plurality of energy harvesting elements, for example a first energy harvesting element 111, a second energy harvesting element 112, a third energy harvesting element 113, A fourth energy recovery element 114, and the like. The first energy harvesting element 111 may be one or more of a photoelectric energy harvesting element and a thermoelectric energy harvesting element. The second energy harvesting element 112 may be one or more of a photoelectric energy harvesting element, a thermoelectric energy harvesting element, and a light heat / thermoelectric energy harvesting element. The third energy recovery element 113 may be at least one of a photothermal element, a photothermal / pyroelectric energy harvesting element, a piezoelectric energy harvesting element, and a frictional energy harvesting element. The fourth energy harvesting element 114 may be at least one of a photoelectric energy harvesting element, a photo-thermal / pyroelectric energy harvesting element, a piezoelectric energy harvesting element, and a frictional energy harvesting element.

The power conversion / storage and detection cluster 120 may include a power storage module 121, a sensing sensor 122, a switch module 123, a power conversion module 124, and the like.

The power storage module 121 may store the power produced in the power generation cluster 110 by being directly connected to the plurality of energy harvesting elements 111 to 114 or indirectly connected thereto through the power changing module 124, And may also be connected to the sensor 122 to supply power to the monitor wire 122. The power storage module 121 may include a capacitor, a battery, and the like.

The detection sensor 122 may be connected to the power storage module 121 storing the power energy generated through the energy harvesting element, and may be operated by receiving power from the power storage module 121, and may be connected to the switch module 123. The detection sensor 122 may be one or more of an illumination sensor, an acid rain sensor, a heat sensor, a solar sensor, a near-infrared sensor, a wind sensor, a yellow sensor, a fog sensor, Or more. The sensing sensor 122 may include at least one of a photoelectric device, a pyroelectric device, a piezoelectric device, an acid / base sensor, a chemical sensor, a photo-thermal device, a thermoelectric device, and a triboelectric device. Also, the sensing sensor 122 can sense the pH or heat of the external environment through a film using a conductive compound, and can sense temperature and light energy through a photothermal element. A photovoltaic It can detect temperature and light energy through a thermoelectric element based on photothermal effect. It can detect temperature and light energy through a thermoelectric element based on photothermal effect. It can detect physical energy of external environment through a piezoelectric element. It can sense light energy, can sense external temperature through thermoelectric element, and can sense pressure through triboelectric element.

The switch module 123 may be connected to the sensing sensor 122 and the output cluster 130 respectively and may control the driving of the output cluster 130 based on the sensing signal of the sensing sensor 122. The switch module 123 may include at least one of an IC circuit, a switch, a micro switch, a switching transistor, and the like.

The power conversion module 124 may be connected to at least one energy harvesting element 113 and 114 to convert the generated power and may be connected to the power storage module 121 to convert the converted power to the power storage module 121 ). &Lt; / RTI &gt; The power conversion module 124 may include at least one of an AC-AC amplifier, an AC-DC converter (bridge diode), a rectifier, and a booster.

The wireless transmission / reception unit 125 is connected to the power storage module 121, receives power from the power storage module 121, and is connected to the switch module 123, so that the wireless transmission / reception unit 125 can change color to a desired transmittance according to an external signal. The wireless transceiver 125 may include one or more of Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-wave, and the like.

The output cluster 130 may include at least one selected from a smart window 131, a display 132, a communication element, and a switch element. The smart window 131 may be at least one selected from an electrochromic device using an organic conjugated polymer or an inorganic oxide as a color change layer, a heat shield window, and a light blocking window. The display 132 may be one of an electrochromic device, an electrochromic mirror, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a photonic crystal device, a quantum display, an e-paper, a light emitting diode display (LED, OLED) have. The output cluster 130 may be coupled to the switch module 123 and its drive may be controlled via the switch module 123 based on the sense signal of the sense sensor 122. The output cluster 130 can receive power from the power storage module 121 through the sensing sensor 122 and the switch module 123 and also from the energy harvesting elements 113 and 114 or the power conversion module 124 Direct power can be supplied.

In addition, the system of Figure 1 is capable of driving a circuit with low power through a low power loss. In addition, the electrodes can be shared, and the display can be integrated with the harvester.

2 is a configuration diagram of a hybrid energy harvesting device according to Embodiment 20 of the present invention. This energy harvesting device includes an optoelectronic device 210, a photothermal material and a superelectrode electrode 220, a superconducting material layer 230, And a superconducting element electrode 240, a thermoelectric element 250, and a voltage unit 260.

3 is a single system configuration diagram of a low-power-driving electrochromic device and a hybrid energy harvesting device constructed in accordance with embodiments 16 and 20 of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an entire smart window system according to Embodiment 22 of the present invention, which includes a hybrid energy harvesting element as a power production cluster, a capacitor or a battery as a power storage module, a phototransistor as a sensing sensor, And may be composed of an electrochromic device as a cluster.

FIG. 5 is a low-voltage-driven large-area electrochromic device made in Structure 2 of Example 16 of the present invention. The internal temperature can be controlled by controlling the light energy transmission through the electrochromic device of the device. As illustrated, information such as light blocking rate and temperature can be displayed. The information can be displayed by Bluetooth communication or the like, and can be displayed through patterning.

FIG. 6 is a graph of the non-power-source stability in the coloring and decoloring states of the low-voltage driving electrochromic device. The graph shows the stability of the monochromatic state in which the coloring and decoloring are maintained for three hours or more at low voltage driving and non- Respectively.

7 is a graph showing the repeatability of the low voltage driving electrochromic device according to the sixteenth embodiment of the present invention, in which a voltage of ± 2.2 V is continuously applied to perform repetition of about 7000 times (one cycle of coloring and decoloring is driven once) And only about 10% of the total transmittance difference was reduced.

8 is a configuration diagram of an electrochromic smart window system for self-driving according to embodiments 16 and 21 of the present invention. The system includes a transparent substrate 310, a transparent conductive film 320, an electrolyte 330, The energy storage 370, the transparent conductive film 350, the transparent substrate 360, the optical sensor 370, the voltage unit 380 (using the energy stored in the power storage unit), the power storage unit 390 ). The electrochromic thin film 340 becomes an energy producing source through the photothermal phenomenon, and thus can be a harvester sharing the electrode.

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a pH-sensitive smart window system according to a twenty-sixth embodiment of the present invention, in which a stacked display of an LCD and an electrochromic device is used. The system may include an energy harvester 410, a conductive polymer pH sensor 420, a color changing element window 430, a pH display LCD 440, and a power storage cluster 450.

10 is a schematic diagram of a smart window system for measuring the wind speed according to Embodiment 27 of the present invention. The system includes a triboelectric wind speed sensor 510, a power production cluster 520, a color fading window 530, 540).

11 is a self-driven LCD smart window system using a triboelectric element according to an eighteenth embodiment of the present invention. This system includes a transparent substrate 610, a transparent conductive film 620, an LCD panel 630, A film 640, a transparent substrate 650, a triboelectric element 660, and a voltage portion 670 (using energy generated from the triboelectric element).

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a smart window driving method using self-sensing power generation according to the present invention. First, self power generation is started and power is charged using the self power generation. Next, if necessary, supply power to the sensor or the like, and if not necessary, terminate. Next, when the sensing sensor generates a sensing signal, for example, if the illuminance sensing signal is greater than the reference sensing signal, it reduces the transmittance of the smart window, and if the illuminance sensing signal is less than the reference sensing signal, increases the transmittance of the smart window. Thereafter, the process goes back to the power supply step to repeat the above-described process. Also, the desired transmittance can be set directly through an external wireless signal, and the transmittance of the smart window can be increased or decreased through low power driving.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples.

&Lt; Example 1 > Production of film using conductive compound and production of pH measuring element for external environment

Polymerized through solution coating polymerization, vapor polymerization, electropolymerization, or chemical polymerization to prepare a conductive polymer film. Electropolymerization, vapor polymerization, solution coating polymerization, emulsion polymerization for particle production, etc., induces the oxidation polymerization of the conductive monomers of the present invention as described above. The polymerization method using a catalyst (acid, oxidizing agent, etc.) Is a conventional method used in the polymerization of monomers such as aniline as well as cyclic compounds. In the production of the conductive polymer film, it is possible to coat directly on various substrates using the polymerization method described above, while the conductive polymer dissolving in the solvent is secondly coated using spin coating, and the conductive polymer synthesized by the emulsion method In the case of polymer particles, they were dispersed in a solvent and then coated secondarily to prepare a film. Metal electrodes are coated or deposited on both ends of the substrate to coat smooth voltage or current, or inorganic oxide is coated. The conductive polymer layer was exposed to the outside, and both electrode portions were prevented from being exposed to the outside using an encapsulant. When a voltage of 0.10 V was applied to a 180 nm conductive polymer thin film on a 2 × 1 ㎠ area, it was 1.8 ㎂ at pH 1.0, 0.9 ㎂ at pH 5.0, 0.45 ㎂ at pH 7.0 and pH 9.0 0.07 ㎂ was detected at 0.27 ㎂, pH 14.0.

<Example 2> Light energy and temperature sensing of a pyroelectric device based on photothermal effect

In the case of a superconducting device using an electroconductive polymer as an electrode, since energy is generated by heat generation through heat effect, it can be instantaneously reacted to presence or absence of light energy. When a light of 1 sunlight (AM 1.5) (100 mW / cm 2) is irradiated, the electromotive force of 15 V region is formed in the 4 × 4 ㎠ superconducting element, It is proportional to the difference and can be used as temperature sensing.

&Lt; Example 3 > Detection of physical energy of the external environment of a piezoelectric element

In the case of a piezoelectric device, it is possible to detect an external environment by using electric signals through physical energy externally applied. The falling kinetic energy of rain, hail, etc. can impact the piezoelectric element to generate an electric signal and sense it to control the smart window drive. A lead zirconate titanate (PZT) material was formed on a sapphire substrate to a thickness of 5 μm and heated at 650 ° C. for 10 minutes to increase ferroelectricity. ITO was deposited to form both electrodes to complete the device. When a device with an area of 1 × 1 ㎠ was formed and exposed to an external stimulus, 10 to 20 mV could be detected depending on the degree of drop of 20 ㎕ drops.

Example 4 Detection of Light Energy of Photoelectric Device

In the case of optoelectronic devices, it is based on photoelectric phenomena that convert light energy into electrical energy. As the energy output changes instantaneously by light energy, it can detect the presence or absence of light energy and light intensity. For the detection of light energy, a dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated based on N719 organic dye. A titanium dioxide (TiO ₂ ) paste was applied to a transparent electrode substrate (FTO glass substrate) and fired at 450 ° C. to prepare a titanium dioxide thin film. The organic dye N719 was adsorbed on the thin film layer and the area of the active device was 0.4 × 0.4 ㎠. A sensing voltage of about 0.3 V was formed when the intensity of the external light source was 50 mW / cm 2. The sensitivity of 37.5 V / W was confirmed.

Example 5 Detection of the external temperature of a thermoelectric device

In the case of a thermoelectric element, it is driven by the temperature difference between both ends applied to the element. When a single element is attached, it is driven through the temperature difference between the attachment surface and the exposed surface. In this way, when there is a change in the external temperature, the output electric signal is changed and the temperature change can be detected. Bi ₂ Te ₃ system p and n type thermoelectric materials were connected by 72 pairs to fabricate the device. This makes it possible to detect 1 V EMF at a temperature difference of 1 ° C. The device achieves a sensitivity of 1 V / K.

<Example 6> Detection of light energy of a thermoelectric element based on photothermal effect

In the case of a thermoelectric device, light energy can be detected in a hybrid configuration with a pyroelectric device. The heat generated by the conductive polymer light effect of the superconducting element is transferred to the connected thermoelectric element. Since the heat generated by the superconducting element differs depending on the presence or the intensity of the light energy, the light energy can be detected through the thermoelectric element in the hybrid configuration. The heat transmitted from the superconducting element to the thermoelectric element through the light of 50 mW intensity forms a temperature difference of about 2 ° C, and thereby, the electromotive force of about 3 mV can be detected.

Example 7 Detection of external physical energy (rain, hail, wind) of a piezoelectric element

In the case of piezoelectric elements, it is possible to detect the external physical stimulation because it is in a close contact structure even through the hybrid configuration with the photoelectric element. In photoelectric and piezoelectric hybrid systems, both light energy and external physical energy can be detected. Based on the PVDF organic thin film, a thickness of 100 탆 was formed, and a gold electrode was deposited on both sides to a thickness of 100 nm. The photoelectric device of Example 4 was attached to the thus formed piezoelectric thin film device to constitute a hybrid mode. When a force of 1 N was applied to the top of the photoelectric device, a sensing voltage of 2 mV was measured on the piezoelectric device.

<Example 8> Application as a non-power source pressure sensor

Using the polyethylene terephthalate thin film of Example 13 as a friction material, a triboelectric energy harvesting device was fabricated to a size of 7 x 7 cm 2. When a tractive electric energy harvesting device is used, power is generated when a pressure is applied, so that it can be applied as a sensor. The triboelectric energy harvesting device was cut into 1/4 size, and a triboelectric energy harvesting device having an area of about 9 cm 2 was used. The energy generated through the output portion was measured through an electrometer (Keitheley, 6514B) Pressure sensor. When a force of about 8 μN is applied, an open-circuit voltage of about 0.01 V is measured and the applied force can be detected. Using this pressure sensing system, 7 mPa was detected with minimum pressure.

<Example 9> Power energy generation of dye-sensitized photoelectric energy device

The dye-sensitized photoelectric energy element produces power energy as a single element. The dye-sensitized photoelectric energy device is composed of a transparent electrode substrate (FTO glass substrate), a titanium dioxide thin film layer, an organic dye, an electrolyte and a transparent counter electrode. Through the stimulation of light, electrons are generated in the organic dye adsorbed on the titanium dioxide thin film layer and moved to an excitation state. The generated electrons move to the counter electrode along the titanium dioxide thin film layer, So that electric power is generated. In the dye - sensitized photoelectric device fabricated by adsorbing the organic dye N719 on the titanium dioxide thin film layer, the transmittance of 100 mW / And a photoelectric energy conversion efficiency of 5 to 10% under a light amount condition and a 16 mm 2 operating area condition. A power energy of 5 mW to 10 mW / cm &lt; 2 &gt; is generated.

Example 10 Power energy generation of an organic thin film type photoelectric energy device

Organic thin film photovoltaic devices based on poly 3-hexylthiophene and phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT / PCBM) generate power energy through light as a single device. The organic thin film type photoelectric energy device is composed of a transparent electrode substrate (ITO glass substrate), a photon absorption layer (organic thin film layer), an electron transport layer, and a metal counter electrode. The photon absorbing layer is composed of a mixture of n-type and p-type organic semiconductors P3HT / PCBM, and the two semiconductor organic materials exist in the form of a heterojunction. When a stimulus of light is generated, electrons are generated in the heterojunction to become an excited state, and electric power is generated as electrons move to the organic material layer, the transparent electrode, and the counter electrode. In the case of the organic thin film type photoelectric energy device, 100 mW / cm 2 And a photoelectric energy conversion efficiency of 5 to 10% under a light amount condition and a 9 mm 2 operating area condition.

Example 11: Power energy generation of a pyroelectric energy element

A superconducting energy element is a single element that generates power energy for a temperature change. An AC signal is generated at a temperature change which is formed under the condition depending on the presence or absence of light irradiation. The PVDF-based 1 × 1 ㎠ conductive polymer electrode of the superconducting element forms an electromotive force of about 10 to 200 mV in NIR irradiation.

Example 12: Power energy generation of thermoelectric energy element

A thermoelectric element generates power energy by a temperature gradient formed by light energy as a single element. By attaching the cooling plate to the bottom, the temperature difference can be increased. 4 x 4 cm ₂ of Bi ₂ Te ₃ In the case of a series thermoelectric device, a temperature difference of 1 to 10 占 폚 can be formed at a thickness of 4 mm, and in this case, an electromotive force of 1 to 11 mV is formed.

Example 13: Formation of a conductive compound into a friction contact material

A film may be prepared by polymerizing a conductive polymer, metal, metal oxide, or a mixture of two or more thereof through a method such as solution coating, vapor deposition, or electrodeposition on the back surface of the friction contact material. Specifically, a conductive polymeric polyethylene dioxythiophene was used as an electrode through a solution process to prepare a triboelectric energy harvesting device. The conductive polymer can be formed by oxidative polymerization of monomers using an acid or an oxidizing agent on the back surface of the friction contact material. A polyethylene terephthalate and a polyimide thin film as friction contact materials were prepared in an area of 7 × 7 cm 2 to form an electrode.

Example 14: Charge generation at the contact surface of a friction contact material

A high voltage generator (NanoNC, HV30) was applied to the contact surface of the polyethylene terephthalate, which is a friction contact material of the friction electric energy harvesting device, for 20 minutes at 20 kV for 5 minutes to form a charge of 2.1 kV on the contact surface of the friction contact material Respectively. The contact surface of the polyimide used as the opposite friction contact material was irradiated with -20 kV for 5 minutes using a high voltage generator (NanoNC, (-) HV30) to produce a contact force of -1.8 kV &Lt; / RTI &gt; An electrostatic voltmeter (Trek, 542-2A) was used to confirm the formation of charge.

Example 15 Production of self-driving type photovoltaic sensor film using polyethylene dioxythiophene conductive polymer

Polyethylene dioxythiophene conductive polymer was polymerized through solution coating polymerization, vapor polymerization, electropolymerization, or chemical polymerization to produce a film. Electropolymerization, vapor polymerization, solution coating polymerization, emulsion polymerization for particle production, etc., induces the oxidation polymerization of the conductive monomers of the present invention as described above. The polymerization method using a catalyst (acid, oxidizing agent, etc.) Is a conventional method used in the polymerization of monomers such as aniline as well as cyclic compounds. In the production of the conductive polymer film, it is possible to coat directly on various substrates using the polymerization method described above, while the conductive polymer dissolving in the solvent is secondly coated using spin coating, and the conductive polymer synthesized by the emulsion method In the case of polymer particles, they were dispersed in a solvent and then coated secondarily to prepare a film. Metal electrodes were coated or deposited on both sides of the film for smooth electrical energy signal sensing and switching.

Example 16 Fabrication of a Low Voltage Large Area Electrochromic Device

Electrochromic polymer thin films can be prepared by solution coating polymerization, vapor polymerization, electro - polymerization, chemical polymerization, etc. By controlling the structure of the monomers, the electrolyte and the counter electrode, bistability was achieved in which the coloring and decoloring were maintained for at least 3 hours even at low voltage driving and in a non-power source (see FIG. 6). The difference in transmittance in the colored and decolored state is 70% or more, and when colored, it absorbs a part (450 to 650 nm) of the visible light region and is effective in shielding the sunlight. In addition, at the time of coloring, a part of the infrared region is absorbed, and a part of the solar heat is blocked, so that the indoor energy can be efficiently used. And a repetition rate of more than about 7000 times (driving one coloring and decoloring once) by applying a voltage of +2.2 V was continuously applied, and only about 10% of the total transmittance difference was reduced (see FIG.

Table 1 shows the configuration and characteristics of the electrochromic device.

rescue
number pellicle
thickness
(nm) Repeatability
(time) is it
Voltage
(V) Measure
wavelength
(nm) Visible light
Transmittance
Difference(%) answer
speed
(s) Non-power source
stability
(time) Remarks One 160 - ± 3.3 610 55 <3 &Lt; 0.1 Ionic electrolyte
Structure 1 2 185 - ± 3.3 630 68 <2 <0.3 Ionic electrolyte
Structure 2 3 175 - ± 2.8 578 75 <2 <0.3 Ionic electrolyte
Structure 3 4 190 - ± 2.8 576 64 <3 <0.3 Ionic electrolyte
Structure 4 5 170 > 500 ± 2.8 583 72 <1.5 > 3 Ionic electrolyte
Structure 5 6 170 > 7000 ± 2.8 583 72 <1.5 > 3 Ionic electrolyte
Structure 5
Titanium dioxide
450 ℃ sintering process
Formed through
Use of counter electrode 7 250 - ± 2.8 554 66 <1.5 > 3 Ionic electrolyte
Structure 6

[Example 17] Construction of triboelectric energy harvesting device

The frictional electric energy harvesting element uses the fourteenth embodiment, in which two different charges are formed on the frictional contact surface, and the two film frictional contact surfaces on which the electrodes are formed on the back surface are made of polyimide tape and spacers, After the occurrence, the shape was made to come back. The electric energy generated in the triboelectric energy harvesting device is 15 V / cm &lt; 2 &gt; The electromotive force was measured. It was converted into a DC electrical signal through a 4-bridge diode rectifier and charged to a 1000 ㎌ capacitor.

[Example 18] Self-driving of a liquid crystal display (Liquid Crystal Display) as an energy output device

The energy charged in the capacitor or the battery using the triboelectric energy harvesting element of Example 17 was discharged through the liquid crystal display device and self-drivable. A liquid crystal display device having an area of 105 cm 2 was driven for 30 seconds at a driving voltage of 3 V and a driving current of 0.5 mA, consuming 45 mJ of harvested energy.

&Lt; Example 19 > Self-driving of organic light emitting diode as energy output device

The energy charged in the capacitor or the battery using the triboelectric energy harvesting element of Example 17 was discharged through the organic light emitting diode and self-drivable. The organic light emitting diode having an area of 50 cm 2 consumed 2.8 J of harvested energy for 30 seconds at a driving voltage of 3.2 V and a driving current of 30 mA.

&Lt; Example 20 > Hybrid device configuration (power production cluster)

The hybrid energy harvesting device was fabricated on the basis of a superconducting device using the conductive compound of Example 1 as a base material for the electrode and photothermal effect. The respective electrode thicknesses were adjusted for the photo-thermal effect and the effective operation of the pyroelectric element. Thickness control was possible through repeated solution coating polymerization. And electrode thicknesses were formed from about 100 nm to about 300 nm. A thermoelectric element was placed on a cooling plate, and a pyroelectric element was attached thereon using a thermal grease. In the case of optoelectronic devices, a dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated based on organic dye N719. A photoelectric device was placed on top of the pyroelectric device, all the devices were connected, and the output line was connected to a 10 F capacitor.

Example 21 Fabrication of Capacitor Device Using Conductive Polymer

The conductive polymer was prepared by polymerizing through solution coating polymerization, vapor polymerization, electropolymerization, and chemical polymerization. Electropolymerization, vapor polymerization, solution coating polymerization, emulsion polymerization for particle production, etc., induces the oxidation polymerization of the conductive monomers of the present invention as described above. The polymerization method using a catalyst (acid, oxidizing agent, etc.) Is a conventional method used in the polymerization of monomers such as aniline as well as cyclic compounds. In preparing the conductive polymer, it is possible to coat directly on various substrates using the above-mentioned polymerization method, while the conductive polymer dissolving in the solvent is secondly thin-coated using spin coating, and the conductive polymer synthesized by the emulsion method In the case of the polymer particles, the polymer particles were dispersed in a solvent and then coated to form a film. For smooth electrical energy charging and discharging, a metal electrode is coated or vapor deposited on one side of the substrate or coated with an inorganic oxide. Two different electrodes were coated with various storage materials on the conductive material and fabricated to face each other. In order to separate the two electrodes, a layer of insulative porous material which does not conduct electricity to the intermediate layer was introduced. When a capacitor of 2 × 3 ㎠ area was coated with a storage material at 180 nm, it could be charged to a voltage of 0.8 V and stored at 0.03 C.

Example 22: Power storage cluster and electrochromic device connection

The power energy generated in the hybrid energy harvesting device of Example 20 was charged to a capacitor or a battery. The energy stored in the capacitor or the battery is discharged through the electrochromic device by the photothermographic signal when the light energy is present. Since the color effect of the electrochromic device can be maintained by the memory effect, the power energy is not consumed steadily, but the voltage is applied every 30 minutes to maintain the color. In the absence of light, the optical thermoelectric signal converges to zero. In this case, a switch including an IC circuit for determining a signal of 0 is operated to apply the counter electromotive force to the electrochromic device. The electrochromic device having the reverse electromotive force is oxidized and maintained in a transparent state. Since the state is maintained by the memory effect even in a transparent state, the electric energy is applied to the electrochromic device at intervals of 30 minutes.

&Lt; Example 23 > Low-voltage large-area electrochromic device self-driven through energy harvester

When the conductive polymer thin film formed through the solution process is irradiated with sunlight, the energy obtained through the photothermographic effect is about 17.3 mW / cm 2, and the solar light is irradiated to the thin film for 1 hour to obtain an energy of about 62.3 J . The energy harvested through the thin film is stored in the capacitor through the circuit, and the electrochromic device of the size of 3 × 4 cm 2 can be switched about once through the stored energy for one hour. The average daylight hours per day is 4 hours, so that by simply performing the arithmetic calculation, the electrochromic device can be driven about four times through the stored solar energy for the daytime. Assuming that the average electrochromic device is driven four times a day, the self-driving of about 4.7 years can be expected through the result of 7000 times repetition. The energy harvester and the low voltage driving device can be manufactured by the same method as the drawing, and the self-driven electrochromic smart window which can operate with the external solar energy as the energy source can be realized without the need of additional applied voltage through the following devices .

<Example 24> Self-sensing drive type non-power smart window system

The energy harvesting system of the photoelectric, pyroelectric and thermoelectric hybrid configurations of Example 20 detects the presence and intensity of external light energy and adjusts the self drive of the electrochromic smart window manufactured using the structure 6 material of Example 16 do. When light energy is detected, the energy is generated and stored at the same time as the power energy is generated, and the generated energy supplies power to lower the transmittance of the electrochromic device to 10% or less along with some stored energy. When light energy decreases or disappears, the photoelectric, pyroelectric, or thermoelectric energy harvesting system senses it immediately and returns the transparent window through the charged energy by increasing the transmittance of the electrochromic device by more than 70%.

Example 25 Self-sensing drive type non-power smart window system

The power energies generated by the power production clusters (Examples 9-12, 20) are charged into the connected power storage clusters. Power is stored by various external energies based on different energy conversions. The sensor is driven based on the stored energy. When the illuminance sensor sends a detection signal corresponding to an external light intensity of more than 60 mW / cm 2, the smart window controller operates and the window transmission is reduced to less than 10%.

Example 26 pH-Sensitive LCD Display Smart Window System

The pH of the external environment is measured using the conductive polymer thin film of Example 1. A conductive polymer is attached to the smart window and a 0.2 V voltage is applied across the power storage cluster. Since the resistance of the conductive polymer changes due to the external pH, the current value formed at both ends is detected and displayed differently. When exposed to an acidic pH of 4.5, 2.4 ㎂ is detected. Based on the sensed current, it is displayed as a pH value on the LCD display or smart window.

<Example 27> Measurement of an air velocity type LCD display Smart window system

The triboelectric power plant of Example 17 is attached to a smart window and external physical energy is measured. In the case of a 2 × 2 ㎠ triboelectric plant, it senses this when exposed to a wind of 1 m / s wind speed and generates 10 V of electromotive force. Displays the wind speed in the LCD window or Smart window through the generated electromotive force.

Example 28 pH-Sensitive Electrochromic Display Smart Window System

The pH of the external environment is measured using the conductive polymer thin film of Example 1. Attach the conductive polymer to the smart window and apply a voltage of 0.1 V across the power storage cluster. Since the resistance of the conductive polymer changes due to the external pH, the current value formed at both ends is detected and displayed differently. When exposed to an acidic ratio of pH 4.5, 1.2 ㎂ is detected. The pH value is displayed on the electrochromic smart window display based on the sensed current.

Example 29: Electrochromic display of a wind velocity measurement type Smart window system

The triboelectric power plant of Example 17 is attached to a smart window and external physical energy is measured. In the case of a 4 × 4 ㎠ triboelectric plant, it senses this when exposed to a wind of 1 m / s wind speed and generates 35 V of electromotive force. The generated electromotive force causes the wind speed to be displayed on the electrochromic display smart window.

Example 30: Electrochromic display A smart window system

The energy harvesting system of the photoelectric, pyroelectric and thermoelectric hybrid configurations of Example 20 detects the presence and intensity of external light energy and adjusts the self-drive of the electrochromic smart window manufactured using the structure 5 material of Example 16 do. External light energy sensing uses the energy generated through hybrid energy harvesting. Self-sensing and driving are performed by the algorithm shown in Fig. 12, and a micro switch is used for driving. When the light energy decreases or disappears, it senses it immediately and uses the energy charged through the microswitch to increase the transmittance of the electrochromic device by more than 70% to return to the transparent window.

Example 31: Wireless electrochromic display smart window system

And drives the electrochromic device through the wireless transmission / reception unit (Bluetooth) connection of FIG. The energy of the photoelectric, pyroelectric, and thermoelectric hybrid energy of Example 20 is based on stored energy, and when a wireless signal is transmitted from the outside, the Bluetooth wireless transceiver detects this and drives the electrochromic device.

&Lt; Example 32 >

A solution of AgNO ₃ (0.5 mmol), CuCl ₂ (0.1 mmol) tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (2.5 mmol) and poly (vinyl butyral) (1.2 g, host polymer) in DMSO (11 g) And self-assembled monolayer (SAM) treatment of one electrode can improve the response speed and stability. According to the applied voltage, an electrochromic smart window for achieving transparency of 70% or more and black color was fabricated. As shown in FIG. 5, a variety of information can be displayed on the electrochromic smart window. The display information can be transmitted to a window through Bluetooth communication, and can be driven by connecting an energy harvester such as a solar cell and a window.

Experimental Example 1 Measurement of photothermal effect of a film using a conductive compound in the near infrared

The conductive polymer film prepared by the polymerization method and the coating method described above was placed on a pedestal prepared to be irradiated with near infrared rays from the bottom and the photothermal effect was measured. An 808 nm near-infrared laser was fixed to output energy of 170 mW and irradiated to the underside of the prepared conductive polymer film. The photothermal effect was confirmed by measuring the temperature at the top of the conductive polymer film through a K type thermocouple.

<Experimental Example 2> Measurement of photothermographic effect of self-driving type non-power source photosensor film using conductive compound by near infrared rays

The conductive polymer film prepared by the polymerization method and the coating method described above was placed on a pedestal prepared with the conductive polymer film facing upward so that the near infrared ray was irradiated to only one side of the metal electrode, and the photo thermoelectric voltage and electric current were measured. The near infrared ray laser of 808 nm was fixed to output energy of 200 mW and irradiated onto the upper surface of the prepared conductive polymer film so that the area of the beam was 0.1 cm 2 through the near infrared ray lens. The photothermal effect was confirmed by measuring the temperature at the top of the conductive polymer film through a K - type thermocouple and measuring the voltage and current generated at both ends of the film using a source meter.

&Lt; Experimental Example 3 > Fabrication and measurement of dye-sensitized photoelectric energy device

Titanium dioxide paste was applied to a transparent electrode substrate (FTO glass substrate) by a doctor blade method, followed by drying at 70 ° C for 30 minutes. The dried substrate was fired at 450 DEG C to remove the polymer and the residues contained in the paste to prepare a titanium dioxide thin film layer. In order to adsorb the organic dye to the titanium dioxide thin film layer of the substrate, the substrate was impregnated with the organic dye solution containing ethanol as the solvent (at 50 ° C for 3 hours) to prepare the substrate on which the organic dye was adsorbed. The transparent electrode substrate (FTO glass substrate) on which the organic dye is adsorbed and the transparent electrode substrate on which the platinum (Pt) is coated is adhered with a predetermined gap and sealed. An ionic liquid, which is an electrolyte, was injected between the two substrates and the inlet was sealed with an adhesive thin film to prevent the ionic liquid from vaporizing. For the working area, a photoelectric energy module was fabricated through four series connections of 1 ㎠ devices. The photoelectric energy conversion efficiency was measured at a uniform light irradiation area of 8 inch × 8 inch using an electrochemical workstation (Keithly Model 2400) and a solar simulator (Oriel 91193, xenon lamp).

&Lt; Experimental Example 4 > Fabrication and measurement of organic thin film photoelectric energy device

An organic thin film layer was prepared by using a solution prepared from an organic semiconductor and an organic solvent on a clean transparent electrode substrate (ITO glass substrate). The n-type and p-type organic semiconductor materials are dissolved in organic solvents (chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene) in a certain ratio. An organic thin film layer (> 100 nm) was prepared by applying a uniformly dissolved organic semiconductor solvent to a transparent electrode substrate (ITO glass substrate) through spin coating and drying. The electron transport layer was formed by spin coating the electron transport material solution on the dried organic thin film layer. In order to fabricate a metal counter electrode, metal (gold, silver, aluminum) was deposited to a thickness of 100 nm through a thermal evaporator. The photoelectric energy module was fabricated through four series connection of 1 ㎠ devices. The photoelectric energy conversion efficiency was measured at a uniform light irradiation area of 8 inch × 8 inch using an electrochemical workstation (Keithly Model 2400) and a solar simulator (Oriel 91193, xenon lamp).

<Experimental Example 5> Measurement of Capacitance of Capacitor Using Conductive Compound

Different conductive polymer films prepared by the polymerization method and coating method described above were coated on a 2 × 3 ㎠ area substrate coated with a transparent inorganic oxide electrode (indium tin oxide) at 180 nm and fabricated to face each other . To separate the two electrodes, an insulated porous PVDF that does not conduct electricity was introduced into the intermediate layer. Both ends of the capacitor were connected to a measuring instrument, and a charging voltage of 0.8 V and a charge amount of 0.03 C were measured using a cyclic voltage-current method and a charge-discharge method.

<Experimental Example 6> Measurement of pH of an external environment using a conductive compound

The conductive polymer (polyaniline) prepared by the polymerization method and the coating method described above was coated on a PET film of 2 x 1 cm 2 area at 180 nm. Metal electrodes are coated or deposited on both ends of the substrate to coat smooth voltage or current, or inorganic oxide is coated. The conductive polymer layer was exposed to the outside, and both electrode portions were sealed with an encapsulant to prevent exposure to the outside. The pH buffer solution was dropped on the exposed portion of the conductive polymer, and the current value was measured by applying a voltage to both ends of the electrode with a source meter. When a voltage of 0.20 V was applied to both ends of the polymer thin film, it was detected at 3.6 ㎂ at pH 1.0, 1.8 ㎂ at pH 5.0, 0.9 ㎂ at pH 7.0, 0.54 ㎂ at pH 9.0, and 0.18 ㎂ at pH 14.0 .

Wherein the first energy harvesting element comprises a first energy harvesting element and a second energy harvesting element. The first energy harvesting element includes a first power harvesting element, a second power harvesting element, The present invention relates to an electric power storage module and a method of controlling the same, and more particularly, to an electric power storage module, The present invention relates to a transparent conductive film and a method of manufacturing the same and a method of manufacturing the same. The present invention relates to an electrochromic display device and a method of manufacturing the electrophoretic display device, and more particularly, to an electrochromic display device and a method of manufacturing the electrophoretic display device. : Power storage cluster, 510: Friction electric wind speed sensor, 630: LCD panel, 660: Friction electric harvesting element

Claims (27)

A power generation cluster having one or more energy harvesting elements;
A power conversion module for converting energy produced from the power production cluster;
A power storage module for storing the energy produced from the power generation cluster directly or via a power conversion module;
A sensing sensor that receives power from the power storage module and senses a change in the external environment; And
And an output cluster driven by power from the power storage module or the energy harvesting element,
A power generation cluster includes a first energy harvesting element composed of at least one of a photoelectric energy harvesting element and a thermoelectric energy harvesting element; A second energy harvesting element composed of at least one of a photoelectric energy harvesting element, a thermoelectric energy harvesting element, and a photothermal / thermoelectric energy harvesting element; A third energy harvesting element comprising at least one of a photothermal element, a photothermal / pyroelectric energy harvesting element, a piezoelectric energy harvesting element, and a triboelectric energy harvesting element; And a fourth energy harvesting element composed of at least one of a photovoltaic energy harvesting element, a photothermal / pyroelectric energy harvesting element, a piezoelectric energy harvesting element, and a triboelectric energy harvesting element, wherein a triboelectric energy harvesting element is essential Wherein the self-driving smart window system is a self-powered smart window system.
delete The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the photoelectric energy harvesting device is at least one selected from the group consisting of a silicon thin film solar cell, a dye-sensitized solar cell, an organic thin film solar cell, an organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell, and a perovskite solar cell.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the thermoelectric energy harvesting device is a thermoelectric energy harvesting device using organic or inorganic materials made of p-type, n-type or mixed type.
The method according to claim 1,
The pyroelectric energy harvesting device includes a superconducting film in which a polarized polymer material or a ceramic material is formed in a film shape; And an electrode formed on both surfaces of the superconducting film and formed of a conductive polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, or a mixture of two or more kinds, and is a superconducting energy harvesting device capable of energy harvesting with a change in thermal energy with time Driven smart window system.
The method according to claim 1,
The piezoelectric energy harvesting device includes a pyroelectric material layer in which a polarized polymer material or a ceramic material is formed in a film shape; And a piezoelectric energy recovery element formed on both surfaces of the pyroelectric material layer and including electrodes formed of a conductive polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, or a mixture of two or more kinds, and capable of energy harvesting by kinetic energy, Smart window system.
The method according to claim 1,
The triboelectric energy harvesting element is a film or fabric type friction material layer having two frictional contact surfaces different in work function; And an electrode formed on the opposite side of the frictional contact surface and formed of a conductive polymer, a metal, a metal oxide, or a mixture of two or more kinds.
delete The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the power conversion module includes at least one selected from an AC-AC amplifier, an AC-DC converter (bridge diode), a rectifier, and a booster.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the power storage module includes at least one selected from a capacitor and a battery.
The method according to claim 1,
The sensor is operated by receiving power through a power storage module that stores the power energy generated by the energy harvesting device. The sensor is operated by the illumination sensor, the acid rain sensor, the heat sensor, the solar sensor, the near- Wherein the at least one sensor comprises at least one sensor selected from the group consisting of a sensor, a dusk detection sensor, a fog detection sensor, a moisture sensor, and a pH sensor.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the sensing sensor includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a photoelectric element, a superconducting element, a piezoelectric element, an acid / base sensor, a chemical sensor, a photo-thermal element, a thermoelectric element, and a triboelectric element.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the sensing sensor senses pH or heat of the external environment through a film using a conductive compound.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the sensing sensor senses temperature and light energy through the photothermal element.
The method according to claim 1,
The self-driven smart window system is characterized in that the sensing sensor senses temperature and light energy through a pyroelectric element based on photothermal effects.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the sensing sensor senses temperature and light energy through a thermoelectric element based on photothermal effects.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the sensing sensor senses the physical energy of the external environment through the piezoelectric element.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the sensing sensor senses light energy through a photoelectric device.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the sensing sensor senses an external temperature through the thermoelectric element.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the sensing sensor senses pressure through a triboelectric element.
The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the output cluster includes at least one selected from a smart window, a display, a communication element, and a switch element.
The method according to claim 1,
The smart window includes at least one selected from an electrochromic device, a heat shield window, and a light blocking window, and the display includes at least one selected from electrochromic devices, electrochromic mirrors, liquid crystal displays, photonic crystal devices, quantum displays, e- , And a light emitting diode (LED) display.
23. The method of claim 22,
Wherein the electrochromic device comprises at least one ionic electrolyte selected from compounds having the following structure.

The method according to claim 1,
And a switch module connected to the detection sensor and the output cluster, respectively, for controlling the driving of the output cluster based on the detection signal of the detection sensor.
The method according to claim 1,
It is connected to the power storage module and receives power from it. It is connected with the switch module, and it can change the color according to the external signal with the desired transmittance. And further comprising a wireless transceiver including at least one of a plurality of wireless terminals.
The method according to claim 1,
Further comprising a self-driven optical sensor capable of adjusting the operation of the power generation cluster, the power conversion module, the power storage module, and the output cluster.
The method according to claim 1,
Characterized in that when the power production cluster is a single triboelectric energy harvesting device, the output cluster can be driven directly without going through the power conversion module and the power storage module.

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