KR101443300B1 - The method of breeding for improving meat productivity by reducing stress in cattle - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for breeding Korean beef cattle which improves the ability of the cattle to reduce stress, and is divided into sexes and breeding stages using 36 Korean beef cattle, The present invention relates to an animal welfare type cattle breeding method characterized by treatment with 3 treatments (Control 1), 2 treatments (1) and 2 treatments (2). According to the present invention, it is possible to produce animal welfare cattle by improving the growth rate and reducing the stress by providing the appropriate number of cattle for each sex and breeding stage, and it is possible to increase the farm income have.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for breeding Korean beef cattle,

The present invention relates to a method for breeding Korean beef cattle, which improves the ability of the cattle to reduce stress by analyzing the effect of the breeding area on the ability to breed, behavior, and blood characteristics according to the optimal cluster size.

Animal welfare is defined as "a happy state in which the basic needs of an animal are met and pain is minimized" (Jo, 2006). In other words, it is an animal welfare breeding that the animals and humans should have a vertical relationship to eliminate the unnecessary suffering of the animal, minimize the pain even if it is necessary for the person, provide enough nutrition and rest for the animal, can do.

The criteria for defining and analyzing the welfare of animals are feed, comfort, health, and security. They are designed to create a breeding environment suitable for animal behavior and behavior, (2007), which aims to reduce individual stress, improve productivity of livestock, and produce safe and high quality eco-friendly livestock products.

So far, the evaluation methods and problems of welfare for animals have been divided into two categories. They were simply assessing how well or poorly the welfare state is and how long the welfare state is going to be in the long term, such as short-term welfare problems caused by transportation and handling, Welfare problems. However, the most common methods for judging animal welfare in modern times are various methods such as productivity research, blood analysis, behavioral investigation, anatomical evaluation, health and immunity, etc. to maximize productivity under the optimum environment and physiological behavior (DM Broom and AF Fraser, 2007).

Ensminger (1987) has established a multipurpose radial barn at the front of the barn to connect to the athletic field and the back of the barn to prevent cattle from providing various causes of injury to the livestock. And Sambraus (1990) reported that the total area of the house is an environmental factor that directly affects the movement and rest of the livestock, and that the effect also affects the productivity of livestock. To reduce the welfare and stress of livestock (Grandin, 1993). It is necessary to design and implement a management facility that meets the principles of behavior of livestock. Lows et al. (2003) reported that they favored littery barns rather than slate barns in studies of cattle productivity and behavior due to differences in barnyard bottoms (Burgess and Hutchinson, 2005).

In Korea, there are various systems and policies provided by government agencies for welfare breeding (Kwak, 2010). Recently, the Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has established an animal welfare plan as an animal husbandry policy, Line analysis and response for animal welfare-type livestock. As a result of this study, it was reported that the condition of the bottom of the breeding ground according to the direction of the Usa had an effect on the productivity of the Hanwoo steer (Kim, 2004) (2006), and the effects of sawdust thickness (10cm, 15cm, and 20cm) on the bottom of Hanwoo canopy on the meat quality of sirloin after slaughter (Kang et al., 2008) It is true.

Accordingly, the present inventors have completed the present invention by solving the above-mentioned problems, and examining the effect of the differences in the density of the two sugar beet according to the allowable populations of the cattle on the cattle's ability to breed.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a cattle breeding method for producing an animal welfare type cattle having excellent productivity with an optimum two-faced cattle breeding area according to the number of cattle.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is divided into 4 groups of 2, 3, and 2 groups according to the number of populations and gender (cow and steer) in a general size of 32 square meters of Korea, , 10.67 m2 and 16㎡ respectively. The present invention provides a method of raising cattle for the production of animal welfare type cattle, which is characterized by limited feeding of concentrated feed and rice straw.

In one embodiment of the invention, the diets were fed twice daily at 8 am and 5 pm, and water and mineral blocks were freely available. Feeds can be paid by changing the amount of feed considering the average weight.

In one embodiment of the present invention, in the breeding step, the cow is cultivated (6 to 14 months old) and the non-cultured human fetus (16 to 24 months old) ).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the amount of feed per day is given at a limited interval as shown in Table 1 below, taking into account the average body weight at intervals of two months.

Daily dietary allowance division Concentrated feed Forage (dried rice straw) Feed amount (kg) Weight (%) Feed amount (kg) Weight (%) cow Breeding machine 2 → 3 1.2 to 1.3 2 → 3 1.2 to 1.5 Unknown 3 → 4 1.0 to 1.1 3 → 3.5 0.9 to 1.0 Goose Breeding machine 2.5 to 4.5 1.3 to 1.4 2 → 3 0.8 to 1.2 Fryer 5 → 7 1.3 2.5 to 1.5 0.3 to 0.6

In one embodiment of the present invention, the nutrient content of the feed fed in the feeding step is shown in Table 2.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the litter on the bottom of the Uss was uniformly provided at an average height of 10 cm using sawdust.

Nutritional composition of feed nutrient Concentrated feed Roughage
(Dry rice straw) cow Goose Breeding machine
(6 to 14 months) Unknown
(16 to 24 months) Breeding machine
(6 to 14 months) Fryer
(16 to 24 months) moisture
(% as fed) 11.27 10.91 10.94 11.51 7.37 Crude protein (% DM) 14.96 15.15 14.59 13.06 4.31 Crude fiber (% DM) 3.61 4.76 3.88 3.63 27.98 Crude fat (% DM) 3.46 2.88 3.26 2.81 1.84 View Minute (% DM) 7.14 7.48 6.39 5.60 8.36 Soluble nitrogen-free (% DM) 59.56 58.82 60.94 63.39 50.14 Calcium (% DM) 1.02 1.23 0.97 1.05 0.35 Phosphorus (% DM) 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.43 0.14 Neutral detergent insoluble fiber (% DM) 25.45 25.72 23.83 21.55 66.06 Acidic detergent insoluble fiber (% DM) 11.22 11.16 10.51 9.65 41.33 TDN (% DM) 68.73 69.87 70.26 71.74 45.02

* Buildings: dry matter, DM

According to the present invention, the method of raising Korean beef cattle which improves the ability of the cattle according to the present invention improves the ability of the cattle according to the growth rate and the stress reduction by providing the adequate breeding area according to the number of the cattle in each sex and breeding stage, By improving the performance of the meat, it is possible to increase the production rate of Hanwoo which is superior in productivity when the conductor is graded. Also, it is possible to improve the income of farmers by producing the latest animal welfare type hanwoo meat suitable for consumer palatability due to specialized animal welfare type beef production without increasing the production cost.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a right side according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory photograph in which behavior characteristics are compared and analyzed when specific behavior of cattle is expressed by selective behavior observation method for specific behavior of cattle.

The present invention relates to a method for breeding Korean beef cattle which improves the ability of a cattle to reduce stress, and relates to the effect of the difference in the size of the beef cattle according to the number of cattle allowed by sex and breeding stage on the cattle ' , And it was characterized by providing high quality animal welfare type cow 's milk and analysis of blood characteristics, and also providing optimal cluster size and breeding area for productivity improvement.

In case of domesticated cattle, the density of breeding and the size of breeding space can be greatly influenced by sociability and expression behavior for adaptation (Jensen et al., 1997). In this regard, livestock behavioral scholars Boe and Faerevik (2003), Rind Phillips (1999) and Zeeb (1988) found that providing enough space for cattle was also important in terms of welfare and productivity, (2005). In order to be able to maintain the state, stress can be reduced through minimal consideration and productivity can be expected to increase.

Stocking density and group size of cattle are the most important factors in welfare (Morrison et al., 2001). Factors affecting the amount of body weight, If the level is not adhered to, it will cause various negative influences. It will cause a change in the temperature and humidity of indoor room, deterioration of air composition, deterioration of sanitary condition due to accumulation of excrement, (2004) reported that the in vivo nutrients were rapidly degraded due to various stresses, such as an increase in the rate of disease morbidity.

However, for the farmers, high density specification management is mainly used to increase profitability per unit area. As a result, research on the behavior of cattle has focused on the behavior of cattle living in an artificially created environment, how to improve their productivity and the shape and size of cattle that can increase the level of welfare (Gottardo et al., 2004; Eberhardt et al., 2003; Wilson et al., 1999).

In addition, Cortisol, a stress hormone among corticosteroids, is important in inducing a response to defend against any external stimuli (McEwen, 1997). (Swanson and Morrow-Tesch, 2001). In addition to the results of the research, seasonal research trends have shown that feeding, negative, (Koknaroglu et al., 2005; Kim et al., 2004; Kang et al., 2001; Albright et al., 1997) have been conducted.

In recent years, the behavioral characteristics of cattle have been reported in the same breeding area at 8.82 m ^{2 per} cattle (Li et al., 2010; Cho, 2008). However, There is a lack of research on. In addition, animal behavior studies based on gender and breeding stages (Lee et al., 2010; Han et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2002) have been underway and increasing interest in environmentally friendly livestock, It is a tendency to increase the density of ducks for the improvement of welfare. In accordance with the National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service later eco-friendly materials of Livestock Promotion Act (enforcement regulations Article 9) in organic livestock and antibiotic-free livestock is 400kg of beef cattle 7.1m ² / two and beonsikwoo 9.2m ² / two, the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Livestock breeding in the radiation type barn facilities per unit area of cattle breeding standard titration and examination by beonsikwoo 10m ² / two, cattle 7m ² / two, yukseongwoo 3.5m ² / two calf 2.5m ² / two or more.

Therefore, the present invention analyzes the farming ability, behavioral characteristics and blood characteristics of Korean beef cattle by gender and breeding stage by changing the density of the beef cattle according to the number of the cattle in the production standards of the environmentally friendly and animal welfare type cattle, Provides a method of raising cattle for production of animal welfare type cattle.

In the embodiment of the present invention, a total of 32 square meters was formed, and 4, 2, and 2 groups were selected as the right and left cows and the goats, respectively, as the breeding unit and the non-cultivating unit, the breeding unit and the breeding unit. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation on the performance of carcass, behavior of the individual, and blood characteristics. In the breeding period of cows and goats, 4, 2, and 2, respectively, And the level of welfare of individuals and individuals.

In the present invention, the right side can be designed as a semi-open type having a rectangular or square shape, and a sawdust is laid on the floor. It also allows cows to freely access food and water, and allows water to be eaten at any time.

According to the present invention, it is better to breed cattle in breeding period of cows and goose, 8 square meters in one well, 16 square meters in one cattle in the unexposed cattle of a cow, and 10.37 square meters in a cattle breeding season . If the breeding area is too wide as described above, it is not preferable from the economical point of view. If the breeding area is too narrow, breeding density is high and the productivity of cattle is lowered. With the breeding method of the present invention, the stress reduction and the growth rate can be effectively increased, so that the productivity can be improved and the animal welfare type cattle in the breeding stage can be produced.

In the present invention, the cattle to be reared are not limited to the species but should be understood to include all of the cattle, dairy cattle (sheep), cattle, and cattle. Also, in the case of the bull, it is good for productivity to castrate by castration.

In the present invention, the "feed conversion rate" is one of the nutritional assessment methods for livestock feed based on weight gain, which is to determine how many kilograms of feed should be fed to increase the body weight by 1 kg. That is, it is calculated as the feed intake / weight gain based on the unit weight or the feed intake needed to increase the production. Therefore, the lower the feed conversion ratio, the higher the feed efficiency.

In the present invention, it is preferable to feed a concentrated feed and a limited amount of feed to feed the cattle.

In the present invention, " concentrated feeds " are collectively referred to as feeds having a smaller volume, a lower crude fiber content, a higher nutrient content, and a higher efficiency of growth of livestock and production of livestock products. Typically, these include cereal crops such as corn, sorghum, wheat, barley, oats, and cereal crops such as agricultural product processing by-products produced when cereal such as wheat bran, rice bran, and manganese are harvested or milled, or mixed feeds prepared by mixing them at a certain ratio. In the present invention, the concentrated feed may preferably include components such as corn, wheat, protein, soybean meal, vitamin, mineral, and the like, and is not limited to these components. Any feed that is conventionally used for raising ruminants can be used .

In the present invention, the concentrated feed is the largest weight in the feed for feeding the cattle, and the concentrated feed contains the dry matter in an amount of 85 to 88% by weight.

Also, the concentrated feed contains at least 13% by weight of crude protein, at least 3.6% by weight of crude fiber, at least 2.81% by weight of crude fat, at least 5.6% by weight of whey protein, at least 0.43% by weight of calcium, at least 68.7% by weight of TDN can do.

In the present invention, the breeding process of 6 months old cow and the steerage is divided into two stages and the nutritional composition of the feed is varied according to each stage. In the breeding process, the cow grows in the breeding period (6 ~ 14 months) 24 months of age), and breeding season (6 ~ 14 months) and finishing period (16 ~ 24 months).

The concentrated feeds fed in the breeding period of the cows are 14.5-15.5% by weight of crude protein, 3.4-3.8% by weight of crude fiber, 3.3- 3.6% by weight of crude fat, 6.8-7.4% by weight of ash, 0.8-1.2% , 0.4 to 0.6 wt%, and 67 to 69 wt% of total digestible nutrients (TDN). The concentrated feeds fed in the ungranulated aerobic phase include 14 to 15% by weight of crude protein, 3.7 to 4.1% by weight of crude fiber, 3 to 3.4% by weight of crude fat, 6.1 to 6.6% by weight of ash, 0.7 to 1.1% , 0.5 to 0.7 wt%, and 69 to 71 wt% of total digestible nutrients (TDN). The concentrated feeds fed in the breeding period of the steers were 14.5 to 15.5% by weight of crude protein, 4.4 to 5% by weight of crude fiber, 2.5 to 3% by weight of crude fat, 7.2 to 7.6% by weight of ash, 1 to 1.5 By weight, 0.4 to 0.7% by weight, and 69 to 71% by weight of total digestible nutrients (TDN). The concentrated feeds fed at the finishing stage of the steers were 12.5-13.5% by weight of crude protein, 3.4-3.8% by weight of crude fiber, 2.6-3% by weight of crude fat, 5.4-5.8% by weight of ash, 0.8-1.2% by weight of calcium %, 0.3 to 0.6 wt%, and 70 to 72 wt% of total digestible nutrients (TDN).

Concentrated feeds should be fed with a limited amount of feed relative to body weight as shown in Table 1 above. Also, the concentrated feed can be fed once or twice a day, which can be adjusted to the characteristics of the farmhouse. For example, you can pay twice a day at 8 am and 17 pm, or once a day at 8 am.

In the present invention, " roughage " refers to a feed which is rough, low in value, large in volume, low in nutrient concentration and high in fibrin content, as a representative part of leaf, stem, Forage crops include feed crops (two-handed, handwritten and herbaceous) grown for the purpose of livestock production, and high-flow crops (rice straw, barley straw, cornstarch) which are by-products of food or cereal production. The dry matter in the dry state contains more than 10% by weight of crude fiber and has a low digestibility but rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals. It plays a role not only as a main nutrient source of ruminant livestock but also as a normal function of digestive organs It is also important for maintenance.

In the present invention, it is preferable to use rice straw as a roughage, and it is preferable that dry matter is contained in the rice straw in an amount of 90 to 93% by weight. The dry weight of the rice straw is 4.2 to 4.4% by weight of crude protein, 26 to 30% % Of crude fat, 8.1 to 8.5 wt% of crude fat, 0.3 to 0.4 wt% of calcium, 0.1 to 0.2 wt% of phosphorus, and 43 to 47 wt% of total edible nutrients (TDN).

In addition to rice straw, total barley, rye, Italian rice, tall fescue, timothy, silage, alfalfa, etc. may be used as a forage.

Using the cattle breeding method according to the present invention has the advantage of improving the income of the farm household by producing the animal welfare type cattle in the breeding stage since the stress level is lowered and the growth rate is effectively raised to improve the productivity.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to embodiments and drawings. However, these examples are intended to further illustrate the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples.

≪ Example 1 >

<1-1> Test design

In this study, we used 36 cows and 9 cows, 6 months and 16 months old, respectively. At the start of the test, the body weight (BW) of each individual was measured for the first time.

Starting weights of animals Item cow Goose Yoo Sung Woo Myung, Sang-Pa Yoo Sung Woo Beef cattle Starting weight (kg) 140.67 ± 3.77 279.33 + - 11.51 167.17 ± 3.45 399.50 ± 6.18

Test design of the test was carried out by varying the two numbers in the same cluster ally of 32m ^2. Allocytes were divided into 3 groups: 4 groups, 3 groups and 2 groups, and each group was housed in the same size group. Three groups were named Control (4), Treatment 1 (3), and Treatment 2 (2).

All the friends were designed as semi-open with a rectangular or rectangular shape, and the size of the right side was designed as 4 × 8m. In order to cover the concrete floor of the right side, it was uniformly provided at an average height of 10 cm using sawdust. The diets were fed twice a day at 8:00 am and 5:00 pm The diets were fed with varying amounts of feed considering the average weight.

Daily dietary allowances were given as shown in Table 1, and water and mineral blocks were freely available.

<1-2> Survey items

① Weight gain

Body weight and weight gain were measured every 2 months until the end of the study, and daily gain was divided by 60 days.

② feed rate

The feed conversion ratio was calculated using the following formula.

③ Behavior measurement

CCTV camera (IR LED Camera; APD-7070V, Sony) was installed in each of the test farms, and the day was selected and recorded on a clear day. For each method of behavior data collection, each group of behaviors was classified by each group according to the cluster number of the test axis. Behavioral observations were performed weekly for 12 hours a day from 7:00 am to 19:00 pm on the basis of the list of actions listed in Table 4.

Action list Behavior observation Viewpoint observation
(Every 2 minutes) Concentrate feeding Feed forage rising Lateral walking Frequency data
Collection method negative Lick your body Scratch Body trimming Another bite lick Body lean fight

The target behavior is behavioral behavior according to behavior time of feeding behavior of selective feeding behavior, feeding of concentrate, feeding of forage, standing, lateralizing, walking, Were observed at 2-minute intervals using the time-sampling method and were used for the following examinations: Drinking, Self grooming, Scratching, Rubbing, Pairwise grooming, Leaning ) And Fighting were recorded every time the behavior was expressed by the frequency data collection method, and the behavior characteristics were compared and analyzed as shown in FIG. 2.

④ Blood and serum chemical test

Blood was collected from the jugular vein of the test axis at 8-month intervals and blood samples were collected from an 8 ml blood sample. Hematoxylin (Hema Vet 950, Hema Vet. Co .; USA), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) were measured.

Blood samples were collected for serum chemistry and stored in a 5 ml Vaccum tube (Green cross MS; Korea). After incubation at 4 ° C for 8 hours, the blood was centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 minutes, Olympus; JAPAN), total proteins albumin (Albumin) and globulin (Globulin) were measured.

Serum Cortisol, a stress hormone, was analyzed using a γ-counter COBRA 5010 Quantum (Packard, USA).

<1-3> Statistical analysis

For the statistical analysis of all the results obtained in this study, we used the GLM (general linear model) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS release ver. 9.1, 2003) to see the effect of population size on the age, gender and breeding stage. The significance of the treatment interval was tested at the 5% level using Duncan's multiple range test. The linear model used for the analysis is as follows.

Y _ij  = [mu] + G _i  + e _ij

Y _ij : a measure of the j- th object of the ith population

μ : Overall average

G _i : the effect of the i th cluster ( i = 1, 2, 3)

e _ij : Random error

&Lt; Example 2 >

The performance of Hanwoo according to the number of crowd

Tables 5 to 8 show the rearing stage and gender uptake according to the number of crowds.

In the case of the upbringing performance, the growth of the cows was significantly (p <0.05) increased with increasing number of birds at all ages except for 10 months of age. Based on the above results, it was found that the specs according to the number of populations of Yoo Sung - woo showed a difference from around 10 months of age, and that the decrease in the number of populations had a negative effect on the growth performance according to sex.

From the age of 20 months when the cows were burned, and when the cows were fed from the 18 months of age, the difference was significant (p <0.05). The results of this study showed that the lowest growth rate was observed in the control group of 4 treatments, and the highest of 2 treatments of the unfermented group and the 3 groups of the non-injured goose were recorded at the end of the test.

Hanwoo cows according to head count Age Feed intake (kg) Weight (kg) Daily weight gain (kg) Feed rate Concentrated feed Roughage 8 months ns * * 4 two 2 2.5 171.63 + - 4.85 0.52 + 0.04 ^a 7.89 ± 0.62 ^b 3 two 168.50 ± 6.61 0.47 ± 0.08 ^ab 8.87 ± 1.46 ^ab 2 two 165.50 7.07 0.40 + 0.04 ^b 10.39 ± 1.08 ^a 10 months ns ns ns 4 two 2.5 2.5 192.25 + - 5.24 0.34 + 0.14 14.58 + - 4.65 3 two 190.33 + - 2.84 0.36 + 0.08 12.81 + - 2.42 2 two 189.00 + - 4.95 0.39 + 0.04 11.64 ± 1.05 12 months * * * 4 two 2.5 2.5 218.75 ± 3.97 ^a 0.44 + 0.03 ^a 10.31 ± 0.64 ^b 3 two 214.17 ± 5.06 ^ab 0.40 + 0.04 ^ab 11.50 ± 1.09 ^ab 2 two 209.75 ± 2.47 ^b 0.35 + 0.04 ^b 13.22 ± 1.58 ^a 14 months * * * 4 two 3 3 242.13 + 4.09 ^a 0.39 + 0.01 ^a 13.97 ± 0.38 ^b 3 two 236.67 ± 4.65 ^ab 0.38 + 0.01 ^a 14.51 ± 0.32 ^b 2 two 230.50 + - 3.54 ^b 0.35 + 0.02 ^b 15.75 ± 0.81 ^a Average 4 two - - - 0.42 ± 0.09 11.69 + - 3.53 3 two 0.40 + 0.06 11.92 + - 2.52 2 two 0.37 + 0.04 12.75 ± 2.31

* ab showed significant difference (p <0.05).

Hanwoo steers according to the number of cluster Age Feed intake (kg) Weight (kg) Daily weight gain (kg) Feed rate Concentrated feed Roughage 8 months ns ns ns 4 two 3 2.5 213.00 ± 9.94 0.77 ± 0.08 6.55 + - 0.71 3 two 210.33 + - 9.41 0.72 + 0.11 7.06 ± 1.19 2 two 208.25 ± 10.25 0.68 + 0.14 7.56 ± 1.58 10 months ns ns ns 4 two 3.5 2.5 258.63 + - 4.48 0.76 + 0.11 7.27 ± 1.07 3 two 255.83 + - 4.25 0.76 + 0.17 7.41 ± 1.58 2 two 253.25 + - 4.60 0.75 + 0.09 7.31 ± 0.92 12 months * * * 4 two 4 3 315.88 ± 1.89 ^a 0.95 + 0.05 ^a 6.66 ± 0.33 ^b 3 two 309.67 + - 3.55 ^b 0.90 ± 0.06 ^ab 7.09 ± 0.46 ^ab 2 two 303.75 + - 2.47 ^c 0.84 0.04 ^b 7.54 + 0.32 ^a 14 months * * * 4 two 4.5 3 366.00 ± 3.03 ^a 0.84 0.02 ^a 8.13 ± 0.22 ^b 3 two 359.00 ± 3.00 ^b 0.82 ± 0.01 ^ab 8.26 ± 0.13 ^ab 2 two 351.50 ± 2.12 ^c 0.80 ± 0.01 ^b 8.53 + 0.06 ^a Average 4 two - - - 0.83 0.10 7.15 ± 0.89 3 two 0.80 + 0.11 7.45 ± 1.01 2 two 0.77 ± 0.09 7.74 + - 0.86

* ab showed significant difference (p <0.05).

Hanwoo cow according to the number of crowd Age Feed intake (kg) Weight (kg) Daily weight gain (kg) Feed rate Concentrated feed Roughage 18 months ns ns ns 4 two 3.5 3 304.25 + 14.45 0.43 + - 0.10 14.53 + - 3.52 3 two 309.33 + - 5.51 0.50 0.11 12.13 + - 2.66 2 two 314.00 + - 4.24 0.55 + 0.06 10.72 ± 1.25 20 months ns * * 4 two 3.5 3.5 326.25 ± 13.90 0.37 + 0.04 ^b 17.50 ± 1.88 ^a 3 two 335.83 + - 6.83 0.44 0.02 ^a 14.42 ± 0.74 ^b 2 two 342.00 + - 4.95 0.47 + 0.01 ^a 13.63 ± 0.34 ^b 22 months ns * * 4 two 4 3.5 361.63 ± 12.91 0.59 + 0.03 ^b 11.55 + 0.55 ^a 3 two 374.83 + - 6.35 0.65 + 0.01 ^a 10.47 ± 0.24 ^b 2 two 382.25 + - 3.18 0.67 ± 0.03 ^a 10.15 ± 0.45 ^b 24 months * * * 4 two 4 3.5 395.88 +/- 12.62 ^b 0.57 + 0.02 ^b 11.92 + 0.34 ^a 3 two 410.33 ± 5.11 ^ab 0.59 + 0.02 ^ab 11.51 ± 0.49 ^ab 2 two 419.25 + 3.89 ^a 0.62 ± 0.01 ^a 11.03 + - 0.21 ^b Average 4 two - - - 0.49 + 0.11 13.87 ± 3.06 3 two 0.55 + - 0.10 12.13 + - 1.93 2 two 0.58 ± 0.09 11.38 1.52

* ab showed significant difference (p <0.05).

Hanwoo steers according to the number of cattle Age Feed intake (kg) Weight (kg) Daily weight gain (kg) Feed rate Concentrated feed Roughage 18 months ns * * 4 two 5.5 2.5 420.38 7.88 0.37 + 0.02 ^b 19.55 ± 1.12 ^a 3 two 427.67 + - 4.73 0.48 0.02 ^a 15.06 ± 0.59 ^b 2 two 430.75 ± 10.96 0.47 + 0.02 ^a 15.43 ± 0.78 ^b 20 months ns * * 4 two 6 2 449.13 + - 9.51 0.48 + 0.04 ^b 15.01 ± 1.17 ^a 3 two 458.17 + - 6.05 0.51 + 0.02 ^ab 14.10 ± 0.60 ^ab 2 two 464.00 ± 12.73 0.55 0.03 ^a 12.94 + 0.69 ^b 22 months ns * * 4 two 6.5 2 485.88 + - 10.34 0.61 ± 0.05 ^b 12.46 ± 0.89 ^a 3 two 503.00 + - 4.92 0.75 + 0.05 ^a 10.20 ± 0.61 ^b 2 two 501.25 + - 13.08 0.62 ± 0.01 ^b 12.24 ± 0.12 ^a 24 months * * * 4 two 7 1.5 526.63 ± 10.99 ^b 0.68 ± 0.01 ^c 11.16 ± 0.24 ^a 3 two 551.00 ± 7.09 ^a 0.80 + - 0.04 ^a 9.49 + - 0.42 ^c 2 two 545.50 ± 13.40 ^ab 0.74 + 0.01 ^b 10.28 ± 0.08 ^b Average 4 two - - - 0.53 + 0.13 14.54 + - 3.41 3 two 0.63 + 0.15 12.21 + - 2.56 2 two 0.59 + 0.11 12.72 + 2.01

* ac showed significant difference (p <0.05).

&Lt; Example 3 >

Behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo according to the number of crowd

Table 9-12 shows the behavioral characteristics of Hanwoo according to the number of crowds.

Most of the behaviors were significant (p <0.05) in the 4 treatments of both sexes. In the expression of behavior according to time, the feeding time showed no significant difference (p> 0.05) between cancer and prosperity, but as the number of treatments decreased, the vegetarian diet tended to relax. The standing time in the cows was significantly longer (p <0.05) in the 3 treatments than in the 2 treatments, and in the 3 treatments, 2 times in the side and 2 treatments, and 4 times in the walk. (P <0.05) in both negative and struggle behaviors.

In the behavioral frequency of the cows, the four treatments were significantly higher (p <0.05) than the 2 and 3 treatments in self - body licking, licking and fighting behavior. In the frequency of castration, the frequency of body fattening, body leaning, and struggle behaviors increased significantly (p <0.05) as population increased.

As a result, the group size and space area in calves were the cause of different social behavior changes after group formation (Rind and Phillips, 1999; Kondo and Nishino, 1983) (Eg, Estevez et al., 2002, 2003) and spend more time in keeping, resting, or licking behaviors (Hopewell et al., 2005; Childress and Lung, 2003). Therefore, in this test, it is considered that the behavior of each individual is the most appropriate because it is active in 4 treatments.

(P <0.05), and lateral and walks behaviors were significantly (p <0.05) higher in the two treatment groups than the control group . In both feeding and rationing groups, the two and three treatment groups showed significantly higher (p <0.05) time in the fed diet and the feeding group, .

(P <0.05) in the four treatments. The increase in the density of the flesh increased the number of the flesh, and the grooming behaviors increased . (P <0.05), while the licking and body leaning behaviors were significantly (p <0.05) significantly lower in the two treatments Respectively. In the case of the struggle behavior related to the ranking and social ranking, the incidence of populations of the cows was higher than that of the unfertilized cattle, but the incidence of cancer and castration was decreased. On the other hand, it was analyzed that the effect of cluster size on the stabilization of the sequence was less than that of the unfermented cattle in the castrated cattle.

Therefore, the increase of the number of the crowd in the unfertilized cattle and the castrated cattle in the cow was not comfortable and comfortable space due to the increase of the standing, licking, scratching action, and the decrease of the lateral walks and walking. This result is expected to be superior in terms of productivity and welfare in small cluster heads compared to females of cancer and castration. The results of this study also suggest that two or three treatments of cows, unfermented cattle, and castrated beef cattle are more suitable for the management of the specimens.

Behavior Characteristics of Korean Cattle Cow Breeder according to the Number of Crowds Item Crowd of heads 4 two 3 two 2 two Min / 12 hours feeding Concentrated feed 19.63 ± 7.86 ^ns 21.75 ± 6.44 21.00 ± 7.62 Roughage 40.75 ± 13.66 ^ns 37.48 ± 11.15 45.31 ± 15.36 rising 389.59 ± 30.29 ^ns 373.50 ± 35.36 397.25 + - 34.66 Lateral 256.47 ± 21.30 ^ab 272.38 ± 36.95 ^a 240.41 ± 33.11 ^b walking 13.56 ± 2.94 ^ns 14.90 ± 3.87 16.03 + - 3.85 Number of times / 12 hours negative 13.25 + 4.30 ^a 11.81 ± 3.73 ^a 8.22 ± 3.77 ^b Lick your body 23.50 ± 6.27 ^a 24.35 + - 8.56 ^a 18.22 + - 7.05 ^b Scratch 2.51 ± 0.87 ^ns 2.26 ± 0.97 2.18 ± 0.95 Body trimming 15.49 + - 2.94 ^ns 16.99 ± 3.24 15.22 + - 3.05 Another bite lick 15.25 + - 3.49 ^a 16.21 ± 3.75 ^a 8.72 ± 3.83 ^b Body lean 8.77 ± 3.29 ^ns 8.71 ± 1.97 9.63 ± 3.77 fight 5.63 ± 1.90 ^a 3.23 ± 1.14 ^b 1.41 ± 1.10 ^c

* ac showed significant difference (p <0.05).

Behavior Characteristics of Korean Native Cattle Breeders according to the Number of Crowds Item Crowd of heads 4 two 3 two 2 two Min / 12 hours feeding Concentrated feed 25.03 ± 9.43 ^ns 28.92 + - 5.88 28.13 + - 5.57 Roughage 43.16 ± 17.23 ^ns 47.92 ± 12.51 48.00 ± 9.98 rising 362.53 ± 24.83 ^ab 368.00 ± 24.53 ^a 345.97 ± 27.34 ^b Lateral 274.72 ± 20.95 ^ab 264.65 ± 26.60 ^b 290.66 ± 25.04 ^a walking 17.69 ± 2.33 ^a 14.27 ± 2.35 ^b 10.38 ± 1.57 ^c Number of times / 12 hours negative 13.89 ± 3.33 ^a 11.19 ± 3.74 ^b 9.03 + - 3.06 ^b Lick your body 19.38 ± 6.00 ^ns 18.65 ± 3.21 18.19 + - 4.35 Scratch 3.38 ± 0.95 ^ns 3.24 ± 1.17 2.94 ± 1.81 Body trimming 13.83 + - 2.55 ^a 12.69 ± 2.64 ^ab 11.59 ± 1.87 ^b Another bite lick 15.42 ± 3.60 ^ns 14.44 + - 2.42 13.38 ± 2.58 Body lean 8.47 ± 3.17 ^b 10.63 ± 2.68 ^a 6.41 ± 1.39 ^c fight 8.06 ± 2.10 ^a 6.16 ± 1.51 ^b 4.13 ± 1.82 ^c

* ac showed significant difference (p <0.05).

Behavioral characteristics of cattle cow Item Crowd of heads 4 two 3 two 2 two Min / 12 hours feeding Concentrated feed 21.38 ± 8.34 ^ns 23.29 ± 6.23 23.06 ± 6.15 Roughage 34.00 ± 9.68 ^ns 36.92 + - 8.25 40.69 + - 10.45 rising 441.06 ± 22.75 ^a 420.02 ± 25.98 ^b 401.19 ± 32.35 ^b Lateral 213.84 ± 30.34 ^b 228.69 ± 25.62 ^ab 243.13 ± 27.07 ^a walking 9.72 ± 3.26 ^b 11.08 ± 2.19 ^ab 11.94 + 2.82 ^a Number of times / 12 hours negative 9.00 ± 2.92 ^a 8.23 ± 2.06 ^ab 6.63 ± 2.14 ^b Lick your body 23.11 + 7.67 ^a 20.19 ± 7.00 ^ab 16.09 ± 2.98 ^b Scratch 5.03 ± 0.90 ^a 4.39 ± 0.84 ^a 3.00 ± 1.06 ^b Body trimming 7.66 ± 1.39 ^a 6.78 ± 1.98 ^a 4.53 ± 2.07 ^b Another bite lick 5.92 ± 2.89 ^ns 5.48 ± 1.57 5.00 ± 1.88 Body lean 4.47 ± 0.89 ^ns 4.21 ± 1.28 3.95 ± 0.99 fight 3.02 ± 0.77 ^a 2.58 ± 0.81 ^a 1.88 ± 0.50 ^b

* ab showed significant difference (p <0.05).

Behavior characteristics of cattle ranching according to the number of cattle Item Crowd of heads 4 two 3 two 2 two Min / 12 hours feeding Concentrated feed 19.75 ± 6.00 ^b 21.69 ± 4.67 ^ab 24.50 + - 3.58 ^a Roughage 25.88 ± 5.33 ^b 29.85 ± 6.23 ^a 31.50 ± 4.31 ^a rising 389.50 ± 21.32 ^a 363.36 ± 22.19 ^b 358.13 + - 33.75 ^b Lateral 278.72 + - 21.60 ^b 299.08 ± 22.00 ^a 298.19 ± 33.02 ^a walking 4.91 ± 1.34 ^b 6.02 ± 1.85 ^b 7.69 ± 2.50 ^a Number of times / 12 hours
negative 9.63 ± 2.09 ^ns 8.78 ± 1.36 8.47 ± 2.63 Lick your body 31.25 + 5.90 ^a 27.40 ± 3.40 ^b 25.59 ± 5.62 ^b Scratch 10.59 ± 2.24 ^a 8.47 ± 1.68 ^b 5.88 ± 2.23 ^c Body trimming 5.97 ± 1.99 ^ns 5.62 ± 2.28 4.78 ± 1.67 Another bite lick 9.41 ± 2.85 ^a 7.96 ± 3.33 ^ab 5.94 + - 2.31 ^b Body lean 8.97 ± 2.04 ^a 5.87 ± 3.55 ^b 7.38 ± 2.91 ^ab fight 2.14 ± 1.05 ^ns 1.76 + - 0.61 2.02 ± 0.68

* ac showed significant difference (p <0.05).

<Example 4>

The blood characteristics of Hanwoo according to the number of crowd

Table 13 shows the comparison of blood characteristics (leukocyte, red blood cell, hemoglobin, albumin, globulin, cortisol) according to the number of clusters.

(P <0.05), but the values of leucocyte and colchicine were significantly (p <0.05) higher in the two treatments than in the control (p <0.05) 0.05), respectively. Colchicol is a rapidly increasing stress hormone in response to physical stress such as tissue, injury, infection, temperature, and environment (Ji, 2011), which can be easily increased in management measures such as reason, castration, Crookshank et al., 1979; Johnston and Buckland, 1976). In addition, the increase in colithi- azol has the same pattern as that reported in the literature (Moberg, 1985; Gwazdauskas et al., 1980), which decreases the amount of globulin involved in antibody formation,

The mean values of red blood cell and hemoglobin were significantly lower (p <0.05) and colchicine was significantly (p <0.05). These results can be deduced from the decrease in walking behavior and the increase in struggle behavior in Table 11 above. Hemoglobin (2009b), which plays the most central role of red blood cells that carry oxygen, has a correlation with maximum oxygen uptake (Ekblom et al., 1972) and increases oxygen demand at the periphery during exercise and release of stored blood Therefore, the relative increase of red blood cells can be seen (Kawano, 2002). The red blood cells were significantly (p <0.05) lower in leukocyte and colchicine than the control (p <0.05). According to the report of Kim et al. (2004), when the bottom surface of the winter is raised in poor husbandry, body heat loss is increased and stress is increased. In terms of welfare of cattle, bottom quality is regarded as a serious problem (Metz, 1986) , And prevention of contamination of hair follicles due to manure excretion according to the size of cluster heads is also considered to be a very important specification management method in Hanwoo.

The blood characteristics of Hanwoo according to the number of crowd division leukocyte
(10 ³ / mm ³ ) Red blood cells
(10 ⁶ / mm ³ ) hemoglobin
(g / dL) albumin
(g / dL) Globulin
(g / dL) Cortisol
(ug / dL) cow
Yoo Sung Woo * ns ns * * * 4 two 8.54 ± 1.55 ^ab 8.80 ± 0.88 12.75 + 1.50 4.13 + 0.14 ^a 2.69 ± 0.42 ^ab 2.59 ± 1.83 ^ab 3 two 7.95 ± 1.66 ^b 8.30 ± 1.18 11.31 ± 1.76 3.91 ± 0.17 ^b 2.90 ± 0.36 ^a 1.56 ± 0.71 ^b 2 two 10.20 ± 2.61 ^a 9.35 ± 1.10 12.69 ± 2.32 4.09 ± 0.16 ^a 2.35 ± 0.29 ^b 4.04 ± 2.83 ^a Cow Myeongsan
The ns * * ns ns * 4 two 7.41 ± 1.97 8.43 ± 0.89 ^b 11.68 + - 0.94 ^b 4.03 ± 0.23 2.91 ± 0.45 3.29 ± 0.70 ^a 3 two 11.00 5.45 8.36 ± 1.21 ^b 13.18 ± 2.41 ^ab 4.04 ± 0.43 3.15 ± 0.60 2.06 ± 0.95 ^b 2 two 7.83 ± 3.00 9.80 ± 1.21 ^a 14.40 ± 1.45 ^a 4.16 ± 0.23 3.33 + - 0.44 1.29 + - 0.54 ^c castration
Yoo Sung Woo ns ns ns ns ns ns 4 two 9.74 ± 2.60 9.35 ± 0.60 12.98 + 1.54 4.08 ± 0.14 2.60 ± 0.28 2.78 ± 1.10 3 two 8.66 ± 3.45 8.27 ± 1.36 11.38 ± 3.16 3.90 + - 0.24 2.61 ± 0.23 2.71 ± 1.48 2 two 8.11 ± 2.03 8.27 ± 2.06 12.88 + - 2.82 3.93 ± 0.31 2.44 ± 0.29 3.72 ± 2.15 castration
Beef cattle * * ns ns ns * 4 two 8.84 ± 1.57 ^a 7.40 ± 0.84 ^b 12.61 + - 2.25 4.31 + 0.18 2.66 ± 0.17 2.47 ± 0.88 ^a 3 two 7.53 ± 1.28 ^ab 8.33 ± 0.85 ^a 12.71 ± 1.17 4.38 ± 0.23 2.93 + - 0.46 1.58 ± 0.91 ^b 2 two 7.30 ± 0.90 ^b 8.71 ± 0.90 ^a 12.71 + - 1.07 4.25 + - 0.23 2.98 ± 0.32 0.92 + 0.22 ^b

* ac showed significant difference (p <0.05).

Based on the above results, it is possible to accommodate four sizes of cows and castle breeders in consideration of the standard size of the standard barn based on the overall contents such as specifications, behavioral characteristics, and blood characteristics. However, 2, and 3, respectively, are appropriate for eliminating the struggle. Therefore, the results of this test can be used appropriately for animal welfare breeding management suitable for Korean barn.

The present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Therefore, the disclosed embodiments should be considered in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all differences within the scope of equivalents thereof should be construed as being included in the present invention.

Claims (5)

Four to six breeding cows per breeding area of 32 ㎡ (square meter) of breeding stock, breeding feed of 1.2 ~ 1.3% by weight of concentrated feed and 1.2 ~ 1.5% by weight of forage by weight during breeding, The concentrated feed contains 85 to 88% by weight of dry matter , and the limited feed includes at least one of rice straw, total barley and silage containing 45 to 46% by weight of total digestible nutrients (TDN) A method for breeding Korean beef cattle which improves the ability of the cattle to reduce stress .
Four to six months old castration breeding stocks per 32 square meters (square meter) of alien breeding area were fed, 1.3 to 1.4 wt% of concentrated feed and 0.8 to 1.2 wt% The concentrated feed contains 85 to 88% by weight of dry matter , and the limited feed includes at least one of rice straw, total barley and silage containing 45 to 46% by weight of total digestible nutrients (TDN) A method for breeding Korean beef cattle which improves the ability of the cattle to reduce stress.
Two to two per 16 sq. M (32 sq. M) of breeding area of the allied breeding stock shall be fed with unfermented dairy cows of unfermented cows of the same breeding period, with 1.0 to 1.1% by weight of concentrated feed and 0.9 to 1.0% and, of the concentrate is the building (dry matter) is contained, and the benefit limited to 85-88% by weight of the roughage is rice straw, barley, silage containing total digestible nutrients (TDN) to a 45-46% by weight Wherein the method comprises feeding at least one of them to breeder.
But bred 16-24 months of age of 3 castrated cattle breeding two per 32㎡ area (square meters) of right, and the benefit limit breeding when the concentrate and roughage of 0.3 to 0.6% by weight of 1.3% by weight per weight, the thickening The dry matter contains 85 to 88% by weight of dry matter , and the limited feed includes at least one of rice straw, total barley and silage containing 45 to 46% by weight of total digestible nutrients (TDN) The present invention relates to a method for raising a Korean beef cattle, delete

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